Quantitative Data: Measuring Breast Cancer Impact in Local Communities Quantitative Data Report Introduction The purpose of the quantitative data report for the South Florida Affiliate of Susan G. Komen® is to combine evidence from many credible sources and use the data to identify the highest priority areas for evidence-based breast cancer programs. The data provided in the report are used to identify priorities within the Affiliate’s service area based on estimates of how long it would take an area to achieve Healthy People 2020 objectives for breast cancer late-stage diagnosis and mortality (http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx). The following is a summary of the Komen South Florida Affiliate’s Quantitative Data Report. For a full report please contact the Affiliate.

Breast Cancer Statistics Incidence rates The breast cancer incidence rate shows the frequency of new cases of breast cancer among women living in an area during a certain time period. Incidence rates may be calculated for all women or for specific groups of women (e.g. for Asian/Pacific Islander women living in the area). The female breast cancer incidence rate is calculated as the number of females in an area who were diagnosed with breast cancer divided by the total number of females living in that area. Incidence rates are usually expressed in terms of 100,000 people. For example, suppose there are 50,000 females living in an area and 60 of them are diagnosed with breast cancer during a certain time period. Sixty out of 50,000 is the same as 120 out of 100,000. So the female breast cancer incidence rate would be reported as 120 per 100,000 for that time period. When comparing breast cancer rates for an area where many older people live to rates for an area where younger people live, it’s hard to know whether the differences are due to age or whether other factors might also be involved. To account for age, breast cancer rates are usually adjusted to a common standard age distribution. Using age-adjusted rates makes it possible to spot differences in breast cancer rates caused by factors other than differences in age between groups of women. To show trends (changes over time) in cancer incidence, data for the annual percent change in the incidence rate over a five-year period were included in the report. The annual percent change is the average year-to-year change of the incidence rate. It may be either a positive or negative number. Susan G. Komen® South Florida

  

A negative value means that the rates are getting lower. A positive value means that the rates are getting higher. A positive value (rates getting higher) may seem undesirable—and it generally is. However, it’s important to remember that an increase in breast cancer incidence could also mean that more breast cancers are being found because more women are getting mammograms. So higher rates don’t necessarily mean that there has been an increase in the occurrence of breast cancer.

Death rates The breast cancer death rate shows the frequency of death from breast cancer among women living in a given area during a certain time period. Like incidence rates, death rates may be calculated for all women or for specific groups of women (e.g. Black women). The death rate is calculated as the number of women from a particular geographic area who died from breast cancer divided by the total number of women living in that area. Death rates are shown in terms of 100,000 women and adjusted for age. Data are included for the annual percent change in the death rate over a five-year period. The meanings of these data are the same as for incidence rates, with one exception. Changes in screening don’t affect death rates in the way that they affect incidence rates. So a negative value, which means that death rates are getting lower, is always desirable. A positive value, which means that death rates are getting higher, is always undesirable. Late-stage diagnosis For this report, late-stage breast cancer is defined as regional or distant stage using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Summary Stage definitions [SEER Summary Stage]. State and national reporting usually uses the SEER Summary Stage. It provides a consistent set of definitions of stages for historical comparisons. The late-stage breast cancer incidence rate is calculated as the number of women with regional or distant breast cancer in a particular geographic area divided by the number of women living in that area. Late-stage incidence rates are shown in terms of 100,000 women and adjusted for age.

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Table 1. Female breast cancer incidence rates and trends, death rates and trends, and late-stage rates and trends. Incidence Rates and Trends

Population Group US

Female Population (Annual Average)

# of New Cases (Annual Average)

Ageadjusted Rate/ 100,000

Death Rates and Trends

Trend (Annual Percent Change)

# of Deaths (Annual Average)

Ageadjusted Rate/ 100,000

Late-stage Rates and Trends

Trend (Annual Percent Change)

# of New Cases (Annual Average)

Ageadjusted Rate/ 100,000

Trend (Annual Percent Change)

154,540,194

182,234

122.1

-0.2%

40,736

22.6

-1.9%

64,590

43.8

-1.2%

.

-

-

-

-

20.6

-

-

41.0

-

9,457,566

13,724

114.3

-0.5%

2,723

21.3

-1.4%

4,844

41.8

-0.8%

880,316

1,452

116.1

1.0%

293

21.0

NA

484

41.2

-1.6%

White

703,367

1,301

118.4

0.9%

258

20.3

NA

420

41.0

-1.4%

Black

150,422

124

98.3

1.7%

33

26.9

NA

55

42.4

-2.1%

AIAN

4,738

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

SN

21,788

11

50.6

-0.9%

SN

SN

SN

5

22.1

4.5%

Non-Hispanic/ Latina

737,834

1,349

119.4

0.7%

279

22.0

NA

444

42.2

-2.0%

Hispanic/ Latina

142,482

102

88.7

4.9%

14

13.6

NA

40

33.8

3.1%

Martin County - FL

72,853

138

116.2

3.8%

27

20.4

-0.2%

49

42.9

5.8%

Palm Beach County - FL

670,031

1,126

118.7

0.9%

226

21.3

-2.5%

370

41.5

-2.1%

St. Lucie County - FL

137,432

188

102.5

0.0%

40

20.2

-2.4%

65

37.8

-2.0%

HP2020 Florida Komen South Florida Affiliate Service Area

API

NA – data not available SN – data suppressed due to small numbers (15 cases or fewer for the 5-year data period). Data are for years 2006-2010. Rates are in cases or deaths per 100,000. Age-adjusted rates are adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. Source of incidence and late-stage data: NAACCR – CINA Deluxe Analytic File. Source of death rate data: CDC – NCHS mortality data in SEER*Stat. Source of death trend data: NCI/CDC State Cancer Profiles.

