Proceeding Waste Engineering and Management

The lst International Conference o n Sustainable Infrastructure and Built Environment in Developing Countries SABUGA ITB, Bandung - Indonesia 2" - 3d November 2009

published by Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering lnstitut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia

SIBE 2009plrblished eight (8) volumes ofproceeding asfollowing : Volume A :Structure and Material Volume B :Transportation System and Engineering Volume C :Water Engineering and Management f

Volume D : Waste Engineering and Management Volume E :Ocean Engineering Volume F :Construction Management Volume G :Geotechnical Engineering Volume H :Environmental Protection and Management

PREFACE

The 1st International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure and Built Environment in Developing Countries (SIBE) 2009 is aimed to provide a forum to discuss and disseminate recent advance in scientific research, technology, and management approach to obtain better environment quality. Infrastructure that provides the basic need of a society and sustainable infrastructure system are essential for the survival, health and well-being of a society. In developing countries, civil and environmental engineers are at the epicenter in seeking means to enhance the quality of human life through modernization of infrastructure as evidenced by provision of shelters, water, aRd traruport, amongst others. The current rate of urbanization and industrialization raises a number of environmental issues, often resulting in environmental mismanagement, especially in developing countries. The problems are further aggravated by environmental degradation such as soil erosion, depletion of water resources, etc. In order to meet these multifaceted challenges, proper planning followed by implementation and verification must be exercised, via an integrated. multi disciplinary and holistic approach. The wnferellce will provide an opportunity for professionals and researchers to learn, share and exchange about the latest development and research in civil and environmental engineering. The scope of the conference covers all aspect of civil and environmental engineering practices. Participants o f the conference include researchers, academic staffs, students, industries, public and local governments. The keynote presentations during the conference are as follows: Keynote speakers: Indonesian Government Representative Minwfer ofPublic W o r k Indonesia Dr. Puti Farid. Manuki D a n of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Insticut Tehologi Bandung, Indonesia Dr. Tony M u N a f i o ~ Taiwan I Universiv, Taiwon Prof. Shunji Kanie HokRaido Uniwrsify, Japan Prof. Syunsnke Ikeda Tokyo Insfitufe of Technology (AUIUSEED-Net),Japan Invited s p d a s : Dr. Setiawan Wangsaatmaja Environmental Profecfion Agency of West Java Province, Indonesia Dr. Edwan Kardena Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, hstihrt Tehologi Bandung, Indonesia Prof. Harirmto Rahrrdjo, Ph.D. School of Civil and Envimnmental Engineering, Nonyang Technological University, Singapore Prof. Ikuo TowhPCc School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan Prof. Dr. Seiiehi Kagaya School of Engineering. Hokkaido Universify.Japan Prof. J u n Sasaki School ofEngineering, Yokohama National University, Japan Prof. Carl Madin Larsen Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

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LIST OF COMMITTEE STEERING COMMlTTEE Chair

: Dr. Puti F. Marzuki (Dean of FCEE lTB, Indonesia)

Co-Chair

: Prof. Indntmo Soekarno Prof. K.C Chang Pmf. Bmbang Sugeng Dr. Biemo W. Soemardi Pmf. Anvin Sabar Dr. Ricky L. Tawekal

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Prof. Takashi Mikami Dr. Iswandi Imran Dr. Masyhur Irsyam Prof. Suprihanto Notodamodjo Prof. Enri Damanhuri

ORGANIZING COMMlTTEE Chair

: Prof. Dr. Ir. Enri Damanhuri

Co-Chair

: Ir. Muhamad Abduh,MT, Ph.D.

General Secretary

: Dr. Kania Dewi, ST, MT.

