Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society Seventh Edition
Philip R. Popple University of Texas at Austin
Leslie Leighninger Arizona State University
Boston H New York a San Francisco Mexico City a Montreal m Toronto a London a Madrid Hong Kong m Singapore a Tokyo m Cape Town
a Munich a Sydney
m Paris
Contents Preface
xxiii
Competing Perspectives on Social Welfare Political Perspectives and Social Welfare Issues
3
The Worldview of Conservatives, Liberals, and Radicals
5
Attitude toward Change Views of Human Nature Views of Individual Behavior Views of the Family Views of the Social System Views of the Government and the Economic System
6 7 7 8 9
What Americans Believe Value Systems Political Perspectives in the Real World
16 18 21
The Author's Perspective
22
WEBSITES ON POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES
23
ENDNOTES
23
12
VII
VIII
Contents
Social Welfare: Basic Concepts Stigma and Social Welfare Social Exclusion and Social Welfare Descriptive Definitions of Social Welfare Social Welfare as Nonmarket Economic Transfers Social Welfare as Services to Meet Basic Needs A Functional Definition of Social Welfare Social Structure Social Work Destinations Dependence, Interdependence, and the Social Welfare Institution What Americans Believe
25 27 29
A Clarification of Social Welfare Services Perspectives of Social Welfare
44 50
29
The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective
51 51
30
The Radical Perspective
52
31
Summary
53
32
Conclusion
54
32
WEBSITES ON GENERAL SOCIAL WELFARE CONCEPTS
55
ENDNOTES
55
34 37 42
Contents
ix
Chapter 3 1/ m
58
Social W o r k as a Profession Social Work and Professionalism Social Work's Historical Development
State Charitable Institutions The Charity Organization Society The Social Settlement A Closer Look Josephine Shaw Lowell: Leader in the Charity Organization Society A Closer Look Mary Richmond: Pioneer in Social Casework Social Work Destinations Hull House A Closer Look Lillian Wald, Graham Taylor, and Lugenia Burns Hope: Three Settlement Leaders A Closer Look Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott, and Sophonisba Breckinridge: Partners in Social Change and Development of a Profession Growth of a Profession Diversity and Unification . A Closer Look George Haynes: Social Work Education and the National Urban League The Depression and the Development of Federal Social Welfare Programs A Closer Look Jane Hoey Continued Professional Growth
59 61
62 63 65 66
Social Work Values and Philosophical Base A Closer Look Important Dates in Social Work History
80
Social Work Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas
Updating a Professional Code of Ethics: Interview with a Key Player A Closer Look Excerpts from the 1996 Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers
67 68 Social Work Methods A Closer Look
82
83
84 86
Social Work Roles
A Model of Social Work Practice
69
79
87 .
87
Practice Settings
89
Salaries and Job Opportunities
92
Social Work Education and Knowledge
70 71 72 73 74 75 77
for Practice Current Professional Issues
93 93
Social Work in the Larger Field of Social Welfare
97
Perspectives on Practice
98
Conclusion
98
WEBSITES OF USE TO SOCIAL WORKERS
99
ENDNOTES
99
Contents
Chapter 4
Generalist Social Work Practice History and Development of Social Work Practice
104
The Evolution of Social Work Practice
105
Development of the Concept of Generalist Social Work Generalist Practice
114
Definition
115 115
Cl "11
1 1 O
Skills
Relationship Between Generalist and Specialized Practice
Case Management: A Major Skill for Generalist Practitioners
118 119
120
103 Definition History Skills Institutional Framework Advocacy
120 120 120 123 123
Practice Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas Conclusion
123
ENDNOTES
126
126
Contents
XI
Chapter 5 Responses to Human Diversity
|28
Definition of the Problem
131
Definition of Terms
140
Dynamics of Intergroup Relations
142
Perspectives
144 144 145 145
The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective The Radical Perspective History of Intergroup Relations in the United States Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and the "New Immigration" Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and African Americans A Closer Look The Destruction of a Black Community in Tulsa, Oklahoma Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and Women
146 146 148
151 152
Current Issues Regarding Social Welfare and Human Diversity Multiculturalism A Closer Look The Experience of Having a Mixed Heritage Immigration Affirmative Action Separatism or Integration?
Social Work Roles Related to Diversity Social Work Destinations Destinations to Enhance an Appreciation of Diversity WEBSITES ON DIVERSITY ENDNOTES
155 155 156 157 162 164
167 169 170 171
XII
Contents
Chapter 6 Religion and Social Work The Religious Roots of Social Welfare
Early Egyptian Roots Jewish Roots Christian Roots Muslim Roots
•
The Religious Roots of Organized Social Work
Churches and the Charity Organization Society Movement Churches and the Settlement House Movement The Church and the Institutional Roots of Social Work The Secularization of Social Work
177 179
179 179 180 181 182
183 184 184 186
The Reversal of Secularization?
