Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Project Name: STREET LIGHTING PROJECT •

POC: Mike Adams & Rich Stubblefield

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Purpose: Given poor lighting at intersections within the neighborhood what is the feasibility of installing lighting for the safety and the security of residents?

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Research: Contact Entergy to determine cost and legal aspects of installing street lighting within NCR subdivisions.

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Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the potential locations of street lighting, capitalization costs, reoccurring cost and legal aspects of installing street lighting for the association and residents.

Background and General Information on Street Lighting: Fundamental to this study is the understanding of the types of illumination available and the necessary materials required to be purchased to develop NCR lighting. •

Lamp Consideration: o

There are several choices: Incandescent, Florescent, Low Pressure Sodium, High Intensity Discharge such as Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, and High Pressure Sodium. Upon review of the types this study will focus on the Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) solution as the most economically feasible choice which also aids stargazers by minimizing light pollution. A description of the LPS lamp is provided below: Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamp is by far the most efficient light source used in street lighting. LPS lamps are used in various parts of the country, including San Diego, CA. The lamps produce a monochromatic orange-yellow light, from lamps which are long and skinny. LPS is also a good way to reduce sky glow for stargazers. The light is easily filtered out for viewing the stars through telescopes. Drawbacks of using LPS lamps include the color rendering. When the lamp is on, everything around it looks either orange-yellow, black or shades in between. Also, as the lamp ages, it uses more wattage, which lighting designers need to account for. That increase in wattage does result in little-no lumen depreciation, meaning it the light output from the lamp stays fairly constant over its life. Other types of lighting and possibilities are discussed at: http://www.eskimo.com/~jrterry/lamps.html

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Lighting Fixture: o

There are a number of types of light fixtures available to choose. They include: NonCutoff, Semi-Cutoff, Cutoff, and Full-Cutoff as illustrated below:

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Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Non-cutoff optics, allow light to be emitted in all directions. Many decorative fixtures use non-cutoff fixtures. Non-cutoff optics is the least efficient way to put light on the ground. They are generally effective at throwing light up into trees, and create a large amount of light pollution and glare. These lights are not generally used as principal light sources on thoroughfares, as the glare has the tendency to blind drivers. Semi-cutoff optics, allow most of the light to be emitted below 90 degrees, but some light (up to 5%) to be emitted above 90 degrees. These types of optics are commonly used in cobra-head style street lighting. They are quite effective at diffusing the light over a large, directed area on the ground. These lights still contribute some direct up light, although not as much as noncutoff lights. There is still significant glare from these fixtures, but often, they are mounted on taller poles, which remove them from the driver's field of vision. Cutoff optics has more controlled lighting than semi-cutoff. Less than 2.5% of the light is allowed to escape the fixture above 90 degrees. Cutoff optics is now common in parking lot applications where greater pole spacing is desired. They offer a wider spread of light than a full-cutoff, yet they generally cannot be spaced as far apart as semi-cutoff fixtures. These lights allow a small amount of direct up light to escape above the fixture. Full-cutoff optics put light on the ground below the fixture only. Full-cutoff optics does not emit light above 90 degrees. Cutoff optics is gaining popularity around the USA, to the delight of astronomers. These optics direct light to the ground in a defined, tight pattern. Typically to achieve a uniform lighting job, one would have to use more full-cutoff luminaries or increase the mounting height of those luminaries to achieve the same result as compared with semi-cutoff or cutoff fixtures. o

This study again wanting to consider the light discipline issues and the need to illuminate intersections without imposing significant light on resident’s property will consider Full Cutoff optics as the fixture of choice.