Dr. Hendm Achiari,ST, MT. Ir. Rildova, MT, Ph.D. Dr. Russ Bona Frazila, ST, MT. Ir. E m Risrnantojo, Ph.D. Ir. Ima Fatima, M.Eng. Dr. Ir. Tri Padrni Dr. Sukandar, S.SI, MT. . Dr. Endra Susila, ST, MT Suphia Rahmawati, ST, MT. lvindm Pane,ST,MSE, Ph.D. Ms. tin Varida Mr. Ibet Setiawan Mr. Rahmat Danu Andika

I Made Wahyu Widyarsana,ST,MT, Dhemi Harian,ST,MT,MSc.,Ph.D. Dr. Mochammad Chaeml Dr. Ir. Dwina Roosmini, MS. Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyady,ST,MT. Dr. Nita Yuanita, ST, MT. Qomarudin Helmy, ST, MT. Hasbullah Nawir, ST, MT,Ph.D. Dr. Ir. Sony Sulaksono, MT. Ms. Rahirna Hanifa Ms. Neneng Eliana Mr. Boby Tri Andono

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Chair

: Dr. Krishna S. Pribadi

Co-Chair

: Dr. Saptahari Soegin Prof. Naoyuki Funamizu Prof. Rizal 2.T m i n Prof. Amrinsyah Nasution Prof. Wisjnuprapto Dr. Wayan Sengala Dr. Syahril B. Kusuma

Prof. Shyh-Jiann Hwang Prof. Hang Tuah Prof. Ofyar Z. Tamin Prof. Adang Surahman Prof Juli Soemirat Dr. R. Driejana

Herto Dwi Ariesyady. Tsukasa Ito, Badariah Yosiyana,MarisaHandajani The Propionate-Oxidizing Bacteria (POB) Diversity of Anaerobic Digesters in 87 Tropical Environment as Revealed by 16s rDNA Gene Cloning Analysis I M. Wahyu K . E. Damanhuri, Tri Padmi. K~mrjoroA. Sidarfo Study of Computer E-Product Ownership on Household Level in 95 The City of Bandung Kania D m ' Oxides of Nitrogen @Ox) Abatement by Photocalq?ic Activity Using Titanium 102 Dioxide @ j o t ) Liza Ferina, Shaliza Ibrahim M Sufian M. Anntmr Optimization of Aqueous Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) Decolorization by Trametes sp. Pellets in Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) 108 Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling, Harold M. Aqnino, Dennis C. Ong, Augustus C. Resurreccion Removal of Zinc and Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Coco-Peat as Sorbent Material 114 Mochammd Chaerul. Adi Susangka Multieriteria Analysis for Selecting Municipal Solid Waste Composting Technology 120 Nadia Paramita. Prayahti Soewondo Strategy for Sustainable Domestic Wastewater Onsite Facility Improvement in Slum Area throngh PNPM Mandiri (Case shdg: Sadang Serang Area-Bandung, West Java) 125 Nguyen mi Van. Dr. Maria Lourdes Dalida, ProfDr. Shiro Yoshikaw, Prof: Dr. Huynh Trung Hai Adsorption of Metallic Ions onto Chitosan coated bentonite: Equilibrium and 131 Kinetic Norrila Othman. Noor Ham Hussain, Ahmad Tarmizi Abd Karim, Suhaimi Abdul-Talib Isolation and Optimization of Napthalene Degradative Bacteria 140 Nur Atiqah Ismail, Shaliza Ibrahim, Mohamad Sufian Mohamad Annuar Effect of Selected Physical and Chemical Parameters on Crystal Violet Deeolorization by lmmobiliued Laccase 145 Patipam Punyapalakul, Sumeth Junsuthonpoj Selective Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Ionic Dyes on Silica Coated Superpalamagnetic Particles 152 Phetyasone Xaypanya, Augustus C. Resurreccion, Ma. Antonia h! Tanchuling, Ken Kawrnoto, Toshiko Komatru, Jiro Takemura, Per Moldmp Linking Methane Emission Rate to Gas Transport Parameters of Final Soil Cover at Payatas Controlled Dump Site in the Philippines 158 Prihandnianti, M , Malisie, A. Firdayati, M., Otterpohl, R. Ecological Sanitation, an alternative for 8 Sustainable Domestic Wastewater 165 Management Sptem in Indonesia Puji Lertari YandhinurD Mauliadi Application of PMF Model for Sources Apportionment of Aerosol Fine ' and Coarse Particles during Dry nnd Wet Seasons in Rural Area, Bandung, Indonesia 172

