Propagation of Native Wildflowers from Wild Collected Seeds or Cuttings Dr. Mack Thetford – Milton Dr. Sandy Wilson – Fort Peirce Dr. Hector Perez – Gainesville Alison Heather – Gainesville Adrienne Smith – Fort Peirce Natalie Hooton – Milton Florida State Wildflower Council

Increasing Interest in Native Plants • “Florida-friendly” landscaping • Limited commercial production of native wildflowers – Different germination and dormancy properties – Vegetative propagation methods unknown – Limited access to source materials

Identification and Collection

• Identification and collection • Standard seed viability and germination tests • Detailed seed tests to alleviate dormancy • Vegetative propagation • Landscape evaluation

Propagation, Production and Establishment of 10 Native Wildflower Species

Scientific Name:

Balduina angustifolia

Callisia ornata

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa

Dalea feayi

Dalea pinnata var. pinnata

Common Name:

Coastalplain Honeycomb-Head; Yellow Buttons Asteraceae Sandhills, Scrub, Dunes

Florida Scrub Roseling

Woody Goldenrod

Feay’s Prairieclover

Summer Farewell

Commelinaceae Sandhills and Scrub

Fabaceae Sandhills and Scrub

Fabaceae Sandhills and Scrub

FL Zone:

8A – 10B

8B – 10B

Asteraceae Coastal dunes, Sandhills and Scrub 8A – 8B

8B – 10B

8A – 9B

Scientific Name:

Heliotropium curassavicum

Licania michauxii

Polygonella macrophylla

Polygonella polygama

Polygonella robusta

Common Name:

Seaside Heliotrope

Gopher-Apple

Family: Native Habitat:

Boraginaceae Dunes

Chrysobalanaceae Sandhills

FL Zone:

8B - 11

8A - 11

Large-Leaved Jointweed Polygonaceae Coastal dunes and Scrub 8A – 8B

Jointweed; October Flower Polygonaceae Coastal dunes and Scrub 8A – 10B

Largeflower Jointweed Polygonaceae Sandhills and Scrub 8B – 10A

Family: Native Habitat:

Why use seed? • Benefits – Cost effective • Reduced labor • Reduced production

– Desirable in restoration projects • Genetically diverse

– Ease of use • Direct seeding

• Challenges – Proper collection and handling • Timing

– Unknown storage requirements – Dormancy

Why use cuttings? • Alternative to seeds – Impractical collection times – Non viable seed – Dormant seed

• Reduce time to finished product • Achieve desirable characteristics – Genetically similar or disimilar

Project questions • Seeds – Are seeds dormant at shedding and after subsequent storage? – If dormant, what type(s) of dormancy are present? – How can dormancy be alleviated and germination promoted?

• Cuttings – Will dormant or softwood cuttings root with or without external auxin application? – Will application of external auxin improve measures of root quality (rooting percentage, root number, root length)

Initial Viability Test (Pregermination Tetrazolium test) • 200 seeds total • 2 Petri dishes of 100 seeds. – Seeds or embryos (depending on ease of extraction) – incubated for 24 hr at 35°C – 0.1 to 1% tetrazolium solution. – View staining patterns under a stereomicroscope.

Germination Test Fresh seed • 400 seed for each species • Four Petri dishes each with 100 seeds • lined with two layers of blue blotter paper • Incubated for 28 days at 20°C.

• 1) 12 hour photoperiod – germination counts recorded every 7 days

• 2) seeds kept in the dark (2 layers of aluminum foil) – germination measured at the end of 28 days – Follow up with post-germination Tetrazolium test

Viability testing • Seeds stained in TZ for 48 hrs at 35 oC – Pre and post germination studies

• Embryos stained red or pink considered viable Non viable

Viable

Dormant Seeds? Germination test followed by a TZ Test TZ Test

TZ Test Botanical Name Common Name Dalea feayi Feay’s prairieclover

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable Seed (%)

80

4

68

72

5

Number of Seed Germinated/Total Viable seed = % germination of viable seed 4/(4+68)72 = 0.05

1- Physical Dormancy (PY) 2- Morphological Dormancy (MD) 3- Physiological Dormancy (PD) 4- Morpho-physiological Dormancy (MPD) 5- Combinational dormancy (PY+ PD)