More information is available for consideration at: http://www.eskimo.com/~jrterry/optics.html •

Mounting Poles: Each one of these poles (with the exception of the davit pole) has a counterpart with similar design that attaches to wooden

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Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) poles. An unsupported upsweep arm on a wooden pole is also known as a cantilever. For the purpose of this study wooden poles will be used with the lowest cost Truss-arm, single or double guy or upsweep arm fixture to be priced. •

Light Patterns: There are five different distribution patterns for streetlights, developed by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (See diagram below)

These determine how far light goes across the street, and how far up and down the street light goes. Type V is essentially circular. It is most commonly found with non-cutoff luminaries, whereas type I is more likely to be used with semi-cutoff or cutoff fixtures. Type III is one of the most commonly available in most fixture types. For the purpose of this study the Type V (Circular) pattern will be considered because it is readily available and lower cost than those with lenses to direct the light. International Dark-Sky Association – This organization goals and mission are stated below: •

Stop the adverse effects of light pollution

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Raise awareness about light pollution, its global effects, and its solutions;

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Educate about the values of quality outdoor lighting.

To achieve these goals, IDA takes an award-winning, unified approach that supports the individual efforts of their members and of others who advocate for quality outdoor lighting. In fighting light pollution they collaborate with a variety of communities, astronomers, ecologists, lighting professionals, and more. Products recommended and certified by IDA are therefore screened against their mission criteria. To learn more about this organization go to www.darksky.org. Northcrest Ranch Electrical Provider: •

Entergy was contacted and asked about street lighting options. The key points are: •

Entergy no longer provides installation or security poles to mount lighting to for residential areas. They can no longer assist communities in providing lighting due to the deregulation of 3

Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) the industry. (i.e., lighting installed by a company may become a liability if the community switches energy companies leaving the cost of the lighting with the company who initially installed the light).

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Entergy indicated the only solution was for the residents to install a private pole, luminaries and meter. This permits Entergy to bill each light installation separately (or aggregated) to the Association.

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They did suggest the possibly that the County could support the community by providing lighting, grants or other measures to mitigate cost.

The following questions were formulated to guide the details of this study. •

What are the responsibilities of the home owners adjacent to the street light installation (if any)? Answer: The association will have to install poles, meters and the light fixtures at intersections. The association may need to request each resident to sign a waiver concerning the light discipline.

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What materials must be installed by the power company and what materials must be provided by the Association? What are the costs of these materials? (e.g., meter installed, poles, light fixture etc.) Answer: The power company will not install any of the poles or hardware. They will provide the transformer and line drop (Meter Loop) to the Association metered light pole. •

What are the pre-requisites for installation of light poles and lights from the power provider’s viewpoint?

Answer: Required Information for New Service or Alteration to Service The Customer shall furnish the following information to Company for any new service, or alterations to existing service, desired by the Customer: 1. Exact location(s) of premises, including street address if available, where service is desired. 2. 911 address if different than street address [Note: 911 address or other address if no 911 address is available shall be posted near the location where the meter is to be installed.] 3. If location is new, with no established address, have street or road name and good directions to service location. 4. Name of city if service location is within an incorporated city limits. 4

Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) 5. Billing address and name. 6. Home phone, work phone and mobile phone if applicable. 7. Permitting requirements, if any 8. Type of service (including service voltage), equipment rating, and amount of electrical load to be installed. 9. Total motor load (to include size(s) of largest motor(s), starting current(s), NEMA letter or code) and rated voltage. 10. General characteristics of equipment to be driven by motors. 11. Date new electric service or alterations to existing service are needed. 12. Desired point of delivery or service entrance location. (Sketch may be required.) (Note: For residential applications the Customer will be asked to provide both his or her social security number and the place of employment, as well as the social security number and place of employment of their spouse or roommate.) Upon receipt of the above information, the Company will advise the Customer as promptly as possible concerning installation or modification of the Customer's electric service. The Customer shall install and maintain the Customer's wiring and electrical equipment within or on the premises, in accordance with building and wiring codes, laws and local ordinances that are in effect. The above information is typically provided by the Association in concert with the electrician hired to make the installation. The electrician contacts the power company (Entergy) who assigns an engineer to work the details of the meter loop (power from transformer to the meter on the pole). (The association would also have to have a TAX ID in order to establish a business application permit). (Entergy may be reached at 1800-368-3749 to set up the service request). Once the power pole and meter socket is installed the process usually takes approximately 15 days to get power to the lighting system. •

How are electricity costs billed and two whom? Answer: Electricity charges will be consolidated for each metered light and be sent by Entergy to the Association. Costs for monthly electricity are estimated at the historical cost previously demonstrated. (5 entrances at $ per month)

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Is there any county, state, law enforcement or local grants or financial assistance for communities desiring to enhance safety and security of their streets via street lighting?

