SOCM Physical Exam of the Anus, Rectum, Hernias, Male Genitalia and Prostate PFN: SOMPYL0T Hours: 1.5
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 1
Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Communicate knowledge of “Physical Examination of the Male Genitalia, Rectum, and Anus”
Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment
Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% IAW course standards on the formative quizzes and the Physical Exam Practical Test grade sheet
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 2
References
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (6th Edition; 2013; Martini; Bartholomew) Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, BATES' (11th Edition, 2013; Bickley) Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (22th Edition; 2013; Davis)
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Reason Failure to recognize a problem could result in losing a Soldier for extended periods of time or permanently. Recognizing some conditions could mean the difference between quality of life and even death (e.g., cancer, cauda equina, etc.)
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 4
Agenda
Define the key terms related to the physical exam of the male genitalia, anus, and rectum Identify common or concerning symptoms found during a male genitalia, hernia, anus, rectum, and prostate exam
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 5
Agenda
Communicate the exam techniques and how to record pertaining to the male genitalia, anus, rectum, prostate and hernia examinations
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Key Terms Related to the Physical Exam of the Male Genitalia, Anus, and Rectum
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Vocabulary
Prepuce: fold of skin covering head of penis or fold of skin covering clitoris Tuft: short cluster of elongated strands, such as hair, attached at the base or growing close together Copro‐: associated with feces Cryptorchidism: failure of one or both of the testes to descend into the scrotum (cancer risk) JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Vocabulary
Monorchism: state of having only one testicle within the scrotum Orchis: testis Transillumination: the shining of a light through a body cavity or organ Occult blood: blood not visible with naked eye Frank blood: blood visible with naked eye
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Vocabulary
Dysuria: difficult or painful urination Anuria: absence of urine formation Autogenous: originating in the body Heterogeneous: composed of unlike substances Hematochezia: presence of blood in feces
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Vocabulary
Herniotomy: operation in which the hernia is repaired Tenesmus: spasmodic contraction of anal or bladder sphincter with pain and persistent desire to empty bowel or bladder with ineffectual straining efforts
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The Common or Concerning Male Genitalia Symptoms Found During the Exam
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Common or Concerning Symptoms
Taking the sexual history (Hx) Be aware of social environment Tips
• In a private environment • Explain to the patient: Why you are taking the sexual history You realize it is highly personal Encourage Pt. to be open and direct You gather Hx
on all patients
Affirm that it is confidential JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Common or Concerning Symptoms
Begin Hx. with a general statement Can cover one or more of the key “tips for taking
a sexual history” Remain neutral and non‐judgmental Continue with questions concerning sexual
orientation Heterosexuals, bisexuals, and homosexuals are
in all cultures Most new medics experience anxiety with
interview (sometimes true for the patients also) JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Common or Concerning Symptoms
Continue with sexual function questions Direct questions Language appropriate for the patient
Assess each phase of the sexual response Libido (desire) Arousal phase
Any other factors that may contribute to problems
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Anatomy
Scrotum and testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Urethra
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Anatomy
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Health Promotion and Counseling
Testicular self‐examination
Conduct exam monthly (between 15‐35) Screen for testicular cancer Cancer risk factors include: • Cryptorchidism • Hx of carcinoma • Mumps • Orchitis • Inguinal hernia • Hydrocele in childhood
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Health Promotion and Counseling
Testicular self‐examination (cont’d) Seek medical assistance for the following:
• Painless “lump” • Swelling/enlargement in either testicle • Pain/discomfort in testicle or scrotum • Feeling of “heaviness” or fluid in scrotum • Dull ache in lower abdomen or groin
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 19
Health Promotion and Counseling
Conducting “testicular self‐exam”
Best after warm bath or shower Stand in front of mirror Examine each testicle • One may be larger ‐ normal • Pain or lumps ‐ abnormal
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Slide 20
The Techniques of an Examination as Pertaining to the Male Genitalia
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Male Genitalia Exam
Techniques of examination Many students feel uneasy about examining a
man's genitalia Explain each step prior to examination Occasionally, male patients have erections
during the examination May refuse to have the examination
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Slide 22
Male Genitalia Exam
Prepare for the examination
For younger patients review sexual maturity ratings • Three characteristics of maturity: pubic hair, penis, and testes
• Recorded as two: genitalia and pubic hair
Private room or area Prepare any equipment needed Exam gloves before we begin
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Slide 23
Male Genitalia Exam
Prepare patient for examination
Explain procedure Gown – expose genitalia and inguinal Position
• Standing or sitting • Standing for hernias or varicoceles
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Male Genitalia Exam
Visually inspect genitals and inguinal region
Skin around genitals Inguinal swelling or deformity
Inspect the penis
Skin on penis Look for ulcers, scars, nodules or signs of inflammation
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 25
Male Genitalia Exam
Inspect the glans
Circumcised • Examine glans • Examine meatus Uncircumcised ‐ retract prepuce • Have patient retract • Examine glans • Examine meatus • Have pt. return foreskin
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Slide 26
Male Genitalia Exam
Palpation (only done if “genital complaint”) Mostly performed with visual inspection “Milking down” urethra If mass or deformity noted palpate to
specifically identify the mass or solid lesion • Palpate between thumb and first two fingers • Note indurations, pain, or tenderness
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Male Genitalia Exam
Examination of the scrotum
Can check cremasteric response at this time
Inspect the skin
View the anterior surface Lift testicles view posterior surface Check contours note • Swelling or lumps • Veins • Discoloration
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 28
Male Genitalia Exam
Palpate the scrotum (if a “genital complaint”) Gently knead the scrotum between your thumb
and first two fingers Check entire scrotum –use pattern
Palpate Each testicle and epididymis Note: size, shape, consistency, and tenderness Each spermatic cord from epididymis to
superficial ring Note swelling or nodules JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Male Genitalia Exam Testicular cancer – this case may not be as bad as it seems
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Male Genitalia Exam
Testicular masses for SOF medics Routine exams not recommended
• Except in family hx of testicular cancer Consult your medical officer u/s helpful (if trained) Most common CA for 20‐39 y/o males “Lump” or not: may be painless Testicular CA
• Highly treatable early • Highly fatal late JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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The Techniques of Hernia Examination
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Slide 32
Hernia
Protrusion of organ or its fascia thru wall of cavity which should contain it Common examples: Abdominal (usually at the navel) Vertebral disc (“bulging” disc) Inguinal (direct and indirect) Hiatal Uncal (worry about brainstem later!)
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Hernia Examinations
Hernias in the groin Femoral hernia ‐ below
inguinal ligament inguinal ligament
Indirect inguinal hernia ‐ above
• Near midpoint/internal inguinal ring • Often in the scrotum Direct inguinal hernia ‐ above inguinal ligament • Near pubic tubercle / external inguinal ring
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Slide 34
Hernia Examinations
Preparation
Patient standing Sit in front of patient
Inspection
Bulging / asymmetry Have patient strain / bear down / cough
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Slide 35
Hernia Examinations
Palpation for inguinal hernia
Begin with right side Right index finger to inferior margin of scrotum Upward along canal • Follow spermatic cord • External inguinal ring • Pt – bear down or cough Obliquely to internal ring • Pt – bear down or cough
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Hernia Examinations
Palpate for femoral hernia
Place fingers on anterior thigh at region of femoral canal Pt. bear down or cough Note swelling or tenderness
Possible scrotal hernia
Large mass Have Pt. lie down and look for retraction of mass Check mass for bowel sounds
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Slide 37
How to Record Male Genitalia and Hernia Exam Findings
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Slide 38
Recording Your Findings
Circumcised male. No penile discharge or lesions. No scrotal swelling or discoloration. Testes descended bilaterally, smooth, without masses. Epididymis non‐tender. No inguinal or femoral hernias.”
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Recording Your Findings
Record findings
29 y/o male comes into sick call. He states for the last 5 to 6 wks he has had discomfort, sometimes “dull aching pain,” in the right inguinal area and testicles.