Incidence rates and trends summary Overall, the breast cancer incidence rate in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area was lower than that observed in the US as a whole and the incidence trend was higher than the US as a whole. The incidence rate and trend of the Affiliate service area were not significantly different than that observed for the State of Florida. For the United States, breast cancer incidence in Blacks is lower than in Whites overall. The most recent estimated breast cancer incidence rates for APIs and AIANs were lower than for Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. The most recent estimated incidence rates for Hispanics/Latinas were lower than for NonHispanic Whites and Blacks. For the Affiliate service area as a whole, the incidence rate was lower among Blacks than Whites and lower among APIs than Whites. There were not enough data available

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within the Affiliate service area to report on AIANs so comparisons cannot be made for this racial group. The incidence rate among Hispanics/Latinas was lower than among Non-Hispanics/Latinas. The incidence rate was significantly lower in the following county: • St. Lucie County The rest of the counties had incidence rates and trends that were not significantly different than the Affiliate service area as a whole. It’s important to remember that an increase in breast cancer incidence could also mean that more breast cancers are being found because more women are getting mammograms. Death rates and trends summary Overall, the breast cancer death rate in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area was slightly lower than that observed in the US as a whole and the death rate trend was not available for comparison with the US as a whole. The death rate of the Affiliate service area was not significantly different than that observed for the State of Florida. For the United States, breast cancer death rates in Blacks are substantially higher than in Whites overall. The most recent estimated breast cancer death rates for APIs and AIANs were lower than for NonHispanic Whites and Blacks. The most recent estimated death rates for Hispanics/Latinas were lower than for Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. For the Affiliate service area as a whole, the death rate was higher among Blacks than Whites. There were not enough data available within the Affiliate service area to report on APIs and AIANs so comparisons cannot be made for these racial groups. The death rate among Hispanics/Latinas was lower than among Non-Hispanics/Latinas. None of the counties in the Affiliate service area had substantially different death rates than the Affiliate service area as a whole. Late-stage incidence rates and trends summary Overall, the breast cancer late-stage incidence rate in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area was slightly lower than that observed in the US as a whole and the late-stage incidence trend was lower than the US as a whole. The late-stage incidence rate and trend of the Affiliate service area were not significantly different than that observed for the State of Florida. For the United States, late-stage incidence rates in Blacks are higher than among Whites. Hispanics/Latinas tend to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancers more often than Whites. For the Affiliate service area as a whole, the late-stage incidence rate was slightly higher among Blacks than Whites and lower among APIs than Whites. There were not enough data available within the Affiliate service area to report on AIANs so comparisons cannot be made for this racial group. The late-stage incidence rate among Hispanics/Latinas was lower than among Non-Hispanics/Latinas.

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None of the counties in the Affiliate service area had substantially different late-stage incidence rates than the Affiliate service area as a whole. Mammography screening Getting regular screening mammograms (and treatment if diagnosed) lowers the risk of dying from breast cancer. Screening mammography can find breast cancer early, when the chances of survival are highest. Table 2 shows some screening recommendations among major organizations for women at average risk. Table 2. Breast cancer screening recommendations for women at average risk.

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Mammography every year starting at age 40

American Cancer Society

Mammography every year starting at age 40

National Cancer Institute

Mammography every 1-2 years starting at age 40

National Comprehensive Cancer Network

Mammography every year starting at age 40

US Preventive Services Task Force Informed decisionmaking with a health care provider ages 40-49 Mammography every 2 years ages 50-74

Because having mammograms lowers the chances of dying from breast cancer, it’s important to know whether women are having mammograms when they should. This information can be used to identify groups of women who should be screened who need help in meeting the current recommendations for screening mammography. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS) collected the data on mammograms that are used in this report. The data come from interviews with women age 50 to 74 from across the United States. During the interviews, each woman was asked how long it has been since she has had a mammogram. BRFSS is the best and most widely used source available for information on mammography usage among women in the United States, although it does not collect data matching Komen screening recommendations (i.e. from women age 40 and older). The proportions in Table 3 are based on the number of women age 50 to 74 who reported in 2012 having had a mammogram in the last two years. The data have been weighted to account for differences between the women who were interviewed and all the women in the area. For example, if 20.0 percent of the women interviewed are Latina, but only 10.0 percent of the total women in the area are Latina, weighting is used to account for this difference.

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The report uses the mammography screening proportion to show whether the women in an area are getting screening mammograms when they should. Mammography screening proportion is calculated from two pieces of information:  

The number of women living in an area whom the BRFSS determines should have mammograms (i.e. women age 50 to 74). The number of these women who actually had a mammogram during the past two years.