Seed dormancy Type of Seed Dormancy

Example

Techniques Used by Propagators to Overcome Dormancy

Physical (PY)

Water impermeable coat

Scarify seed coat

Physiological (PD)

Embryo cannot generate enough force to rupture coverings

Stratification, GA’s, afterripening

Morphological (MD)

Underdeveloped embryo

Stratification, GA’s

Morpho-physiological (MPD)

Combination of PD & MD

Stratification, GA’s

Combinational (CD)

Combination of PY & PD

Scarification, Stratification, GA’s

Balduina angustifolia Coastalplain honeycomb-head; Yellow buttons

K. Muller

Botanical Name Common Name Balduina angustifolia Coastalplain honeycombhead; Yellow buttons

J. Gersony

K. Ruder

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

80

19

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable Seed (%)

45

64

30

Perez (2006) Seeds are dormant at shedding (i.e. physiological dormancy) and require a period of cold stratification for dormancy alleviation.

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Shrubby Goldenrod

• Seed viability was 51% with only 13% germination after 14 days. • However, we found that shrubby goldenrod prefers cooler temperatures to germinate, as germination increased from 1.5% at 35/25 oC to 37.5% at 20/10 oC after 28 days.

Dalea feayi Feay’s prairieclover

K. Ruder J. Gersony K. Ruder

Botanical Name Common Name Dalea feayi Feay’s prairieclover

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

80

4

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable Seed (%)

68

72

5

Physical dormancy - Ruder and Wilson (2006) obtained 49% germination with scarified seeds

Dalea pinnata var. pinnata

F. Almira

Botanical Name Common Name Dalea pinnata var. pinnata Summer Farewell

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

98

25

J. Gersony

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

68 - 75 92-100

Germination of Viable Seed (%)

25-26 A. Higgins

Perez (2006) seeds do not imbibe water at shedding (i.e. physically dormant). Mechanical and acid scarifications for 10 min alleviate dormancy and promote germination. Germination was improved after scarification for seeds incubated at 15 or 25°C.

Heliotropium curassavicum Seaside heliotrope

K. Muller

J. Gersony

S. Woodmansee

Botanical Name Common Name

Heliotropium curassavicum Seaside heliotrope

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

45

47

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable Seed (%)

0

47

100

Polygonella polygama Jointweed; October flower

K. Ruder

J. Gersony

Botanical Name Common Name

Polygonella polygama Jointweed; October flower

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

93

63

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable K. Ruder Seed (%)

25

88

72

Polygonella robusta Largeflower jointweed

S. Woodmansee

J. Gersony

Botanical Name Common Name Polygonella robusta Largeflower jointweed

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

16

12

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable K. Seed Muller (%)

4

16

70

Propagation, Production, and Landscape Evaluation of Polygonella polygama and Polygonella robusta

Sandy Wilson – Fort Peirce Hector Perez – Gainesville Mack Thetford – Milton Alison Heather – Gainesville Florida State Wildflower Council

Polygonella polygama

Dormancy classification • Both species of Polygonella are dormant – Lack physical or morphological dormancy – Possess non-deep physiological dormancy

Embryo : seed ratios were high P. polygama- 0.95 ± 0.01

P. robusta- 0.94 ± 0.01

Seeds imbibed water regularly P. robusta

100

Fresh Mass Increase (%)

Fresh Mass Increase (%)

P. polygama F1, 3 = 12.9; p = 0.04

75 50 25 0 0

10

20

30

Time (hours)

40

50

100

F1,3 = 2.59; p = 0.21

75 50 25 0 0

10

20

30

Time (hours)

40

Germination tests • Initially used 4 seasonal temps at light and dark – 22/11 °C (72/52 °F), 27/15 °C (81/59 °F), 29/19 °C (84/66 °F), and 33/24 °C (93/75 °F)

• GA applied to seeds at 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm and kept at 22/11 oC (PD) • Move-along used 4 seasonal temps plus two move-along treatments (PD)

60

Germination Test

Polygonella polygama

50

22/11oC 27/15oC 29/19oC 33/24oC

40

30

• • • •

o

22/11 C (closed circles) o 27/15 C (open circles) o 29/19 C (closed triangles) o 33/24 C (open triangles)