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Slide 40
Common or Concerning Symptoms Found During an Anus, Rectum, and Prostate Exam
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Slide 41
Common or Concerning Symptoms
The common or concerning symptoms Change in bowel habits Blood in stool (frank or occult blood) Pain with defecation
• Rectal bleeding or tenderness Anal lesions, warts, fissures, and hemorrhoids Weak urine stream Dysuria
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
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Common or Concerning Symptoms
Changes in bowel habits Consistency of stool and frequency of defecation
• Weak, watery stool – diarrhea • Solid hard stool – constipation Stool changes: • Size / consistency / appearance Stool changes: frequency / amount • Frequent defecation • Constipation • Tenesmus JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 43
Common or Concerning Symptoms
Blood in stool
Frank or occult blood Upper GI bleed – dark, tarry, foul‐smelling Lower GI bleed – bright red • Hemorrhoids • Anal fissures Quantity / severity of bleeding
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Slide 44
Common or Concerning Symptoms
Pain with defecation • Rectal bleeding or tenderness
Anal lesions, warts, fissures and hemorrhoids Weak urine stream • Enlarged prostate Dysuria / hematuria Hematospermia
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Common or Concerning Symptoms
Rectal tenesmus
Itching Rectal ulcers Anal tag
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Techniques of the Rectal Exam
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Slide 47
Male Rectal Exam
Least popular part of exam Successful exam requires
Calm demeanor Explain what Pt may feel Gentle/slow movement
Prepare for exam
Position patient
Area / equipment Standing bent at waist Lying on side
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Slide 48
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Male Rectal Exam
External examination
Inspection • Deformity, discoloration and
Pectinate line (dentate line) • Divides anal canal
Hemorrhoids • Internal/external
lesions
Upper 2/3 – lower 1/3
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Slide 49
Male Rectal Exam
Preparation for the internal portion of the examination
Lubricate index finger for exam Explain what you are about to do Position hands for examination • Inspection of anus • Check for “anal wink”
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Slide 50
Male Rectal Exam
Internal digital examination
Inform Pt. – “beginning exam” Have Pt. strain ‐ observe
Pad of index finger over anus
Inform Pt. – “some pressure” Apply gentle pressure
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Male Rectal Exam
As the Pt. relaxes
Inform Pt. – “additional pressure” Gently insert finger tip • Finger tip towards umbilicus • Allow sphincter to relax After entering sphincter ‐ note the following: • Sphincter tone • Tenderness • Induration • Irregularities / nodules
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Slide 52
Male Rectal Exam
Occasionally severe tenderness prevents entry into the anus
Do NOT attempt to “force through” Stop the interior digital exam Use both hands / fingers on each side of the anus • Gently spread orifice apart • Have Pt. strain / bear down • Look for lesions, fissures or abnormalities that could cause severe tenderness
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 53
Male Rectal Exam
Continue to advance finger along the anal canal
Rotating finger using pattern to check canal 360° Advance finger as far as possible • Continue 360° palpation • Check for abnormalities Have Pt. strain/bear down to better palpate lesions
After examining anal canal – check the prostate
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Slide 54
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Male Rectal Exam
Examining the prostate
Rotate your hand • Ventral side of rectum– pad of index
Tell Pt. may have urge to urinate Palpate posterior surface of prostate through rectal wall Carefully identify and palpate both lobes and the median sulcus • Size/shape/consistency • Nodules or tenderness
finger pointed down
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Slide 55
Male Rectal Exam
Upon completing palpation of the prostate:
If possible – extend finger beyond the prostate • Palpate the region of the seminal vesicle
• Note any nodules or tenderness If not possible to examine further • Gently withdraw finger • Note any frank blood • Give Pt. tissue • Fecal occult blood test (if indicated) JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 56
Male Rectal Exam
Fecal occult blood test
Blue stripe card with blue lid bottle Yellow stripe card with yellow lid bottle
Wipe finger on appropriate part of card –
Close flap Remove gloves Complete test – apply drops
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How to Record Anus, Rectum, and Prostate Exam Findings
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Slide 58
Record Your Findings
Describe your findings of the physical exam
Use plain language – full sentences Phrases – bullet comments
Abbreviations
Standard “medical” abbreviations Standard “military” abbreviations Standard use of abbreviations
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Slide 59
Record Your Findings
Hx: 26 y/o male (team member)
Family Hx colon cancer Rectal bleeding Change in bowel pattern
CC: concern of colon cancer PE:
Inspection Palpation
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Questions?
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Slide 61
Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Communicate knowledge of “Physical Examination of the Male Genitalia, Rectum, and Anus”
Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment
Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 62
Agenda
Define the key terms related to the physical exam of the male genitalia, anus, and rectum Communicate common or concerning symptoms found during a male genitalia, hernia, anus, rectum, and prostate exam
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 63
21
Agenda
Communicate the exam techniques and how to record pertaining to the male genitalia, anus, rectum, prostate and hernia examinations
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 64
Reason Failure to recognize a problem could result in losing a Soldier for extended periods of time or permanently. Recognizing some conditions could mean the difference between quality of life and even death (e.g., cancer, cauda equina, etc.)
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 65
Break
JSOMTC, SWMG(A)
Slide 66
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