The number of women who had a mammogram is divided by the number who should have had one. For example, if there are 500 women in an area who should have had mammograms and 250 of those women actually had a mammogram in the past two years, the mammography screening proportion is 50.0 percent. Because the screening proportions come from samples of women in an area and are not exact, Table 3 includes confidence intervals. A confidence interval is a range of values that gives an idea of how uncertain a value may be. It’s shown as two numbers—a lower value and a higher one. It is very unlikely that the true rate is less than the lower value or more than the higher value. For example, if screening proportion was reported as 50.0 percent, with a confidence interval of 35.0 to 65.0 percent, the real rate might not be exactly 50.0 percent, but it’s very unlikely that it’s less than 35.0 or more than 65.0 percent. In general, screening proportions at the county level have fairly wide confidence intervals. The confidence interval should always be considered before concluding that the screening proportion in one county is higher or lower than that in another county.

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Table 3. Proportion of women ages 50-74 with screening mammography in the last two years, self-report.

Population Group US

# of Women Interviewed (Sample Size)

# w/ SelfReported Mammogram

Proportion Screened (Weighted Average)

Confidence Interval of Proportion Screened

174,796

133,399

77.5%

77.2%-77.7%

3,120

2,374

76.6%

74.6%-78.4%

195

151

81.2%

73.1%-87.3%

White

166

129

82.3%

74.0%-88.4%

Black

21

17

83.9%

49.1%-96.6%

AIAN

SN

SN

SN

SN

API

SN

SN

SN

SN

Hispanic/ Latina

SN

SN

SN

SN

185

143

81.1%

73.0%-87.1%

33

21

74.3%

52.6%-88.2%

127

104

82.9%

73.0%-89.7%

35

26

78.6%

55.2%-91.7%

Florida Komen South Florida Affiliate Service Area

Non-Hispanic/ Latina Martin County - FL Palm Beach County - FL St. Lucie County - FL

SN – data suppressed due to small numbers (fewer than 10 samples). Data are for 2012. Source: CDC – Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Breast cancer screening proportions summary The breast cancer screening proportion in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area was not significantly different than that observed in the US as a whole. The screening proportion of the Affiliate service area was not significantly different than the State of Florida. For the United States, breast cancer screening proportions among Blacks are similar to those among Whites overall. APIs have somewhat lower screening proportions than Whites and Blacks. Although data are limited, screening proportions among AIANs are similar to those among Whites. Screening proportions among Hispanics/Latinas are similar to those among Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. For the Affiliate service area as a whole, the screening proportion was not significantly different among Blacks than Whites. There were not enough data available within the Affiliate service area to report on APIs and AIANs so comparisons cannot be made for these racial groups. Also, there were not enough data available within the Affiliate service area to report on Hispanics/Latinas so comparisons cannot be made for this group.

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None of the counties in the Affiliate service area had substantially different screening proportions than the Affiliate service area as a whole.

Population Characteristics The report includes basic information about the women in each area (demographic measures) and about factors like education, income, and unemployment (socioeconomic measures) in the areas where they live (Tables 4 and 5). Demographic and socioeconomic data can be used to identify which groups of women are most in need of help and to figure out the best ways to help them. It is important to note that the report uses the race and ethnicity categories used by the US Census Bureau, and that race and ethnicity are separate and independent categories. This means that everyone is classified as both a member of one of the four race groups as well as either Hispanic/Latina or NonHispanic/Latina. The demographic and socioeconomic data in this report are the most recent data available for US counties. All the data are shown as percentages. However, the percentages weren’t all calculated in the same way.    

The race, ethnicity, and age data are based on the total female population in the area (e.g. the percent of females over the age of 40). The socioeconomic data are based on all the people in the area, not just women. Income, education and unemployment data don’t include children. They’re based on people age 15 and older for income and unemployment and age 25 and older for education. The data on the use of English, called “linguistic isolation”, are based on the total number of households in the area. The Census Bureau defines a linguistically isolated household as one in which all the adults have difficulty with English. Table 4. Population characteristics – demographics.

Population Group

AIAN

Hispanic /Latina

Female Age 40 Plus

Female Age 50 Plus

Female Age 65 Plus

White

Black

US

78.8 %

14.1 %

1.4 %

5.8 %

83.8 %

16.2 %

48.3 %

34.5 %

14.8 %

Florida

79.1 %

17.3 %

0.5 %

3.1 %

77.4 %

22.6 %

53.2 %

39.6 %

19.1 %

Komen South Florida Affiliate Service Area

79.0 %

17.7 %

0.6 %

2.7 %

82.4 %

17.6 %

57.5 %

44.2 %

23.9 %

Martin County - FL

92.2 %

5.4 %

0.9 %

1.6 %

89.0 %

11.0 %

65.5 %

52.8 %

29.7 %

Palm Beach County - FL

78.0 %

18.5 %

0.5 %

2.9 %

81.3 %

18.7 %

57.1 %

43.7 %

23.8 %

St. Lucie County - FL

76.7 %

20.5 %

0.6 %

2.2 %

83.8 %

16.2 %

55.1 %

41.9 %

21.5 %

Data are for 2011. Data are in the percentage of women in the population.