Germination (%)

• Four weeks at four different incubation temperatures:

20

10

0 60

Polygonella robusta

50

40

30

20

10

0 1

2

3

Time (weeks)

4

Germination is reduced or delayed at higher temperatures Species and temp (oC)

Final germ (%)

Dormant (%)

Total viable (%)

Germ of viable seed (%)

Mean germ time (d)

22/11

30.1 ± 5.3

0.0 ± 0.0

30.1 ± 5.3

100.0± 0.0

14.4 ± 1.8

27/15

1.4 ± 1.4

20.0 ± 6.4

21.4 ± 6.3

6.3 ± 6.3

7.0 ± 7.0

29/19

17.2 ± 3.0

5.8 ± 5.8

23.0 ± 8.1

87.5 ± 12.5

12.3 ± 1.8

33/24

0.0 ± 0.0

33.5 ± 12.2

33.5 ± 12.2

0.0 ± 0.0

-

22/11

59.4 ± 17.6

0.0 ± 0.0

59.4 ± 17.6

100.0± 0.0

9.3 ± 1.3

27/15

55.9 ± 9.2

32.1 ± 5.7

88.0 ± 7.4

62.6 ± 7.9

9.6 ± 0.4

29/19

26.1 ± 11.5

17.1 ± 10.2

43.2 ± 20.1

73.3 ± 16.3

8.2 ± 1.2

33/24

8.3 ± 8.3

22.2 ± 15.7

30.6 ± 17.8

30.0 ± 30.0

7.0 ± 7.0

P. polygama

P. robusta

The Move Along Experiment (Baskin and Baskin, 2004) • Utilizes alternating temperatures to mimic that of natural seasonal fluctuations. 33/24 °C (summer), 29/19 °C (late spring/early fall) 27/15 °C (early spring/late fall) 22/11 °C (winter).

• If the treatment began with winter the move-along would go: winter (12 weeks) → early spring (4 weeks) → late spring (4 weeks) → summer (12 weeks) → early fall (4 weeks) → late fall (4 weeks) → winter (12 weeks).

• Controls are kept at the same temperatures for the duration of the experiment.

Move-along treatments Weeks at temp

Move-Along treatments

Control treatments

12

22/11 oC Winter ↓

33/24 oC Summer ↓

22/11 oC ↓

27/15 oC ↓

29/19 oC ↓

33/24 oC ↓

4

27/15 oC Early Spring ↓

29/19 oC Early Fall ↓

22/11 oC ↓

27/15 oC ↓

29/19 oC ↓

33/24 oC ↓

4

29/19 oC Late Spring ↓

27/15 oC Late Fall ↓

22/11 oC ↓

27/15 oC ↓

29/19 oC ↓

33/24 oC ↓

12

33/24 oC Summer ↓

22/11 oC Winter ↓

22/11 oC ↓

27/15 oC ↓

29/19 oC ↓

33/24 oC ↓

4

29/19 oC Early Fall ↓

27/15 oC Early Spring ↓

22/11 oC ↓

27/15 oC ↓

29/19 oC ↓

33/24 oC ↓

4

27/15 oC Late Fall ↓

29/19 oC Late Spring ↓

22/11 oC ↓

27/15 oC ↓

29/19 oC ↓

33/24 oC ↓

12

22/11 oC Winter

33/24 oC Summer

22/11 oC

27/15 oC

29/19 oC

33/24 oC

Warm, followed by cool temperatures, promotes germination P. polygama

Germination (%)

100

P. robusta

22/11 oC 27/15 oC 29/19 oC 33/24 oC

75

Summer Winter 50

25

0

1

6

11

16

21

26

31

36

41

46

51

1

6

Time (weeks)

11

16

21

26

31

36

41

46

51

Summary • Seeds possess physiological dormancy – No physical dormancy: imbibition and microscopy – No morphological dormancy: microscopy – Physiological dormancy • GA3: improved germination at higher concentrations • Move-Along: cool temperatures improve germination

Proper collection and handling ?? - Seeds should be collected when color changes indicating ready to shed. They should then be germinated immediately, but if storage is necessary they should be kept cool & dry. - Even when correctly done, seeds may be dormant.