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Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Answer: This study was not able to find any governmental agency which could provide grants or financial assistance, however, the East Montgomery County Improvement District would consider such a project if submitted. Indications are that no prior president has been set within EMCID for support to subdivisions. Only city and municipalities or county projects have previously been approved. Legal Issues: •

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Will property owners at these intersections be required to accept the installation of lighting? If they reject the proposal what are the consequences? Can their decision be overridden? •

Each resident may have objections to light discipline at these intersections. Legal opinion may be required to determine the correct approach to gaining residential support to this project.

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Each location for the utility pole must be place in the easement on private property. Each resident must be notified and must get the residents approval to install the light pole.

What are the probable costs to install lighting at major intersections within the three subdivisions at Northcrest? •

Answer: There are 15 intersections without lighting within the three subdivisions. Each will require a light pole, meter service, ancillary hardware and light fixture. There are an additional 18 cult-sacks which do not have lighting at the end of the street. Additional lighting was not considered between intersections and the end of the streets due to the lack of definition of spacing between light sources. If residents desire additional lighting this study should provide a baseline for purposes of cost and discussion on the Pro and Con of street lighting. The table below provides a detailed list of the 15 intersections provided in this study.

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Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Table 1 – List of NCR Intersections Section 1: Intersecting Streets Mustang & Northcrest Circle Rodeo Drive & Mustang Northcrest Blvd & Northcrest Circle Pack Saddle Trail & Northcrest Circle Subtotal Section 1

Qty 0 0 0 1 1

Notes Light Present Light Present Light Present No Light

Section 2: Intersecting Streets Lost Spur & Northcrest Trail Horseshoe Way & Lost Spur Saddlehorn & Lost Spur Majestic Forest & Northcrest Trail Arrowhead Point & Northcrest Trail Saddle Creek & Arrowhead Point Spring Branch & & Northcrest Trail Subtotal Section 2

Qty 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Notes Light Present No Light Light Present Light Present Light Present Light Present Light Present

Section 3: Intersecting Streets Whitetail Crossing & Mossy Oak Misty Lake Circle (N & S) & Whitetail crossing Hardwood Trail & Whitetail Crossing Hardwood Trail & Blazing Trail Blazing Trail & Mossy Oak Wild Forest & Roberts Lane Wild Forest & Kimberlys Point Wild Forest & Lost Meadow Misty Lake Circle & Misty Lake Point Mossy Oak & Wild Forest Wild Forest & Whitetail Crossing Wild Forest & Windrose Point Subtotal Section 3

Qty 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13

Notes No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light No Light

Summary of Lights Required Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Total Lights Required for Intersections

1 1 13 15

Table 2 below presents the additional lighting at the end of each of the major streets within the subdivisions. Each light considered as part of this study was located at the cult-sack. The table also presents lighting along various streets which likely private are lighting not funded by the association.

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Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Table 2 – NCR Supplemental Locations and Light Availability Section 1: Locations Pack Saddle Cult Sack Mustang Circle Cult Sack Rodeo Cult Sack Total Candidate Street Lights Section 1 Section 2: Locations Lost Spur Cult Sack Saddle Horn Cult Sack Spring Branch Cult Sack Arrowhead Point Cult Sack Majestic Forest Cult Sack Northcrest Trail Cult Sack Horseshoe Way Cult Sack 23929 Northcrest Trail