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API

NonHispanic /Latina

Source: US Census Bureau – Population Estimates

Table 5. Population characteristics – socioeconomics.

Population Group

Less than HS Education

Income Below 100% Poverty

Income Below 250% Poverty (Age: 40-64)

Unemployed

Foreign Born

Linguistically Isolated

In Rural Areas

In Medically Underserved Areas

No Health Insurance (Age: 40-64)

US

14.6 %

14.3 %

33.3 %

8.7 %

12.8 %

4.7 %

19.3 %

23.3 %

16.6 %

Florida

14.5 %

14.7 %

39.0 %

10.3 %

19.2 %

7.1 %

8.8 %

7.5 %

24.2 %

Komen South Florida Affiliate Service Area

13.4 %

13.4 %

35.3 %

11.1 %

20.1 %

6.5 %

2.0 %

1.2 %

23.0 %

Martin County - FL

11.3 %

10.8 %

28.6 %

10.7 %

9.9 %

3.1 %

8.5 %

13.9 %

19.9 %

Palm Beach County - FL

12.9 %

13.3 %

34.6 %

10.5 %

22.1 %

7.1 %

1.0 %

0.0 %

22.6 %

St. Lucie County - FL

16.8 %

15.3 %

42.3 %

14.1 %

15.7 %

5.2 %

3.4 %

0.0 %

26.5 %

Data are in the percentage of people (men and women) in the population. Source of health insurance data: US Census Bureau – Small Area Health Insurance Estimates (SAHIE) for 2011. Source of rural population data: US Census Bureau – Census 2010. Source of medically underserved data: Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) for 2013. Source of other data: US Census Bureau – American Community Survey (ACS) for 2007-2011.

Population characteristics summary Proportionately, the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area has a slightly larger White female population than the US as a whole, a slightly larger Black female population, a substantially smaller Asian and Pacific Islander (API) female population, a slightly smaller American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) female population, and a slightly larger Hispanic/Latina female population. The Affiliate’s female population is substantially older than that of the US as a whole. The Affiliate’s education level is slightly higher than and income level is about the same as those of the US as a whole. There are a slightly larger percentage of people who are unemployed in the Affiliate service area. The Affiliate service area has a substantially larger percentage of people who are foreign born and a slightly larger percentage of people who are linguistically isolated. There are a substantially smaller percentage of people living in rural areas, a substantially larger percentage of people without health insurance, and a substantially smaller percentage of people living in medically underserved areas. The following county has a substantially older female population percentage than that of the Affiliate service area as a whole: • Martin County The following county has a substantially lower employment level than that of the Affiliate service area as a whole: • St. Lucie County

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Priority Areas Healthy People 2020 forecasts Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) is a major federal government initiative that provides specific health objectives for communities and for the country as a whole. Many national health organizations use HP2020 targets to monitor progress in reducing the burden of disease and improve the health of the nation. Likewise, Komen believes it is important to refer to HP2020 to see how areas across the country are progressing towards reducing the burden of breast cancer. HP2020 has several cancer-related objectives, including:  

Reducing women’s death rate from breast cancer (Target 20.6 per 100,000 women) Reducing the number of breast cancers that are found at a late-stage (Target: 41.0 cases per 100,000 women).

To see how well counties in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area are progressing toward these targets, the report uses the following information:   

County breast cancer death rate and late-stage diagnosis data for years 2006 to 2010. Estimates for the trend (annual percent change) in county breast cancer death rates and late-stage diagnoses for years 2006 to 2010. Both the data and the HP2020 target are age-adjusted.

These data are used to estimate how many years it will take for each county to meet the HP2020 objective. Because the target date for meeting the objective is 2020, and 2008 (the middle of the 20062010 period) was used as a starting point, a county has 12 years to meet the target. Death rate and late-stage diagnosis data and trends are used to calculate whether an area will meet the HP2020 targets, assuming that the trend seen in years 2006 to 2010 continues for 2011 and beyond. Identification of priority areas The purpose of this report is to combine evidence from many credible sources and use it to identify the highest priority areas for breast cancer programs (i.e. the areas of greatest need). Classification of priority areas are based on the time needed to achieve HP2020 targets in each area. These time projections depend on both the starting point and the trends in death rates and late-stage incidence. Late-stage incidence reflects both the overall breast cancer incidence rate in the population and the mammography screening coverage. The breast cancer death rate reflects the access to care and the quality of care in the health care delivery area, as well as cancer stage at diagnosis.

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There has not been any indication that either one of the two HP2020 targets is more important than the other. Therefore, the report considers them equally important. Counties are classified as follows (Table 6):   

Counties that are not likely to achieve either of the HP2020 targets are considered to have the highest needs. Counties that have already achieved both targets are considered to have the lowest needs. Other counties are classified based on the number of years needed to achieve the two targets. Table 6. Needs/priority classification based on the projected time to achieve HP2020 breast cancer targets. Time to Achieve Late-stage Incidence Reduction Target

Time to Achieve Death Rate Reduction Target

13 years or longer 7-12 yrs. 0 – 6 yrs. Currently meets target Unknown

13 years or longer

7-12 yrs.

0 – 6 yrs.