188
Current Sectarian Services
192
Social Work and Religion—Uneasy Bedfellows
Should the Church Be Involved in Social Work and Social Welfare? Conservative Religion and Social Change What Americans Believe Social Work Values and Christian Values— Conflict or Consensus? A Closer Look Guidelines from the North American Association of Christians in Social Work
.
196
197 198 200
205
Conclusion
206
WEBSITES RELATED TO SOCIAL WORK AND RELIGION ' ENDNOTES
207 207
Contents
XIII
Chapter 7 Poverty:The Central Concept Poverty: Major Issues and Common Terms
211 214
Poverty—The Dark Side of Inequality The Definition of Poverty
Rich Country, Poor Country 215 What Americans Believe The Measurement of Economic Inequality 216 A Closer Look Poverty Definition Quiz The Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United States 218 The Official Poverty Line in the United States Trends in the Distribution of Wealth Issues and Perspectives in Measuring and Income 220 and Defining Poverty Focus on Diversity Race, Ethnicity, Experimental Poverty Measures and Increasing Inequality 222 Conclusion Perspectives on Inequality 222 WEBSITES RELATED TO THE CONCEPT Focus on Diversity Commentary: OF POVERTY Bridging a Family's Socially Conservative and Liberal Views to Meet the Needs of a Sister 224 ENDNOTES
225 226
228 231 232 234 238 239 240 240
xiv
Contents
The Nature and Causes of Poverty Who Are the Poor? Statistical Description of the Poverty Population Different Types of Poverty
244
Why Are the Poor Poor?
250
Poverty as the Result of Individual Characteristics Cultural Explanations of Poverty Focus on Diversity "Welfare: A White Secret" by Barbara Ehrenreich
Critique of the Cultural Explanations Structural Explanations of Poverty— Liberal Version
244 247_
242 What Americans Believe Critique of Liberal Structural Explanations • Structural Explanations of Poverty— Conservative Version Critique of Conservative Structural Explanations
251 256 258
261 266
272 274 275 275 «
Conclusion
276
WEBSITES RELATED TO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF POVERTY ENDNOTES
276 277
Contents
xv
Chapter 9 The Development of Antipoverty Programs Historical Perspective on Antipoverty Efforts English Roots Colonial Years and the Era of the American Revolution Early Years of the Republic, 1781-1860 Social Transformation, Reform, and Reaction, 1860-1930 Seeds of the Reluctant Welfare State, 1930-1940 The Return of Prosperity, 1940-1960
282 283 286 288 292 297 299
280
Reform and Reaction, 1960-1988 A Closer Look "War on Poverty Not a Failure" by William Raspberry A New Era for Antipoverty Policy W h a t Americans Believe
300 302 304 310
Conclusion
310
WEBSITES RELATED TO ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS
313
ENDNOTES
3 13
XVI
Contents
Chapter 10 Child Welfare Definition Statistical Profile
315 317 320
Dynamics A Closer Look Incidents Defined as Child Maltreatment
324
Historical Perspective The Emergence of Concern for Children The Development of Child Welfare Services
329 329 331
Current Issues and Trends
337
Emphasis on Permanency Planning Emphasis on Family Preservation Reaction to Family Preservation Class Action Lawsuits on Behalf of Children in Foster Care
325
338 340 342 343
Separation of Investigation from Service
Perspectives Conceptions of Appropriate Discipline The Causation of Maltreatment Rights of Children, Parents, and the Government
What Americans Believe Social Work Roles Direct Services in Public Child Welfare Private Agencies
344
344 345 346 348 350 352 353 355
Conclusion
355
WEBSITES O N CHILD WELFARE
356
ENDNOTES
356
Contents
XVII
FiChapter I I Crime and Criminal Justice Perspectives on Criminal Justice
The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective
360 364 364 366
The Radical Perspective
367
Definition Legal Definition of Crime
367
Crime as a Social Welfare Problem Statistical Profile Problems with Crime Statistics Patterns of Crime
367 369
373 373 373
Social Welfare and Crime
377
Dynamics Control Theories What Americans Believe Cultural Theories
378
Social Victim Theories
A Brief History of Criminal Justice Prisons—The First Reform The Indeterminate Sentence and Parole Probation The Concept of Delinquency and the Juvenile Court
378
J / O
378 382 385
386 387 388 389 390
Criminal Justice Reform—Rhetoric and Reality
Current Issues
391
392
Prisons Parole Probation Diversion Intermediate Sanctions Abandoning Rehabilitation?
