Technical University of Eindhoven - Industrial Design DBP100 - Project 1 - Design B1 Sleep Coach: A. Hupfeld Tutor: M. Voorhuijzen Students: Seiji Bernabela s153548 Domenec Bis Thobi s152568 Max Bosman s155420 Jorien Hendrix s153617 TooDoo

Preface This report is for Project 1- Design, of Industrial Design, Bachelor year 1. It illustrates the design process of our project about bedtime rituals for children. Bedtime rituals improve your “sleep hygiene” (Sleepfoundation, 2016). We designed a device which will help children, who are in the transition from being put to bed to going to bed independently by creating a bedtime ritual.

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Index Introduction Project goals Design Process Iterations Results Conclusions Future Goals Individual Reflections Appendicies References

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Introduction Sleep is important for children and helps them grow in a healthy manner. After doing research we found out that having a solid routine right before going to bed is a good way to smoothly fall asleep and have a good night rest. We also realized that a lot of families already have such routines prepared for their young ones, but they are not always followed due to parents sometimes being tired and forgetting or the children sometimes being uncooperative. We thought of a device named TooDoo, which helps to guide children through this routine and reduce the workload of this task on the parents.

light from the first task starts blinking. After completing the first task the child is expected to press the blinking light and this one will stop blinking and stay lit up and the next one starts blinking. This goes on until all the lights are lit up and then they fade out slowly. The parent is warned by the app and can then proceed to check on the child and kiss goodnight.

The device has a rounded flower shape and a light blue colour to appear more friendly and likeable to the children. There are five buttons which each have a different colour which stands for a different task. The parents are expected to teach their children which task stands for which colour this allows for different rituals in different families since not everyone has the same priorities for bedtime. The parents turn on the TooDoo using an application on their mobile phones. Once the device is on, the 4

Project Goals Our design case is Sleep. We as a group desire to come up with a new design which will facilitate the process of going to bed independently for children, by helping them develop a steady bedtime routine. This in turn will lead to a better sleep quality for the children. Another goal for this project is for everyone in the group to develop the skills they deem most important at the time and to work on an expertise area of their choice through the project. These goals can be found in the section ‘Reflection’.

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Design Process Pressure Cooker

Idea: Ideal sleeping room

Conceptualization

New brainstorm

Research & feedback Final prototype... TooDoo

Music pillow More research Feedback

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Realization

Shape exploration

New idea

Shape evaluation

Individual alarm clock integrated music

More exploration

Midterm prototype

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Iterations During our design process we have performed some iterations. In this chapter we will discuss these iterations and we will elaborate them using pictures made during our project. Brainstorming and Research

Every project starts with a brainstorm (figure 1). To completely understand the subject of the project, we started with a general brainstorm about sleep. During this brainstorm we did research about sleep to fully understand the subject we were working on. After brainstorming we selected specific areas which were interesting for every group member and this helped us to find our way within the subject sleep. After doing research we found out that a lot of products on the market were very similar to our favourite concept, an individual alarm clock. That is why we decided to take another path and after another brainstorm, we got the idea of an interactive to-do-list for children, this will help children to create a set bedtime

ritual. Rituals help children to sleep, because That is why we came up with different it makes the transition from one situation shapes for every of our concepts. to another easier for them (Zachte, 2009). Prototyping different shapes Not only did we try out different shapes by sketching them, but we also prototyped different shapes. In this way we were able to try out different designs. When prototyping we used different materials such as, foam, wood and cardboard (figure 2). Prototyping helped us making certain decision about the shape and composition of the buttons. It also helped us by deciding what material to use for our final prototype .

Figure 1: One of our brainstorms.

Re-shaping the product

To decide on a shape for our device, we did research to different shapes and came to the conclusion that circular shapes are the most friendly shapes (DesignSkills.org, 2016). Since our final concept is a product for children, a friendly shape would be the most appealing. Research says: “Understanding shapes, … , is a useful way to understand what is possible in design” (Stiny, 2008).

Figure 2: Use of different types of materails to explore shapes and compositions on the prototype.

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Searching stakeholders

Since we are designing for a specific target group, children. We wanted to include the opinion of the stakeholders. Therefore we contacted parents and asked them to write down the bedtime ritual of their child (Appendix 1), this helped us with defining what a good ritual is for children. We showed parents and children our Wizard of Oz video and asked their opinion about it. The first child was very enthusiastic about our concept and she wanted to have one herself. She also said: “Maybe I can make one myself, I want to have one.” (Appendix 2). We saw this as a very positive note of our concept. Besides just asking the opinion of parents and children we also contacted a children’s psychologists and a pedagogue specialized in children with autism. They both were very enthusiastic as well and gave us nice feedback on our concept (Appendix 3). The conclusion we drew from the interview with the experts were that our product would be especially useful for children who need structure (such as children with autism). To be completely sure whether our product would work the way we envisioned it, we tested it during a user test (figure 3). The conclusion we drew from the user test was that out device works, but there should be an indication on the

device to know what each button represents.