Highest

High

High Medium High Medium Highest

Currently meets target

Unknown

Medium High

Medium

Highest

Medium High

Medium

Medium Low

Medium

Medium Low

Low

Low

Lowest

Lowest

Medium Low

Lowest

Unknown

Medium Low Medium High

Medium High Medium Low

If the time to achieve a target cannot be calculated for one of the HP2020 indicators, then the county is classified based on the other indicator. If both indicators are missing, then the county is not classified. This doesn’t mean that the county may not have high needs; it only means that sufficient data are not available to classify the county. Affiliate Service Area Healthy People 2020 Forecasts and Priority Areas The results presented in Table 7 help identify which counties have the greatest needs when it comes to meeting the HP2020 breast cancer targets.  

For counties in the “13 years or longer” category, current trends would need to change to achieve the target. Some counties may currently meet the target but their rates are increasing and they could fail to meet the target if the trend is not reversed.

Trends can change for a number of reasons, including: 

Improved screening programs could lead to breast cancers being diagnosed earlier, resulting in a decrease in both late-stage incidence rates and death rates.

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

Improved socioeconomic conditions, such as reductions in poverty and linguistic isolation could lead to more timely treatment of breast cancer, causing a decrease in death rates.

The data in the table should be considered together with other information on factors that affect breast cancer death rates such as screening rates and key breast cancer death determinants such as poverty and linguistic isolation.

Table 7. Intervention priorities for Komen South Florida Affiliate service area with predicted time to achieve the HP2020 breast cancer targets and key population characteristics.

County

Priority

Predicted Time to Achieve Death Rate Target

Martin County - FL

Medium

Currently meets target

13 years or longer

Medium Low

2 years

1 year

Palm Beach County - FL St. Lucie County - FL

Lowest

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Predicted Time to Achieve Late-stage Incidence Target

Currently meets target Currently meets target

Key Population Characteristics Older, rural, medically underserved

Employment

Map of Intervention Priority Areas Figure 1 shows a map of the intervention priorities for the counties in the Affiliate service area. When both of the indicators used to establish a priority for a county are not available, the priority is shown as “undetermined” on the map.

Figure 1. Intervention priorities.

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Data Limitations The following data limitations need to be considered when utilizing the data of the Quantitative Data Report: 

The most recent data available were used but, for cancer incidence and mortality, these data are still several years behind.



For some areas, data might not be available or might be of varying quality.



Areas with small populations might not have enough breast cancer cases or breast cancer deaths each year to support the generation of reliable statistics.



There are often several sources of cancer statistics for a given population and geographic area; therefore, other sources of cancer data may result in minor differences in the values even in the same time period.



Data on cancer rates for specific racial and ethnic subgroups such as Somali, Hmong, or Ethiopian are not generally available.



The various types of breast cancer data in this report are inter-dependent.



There are many factors that impact breast cancer risk and survival for which quantitative data are not available. Some examples include family history, genetic markers like HER2 and BRCA, other medical conditions that can complicate treatment, and the level of family and community support available to the patient.



The calculation of the years needed to meet the HP2020 objectives assume that the current trends will continue until 2020. However, the trends can change for a number of reasons.



Not all breast cancer cases have a stage indication.

Quantitative Data Report Conclusions Medium priority areas One county in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area is in the medium priority category. Martin County is not likely to meet the late-stage incidence rate HP2020 target. The incidence trends in Martin County (3.8 percent per year) indicate that incidence rates may be increasing. The late-stage incidence trends in Martin County (5.8 percent per year) indicate that latestage incidence rates may be increasing. Screening rates in Martin County (74.0 percent) appear to be lower than the Affiliate service area as a whole (81.0 percent) although not significantly. Martin County has an older population and a relatively large proportion of the population is living in rural and medically underserved areas.

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Medium low priority areas One county in the Komen South Florida Affiliate service area is in the medium low priority category. Palm Beach County is expected to reach the death rate HP2020 target in two years and to reach the late-stage incidence rate HP2020 target in one year. The incidence rates in Palm Beach County (118.7 per 100,000) appear to be higher than the Affiliate service area as a whole (116.1 per 100,000) although not significantly. The incidence trends in Palm Beach County (0.9 percent per year) indicate that incidence rates may be increasing. Additional Quantitative Data Exploration Table 8. Population Characteristics by City/Town Income Below Poverty Level Palm Beach County Belle Glade Westgate