Vegetative Propagation Vegetative propagation = The clonal multiplication of plants with propagules of stems, leaves, or roots. • Types of cuttings – Stem cutting – Leaf cutting – Leaf-bud cutting • (single-eye cutting)

– Root cutting

What We Ask of a Cutting • Regenerate missing parts under conditions of:

– Loss of water supply – Loss of nutrient supply – Excessive wounding • Do not rot

C. Cook

Types of cuttings Stem cuttings • Hardwood – Deciduous – Narrow-leaved evergreen

• Semi-hardwood • Softwood • Herbaceous

Leaf-bud cuttings • Single node stem cuttings

Leaf cuttings • leaf blade • Leaf bade & petiole

Root cuttings

Adventitious root formation in cuttings Root initiation

Root growth and development

Dedifferentiation• The capability of previously developed, differentiated cells to initiate cell divisions and form a new meristematic growing point.

Adventitious root formation Preformed roots (latent root initials) Preformed root initials and root primordia develop naturally on stems while they are still attached to the parent plant.

Preformed root initials Adventitious roots arising from preformed root initials

Campsis radicans

Adventitious root formation Wound-induced roots Wound-induced roots develop only after the cutting is made, in response to wounding in preparing the cuttings. These roots are formed de novo (anew)

Wound induced root formation

Day 0 Day 8

Day 12

Vegetative Propagation Where do I start? • Has anyone done this before? – What about a related species?

• What time of year? • What type of cutting material? • Is there is a need for auxin? – Which auxin source(s)? – Which auxin formulation(s)? – At what concentration(s)?

What am I doing that already works? What is your basic propagation system? • Evaluate stem cuttings – spring, summer, and/or fall

• Treat with four auxin treatments – Control - no supplemental auxin – K-IBA (the potassium salt of Indole-butyric acid) • 1,000, 2,500, and 5,000 ppm

What is successful propagation?? • 70% or greater rooting • Sufficient roots to produce an intact rootball

What if I have no rooting success? What factors do I look at next? • Additional/alternative auxin treatments – K-NAA (potassium salt of Naphthalene acetic acid) • 0, 1,000, 2,500, and 5,000 ppm

• Combination of K-IBA and K-NAA – ratio of 2 K-IBA:1 K-NAA • e.g. 1000 ppm K-IBA:500 ppm K-NAA

• Evaluate environment, propagation substrate, water, type of cutting • Talk to others and describe your experiences !!

Proper handling of cuttings !

Start Strong to Finish Strong

Balduina angustifolia Coastalplain honeycomb-head; Yellow buttons Expt. 1 Cuttings shipped June 17, 2008 from Green Swamp area of Central Florida Cuttings stuck June 18, 2008 Cuttings suffered heat stress in shipping. Rooting evaluated July 28, 2008 (5 weeks) Expt. 2 Cuttings received July 31. 2008 Fort Cooper State Park and San Felasco Hammock State Park Sept. 5, 2008

77% rooting Root length 3.7 cm Root number 9.3

Balduina angustifolia

Balduina angustifolia - July

Balduina angustifolia - July

Percent rooting

Root number

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

20

a

a

a

a

Root number

Rooting (%)

Green Swamp West, Sumter County, Florida May 2009

15

a 10

b

5

0 IBA (Concn.) 0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

IBA (Concn.) 5000 ppm

0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

5000 ppm

Balduina angustifolia - July

Balduina angustifolia

Root length

Root rating 5

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4

Root rating

Root length (cm)

a

a

b

ab

ab

a

3 2

ab bc d

cd d cd bcd

1 0 Fafard 3P

IBA (Concn.) 0 ppm

a

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

Perlite/Vermiculite IBA (Concn.)

5000 ppm

0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

5000 ppm

Seasonality of Cutting Response • What works in the spring may not work in the fall….. • Some plants have a short window of opportunity for rooting cuttings….

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Shrubby Goldenrod Winter hardwood Summer softwood Woodyand Goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa 100

Rooting (%)

80 60 40 20 0 0

1000

2500

5000

IBA (Concn.) Winter Fafard

Winter Per/Ver

Summer Fafard

Summer Per/Ver

4 Root Rating

Rooting (%)

80 60

3

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Shrubby Goldenrod

40 20

2 1

0 Winter hardwood and Summer softwood 5000

0 0

1000

2500

0

1000

IBA (Concn.) Winter Fafard

Winter Per/Ver

Summer Fafard

Winter Fafard

Summer Per/Ver

14

7 Root length (cm)

8

Roots (No.)