Change of scenario

After having contact with the different stakeholders, our concept had changed a few times. To keep in mind how we envision the children using our product, we made some scenarios (figure 4). These scenarios were envisioned in two different ways, by making a Wizard of Oz video, where we enact how the concept works. And by sketches, where we illustrated the use of the concept.

Figure 3: Our prototype in use during the user test.

Figure 4: Different scenarios used during the project. Upper left: scenario of the music pillow, upper right, first scenario of the TooDoo.Lower left: end scenario of TooDoo, Lower right, scenario of the application.

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Results The solution we offer has a rounded flower shape and a light blue colour to appear more friendly and likeable to the children. There are five buttons which each have a different colour which stands for a different task.

from the app and can then proceed to check on the child and kiss goodnight.

The parents are expected to teach their children which task stands for which colour. This allows for different rituals in different families since not everyone has the same priorities for bedtime. This will be done with the use of stickers. The parents can write/ draw together with the child on the sticker and then stick it onto the device. In this way the children will be able to remember easily what button represents what task. The parents turn on the TooDoo using an application on their mobile phones. Once the device is on, the light from the first task starts blinking. After completing the first task the child is expected to press the blinking light, this one will stop blinking and stay lit up, the next one starts blinking. This goes on until all the lights are lit up and then they fade out slowly. The parent gets a notification 10

Conclusions For the conclusion of our project, we will ask ourselves the question “Have we managed to fulfill our project goal?” Before answering this, we must ask ourselves what exactly our project goal is. The most important reason for a project in this stage of our education is mostly to learn from what we do right and to learn from what we do wrong. It is safe to say that all of us have at least learned something new and all of us have increased in at least one skill. Our other project goal was not about ourselves and improving on what we do, but it was to come up with a new design which will facilitate the process of going to bed independently for children, by helping them develop a steady bedtime routine. Although we have only managed to do one user test, which we find insufficient to really conclude, we have only received positive feedback from them and from the people who were not user testing but were still kind enough to help us further in the designing of our product. The child who helped us with our user test liked the product we made, and

we think that, had she used them for a longer period, she would really get a good bedtime routine which is important for the rest of her life. We also passed on the way we designed the apparatus. At the demo day, the first reaction of everyone seeing the device was to hit the blinking button, exactly like they are supposed to. And after the first button they intuitively pressed all following buttons in order, just to see what would happen. All in all, it is safe to say that we have reached our design goals, and if we would continue on the idea we can even perfect it.

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Future Goals

After a whole semester of working on this project, scrapping ideas and coming up with newer and better ones we still did not fully get to the finishing line. There are still some additional things we have yet to focus on or things we wanted to focus more on. One of these is the mobile application. Throughout the whole report we talk about the application like it already exists and is working and fully integrated, while in reality it is merely a concept. None of us possess the skills needed to create an application so we had to throw in massive amounts of time to finish the application and learn from the process. We decided to first finish a working prototype without an application before starting on a working app to function with the device. Subsequently this turned out to be a good idea since we finished our device in time with just a short amount of time to spare, time which would not be enough to finish a whole application. We did develop the complete concept of the app, meaning we know what the function of the app is and how it should work. Besides that we also thought about how the face of the app would look like, but actually developing a working app is something we would do if we had more time.

Another thing we wanted to do would not have cost that much time, but we still decided not to. This were the stickers to indicate what button corresponded to what task. Originally we wanted to make the device color coded but we received a lot of constructive criticism on why this was not a good idea. Many of the people we pitched our project to said that making stickers would make the tasks still customizable, while also making it clear what each button represented without any need for trial and error. We have not focused on this because we wanted to use the input from our user test to decide on how to determine which button represents what task. Unfortunately the opinion of the users was very broad and we still had to make a choice. We chose to use stickers but at this point we did not have enough time to focus more on this idea. Therefore we chose to focus on the working prototype. Maybe if we would carry on with this project and worked this idea further out, we could also think about other ways than stickers. Then there were some further ideas we wanted to add, but for whatever reason did not get past the drawing board. These included a reward system, customizable amount of tasks and specializing the device for autistic

children. We decided against the reward system as we thought it was up to the parents whether or not to reward their children and if so, how and how much they would reward their child. Had we had more time for the project we could explore this option further. The customizable amount of tasks was too hard for us to include, as it needed a change in hardware which would need a lot of extra time. When we had contact with the experts, they told us the device would be extra useful for autistic children, or at least children who need extra structure. At the moment those children often use a piece of paper to know their bedtime ritual (Appendix 3). We did look into the need for rituals for autistic children (Appendix 6) but we did not focus on this target group. During the Midterm presentation we also received the feedback that our device could be useful not only for bedtime rituals, but as well as a regular check list. We thought this was a very interesting remark, but we did not look into it anymore since our project is specifically about sleep.