Foreign Born

Language other than English

Individuals Age 65 Plus

At Risk Pop. Race/ Ethnicity

Target Area

14.0%

22.0%

28.0%

22.0%

18.0% Black; 20.0% Latino

35.0%

27.0%

40.0%

10.0%

56.0% Black; 34.0% Latino

The Glades

33.0%

37.0%

52.0%

6.0%

37.0% Black; 42.0% Latino

North PBC

Lake Worth

29.0%

40.0%

53.0%

11.0%

20.0% Black; 40.0% Latino

South PBC

Pahokee

27.0%

19.0%

33.0%

12.0%

56.0% Black; 34.0% Latino

The Glades

Palm Springs

25.0%

36.0%

52.0%

13.0%

12.0% Black; 51.0% Latino

South PBC

Riviera Beach

25.0%

15.0%

17.0%

15.0%

66.0% Black; 7.0% Latino

North PBC

Lake Park

23.0%

31.0%

41.0%

11.0%

55.0% Black; 8.0% Latino

North PBC

Lantana

19.0%

23.0%

35.0%

14.0%

22.0% Black; 19.0% Latino

South PBC

West Palm Beach

19.0%

27.0%

31.0%

16.0%

33.0% Black; 23.0% Latino

North PBC

Greenacres

18.0%

37.0%

48.0%

17.0%

17.0% Black; 38.0% Latino

South PBC

16.0%

25.0%

30.0%

21.0%

30.0% Black; 13.0% Latino

17.0%

15.0%

21.0%

21.0%

20.0% Black; 17.0% Latino

33.0%

19.0%

25.0%

15.0%

41.0% Black; 22.0% Latino

Ft. Pierce/ Port St. Lucie

14.0%

17.0%

24.0%

16.0%

16.0% Black; 18.0% Latino

Ft. Pierce/ Port St. Lucie

Martin County

13.0%

10.0%

14.0%

28.0%

6.0% Black; 13.0% Latino

Indiantown

37.0%

34.0%

67.0%

15.0%

15.0% Black; 65.0% Latino

Florida

16.0%

19.0%

27.0%

18.0%

17.0% Black; 23.0% Latino

Boynton Beach St. Lucie County Ft. Pierce Port St. Lucie

Data are for years 2008-2012 Source: US Census Bureau 2010: State and County Quick Facts

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South PBC

Indiantown

Table 9: Resident Deaths Due to Breast Cancer

County

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013*

Total

6 yr Avg.

Female Pop.

Palm Beach

Rate

Target Area or Population

31.0

33438

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0.2

223

74.7

The Glades

33484

5

12

14

10

6

4

51

8.5

13,461

63.1

South PBC

33417

6

10

9

10

12

7

54

9.0

15,681

57.4

North PBC

33408

3

8

5

4

3

5

28

4.7

8,645

54.0

North PBC

33483

3

6

1

4

3

1

18

3.0

6,130

48.9

South PBC

33446

6

6

7

6

5

6

36

6.0

12,281

48.9

South PBC

33437

11

7

10

7

11

9

55

9.2

19,728

46.5

South PBC

33477

3

3

4

2

4

3

19

3.2

7,000

45.2

North PBC

33467

13

13

12

10

8

11

67

11.2

25,631

43.6

South PBC

33486

6

4

2

4

6

6

28

4.7

11,125

41.9

South PBC

St. Lucie County

33.0

34946

1

1

1

0

4

1

8

1.3

3,104

43.0

Ft. Pierce

34947

0

5

1

2

5

3

16

2.7

6,372

41.8

Ft. Pierce

34950

2

3

4

1

4

2

16

2.7

7,539

35.4

Ft. Pierce

2

0

2

2

0

0

6

1.0

2,435

Martin County 34956

36.0 41.1

Indiantown

*Provisional Rates are in cases or deaths per 100,000 Source of death rate data: Florida Department of Health, Florida Charts Death Counts Source of population data: US Census Bureau 2010

Please note that Tables 8 and 9 seek to represent the target communities with the highest mortality rates due to breast cancer. There may be other cities, towns, and zip codes in the Affiliate Service Area exhibiting similar characteristics that are not listed. Data Limitations The following data limitations should be considered when utilizing the data from the Additional Quantitative Data Exploration section:    

Individuals Age 65 Plus is not broken out by gender in Table 8; The breast cancer mortality data is not age adjusted in Table 9; For some areas, data might not be available and; Areas with small populations might not have enough breast cancer cases or breast cancer deaths each year to generate reliable statistics

Susan G. Komen® South Florida

The methodology of collaborating with a local area expert to gather supplemental data was of tremendous value in guiding the Affiliate’s process for narrowing down the target communities within the tri-county area. The Additional Quantitative Data Exploration section enhances the QDR by adding local data to the aggregate county statistics and county specific Healthy People 2020 forecasts and priority areas. As a result, the Community Profile Team garnered a fuller picture of the Komen South Florida Affiliate Service Area leading to data-based delineation of target communities.

Selection of Target Communities Five target Communities were selected based on the analysis of key data and the Community Profile Team’s experiential knowledge of the Affiliate’s service area. Breast cancer statistical data derived from the Quantitative Data Report along with the local data on population characteristics by city/town from the Additional Quantitative Data Exploration provided the foundation for selecting the five target areas. Zip code data for breast cancer mortality in the Additional Quantitative Data Exploration) along with zip code data from the Health Services and Resources Administration on medically underserved populations were also sources utilized in drilling down to the Affiliate’s most at-risk areas. Five Target Areas: Indiantown – Martin County The Glades – Palm Beach County North Palm Beach County – Palm Beach County South Palm Beach County – Palm Beach County Ft. Pierce/Port St. Lucie – St. Lucie County Indiantown Indiantown is a low income, rural, isolated community in western Martin County. Martin County is designated as medium priority due to the predicted time to achieve the Healthy People 2020 late-stage incidence target is 13 years or longer. Consequently, it is unlikely with existing trends that the 2020 goal can be achieved without intervention. When compared to Palm Beach and St. Lucie Counties, a higher percentage of Martin County’s population is in rural areas and medically underserved areas. Indiantown has a relatively small and concentrated population with a substantial number of undocumented residents. Hispanics are a majority, with the next largest ethnic population being African-American. The Glades Similar to Indiantown, the Glades is a rural, isolated community located in western Palm Beach County. The main industry in the Glades is sugar, and agricultural and farming is the principal source of employment. Palm Beach County is designated as a medium low priority based on the projection that it will take one year to achieve the Healthy People 2020 late-stage incidence