12 10 8 6 4

4 3 2

0

0 5000

0

IBA (Concn.) Winter Per/Ver

Summer Fafard

Summer Per/Ver

5

1

Winter Fafard

Summer Fafard

6

2 2500

Winter Per/Ver

Woody Goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa

16

1000

5000

IBA (Concn.)

Woody Goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa

0

2500

1000

2500

5000

IBA (Concn.) Summer Per/Ver

Winter Fafard

Winter Per/Ver

Summer Fafard

Auxin application - increased root number Woody Goldenrod Chrysoma pauciflosculosa Per/Ver - greater root numbers for dormant cuttings

Summer Per/Ver

No Response !! • Some species may not root successfully with your standard procedures… • …. and your little tricks may not work either!!

Dalea feayi Propagation in Humidity Chamber

Dalea pinnata var. pinnata Softwood cuttings July 2008

Some plants are easy… • The number of rooted cuttings will not change with the alteration of the rooting environment or the addition of a rooting hormone…. • ….but other measures of root quality may be improved.

Heliotropium curassavicum Heliotropium curassavicum

Heliotropium curassavicum

Root rating

Root number 35

5

a b

b

30

ab

3 2

a

25

Root no.

Root rating

4

20

c

b

15 10

1

5

0

0 IBA (Concn.) 0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

IBA (Concn.) 5000 ppm

0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

5000 ppm

Heliotropium curassavicum

Heliotropium curassavicum

Root length

Root rating

15

5

a

4 10

a

a

a

a

5

Root rating

Root length (cm)

a

3

b

b

ab

2 1

0

0 IBA (Concn.) 0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

IBA (Concn.) 5000 ppm

0 ppm

1000 ppm

2500 ppm

5000 ppm

Fafard 3B. - June 25, 2009 – evaluated 3 weeks after sticking Auxin application not necessary but may increase root number

Benefits of Auxin • Auxin application may be used to overcome seasonal effects – Increase the percentage of cuttings with roots

• Auxin application may be used to improve measures of root quality – Increase root number – Increase root length

Licania michauxii Gopher apple K. Muller

K. Muller

Botanical Name Common Name Licania michauxii Gopher apple

K. Muller

Pregermination Viability (%)

Germination (n=400) (%)

84

82

Dormant (%)

Total Viable (%)

Germination of Viable Seed (%)

0

82

100

Softwood (greenwood) cutting experiments were initiated 7 May 2008 and 13 June, 2008. Both Fafard 3B and perlite/vermiculite substrates were included in both experiments

Gopher Apple Licania michauxii Propagation of stem cuttings with K-IBA Percent Rooting 100

Rooting (%)

95 90 85 80 75 Faf 5/7

P/V 5/7

Faf 6/13

P/V 6/13

(Propagation substrate and date of sticking) (IBA ppm)

0

1000

2500

5000

Auxin application may increase rooting percentage Propagation substrate may influence rooting percentages

Gopher Apple Licania michauxii Propagation of stem cuttings with K-IBA Root Number 5

Root number

4 3 2 1 0 Faf 5/7

P/V 5/7

Faf 6/13

P/V 6/13

(Propagation substrate and date of sticking) (IBA ppm)

0

1000

2500

5000

Gopher Apple Licania michauxii Licania michauxii Propagation of stem cuttings with K-IBA Root length Root Length

Root length (cm)

5 4 3 2 1 0 Faf 5/7

P/V 5/7

Faf 6/13

P/V 6/13

(Propagation substrate and date of sticking) (IBA ppm)

0

1000

2500

5000

Auxin application may increase root length Propagation substrate may influence root length

Must I Use Auxin ? • For some species a lower concentration of auxin may be beneficial while a higher concentration may provide no benefit or become detrimental to rooting or subsequent shoot growth. • Not all plants within a species and not all species within a genus respond the same…

Polygonella polygama Spring softwood (greenwood) Henderson Beach State Park May 21, 2008

Polygonella polygama Softwood Cuttings Big Lagoon State Park 13 May 2009 • Evaluated for rooting June 30, 2009 (approx. 7 weeks after sticking). • The softwood cuttings did not show a significant increase in rooting characteristics in response to K-IBA treatment.