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Reflections Reflection Seiji Bernabela The course ‘From Idea to Design’ has most definitely helped me to get prepared for this first project. I had the feeling that I could better handle the broad scope of the project brief in the beginning and was able to set my own scope. During my first year I have learned a lot about users and society due to my USE course (HIT) and my elective Cultural awareness & design. I really hoped to put that knowledge into practice during this project. Unfortunately I did not do so and therefore this will be one of my focus points during my next project. My main goal of this project was to evolve my skills in the competency area of Technology and realisation by being responsible for the technological aspects of our prototype. This goal was reached and I have made my first step in the world of electronics. I would like to go deeper into this subject in the future.

the core idea, a tool to support the bedtime have. Not in a way that I told everybody what routine, but I think the total benchmarking they should be occupied on, but to keep the could have been a bit more elaborate. project moving. I did not really enjoyed it as I noticed that needing to keep my squad I did not focus on the competence members participating I would feel irritated. creativity and aesthetics during this project, I did my best to not show this to my team nevertheless I have worked on it by creating members to safeguard the harmony. I do the logo and app for our project. I noticed not know if my squad members perceived it that being able to put your ideas on paper the same way. Overall the cooperation went in a clear way really helps communication smoothly, we did not have any big arguments. towards the team. I would like to develop this skill more by picking an appropriate elective. For me, the importance of documentation really showed during this project. One of my squad members did a great job at documenting most of our process, which made me slack off a bit in that sense. I noticed later in the process that I would want to look up certain details which we did not notate or that for example I was a bit short on pictures that could be used for my showcase. Good documentation also helps to keep track of the design decisions that are made and why and which decisions are still to be made before the final prototype. For my next project I really want to document my own process better.

I feel that the benchmarking we did for our final I had the feeling that during this project I idea was not really sufficient. We benchmarked had more of a leadership role then I usually 13

Reflection Domenec Bis Thobi

and some preferred user and society. We did not really look into business and At the start of the second semester, we the entrepreneurship because we were told students were allocated to our various groups that it was not relevant and also, none of us for the project. The group I was part of had had taken any courses to develop this area. one person I already knew beforehand so that made the situation a bit more comfortable on The main weak links we had in our project that side. Our pressure cooker brainstorming were that our design was not user-centered led us to our first idea which was the “ideal and the technology and realization/math, sleeping bedroom” with special temperature, data and computing we applied in our sound and lighting… but we realized through prototype could have been better. We made feedback that it was too broad to fully an online survey but we were able to gather explore it. We continued brainstorming few responses. Also, we tested our prototype and exploring various possibilities until we with only one user. I am aware that having finally stumbled upon our final idea, the access to children in their homes for the Toodoo. So far, the group dynamics were testing is very hard but we could have tried really good. We were lucky to have a group a bit harder in that aspect. As it pertains to member which was really organized and technology and realization/ math, data and kept track of our work which allowed us to computing, we made a big mistake. We left not worry so much about documenting our it all to one person. This job is very relevant work and just think of pushing forward. This for the functioning of our prototype and we facilitated a lot the rest of the work. But, it did not help the group member who was is important that for next project I practice working on it enough. Granted the result my organizing and documentation skills. was not bad but it could have been better. Once we thought our concept through we divided task according to competencies. Some of us wanted to work on creativity and aesthetics, others on technology and realization/math, data and computing

with what we had made. I have learned from this to always start all my activities without any pre existing judgement/attitudes about it and just with a fresh mind to be able to perform optimally. Also, dividing tasks fairly is very important not only for group collaboration but also for the end results.

To conclude, we were stressed at the beginning of the activity but since we kept up pretty well we relaxed a little bit. I believe we performed fairly well but we could have strived for more instead of being contempt 14

Reflection Max Bosman

of one, and I greatly enjoyed coming up Industrial Design was the best study for me. with things, from the silliest ideas to the On the day we had to choose our subject most brilliant (and unrealizable) products. I was a tad too late with registering for my first choice, which was sports. My The main competency area I worked on second choice however was still open and this project was Creativity and Aesthetics. I this was sleep. After this semester I do learned more about programs like InDesign not feel like my second choice was a bad and Photoshop. I had some previous choice, in fact, I learned a lot and I think experience with Photoshop but these all our project turned out really successful. proved to be worth pretty much nothing compared to what I did with them now. Prior to starting on our project we did some kind of task division, where my main focus The making of the prototype casing would be on the drawings, the graphical (not the electronics) has also made design and some technical drawings. I did me improve on the competency area get to work on these things, mainly the Creativity and Aesthetics. I enjoyed technical drawings, even though there were working on the two prototypes we made other things like working on the prototype where I, and the others, had to step in. Although this project was great to do, I have realized that this study, Industrial At the beginning of the project we Design, is not the right study for me. This started with the brainstorming phase. project has made me realize this and I The idea I was most enthusiastic about, think that that is more important than an individual alarm clock, did not reach developing a competency area. Before the final stages of development but I still starting this project I already had some think I learned a lot from thinking up doubts about the study but after working ideas. I never really thought about what on the project with great groupmates the the idea phase was like until I was part project did not manage to convince me 15