Nazaitulshila R., Zulbahri R.H The Socio Eeonomic Effect on Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Composition: A Case Study in Kuala Terengganu, Besut And Kemaman Siti Ainun, Ham'e van Bommel Study of the Criteria Assessment In The Implementation of Packaging Waste Management System Related to Integrated Product Policy and Extended Producer Responsibility LIST OF PRESENTER INDEX OF AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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lnrernarional Conferenceon htainable IrJrmtru~rureand Built Envrronmenr in DevelopingCounlries !\brernber, 2-3.2009. &dung WerlJava, Indonesia ISBA' 978-979-98278-2-1

MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Keynote Speech International Conference on Sustainable b s t r u c t u r e and Built Environment in Developing Countries Sabuga ITB, Bandwg. 2 Noveiaber 2009 .-

Honorable Guests.Ladies and Gentlemen, Assalamualaikum 1Y.rahmatullabi Wabarakatuh Firstly, I would like to thank God Almighty for His blessings so we can gather here, in the important moment to attend this International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure and Built Environment in Developing Countries. I would also like to thank the committee of this conference as I have been invited to share the audience Indonesian policy direction in infrastructun development as a mean to achieve sound sustainability of o w environment. I see that this conf-e is very relevant to the situation faced today by Indonesia, and most countries in the world, ns sustainabi!ity is becoming very important issue in line with issues of global warming, climate change and entailing consequences. Distinguished h d k r and Gentlemen, Indonesia is an archipelago located between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian o m a m It composes of 17.504 islands and shares inland borders with such countries as Papua New Guinea, T i o r Leste, and Malaysia. Besides Indonesia also has 6 sea-border arras with countries like Singapore, Malaysia, India, Vietnam, Philippines, T i o r Leste, Australia, and Papua The total land area of Indonesia 1,860,360 sq. km and sea area is estimated 5.800.000 sq. km, consisting of 3,100,000 sq.km territorial sea and 2,700,000 sq. km Exclusive Economic Zone. Out of this, only around 693,830 sq. km is habitable area accounting for about 38% of all the land. Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country with a population of 224 million people in 2007. Culturally, it is composed of more than 300 ethnic groups scattered throughout the regions. Almost 60% of the population resides in the island of Java, which is only 7% of the total land area. The average population density is 134 people per sq. km and the average population density in other islands is 47 people per sq. km. (Statical Berau, 2008). Since 1999, autonomy in development policies has been transferred from central govemment to tocal government. The central government is no longer directly responsible for all aspects but foreign policy, deferse and security; religion; fiscal and monetary; ss well as law and justice. These political r e f o m led to major changes in the decision making process, not only from central to local, but also from previously executive heavy to legislative, from govemment to community and followed by liberalization of all aspects in the administration system including the spatial development system and i d t m c t u r e development.