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target; and two years to achieve the Healthy People 2020 female breast cancer target death rate. The Glades has a relatively small and concentrated population with the largest ethnic group African-Americans, followed by Hispanics. Similar to Indiantown, there are a substantial number of undocumented residents. North Palm Beach County North of Southern Boulevard to the Martin County line is a geographically contiguous area that has cluster areas of low socioeconomic standing resulting in access to care barriers. This area has pockets of low income, elderly, foreign born, linguistically isolated, and minority groups (Hispanic, of African descent) which places it at greater risk for adverse health outcomes. In 2011 the Health Services and Resources Administration (HRSA) designated census tracts covering the zip codes of 33458, 33469, 33477, and 33478 as a Medically Underserved Population (Florida Public Health Institute, 2010). Palm Beach County is designated as a medium low priority based on the projection that it will take one year to achieve the Healthy People 2020 late-stage incidence target; and two years to achieve the Healthy People 2020 female breast cancer target death rate. South Palm Beach County Southern Boulevard south to the Broward County line is a geographically contiguous area that similar to North Palm Beach County, has cluster areas of low socioeconomic standing impeding access to breast health services. This area also has pockets of low income, seniors, foreign born, linguistically isolated, and minority groups (Hispanic, of African descent) which places it at greater risk for adverse health outcomes. Lake Worth, Delray Beach, Boynton Beach, and Boca Raton all have a high density of seniors who are Ashkenazi Jewish females and at greater risk for developing breast cancer in their lifetime. Palm Beach County is designated as a medium low priority based on the projection that it will take one year to achieve the Healthy People 2020 late-stage incidence target; and two years to achieve the Healthy People 2020 female breast cancer target death rate. Ft. Pierce/Port St. Lucie Ft. Pierce and Port St. Lucie are in close geographic proximity to one another (14 miles apart) in St. Lucie County. Compared to Martin and Palm Beach Counties, St. Lucie County is categorized as the lowest priority because it currently meets the Healthy People 2020 target breast cancer death rate and target for late-stage incidence. Both of these areas are low income, with the largest ethnic group African Americans, followed by Hispanics. There is a higher percentage of St. Lucie residents who are unemployed, uninsured, and without a high school degree when compared to Martin and Palm Beach Counties. It is important to note that Palm Beach County has the most target areas selected in the Affiliate Service Area although it ranked second to Martin County based on the risk priority designation. The rationale for this selection is Palm Beach County has a female population of 670,031 compared to Martin County’s 72,853 and therefore the impact is greater by selecting more target communities within Palm Beach County.

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Target Community Priority Populations Within the selected target communities, there will be a specific focus on service design and/or education for the following priority populations: Seniors, Women of African Descent, Ashkenazi Jewish Women, and Hispanic/Lantina Women. Seniors All women are at risk for breast cancer. The risk of getting breast cancer increases as an individual ages. Most breast cancers and breast cancer deaths occur in women aged 50 and older. Women of African Descent Breast cancer is the highest occurring cancer among African American women and the second leading cause of cancer death (with lung cancer being the number one cause of cancer death). In 2013, there were an estimated 27,060 new cases of breast cancer and 6,080 deaths amongst African American women in the United States. Overall, breast cancer incidence in African American women is lower than in white women although their screening rates are similar. Notably, for women younger than 45, incidence is higher among African American women than white women. Inflammatory breast cancer is the most aggressive form of breast cancer and is more common in younger women; as well as slightly more common in African American women (10.0 percent) when compared to white women (6.0 percent). Inflammatory cancer accounts for < 5.0 percent of all breast cancers in the United States (Susan G. Komen® Facts For Life, “Inflammatory Breast Cancer”).

“Breast cancer mortality (death) is 41.0 percent higher in African American women than in white women. Although breast cancer survival in African American women has increased over time, survival rates lag behind white women. For those diagnosed from 2003 to 2009, the five-year relative survival rate for breast cancer among African American women was 79.0 percent compared to 92.0 percent among white women” (http://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/Statistics.html#AfricanAmerican). Reasons impacting survival rates are as follow:  

   

Biologic and genetic differences in tumors Prevalence of risk factors: History of breast cancer, inherited genes, eradiation exposure, obesity, starting periods at a young age, having first child at an older age, postmenopausal hormones, and/or drinking alcohol Later stage of breast cancer at diagnosis Cultural, financial, and/or transportation barriers to health care access Health behaviors surrounding preventive care Inception and duration of breastfeeding