Reflection Jorien Hendrix In the second semester of this year I enrolled in my first project within Industrial Design, Project 1 – Design. I chose for the topic Sleep, because this caught my attention. I wanted to learn more about sleep and see what I could design within this subject. I experienced collaborating within this group as very pleasant, but the main struggle I found when working within our group was that in the beginning we did not work with a planning. This proved to be hard because without a planning you do not have a clear view on what it is you have to do. In the second part of the project we did make a planning, it proved to be really useful because we finished the project one week before the Demo Day, meaning we did not have a lot of last-minute stress. Also our communication could have been better within our group, but I think a good planning also helps with this, at least when you have certain meeting already planned in advance. During this project I learned how to deal with a design project, in the way of making a planning as well as making a prototype and searching for arguments to support your choices. This

last thing I have achieved by contacting experts within the field of children and how they need structure. Besides this we made a questionnaire (Appendix 10) to get different opinions and we did a user test to find out how our product would be used by our target group. From the questionnaire I learned that it is harder than you would imagine to get the right results. Our target group for the questionnaire were parents, preferably with younger children. We found it very hard to find this audience since we personally knew only one couple who fitted within our target group. Next time I use a questionnaire, I want to have it clear what type of people I am looking for and where/how to find/contact them. Besides searching audience I also found it hard to decide what results we wanted to receive from the questionnaire. Making up the questions was not the hard part, but when we started receiving answers to the questions I was wondering what conclusions we could draw from it. I think it is important to state clearly why you want to use a questionnaire and what type of results you want from it and when that is clear, start making the questions. Something we did do and what I thought was very handy, was let people try the questionnaire to see if it all is clear. I personally asked my parents to give feedback

on our questionnaire and from their feedback they gave, we adapted some questions before sending it out to multiple people. From the user test I learned that it is better to start early with searching for users. Our target group was very hard to test, because we wanted to test with children and preferably overnight as well. At first we found a couple, with children within our target group, who were interested in helping us, but overtime they changed their mind. This resulted in us having no users within our target group. We tested with a child who was just a bit older than what we were aiming for. We got the results we needed from the user test, but having multiple users gives you more reliable results. Our user test consisted of some questions and letting the child use our product. The only conclusion we drew from this was that it worked the way we wanted. We performed our user test three weeks before the Demo Day, which did not give us a lot of time to adapt our prototype to the user test. This showed me that doing a user test is best in an earlier stage, or do multiple user tests. In this way there is still enough time to implement the results for the user test. Before the Midterm presentation we used our Wizard of Oz video to ask the opinion of our users, this gave us useful feedback, this together with the feedback from the experts 16

helped us enough to design a product for our target group. For my next project I want to involve more users and in earlier phases of the design process. This because I find it important to design for and with the users. Regarding making a prototype, I learned how to handle this together with my team members. We have spent a lot of time in Vertigo figuring out what the best way was to make our prototype. I found it very useful to experiment with different materials. Also, making low-fi prototypes stimulates your creativity, in my opinion, because it is very easy to make something out of cardboard for example. And since it is so easy you can also easily experiment with different shapes, colors and combinations of different aspects. By using multiple prototypes I learned that your design can easily change. And with the low-fi prototypes you can also see easily how your product will be used. In the future I want to use multiple low-fi prototypes before deciding on my final design. These prototypes can be used in user tests to find out what design is the best according to the users. We have experimented with different prototypes but not as much as would have been possible. Besides that, we could have used these low-fi prototypes during user tests to decide upon our final design.

Overall I experienced this project as very useful, I have learned about collaborating and how to handle my project. I am very excited to start with my second project next year and to implement my newly gained knowledge.

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Appendences Appendix 1 year old child

Sleep journal of eight

Zaterdag 5 maart 19:30 naar boven, wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:45 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting pajamas on, go to bed) 19:50 voorlezen (Bedtime story) 20:05 nog even praten (Talking) 20:15 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje (Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby) Zondag 6 maart 19:00 naar boven, wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:15 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting pajamas on, go to bed) 19:20 voorlezen (Bedtime story) 19:40 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje (Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby) Maandag 7 maart 19:15 naar boven,wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:25 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting

pajamas on, go to bed) 19:30 nog even praten (Talking) 19:40 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje (Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby) Dinsdag 8 maart 19:25 naar boven,wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:35 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting pajamas on, go to bed) 19:40 nog even praten (Talking) 20:00 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje (Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby) Woensdag 9 maart 19:00 naar boven, wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:15 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting pajamas on, go to bed) 19:20 nog even praten (Talking) 19:30 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje (Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby)

(Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby) Vrijdag 11 maart 19:30 naar boven, wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:40 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting pajamas on, go to bed) 19:45 zelf lezen en voorlezen (Self-reading, bedtime story) 20:00 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje (Lights off, nightlight on, lullaby)