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Qty 1 1 1 3

Notes No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present

0

Light Present

17432 Saddle Creek

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0

Light Present

17411 Saddle Creek

1

0

Light Present

0

Light Present

0

Light Present

23962 Majestic

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23970 Arrowhead Point

1

1

Note: Private Resident Lights Total Candidate Street Lights Section 2

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Section 3: Locations Wild Forest Cult Sack Lost Meadow Cult Sack Kimberlys Point Cult Sack Roberts Lane Cult Sack Blazing Trail Cult Sack Hardwood Trail Cult Sack Whitetail Crossing Cult Sack Misty Lake Point Cult Sack Total Candidate Street Lights Section 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8

Summary: Total Candidate Additional Lighting Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Summary: Total Candidates

3 7 8 18

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No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present No Light Present

Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Comparison Estimates: The rough order of magnitude estimate is provided at Table 3 – Intersection Street Light Estimates. These estimates are not based on vendor ROMs; they are the study author’s best estimates and are provided as a reference for comparison to vendor cost estimates. Table 3 – Intersection Street Light Estimates

Material Cost Estimates Light Fixtures with Arm & Hardware Power Poles 35' Wire Estimated at 75' per intersection $10/ft Power Meter Ground Wire Subtotal (Materials) Miscellaneous Hardware Est. @ 10% of total Total Material Cost Labor Estimate @ 10 hrs / pole Total ROM

Price Per Item $350.00 $194.00 $ 750.00 $ 150.00 $ 60.00

Quantity Req'd 15 15 15 15 15

10.00%

$ 22,560.00

$ 115.00

150

Extended Cost $ 5,250.00 $ 2,910.00 $ 11,250.00 $ 2,250.00 $ 900.00 $ 22,560.00 $ 2,256.00 $ 24,816.00 $ 17,250.00 $ 42,066.00

Table 4 – Supplemental Street Lighting Estimates

Supplemental Light Material Cost Estimates Light Fixtures with Arm & Hardware Power Poles 35' Wire Estimated at 75' per intersection $10/ft Power Meter Ground Wire Subtotal (Materials) Miscellaneous Hardware Est. @ 15% of total Total Material Cost Labor Estimate @ 10 hrs / pole Total ROM

Price Per Item $ 350.00 $ 194.00 $ 750.00 $ 150.00 $ 60.00

Quantity Req'd 18 18 18 18 18

15.00%

$ 27,072.00

$ 115.00

180

Extended Cost $ 6,300.00 $ 3,492.00 $ 13,500.00 $ 2,700.00 $ 1,080.00 $ 27,072.00 $ 4,060.80 $ 31,132.80 $ 20,700.00 $ 51,832.80

As an alternative to creosote wooden poles which weather and are subject to wood pecker damage are metal galvanized poles. Metal galvanized poles are available at approximately $1500 per pole. This includes a 6 foot arm where a light fixture may be hung from. This of course does not include the cost of installation or the pole, light fixture or electrical hook up.NCR currently has all creosote poles therefore the appearance of galvanized poles would be considerably different in appearance to those already existing. Vendor Estimate: While two electrician companies were solicited, only one is reported on in this study. The second vendor did not provide a ROM. 9

Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Semper Fi Electrical – This is a price breakdown for a single location; where possible the vendor will consolidate locations and try to limit the amount of services therefore cost. Semper Fi suggests using fixtures which are dark sky compliant. The item they recommended is: RC

Roadway Small Cutoff Cobrahead at 150 to 250 watts using a High Pressure Sodium lamp and Metal Halide Pulse Starter. Semper Fi Electrical Estimates (Rough Order of Magnitude) is for installation less light fixture. Price Per Pole:

$578.99 each

“4-6 week lead time *Discounted if we purchase all 33 at one time

Price Per Foot: Price Install Each: Price per Service:

$10.50 per ft $575.49 each $1,125.00

Up to 1000’ feet includes pole bases and connection to power Includes Meter Panel and Connection of service

Given the above quote from Semper Fi Electrical the proposed cost would translate to the following primary and supplemental cost estimates