Percent rooting 88.9%

Root number Root length

6.4 7.3 cm

Polygonella robusta Spring softwood (greenwood) Henderson Beach State Park May 21, 2008

Landscape Trials 3 Rows (Blocks) of semipermeable landscape fabric with mulch Drip irrigation- once/wk Osmocote Plus 12 month 15-9-12 Pre-planting soil test Plant spacing- 3’ o.c. Row spacing- 14’ o.c

Landscape Evaluation North-west, central and South FL  3 plant reps each in 3 blocks (n=9)  Monthly Assessments – Visual quality (scale 1-5) – Flowering (scale 1-5)

Greenhouse production protocol (germination, pruning, media, plant no./pot,)

Landscape Evaluations Vegetative propagation Monthly Flower Rating

Monthly Quality Rating

Monthly flower and visual quality of wildflowers planted in northwest (Milton), central (Gainesville), and south (Fort Pierce) FL. Study was initiated April 20, 2009.

Landscape Evaluations Seed propagation Monthly Flower Rating

Monthly Quality Rating

Monthly flower and visual quality of wildflowers planted in northwest (Milton), central (Gainesville), and south (Fort Pierce) FL. Study was initiated July 17, 2009.

Landscape Evaluations Seed propagation

Monthly flower and visual quality of wildflowers planted in northwest (Milton), central (Gainesville), and south (Fort Pierce) FL. Study was initiated July 17, 2009.

Growth and Development of Native Wildflowers in Varying Containerized Media

Adrienne Smith M.S. (non-thesis) Environmental Horticulture, Spring 2011

Research Question • What media will produce the best quality plant for each wildflower species?

Objectives 1. Characterize the physical and chemical properties of various containerized media 2. Determine the effects of media composition on plant growth 3. Evaluate the effect of media on posttransplant landscape performance

Objective 1: Results Chemical & Physical Components Media

pH

EC (mmhos ∙cm)

CEC (meg/ 100g)

Moisture Air filled Total Container Bulk Particle content porosity porosity capacity density density ------------(% by vol)------------

(g·cm3)

(g·cm3)

Atlas 3000

6.9

0.79

14.5

69.064

7.527

68.731

61.204

0.230

0.742

Atlas 7000

6.2

0.09

4.1

47.948

4.430

59.901

55.471

0.557

1.393

Fafard 3B

5.8

0.49

10.1

76.183

4.946

60.555

55.609

0.130

0.332

Metro 6.2 Mix 300

0.52

7.3

72.265

3.312

63.578

60.267

0.187

0.516

pH, EC, CEC, porosity and density varied significantly among media treatments, with Atlas 3000 having the greatest porosity and second greatest bulk density.

Objective 2: Determine the effects of media composition on plant growth

http://www.mapwatch.com/county-map/florida.shtml

Objective 2: Results Feay’s Prairieclover Dalea feayi

Atlas 3000

Atlas 7000

Fafard 3B

Metro Mix 300

Final Results – Week 20 Polygonella macrophylla

Polygonella polygama

Polygonella robusta

Balduina angustifolia

Callisia ornata

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa

Chrysopsis godfreyi

21.00 a

48.00 a

30.40 a

31.60 a

41.40 a

23.80 a

14.80 b

Atlas 7000

22.40 a

12.30 a

26.40 a

46.20 a

26.60 a

33.80 a

43.00 a

27.80 a

14.40 b

Fafard 3B

22.40 a

14.50 a

22.80 a

51.00 a

26.60 a

26.20 ab

39.20 ab

27.60 a

15.60 b

Metro Mix 300

20.75 a

14.50 a

18.50 a

47.60 a

27.20 a

22.60 b

34.40 b

28.20 a

17.80 a

% Survival

95%

95%

95%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

Licania

13.30 a

michauxii

20.00 a

Dalea feayi

Atlas 3000

Media

Objective 3: Post Transplant • Overall, survival, performance and flower duration varied by treatment and species. • Each of the wildflowers evaluated have prolific flowering during specific times, and will make great additions to a wildflower garden. • Depending on the species, media composition can impact their longer term survival. Please see Adrienne’s Poster!