 

Donderdag 10 maart 19:35 naar boven,wc, tanden poetsen (go upstairs, toilet, brushing teeth) 19:45 pyjama aan, in bed liggen (Putting pajamas on, go to bed) 19:50 nog even praten 20:00 licht uit, bedlampje aan, slaapliedje 18

Appendix 2 Interview after watching Wizard of OZ video Questions:

• Do you think this would work? • Would you change anything? If yes, what? If no, why not? • What kind of people would like this? • What would you like to know about your child when going to bed? • Do you want to be completely involved or just on the end?

their teeth (their child uses an hourglass of 2 minutes). You could also use a song of 2 minutes. • • Parents want to go upstairs at the end of the routine, so when the tasks are all done. • Parents want to get upstairs to read and/or talk. Child 1 She likes it a lot and would love to have it in blue. “Maybe I can make it myself” “I would want to have it”

Answers: Parent 1 • Yes, but you can do it on paper as well.   • There should be a reward at the end. • People with children who forget the routine, or when the parents are too busy. • When all tasks are done. • The parent should be able to put a timer on the tasks and when the child is in bed, the parent should know they can go upstairs. Parent 2 & 3 • Yes, especially children who have to learn what they have to do. • A timer to brush the teeth, so the children know how long they have to brush

Appendix 3 Most

important

Contact with experts citations

of

the

conversations with the experts, original in Dutch translated in English. Diede Maas, children’s psychologist and colleagues DU “Wauw wat een top idee! Kinderen die veel duidelijkheid nodig hebben, bijvoorbeeld kinderen met autisme hebben lijstje nodig met de taken die ze moeten doen, zo’n interactief apparaat is dan natuurlijk helemaal super.” ENG “Wow what a great idea! Children who need clarity, for example children with autism have a list of all the tasks they have to do, such an interactive device would be great.” DU “Eerste reactie van collega’s: Heel leuk, ik adviseer vaker om zelf n checklist te maken, dit is n toffe versie. Wellicht met de mogelijkheid om zelf de stappen te bepalen? Sommige kinderen hebben gedetailleerdere info nodig dan anderen. En de mogelijkheid er een beloningssysteem aan te koppelen? Volgende reactie: Zeker heel bruikbaar denk ik ook! Ouders zijn vaak op zoek naar n manier om stappenplan te maken. Idd zelf volgorde en stappen kiezen zou fijn zijn. Ik dacht zelf nog misschien plaatjes die je er in kan schuiven? Waardoor je dus de activiteiten kan veranderen” ENG “First reaction of the colleagues: Very 19

nice, I advise people to make a checklist, this is a cool version. Maybe the possibility to change the steps? Some children need more detailed information than other children. And the possibility to have a reward system? Next reaction: Definitely very useful! Parents are often looking for a way to make a to-do-list. Being able to choose the ritual and the tasks would be nice. Maybe you can make picture that you can move? So the activities can change.” Marina van de Pas, pedagogue (specialized in children with autism) DU “Ik ben zelf namelijk een grote voorstander van persoonlijk contact tijdens de slaaprituelen en vind het dan ook belangrijk dat ouders hun kinderen naar bed brengen en samen lezen of voorlezen. Een app zou wel goed kunnen werken voor kinderen voor wie het lastig is om de structuur van het bed ritueel onder de knie te krijgen, bijvoorbeeld kinderen met een autistische stoornis.” ENG “I myself am a very big supporter of personal contact during the bedtime rituals end therefore I find it important that the parents bring their children to bed so they can read together. An app would be nice for children who need structure, for example children with autism.”

Appendix 4 General Research

What is sleep? Sleep is very important. Studies show that people who are sleep-deprived are as dangerous on the roads as people who are intoxicated (Sleepassociation, n.d.) To facilitate sleep your environment also plays a role, for example you should have a comfortable bedroom and mattress. What is sleep? - Sleep stages Sleep consists of five stages. The last stage is the REM stage which is known as the stage where we dream (Walcutt, 2015). A cycle through all of the stages takes about 90 to 110 minutes. The longer you sleep, the longer your REM stage will be (Sleepdex, n.d.). What is sleep? - Special cases There are several sleep related disorders/ diseases. These are divided into six categories: 1. Abnormal sleep behavior disorders (nightmares, sleep talking, sleep walking etc.) 2. Circadian Rhythm sleep disorders (Delayed Phase Sleep Disorders, Shift Work Disorder etc.) 3. Excessive daytime sleepiness disorders (Narcolepsy, extreme

sleepiness, excessive sleepiness etc.) 4. Insomnia 5. Other sleep disorders (bed wetting and snoring) 6. Sleep apnea Sleep can also be a problem when you have a disease like ADHD, Alzheimer, Depression etc. And when you suffer from, allergies, pain and traumas, sleeping can be difficult as well (National Sleep Foundation, n.d.). What is sleep - Ideal Sleeping As said before, your environment plays a big role when sleeping as well. “Humidity that is too long or too high can cause problems”, according to The Mayo Clinic. The humidity should be between 30 and 50 percent, but ideally it should be 45 percent (Apartment Therapy, n.d.).

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Appendix 5 Summarised Research on Sleep and Music

n.d.) - Relax before going to bed - No television etc. CONCLUSION: music does help you to - out light Music to Promote Sleep in Older Women Older women find it easier to fall asleep sleep faster/better. The kind of music is not - Bright light therapy → melatonin secretion with music. 100% did no longer fight the mentioned in the papers. Mostly calm music on time sleep. They used individualized music is (classical, jazz etc.) or music of your choice. (Brennan, 2015) defined as “music that has been integrated You should have a predictable bedtime into the person’s life and is based on Appendix 6 Summarised research on routine (Lamm, n.d.). personal preferences” (Johnson, 2003). Sleep and Autism Children with Autism Sleep Appendix 7 Summarised Research on Older adults The biggest sleep problems among children Music intervention is effective in improving with autism include: Sleep and Rituals sleep. There were improvements in - Difficulty falling asleep perceived sleep quality, sleep latency, - Inconsistent sleep routines Rituals before going to bed make transitions sleep duration, sleep efficiency and - Restlessness or poor sleep quality easier for children. When you always use the daytime dysfunction (Lai, et al., 2005). - Waking early and waking frequently same ritual, the child will recognize it and it will make them feel safe. The ritual does not matter, Effects on students Why do these children have difficulties going as long as it stays the same (Zachte, 2009). With music they slept better, audio books also to sleep? There are some theories: have an improvement to the sleep but music is - Social cues → misinterpret the cues of going A ritual is about accepting the day is over better than audiobooks. (Harmat, et al., 2008). to bed and going to sleep. Toddlers find it hard especially (tipswerkendeouders, n.d.). - Melatonin might not be released at the Effects on depression and sleep quality right times elderly A transitional object will help the children - Increased sensitivity to outside stimuli Soft slow music helped to improve (touch and sound) to feel safe when asleep. A ritual will make the sleep quality (Chan et al., 2010). - Anxiety them feel comfortable. (kidsgrowth, n.d.) music

etc.

(Nosleeplessnights,

Music How to help your child with autism to sleep Use of relaxing music before better: sleeping: Jazz, classical music, world - Establish a nighttime routine

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Appendix 8

Arduino circuit

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Appendix 9

Arduino code

const int redLed = 11; const int yellowLed = 10; const int whiteLed = 9; const int greenLed = 6; const int orangeLed = 5; const int redButton = 12; const int yellowButton = 8; const int whiteButton = 7; const int greenButton = 4; const int orangeButton = 2; int c = 1 ; // variable to shift to the next case. int brightness = 0 ; // variable to let the LEDs blink. int fadeOut = 0 ; int fadeAmount = 2 ; void setup() { pinMode(redLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(yellowLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(whiteLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(greenLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(orangeLed, OUTPUT); pinMode(redButton, INPUT); pinMode(yellowButton, INPUT); pinMode(whiteButton, INPUT); pinMode(greenButton, INPUT); pinMode(orangeButton, INPUT); } void loop() { brightness = brightness + fadeAmount; if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 255) {

fadeAmount = - fadeAmount ; } if ( c == 2){ if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 200) { fadeAmount = - fadeAmount ; } switch (c) { case 1: analogWrite(redLed, brightness); digitalWrite(yellowLed, LOW); digitalWrite(whiteLed, LOW); digitalWrite(greenLed, LOW); digitalWrite(orangeLed, LOW); brightness = brightness + fadeAmount; if (digitalRead(redButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) { while (digitalRead(redButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) {} brightness = 0; c++;

} break; case 2: digitalWrite(redLed, HIGH);

analogWrite(yellowLed, brightness); digitalWrite(whiteLed, LOW); digitalWrite(greenLed, LOW); digitalWrite(orangeLed, LOW); if (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) { while (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) {} brightness = 0; c++;

} break; case 3: digitalWrite(redLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(yellowLed, HIGH); analogWrite(whiteLed, brightness); digitalWrite(greenLed, LOW); digitalWrite(orangeLed, LOW);

if (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) {

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while (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) {} brightness = 0; c++;

} break; case 4: digitalWrite(redLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(yellowLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(whiteLed, HIGH); analogWrite(greenLed, brightness); digitalWrite(orangeLed, LOW);

if (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) {

}

while (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == HIGH && digitalRead(orangeButton) == LOW) {} brightness = 0; c++;

break; case 5: digitalWrite(redLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(yellowLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(whiteLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(greenLed, HIGH); analogWrite(orangeLed, brightness); if (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == HIGH) {

break; case 7: fadeOut++; // set the brightness of pin 9: analogWrite(redLed, brightness - fadeOut); analogWrite(yellowLed, brightness - fadeOut); analogWrite(whiteLed, brightness - fadeOut); analogWrite(greenLed, brightness - fadeOut); analogWrite(orangeLed, brightness fadeOut); if (fadeOut == 240) { c++; } break; case 8: digitalWrite(redLed, LOW); digitalWrite(yellowLed, LOW); digitalWrite(whiteLed, LOW); digitalWrite(greenLed, LOW); digitalWrite(orangeLed, LOW);

while (digitalRead(redButton) == LOW && digitalRead(yellowButton) == LOW && digitalRead(whiteButton) == LOW && digitalRead(greenButton) == LOW && digitalRead(orangeButton) == HIGH) {} brightness = 0; c++;

} break; case 6: digitalWrite(redLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(yellowLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(whiteLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(greenLed, HIGH); digitalWrite(orangeLed, HIGH); brightness = 240; fadeOut = 0; c++;

break;

}

} delay(30);

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Appendix 10 Questionnaire Dutch and English Nederlands

Wij zijn studenten van de opleiding Industrial Design op de Technische Universiteit van Eindhoven. Wij doen een project over slaap routines van kinderen en hebben deze vragenlijst gemaakt om hier meer inzicht over te krijgen. De vragenlijst is anoniem. De informatie die wij verkrijgen zal alleen gebruikt worden door onze project groep, dit zullen wij discreet doen en niet aan derden door spelen. Alvast bedankt voor uw tijd. Wat is uw huwelijkse staat? * Alleenstaand In een relatie Hoeveel kinderen wonen er op dit moment in uw huis? * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Slapen uw kinderen ieder op een aparte kamer? * Ja Nee Hoeveel kinderen brengen u of uw partner naar bed? * 1 2 3 4 Meer dan 4 Geen

Vragen voor als u wel uw kinderen naar bed brengt Hoe oud zijn de kinderen die u naar bed brengt? * 0 tot 3 4 tot 6 7 tot 9 10 jaar of ouder Hoe laat brengt u of uw partner de kinderen naar bed? * Jouw antwoord Hoe ziet de slaap routine van uw kind er nu uit? (Bijv. pyjama aan, tandenpoetsen) * Jouw antwoord Zijn er problemen die u mee maakt bij het naar bed brengen van uw kind? * Jouw antwoord Weet u de redenen van deze problemen? Jouw antwoord Vragen voor als u geen kinderen naar bed brengt Op welke leeftijd gingen uw kinderen zelfstandig naar bed? Jouw antwoord Hoe zag het bedtijd ritueel van het naar bed brengen er uit? Jouw antwoord Is er naar verloop van tijd verandering gekomen in hun bedtijd ritueel?



Jouw antwoord

Vragen over het concept Wij hopen een apparaat te ontwerpen dat kinderen helpt de overgang te maken van door hun ouders naar bed gebracht worden, naar zelfstandig naar bed gaan. Ons idee is om een interactieve to-do-lijst te maken met alle handelingen die vooraf gaan aan het slapen. We hopen zo het bedtijd ritueel leuker te maken en kinderen te stimuleren zelfstandig naar bed te gaan. We willen dit doen door een bord te maken dat laat zien welke handeling ze moeten uitvoeren door een icoon te laten oplichten. Zodra de handeling voltooid is kunnen ze op een grote knop slaan om de taak “af te vinken”. U kunt als ouder het apparaat aan zetten via uw telefoon en u kunt zien hoe laat en of een handeling volbracht is.We zouden u hier graag wat vragen over stellen, zodat wij de mening van ouders mee kunnen nemen. We hopen ouders te helpen met kinderen die moeilijk zelf naar bed gaan. Zou u het fijn vinden om de mogelijkheid te hebben om de volgorde van de handelingen te veranderen? Ja Nee 25

Zou u het fijn vinden om de mogelijkheid te hebben om de betekenis van de knoppen te veranderen? Ja Nee Hoe vaak zou u feedback van het apparaat willen krijgen? Ik wil feedback krijgen als ik het apparaat aanzet Ik wil feedback wanneer er een taak is volbracht Ik wil feedback als alle taken zijn volbracht Anders: Hoe zou u feedback willen krijgen van het apparaat? Ik zou graag een notificatie willen krijgen op mijn telefoon Ik zou het graag willen meekijken vanaf mijn telefoon Ik zou het willen meeluisteren vanaf mijn telefoon Anders: Zou u het product graag willen gebruiken of gebruikt hebben? Ja Nee Als u nog feedback heeft, kunt u dit dan laten weten? Jouw antwoord