Social Work Roles
392 393 394 394 395 395
396
Treatment Programs Outside the Criminal Justice System
•
Victim Assistance Victim-Offender Mediation Police Work as Social Work
.Conclusion
397 398 399 400
401
WEBSITES RELATED TO CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
402
ENDNOTES
402
xviii
Contents
Chanter
405
Health Care Definitions of Health and Illness Statistical Picture of Health Care Health and Socioeconomic Factors Focus on Diversity Diabetes among the Oglala Sioux
408 408 414
Managed Care The Business of Health Care Government Action to Improve Health Care
Perspectives 414
Dynamics of Health and Illness
417
History of Health Care The Rise of Scientific Medicine Medical Social Work Health Care in the 1960s and 1970s
419
Current Issues and Trends
The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective The Radical Perspective
431 432 435 436 437 437 437
Social Work Roles Conclusion
438
423 424
WEBSITES ON HEALTH CARE
441
430
ENDNOTES
44 1
420
440
Contents
XIX
Chapter 13
Mental Health and Developmental Disability Issues in Definition
449
Definitions of Mental Illness Mental Illness as the Absence of Mental Health Mental Illness as Disease Mental Illness as a Reaction to Life's Problems
450
Mental Illness as a Label Assigned by Others Dynamics of Mental Illness Physiological Explanations Psychological Explanations Behavioral Explanations Environmental and Sociological Explanations Statistical Picture of Mental Illness Definitions of Developmental Disability Focus on Diversity Race, Diagnosis, and Commitment Dynamics of Developmental Disability Statistical Picture of Developmental Disability Historical Perspectives on Mental Illness Social Work Destinations The Public Hospital, Williamsburg, Virginia A Closer Look Clifford W. Beers: A Mind That Found Itself A Closer Look The Snake Pit
450 451 452 452 452 453 453 454 454 456 458 459 461 463 463
446
Historical Perspectives on Developmental Disability , A Closer Look From The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould Current Issues and Trends
From Institution to Life in the Community Community Services for Those with Mental Retardation Advocacy and Consumer Organizations for the Mentally 111 , Stigma and Mental Illness
467 468
475 476
476 481 482 483
Special Populations in the Field of Mental Health
484
Perspectives The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective The Radical Perspective
486 486 487 487
Social Work Roles in Mental Health and Developmental Disability A Closer Look "When Things Were
488
Darkest, Peers Helped" 465
472
490
Conclusion
491
WEBSITES ON MENTAL HEALTH
49 1
ENDNOTES
492
XX
Contents
Chapter I 4 Housing, Homelessness, and Community Development Definitions of the Problem Actors in the U.S. Housing Situation Builders Developers Bankers Insurance Companies Government
A Closer Look Eminent Domain Realtors Landlords Community Groups Advocacy Organizations Research Statistical Picture of Housing Dynamics of Housing Commodity or Right? Residential Segregation
History of Housing Housing Trends from the Mid-1800s through the 1920s The Origins of Modern Housing Policy Housing Policy after the New Deal "Urban Renewal" The Age of HUD
499 499 500 500 500 501 501 502 502 503 503 503 504
504 507 508 509 509 510 512 514 514 515
A Closer Look of Pruitt-Igoe Bush II
497 The Destruction 516 520
Current Issues and Trends Homelessness Community Responses Design Triage Sprawl Community Development Gender and Household Stereotypes The Retreat from Public Life
520 520 521 522 524 524 526 526 528
Social Work Destinations
532
Social Work and Community Development Renewing Civility
533
Perspectives The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective The Radical Perspective
Social Work Roles A Closer Look
The Language of Sprawl
533
534 534 535 535 536 537
WEBSITES ON HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 539 ENDNOTES 539
Contents
Aging
XXI
545
Definitions of Aging Statistical Picture of Aging
Living Arrangements Income Health Government Expenditures for the Elderly Summary
547 548 551 552 553 554 554
Long-Term Care Community Services for the Aging: Problems of Coordination Ageism and Advocacy A Closer Look "Harassing the Elderly" by Karen DeCrow
Perspectives
569 572 573 574 575 576 576 576
The Conservative Perspective The Liberal Perspective The Radical Perspective
554 555 556 557 559
Social Work Roles Conclusion
577 578
History of Aging in America
560
WEBSITES ON AGING '
578
Current Issues and Trends
565
ENDNOTES
578
Dynamics: Causes and Effects of Aging
Biological Theories Social Psychological Theories of Aging Sociological Theories of Aging Focus on Diversity
Men and Aging
Government Programs for Older Americans: Can They Be Maintained?
565
Developing Your Own Perspective on Social Welfare
C h a p t e r 16
583
NAME INDEX
587
SUBJECT INDEX
591
PHOTO CREDITS
607