Table 6 – Semper Fi Intersection Street Light Estimates (Corrected) Material Cost Estimates Price Per Item Quantity Req'd Extended Cost Light Fixtures with Arm & Hardware $ 350.00 15 $ 5,250.00 Power Poles $ 578.99 15 $ 8,684.85 Power Pole Installation $ 575.49 15 $ 8,632.35 Wire Estimated at 75' per intersection $ 10.50 15 $ 11,812.50 Power Meter Panel & Connection $ 1125.00 15 $ 16,875.50 Subtotal (Materials) $ 51,254.70 Miscellaneous Hardware and overage Est. $ 5125.47 @ 10% of total 10.00% $ 51254.70 Total ROM $ 56,380.17 Note: Semper Fi did not include the price of the Light Fixture in their estimate nor the 10% Overage / Misc. Hardware fee which was added by the study team and is included in this estimate.

Table 7 – Semper Fi Supplemental Street Lighting Estimates (Corrected) Supplemental Light Material Cost Estimates Price Per Item Quantity Req'd Extended Cost Light Fixtures with Arm & Hardware $ 350.00 18 $ 6,300.00 Power Poles $ 578.99 18 $ 10,421.82 Power Pole Installation $575.49 18 $ 10,358.82 Wire Estimated at 75' per intersection $ 10.50 18 $ 14,175.00 Power Meter Panel & Connection $ 1125.00 18 $ 20,250.00 Subtotal (Materials) $ 6,150.64 Miscellaneous Hardware and overage Est. $ 6,150.56 @ 10% of total 10.00% $ 61505.64 Total ROM $ 67,656.20 Note: Semper Fi did not include the price of the Light Fixture in their estimate nor the 10% Overage / Misc. Hardware fee which was added by the study team and is included in this estimate.

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Street Lighting Study (Rev 1) Based on the Semper Fi Electrical ROM, the summary of cost estimates for the Street Lighting is shown in Table 8 – Semper Fi Electrical Street Light Summary (ROM). Table 8 – Semper Fi Electrical Street Light Summary (ROM) (Corrected) Intersection Lighting (Base Project) Supplemental Project Totals Project Cost

$ 56,380.17 $ 67,656.20 $124,036.37

Summary: The estimated cost for this project for street lights at intersections only is likely to be around $42,000 to $56,400 depending on the contractor selected and poles used. Adding in the supplemental lighting the cost of this project could range from about $ 93,000 to as much as $124,100. Placing a one-time assessment on property owners would translate to the following estimate per property: $56,400 divided by 500 residents = $112 per property for intersection lighting only $124,100 divided by 500 residents = $248 per property for both intersection and supplemental lighting

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APPENDIX A – Electrician Hourly Rates

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Research: Electrician Hourly Rates vary by state. The research is for residential not commercial hourly rates. This research was however, used by the study team to establish an estimate of the cost per hour for one electrician and one electrician helper (assistant) The table below provides information about the rates across the US. Residential Electrician 25th Percentile

Average Rate

50th Percentile

75th Percentile

Journeyman Rate

$45.00

$54.39

$54.50

$65.00

Apprentice Rate

$30.00

$39.79

$38.00

$47.75

First Hour Rate

$55.00

$67.24

$65.00

$79.00

Minimum Charge

$50.00

$66.29

$65.00

$79.50

Trip Charge

$10.00

$20.84

$18.00

$30.50

Rates vary by region so two additional samples were found neither were for Texas, however, they do provide corroboration of probable rates. Connecticut electricians get between $55 and $70 /per hour with electrician helpers getting about 40-50% of the fully licensed electrician at $30 to $45 / hour. In Riverside California the licensed electrician gets between $45 and $100 per hour. This translates to the Riverside California electrician helper getting between $18 and $50 / hour. For the purpose of this study the worst case rate of $115 / hour was used for an electrician and one helper ($70 + $45 = $115). Seventy dollars was selected as it represented more than the 50th percentile but less than the 75th percentile rate. The electrician helper is a blend of the Journeyman Rate and the Apprentice Rate for the 50th percentile and approximated at 50% of the blended rate ($54.50 + $38.00 = $92.5 *.5 = $46.25) then assigned at $45 / hour for the helper.

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