Research Publications and Presentations Generated from the Data (* indicates graduate student) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Smith, A.M.*, S.B. Wilson, M. Thetford, C.R. Adams. 2012. Greenhouse and landscape performance of 9 native wildflowers grown in varying containerized media. Native Plants Journal. In review. Smith, A.M.*, S.B. Wilson, M. Thetford, and C.R. Adams. 2012. Greenhouse and landscape performance of nine native wildflowers grown in varying containerized media. HortScience. In press. Poster presentation. Smith, A.M.*, S.B. Wilson, M. Thetford, and C.R. Adams. 2012. Growth and development of native wildflowers in varying containerized media. Florida Native Plant Society. In press. Poster presentation. Thetford, M., A.H. O’Donoughue*, S.B. Wilson and H.E. Pérez. 2012. Softwood cutting propagation of three Polygonella wildflower species native to Florida. J. Prop. Ornamental Plants. 12(1)58-62. Heather, A.E*, H.E. Pérez, and S.B. Wilson. 2010. Non-deep physiological dormancy in seeds of two Polygonella species with horticultural potential. HortScience. 45:1854-1858. Heather, A.E.*, H.E. Pérez, and S.B. Wilson. 2009. Alleviating seed dormancy of two native wildflowers: Polygonella polygama and Polygonella robusta. Proc. South. Nurs. Assoc. 54:435-441. Oral presentation. Heather, A.E.*, S.B. Wilson, H.E. Pérez, and M. Thetford. 2009. Vegetative propagation of two Florida native wildflower species: Polygonella polygama and Polygonella robusta. Comb. Proc. Int. Plant Prop. Soc. 59:114-121. Poster presentation. Heather, A.E.*, H.E. Perez, and S.B. Wilson. 2009. Alleviating Seed Dormancy of Two Native Wildflowers: Polygonella polygama and Polygonella robusta. 29th Annual FL Native Plant Soc. Conf. Abstract Book, pg. 1. Oral presentation. Heather, A.E.*, H.E. Perez, S.B. Wilson, and M. Thetford. 2009. Asexual Propagation of Two Native Wildflowers: Polygonella polygama and Polygonella robusta. 29th Annual FL Native Plant Soc. Conf. Abstract Book, pg. 17. Poster presentation. Thetford, M., A.E. Heather*, H.E. Pérez, and S.B. Wilson. 2008. Propagation of wildflowers from wild-collected seeds or cuttings. Comb. Proc. Int. Plant Prop. Soc. 58:555-560. Oral presentation.

Future ? • Performance of plants from seeds or cuttings in the landscape or for restoration – Importance of trialing

• Wildflower education

Propagation, Production and Establishment of 10 Native Wildflower Species

Scientific Name:

Balduina angustifolia

Callisia ornata

Chrysoma pauciflosculosa

Dalea feayi

Dalea pinnata var. pinnata

Common Name:

Coastalplain Honeycomb-Head; Yellow Buttons Asteraceae Sandhills, Scrub, Dunes

Florida Scrub Roseling

Woody Goldenrod

Feay’s Prairieclover

Summer Farewell

Commelinaceae Sandhills and Scrub

Fabaceae Sandhills and Scrub

Fabaceae Sandhills and Scrub

FL Zone:

8A – 10B

8B – 10B

Asteraceae Coastal dunes, Sandhills and Scrub 8A – 8B

8B – 10B

8A – 9B

Scientific Name:

Heliotropium curassavicum

Licania michauxii

Polygonella macrophylla

Polygonella polygama

Polygonella robusta

Common Name:

Seaside Heliotrope

Gopher-Apple

Family: Native Habitat:

Boraginaceae Dunes

Chrysobalanaceae Sandhills

FL Zone:

8B - 11

8A - 11

Large-Leaved Jointweed Polygonaceae Coastal dunes and Scrub 8A – 8B

Jointweed; October Flower Polygonaceae Coastal dunes and Scrub 8A – 10B

Largeflower Jointweed Polygonaceae Sandhills and Scrub 8B – 10A

Family: Native Habitat: