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SUPPLEMENTATION - ORTHOMOLECULAR AND PHARMACEUTICAL INTRODUCTION In using the term “supplementation”, we mean the routine usage of certain chemicals, both natural and artificial, for which there is good evidence that they generally support biology vitality and that they provide some utility in terms of life-extension and/or disease prevention. Using the term “orthomolecular”, we mean any chemical which the body naturally uses in its normal metabolic processes. These included exogenous chemicals called essential nutrients (mostly such things as vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids) and endogenous metabolic precursors, which means chemicals that the body makes normally but which can be beneficial in higher than natural concentrations. These precursors may included such things as co-enzymes, hormones, and any functional molecule which can either be ingested or injected. As previously emphasized, most functional molecules can neither be ingested nor injected because of the body’s normal processes which breakdown molecules into their basic units and, then, use them to reconstruct oneself. Also, there is the natural compensatory response of a biological system in which anytime a normal molecule is supplemented, the natural production of that molecule is reduced, such that the net effect, in many instances, is zero. This section is presently under review and revision; thus, we will deal mostly with the supplementation of essential nutrients, which is generally safe and recognized to be somewhat beneficial for most individuals.
ORTHOMOLECULAR - EXOGENOUS/NUTRITIONAL On a calorically restricted diet which is designed for the purposes of weight reduction and for the routine maintenance of optimal body weight, the supplementation of essential nutrients is required to insure against periodic and/or chronic deficiencies. Further, evidence is accumulating that certain essential nutrients, in pharmacological doses, can help to prevent many common diseases. Thus, we will recommend, in general, that all individuals routinely supplement their diet with a full-spectrum, vitamin and mineral compound of modest concentrations. This "Basic Minimum Supplement" was derived taking a fraction of the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA's) of all essential nutrients for a standard person. To help formulate a supplemental regimen of essential nutrients which is more tailored to you personally, as a unique individual, we use the following general procedures. First, the Basic Minimum Supplement is recommended for everyone. Then, we outline a series of conditions which might require additional supplementation; and if they apply to you, then you can add those values to those values of the "Basic Supplement" and thereby calculate a formula which is based,
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to some extent, on your individual circumstances. Next, you can compare your total calculated values with a "Standard Formula" which has been recommended for routine nutritional maintenance by a manufacturer of a good quality supplement 1. Also, we provide the recommendations of Linus Pauling 2; and you can compare your values with his. Pauling was a world famous biochemist who is the foremost advocate of using essential nutrients (primarily Vitamin C) in large doses for the prevention and treatment of disease. His recommendations are controversial, and one should judiciously apply his regimen. To calculate the recommendations which would be based on "Individual Circumstances", read the statements below. Note the conditions which apply to you. Accumulate the amounts on the Summary Table which follows. Then, transfer the total nutrient values to the final chart; and compare your totals with the “reference values” and the “not-to-exceed values”. It should also be stipulated that this section on Supplementation of Essential Nutrients is still under research, and the specific recommendations will most likely change as knowledge builds in this area. INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES A) If you are on a weight reduction diet, increase the Basic Supplement by a factor of 1 for every 500 calories below your maintenance caloric intake (See STEP 5b). If you are maintaining your body weight close to its optimum and are on a restricted caloric intake, then increase the basic formula by a factor of 2. B) If you smoke cigarettes, then increase the entire Basic Minimum by a factor of 1 and the Vitamin C by a factor of 25 mg. per cigarette 3. Similar recommendations apply if you are exposed to smoke from others, in which case you will have to estimate the equivalent number of cigarettes. C) If you consume alcohol, then first calculate the "Toxic Equivalents" or "TE" of your average daily intake. To calculate the toxic equivalents of your alcohol intake, first estimate or directly record your weekly consumption and divide by 7. Then, using the values below 4, equate your consumption in terms of a total TE. Beer: one 12 oz. bottle = .48 TE Wine: one 6 oz glass = .72 TE
Stout: one 12 oz. bottle = .72 TE Distilled Liquor: a one ounce shot = .5 TE
1
e.g., SUPER SEROVITE, by Seroyal Brands, Inc.
2
A REGIMEN FOR BETTER HEALTH; by Linus Pauling; private correspondence from James Fleming, research assoc., Pauling Institute.
3
ASCORBIC ACID AS A CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT, by W.J.McCormick, in Archs. Pediatr. 69, 151-155, 1952.
4
DERIVATION OF TOXIC EQUIVALENTS FOR ALCOHOL, by C.A. Everone, Foundation for Infinite Survival, Inc. Document.
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Next, because alcohol tends to deplete most of the essential nutrients 1, increase the basic minimum formula by a factor of 1 for every .5 "toxic equivalent" beyond 1 TE (e.g., if you have 2 beers per day, then that equals essentially 1 TE and no additional supplementation is recommended; however, if you have 5 beers per day, then the TE is 2.40. That, minus 1 TE equals 1.4 TE's which, when multiplied by .5, would indicate that you should increase your basic minimum supplement by a factor of .7 or about 1). Also, because alcohol tends specifically to deplete thiamine (i.e., vitamin B1) 2 and because it is believed that the "B" vitamins tend to work best in a complex, increase, in addition, all of the "B" vitamins by a factor of 1 for every TE beyond 1. D) Because coffee is a diuretic, for every cup over two per day, increase the basic minimum by a factor of .5. E) If you are female and age 40 or over, because of a potentially elevated risk to osteoporosis, add to the basic minimum the following: Calcium 800 mg., Vitamin D 400 iu., Vitamin C 500 mg., and Vitamin A 2,000 iu.. Concurrent hormonal administration may also be advised, but that requires medical supervision. F) If your mineral analysis (hair) indicates a low level of specific nutritional minerals, then increase the deficient element(s) by a factor of 2 times the basic minimum and retest in 12 months. If the nutritional minerals are generally low, then supplement all of them by a factor of 2 times the basic minimum, and retest in 12 months to monitor progress. A digestive enzyme may be warranted, but an assessment of risk to ulcer should be made first. G) If your mineral analysis indicates a "moderately" elevated accumulation of toxic metal(s), then the following recommendations apply 3 (note: if a toxic metal is "high", these recommendations may not apply and a medical review is suggested): Elevated LEAD (Pb) - Increase the basic minimum by a factor of 2 and add specifically Calcium 400 mg., Phosphorus 400 mg., Iron 10 mg., Vit.C 2,000 mg., all B vitamins by a factor of 1, Cr 20 mcg., Pectin 10 gm., Algin 10 gm. and increase the amount of protein in general diet. Elevated MERCURY (Hg) - Increase the basic minimum by a factor of 2 and add specifically Selenium 50 mg., Vit.E 400 iu. and increase dietary protein. 1
ALCOHOL AND NUTRITION - RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 2, by Nat. Inst. on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, 1977.
2
EARLY SIGNS OF THIAMINE DEFICIENCY, by J.C. Samogyi, in J.Nutri Sci Vitaminol. 22(suppl)29, 1976.
3
REVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL MINERALS & TOXIC METALS, by C.A.Everone & J.Ralston, Foundation for Infinite Survival, Inc. Document. BIO-570.lwp 7/23/99
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Elevated CADMIUM (Cd) - Increase the basic minimum by a factor of 2 and add specifically Calcium 800 mg., Copper 2 mg., Iron 50 mg., Zinc 20 mg., Selenium 50 mcg., Vit.C 2,000 mg. and increase dietary protein. H) If your serum cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL are elevated (see the evaluation of your testing data), then add to the basic minimum: Oat Fiber 10 gr, Niacin 250 mg., Calcium 400 mg., Vit.C 1,000 mg. In addition, lower fat intake from diet, do routine exercise, and retest serum lipids within 3-6 months. I) If exposed occupationally to carcinogens and/or toxic chemicals, increase the basic minimum by a factor of 2-4 depending on the severity of exposure; and add Vit.E 800 mg., Selenium 200 mcg., Vit.C 4,000 mg., and Vit.A 10,000 iu. J) There are other conditions and circumstances which may warrant variations in the Basic Supplement, and those adjustments will have to be made on a individual basis.
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SUMMARY TABLE OF ADDITIONAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS ACCORDING TO INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES Instructions: From the previously described circumstances, record below the additional supplements which might apply to you. Total each nutrient and then transfer the total to the "Nutritional Supplementation Chart" on the following page.
NUTRIENTS
Basic Formula
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
=
TOTALS
10 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
2,000 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
12 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. D (Calcif.) iu
200 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. K (Koagula.) mcg
200 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. B1 (Thiamin) mg
2 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. B2 (Riboflavin) mg
2 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. B3 (Niacin) mg
20 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. B5 (Panto.Acid) mg
10 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine) mg
2 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Vit. B(c) (Folic A.) mcg
200 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
3 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
45 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Biotin mcg
100 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Choline mg
200 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Inositol mg
1 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Calcium (Ca) mg
400 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Magnesium (Mg) mg
150 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Phosphorus (P) mg
400 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Iron (Fe) mg
5 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Zinc (Zn) mg
7 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Molybdenum (Mo) mcg
1 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Potassium (K) gm
0.5 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
Chromium (Cr) mcg
20 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__
=
_____
GROSS NUTRIENTS: Fiber grams VITAMINS: Vit. A (Retinol) iu Vit. E (Alpha Toc.) iu
Vit. B12 (Cobalamin) mcg Vit. C (Ascorbic.A.) mg
MINERALS:
Manganese (Mn) mg
3 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ =
_____
Copper (Cu) mg
1 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ =
_____
Selenium (Se) mcg
10 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ =
_____
Iodine (I) mcg
20 +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ +__ =
_____
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NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION CHART Instruction: from the previous table, transfer the total additional nutrients which are recommended to the section below for Individual Circumstances and compare those recommendations with the Standard Formula and the recommendations of Linus Pauling. (Precaution: you should not go beyond the "Do Not Exceed" values without due justification and unless under the supervision of a qualified physician. Essential nutrients can be mutually antagonistic and in higher dosages can invoke biological reactions which are contra-indicated.)
NUTRIENT
Individual
Standard
Circumstances Formula
Linus
Do not
Pauling
exceed 20
Fiber (gm) Vitamin A (Retinol) iu
10,000
25,000
25,000
Vitamin E (Alpha Toc.) iu
200
400-1600
1,600
Vitamin D (Calcif.) iu
400
400 100
Vitamin K (Koagula.) mcg Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) mg
25
100-200
200
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) mg
25
50-100
100
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) mg
100
150-300
300
Vitamin B5 (Panto.Acid) mg
50
100-200
200
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) mg
75
50-100
100
Vitamin B(c) (Folic) mcg
400
400-800
400
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) mcg
25
100-200
200
Vitamin C (Ascorbic.A.) mg
500
6-18,000
5,000
Biotin mcg
300
150-300
300
Choline mg
95
75-150
700 3
Inositol mg Calcium (Ca) mg
450
100
800
Magnesium (Mg) mg
250
25
350
Phosphorus (P) mg
445
Iron (Fe) mg
25
18
25
Zinc (Zn) mg
10
15
15
15
15
Molybdenum (Mo) mcg
800
Potassium (K) gm .
0.1
Chromium (Cr) mcg
50
15
90
Manganese (Mn) mg
10
3
10
Copper (Cu) mg
1
1
1
Selenium (Se) mcg
50
15
50
Iodine (I) mcg
150
150
150
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ORTHOMOLECULAR - ENDOGENOUS Presently, we will not make any specific recommendations about the supplementation of naturally generated (i.e., endogenous) chemicals. In general, hormones should not be supplemented unless a particular person is in deficit. Certain individuals will benefit from thyroid, estrogen, and, perhaps, testosterone supplementation; however, categorical recommendations cannot be made. A great deal of discussion is presently being given to human growth hormone as an anti-ageing agent; however, after personal discussions with researchers who have done experiments in this area, a review of the literature and not finding any studies which demonstrate life-extension in animals, and a understanding of well established principles of biology, the supplementation of growth hormone is contra-indicated for most people. Recently, we have looked at lipoic acid as a natural co-enzyme which functions in the metabolism of glucose; and pending full documentation, we may be recommending its use in diabetes and for improving glucose utilization in all individuals after the age of about 50 because most in that age category show some degree of elevated glucose - either fasting or under challenge.
PHARMACEUTICAL A pharamceutical is defined as concentrated chemical, which is neither a nutrient nor made endogeously, as above, and is used for therapeutic effect. Usually, pharmaceuticals are administered only to a person who has a specific disease or elevated disease risk; and those applications would be issues within the sections on Curative Medicine and Disease Prevention. Few pharmaceutical are categorically good for everyone and have demonstrated efficacy for general life-extension and disease prevention. Aspirin, however, is probably the only exception. As an extract from wintergreen, it has been used in humans for over 100 years and is both an anti-inflammatory and an anti-thrombotic agent. When administered in low concentrations of about 150 mg./day, it has been demonstrated to dramatically reduce both heart attack and stroke, which constitute over 50% of all premature deaths. A dosage beyond 150 mg./day does not show any additional benefit, and it should be well tolerated by most people. We will be documenting the evidence for this application in a separate monograph.
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