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Slave history and its aftermath have created a superwoman ethos amongst African American women which embodies the values of being strong, dependable, and stoic. This may result in women not accessing needed supports because they do not want to appear weak; or delaying or not accessing health care services because they do not want to take time away from their caregiving and/or financial roles. African-American women may hold the perception that they are at low risk of breast cancer due to myths perpetuated within families and communities; and may mistrust the health care system if they experienced discrimination in a health care setting. Immigrants of African descent experience numerous hurdles that may impede their seeking breast services. There is a tangible fear that providing documentation to receive services may result in deportation or separation from their families. In the Caribbean Haitian culture (which is a dominant ethnic group in South Florida), the practice of Voodoo as a healing intervention can thwart women from seeking scientifically proven medical care and choose instead to selfmedicate using natural or home remedies, or receive administrations from a Voodoo priest. Ashkenazi Jewish Women Inherited gene mutations are attributable to 5.0-10.0 percent of all breast cancers in the United States Although mutations are rare in the U.S. population overall, between 8.0 and 10.0 percent of Ashkenazi Jewish women (women with ancestors from Central or Eastern Europe) carry a BRCA 1 or 2 (BReast CAncer 1 and 2) mutation placing them at elevated risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Specifically 1 in 40 women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent carry an alteration, compared to 1 in 345 women in the general population (http://www.sharsheret.org/how-wehelp/women-all-ages/at-risk-brca-positive). According to Brandeis University’s Steinhardt Social Research Institute (2012), South Florida has the second largest population of Jews in the U.S., with Palm Beach County having the largest Jewish population in the Affiliate’s service area. Figure 2: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH ADULTS

Source: Brandeis University: Steinhardt Social Research Institute, American Jewish Population Estimates: 2012

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It is estimated that there is between a 40.0-70.0 percent chance that an individual carrying the altered gene(s) will develop breast cancer by the age of 70. This is at least 10 times higher than a woman without the mutation who has a 1 in 26 (4.0 percent) chance of developing breast cancer by age 70. Alterations can be passed from generation to generation from both mothers and fathers. Men carrying the BRCA mutations are also at greater risk for developing breast cancer compared to the population at large, but have a lower risk in comparison to women carrying the BRCA mutation. People with an increased likelihood of carrying the mutation are recommended for genetic testing with an emphasis that all results be communicated to the entire family in the event that further testing is warranted. The likelihood that a person has a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is greater if one or more of the following statements apply:      

The person is young and has been diagnosed with breast cancer (under age 50) The person’s mother, sister or daughter has had breast cancer before age 50 or ovarian cancer at any age A woman in the family has had both breast cancer and ovarian cancer A woman in the family has had breast cancer in both breasts The family is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent A male in the family has had breast cancer (Susan G. Komen®, Facts For Life, “Genetics and Breast Cancer”)

Hispanic/Latina Women Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Hispanic/Latina women and the leading cause of cancer death. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates for Hispanic/Latina women are lower than for non-Hispanic white and African American women. In 2012, among Hispanic/Latina women in the U.S., it was estimated that 17,100 new cases of breast cancer would occur and 2,400 women would die from breast cancer. Palm Beach County has a higher percentage of Hispanics than any other county in the Komen South Florida Affiliate Service Area with Hispanic/Latina women accounting for 19.0 percent of the population. Screening mammography rates among Hispanic/Latina women are similar to rates among nonHispanic white and African American women. However, because Hispanic/Latina women tend to be diagnosed with later stage breast cancers than white women, they may be less likely to get prompt follow-up after an abnormal mammogram (http://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/Statistics.html#Hispanic).

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Reasons impacting survival rates are as follow: 

   

Prevalence of risk factors: History of breast cancer, inherited genes, obesity, radiation exposure, starting periods at a young age, having first child at an older age, postmenopausal hormones, and/or drinking alcohol Later stage of breast cancer at diagnosis Cultural, language, financial, and/or transportation barriers to health care access Health behaviors surrounding preventive care Inception and duration of breastfeeding

Immigrants are more likely to encounter low pay without health care benefits; lack of health information; see less of a need for obtaining a mammogram; possess low levels of formal education and literacy, and are not as familiar or comfortable with local health and social service systems. Submitting documentation as a requirement for obtaining health services is a strong deterrent for immigrants, who are wary that this might result in deportation or separation from their families. Social injustice and fear of discrimination may also contribute to disempowering and demotivating women from seeking early detection and prevention services. In the Caribbean Afro-Cuban culture (which is a dominant ethnic group in South Florida), the religious practice of Santeria as a healing intervention may influence a woman to choose visiting a priest for traditional medicine and herbalism, rather than seeking allopathic medicine.

Questions to be further explored in the Health Systems Analysis and Qualitative Data Review Sections: 1) What are the barriers that prevent women from obtaining screening and diagnostic services that may be contributing to late-stage incidence in the target areas? 2) Although the proportion of women with screening mammography in the last two years is not significantly different when comparing each County to the Affiliate as a whole, will the Health Services Analysis and Qualitative Data review reveal any other communities within Martin County that are in medically underserved areas with seniors or other vulnerable populations? 3) What is the tactic for designing the best service delivery system in north St. Lucie County given the limitation that there are no non-profit hospitals in this area? 4) Palm Beach County has the greatest number of people who are foreign born when compared to Martin and St. Lucie Counties. Yet, all face a similar compelling question of how do you facilitate breast health services in a timely manner for persons who are foreign born undocumented residents?

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