English

Questions about when you put your children to bed How old are the children you put to bed? * We are students from the Industrial Design 0 to 3 department at the Technical University of 4 to 6 Eindhoven (TU/e). We have a project which 7 to 9 concerns children’s bedtime rituals and we 10 years or older made this questionnaire for the purpose At what time do you or your partner put of research and to get more insight on this your children to bed? * topic. This questionnaire is anonymous and Your answer information we receive will only be used by What does your child’s bedtime ritual look our project group, we will do so discretely and not share it with third parties. Thank you like (a routine when going to bed)? * for your time. Your answer Do you have any struggles when putting your children to bed and if so, what are General questions they? * What is your marital status? * Single parent Your answer Do you know the cause for these struggles? If In a relationship so, please explain.* How many children are living in your Your answer household at the moment?* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Questions for when you do not put your Do all your children have separate children to bed bedrooms? * Yes At what age did your child go to bed independently? * No How many children do you or your partner Your answer Did your child/children have a set bedtime put to bed? * ritual? If so what did that look like? * 1 2 3 4 5 or more Your answer none 26

Did you notice a change in their bedtime ritual? If so, please explain. * Your answer

No How often would you like to get feedback from the device? More answers are possible. * Questions about the concept I want it to tell me when to turn it on We hope to design a device that can help I want it to tell me every time an children in the transition from being put action is completed to bed by their parents, to going to bed I want it to tell me when all the independently. Our idea is to transform actions are completed the regular checklist children have for their Different: bedtime routines into something more How would you like to get feedback from interactive and fun, by making a board that the device? More answers are possible. * shows what they have to do by lighting I would like to receive a notification on up and showing symbols. When they have my phone completed the task, they can hit a big button I want to be able to watch from my to check it off. As a parent, you can turn the phone device on from your phone and you will see if I want to be able to listen from my and when the task is completed. Following up phone on this we would like to ask some questions, Different: so we can implement the parents opinions in Do you believe this device could be useful our idea. and that you would use it/would have used it? * Yes No Would you like to be able to alter the sequence of the ritual ? * Yes No Would you like to be able to alter the meaning of the buttons on the device? * Yes 27

References Apartment Therapy (n.d.) Ideal and Healthy Humidity Levels for Sleeping. Retrieved on February 28, 2016, from http://www. apartmenttherapy.com/ideal-and-healthyhumidity-lev-136729 Brennan, D. (2015) Helping your child with autism get a good night’s sleep. Retrieved on March 13, 2016, from http://www.webmd. com/brain/autism/helping-your-child-withautism-get-a-good-nights-sleep?page=2 Chan, M. F., Chan, E. A. & Mok, E. (2010) Effects of music on depression and sleep quality in elderly people: A randomised controlled trial. Retrieved on February 18, 2016, from http:// www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine. com/article/S0965-2299(10)00023-3/abstract Harmat, L., Takács, J. & Bódizs, R. (2008) Music improves sleep quality in students. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Retrieved on February 18, 2016, from http:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652648.2008.04602.x/epdf

Johnson, J.E. (2003) The Use of Music to Promote Sleep in Older Women. Journal of Community Health Nursing. Retrieved on February 18 2016, from http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/ S15327655JCHN2001_03 Kidsgrowth (n.d.) Bedtime rituals can get children to sleep on time. Retrieved on March 3, 2016 from http:// www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/ articledetail.cfm?id=89 Lai, H.& Good, M. (2005) Music improves sleep quality in older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing. Retrieved on February 18 2016, from http:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652648.2004.03281.x/epdf Lamm, C. (n.d.) Sleep and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved on March 13, 2016, from https:// www.autismspeaks.org/family-services/ health-and-wellness/sleep

National Sleep Foundation (2016) Sleep Disorders Problems. Retrieved on February 28, 2016, from https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disordersproblems Nosleeplessnights (n.d.) The best music to sleep to. Retrieved on February 18, 2016 from http://www.nosleeplessnights.com/greatmusic-to-fall-asleep-or-relax-to/ Sleep Association (n.d.) What is sleep? Retrieved on February 29, 2016, from https:// www.sleepassociation.org/patients-generalpublic/what-is-sleep/ Sleepdex (n.d.). Stages of Sleep. Retrieved on February 28, 2016, from http:// www.sleepdex.org/stages.htm Stiny, G. (2008). Shape: Talking about Seeing and Doing. Retrieved on May 14, 2016, from https:// mitpress.mit.edu/books/shape

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Tipswerkendeouders (n..d) Het slaapritueel: houvast voor je kind. Retrieved on March 3, 2016, from http:// www.tipswerkendeouders.nl/peuter/ slaaptips-peuter/het-slaapritueel-houvastvoor-je-kind.html Walcutt, D. (2015). Stages of Sleep. Psych Central. Retrieved on February 28, 2016, from http:// psychcentral.com/lib/stages-of-sleep/ Zachte, S. (2009) De dag goed afsluiten met een slaap ritueel. Ontspannen ouderschap Retrieved on March 3, 2016, from: www. kiind.nl/article112/

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Special Thanks To: Family Hermse in particular Martha Hermse Diede Maas, Kinder- en Jeugdpsychologe Marine van de Pas, Padagoge Annika Hupfeld, Project Coach Marieke Voorhuijzen, Project Tutor

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