D: WASTE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT /

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infrastructure development. The development should also balance between economic, social and environmental aspects through the use of energy efficient and lower carbon footprint technology. tnfrastructure development should also include the green infrastructure such as networks of parks, greenways and pedestrianbicycle facilities to promote non-motorized transport. In more basic aspect with the enactment of the law No. 2612007 on spatial management. the Government of Indonesia had reformed spatial planning systems to include addressing current and emerging urban challenges particularly climate change. urbanization, poverty, informality and governance. The future of urban areas should be determined by wban stakeholders and drawn into spatial plans through participatory planning process. The participatory p r o p s is expected to be effective in building commitment among stakeholders so that the urban spatial plan becomes a consensus document which dl stakeholders should obey. Once a spatial plan is issued, all development activities, including infrastructure development, must be in line with those s!ipulated in the plan. Therefore, all development permits will only be issued if the development plan is agreed with preva~lingspatial plan. Otherwise, government official responsible in permitting issuance will be sued and possibly imprisoned. It looks very simple but it is revolutionary for the government and people of Indonesia, and in a positive note recently that people have been paying great attention to spatial planning process. We also agree that sustainable infrastructure development and built environment must be started from effective spatial planning process. In order to increase the effectivenzss of urban spatial plan in promoting sustairlability, it is very important to increase the capacity of stakeholders as well as of urban government to enforee urban planning regulations, which is seriously still lacking in developing eountries. Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, Based on considerations I previously present, the policy directions in infrastructure development in Indonesia are aimed to ensure that it is reliable to support the economic g~owth,reduce disparity among regions, increase community prosperity, and to have more environmentally friendly nature. 1. Infrastructure development is not only geared to provide opportunity for economic growth but also to balance development level among regions. It is important to maintain growth nevertheless promoting new development region is indispensible Indonesia is intensifying infrastructure development in eastern part of the country in order to attract investment and boost economic activities. Sustainability is not possible to be achieved without adequate respect to environmental and social aspects. Therefore, economic, environmental and socio.cultural aspects must be considered integratedly as the pillars of sustainable development, including infrastructure development. 2. Infrastructure development must be responsive to global warming and climate change phenomenon, as infrastructures play pivotal roles in protecting vulnerable urban areas and, at the other side, infrastructure must also be protected from the treat of global warming and climate change related disasters. Consequently, the development of infrastructures required to protect urban and other developed areas is the priority and, due to increasing threat of disasters, infrastructure must be developed in safer location in order to avoid damage caused by abrasion, flood, inundation, etc. 3. Infrastructure development has to start by incorporating it in to spatial plan, so that the development will have adequate legal basis that conforms with other sector's policy and will be supported by ail stakehoIders. Spatial plan should be promoted as a key tool in overcoming fragmentation in public policy directions to increase the effectiveness and ensure the synergy between various infrastructure developments. 4. Infrastructure development must consider potential entailing problems, such as land conversions, urban sprawling and excessive natural resource extraction. It is very important to prepare development control tools such as incentive-disincentive D: WASTE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT i

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ln!ernational Co~iferenceon Sustainnble In/,-nstrir~tri~-e and Built En~~ironrnenl in De~,elopingCountries November, 2-3, 2009. Bnndung $VestJfll,a.Inrione~io ISBN 978-979-982 78-2-1

S t u d y of Domestic Packaging W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n C a s e S t u d y : K e l u r a h a n Cigadung, Bandung, W e s t J a v a

Siti ~inun'.', Yulianti ~ r a t a m a ' Elvin , ~alino' '~nvironmedalEngineering Department, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Nasional, Jalan PKH.Musropha 110.23 Bandung 40 124, Indonesia *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Changes in consumption patterns and the ways of living have big infltrence in waste generalion. The consumer society manipulates the composition of waste generation and predisposes growth of packaging production. Packagingproduction gives a big conlribution to the waste streant which varies from a wide variety of package materials, form and per/ormances. Therefore, it needs to conduct a research aimed at determining the average percentage of packaging u'aste generation as compared lo domestic waste. The research was conducted in Kelurahan Cigadung which held high household activities. SNI 19-394-1994 nus used in according to sampling of the weight, volume and compositions of wastes. The research result sl~owsthat the total packaging waste generation of Keltrrahan Cigadrrng is lip to 26% or 1100 kg/day the total waste generation. The packaging waste generation of branded prodrrc~s is 18% or 775 kg/day of the total waste generation. The composition of packaging wastes of branded prodircts was plastic 48.47%, can 9.5%,glass 4.2%. paper 2.83%, drugs 1.93%. aluminiumfoil0.57% and Styrofoam 0%. This research shows that it is time to encourage the extendedprodrrcer responsibility system in Indonesia. Keywords: branded products, domestic waste generation, packaging wastes.

1. Introduction Based on the report of PD Kebersihan Bandung, there are changes in waste composition generated in Bandung city. It is showed that the generation of non-organic waste has increase up to 0.74% within 2 years. In 2002 Bandung city has generated domestic waste which compose of 63,56% organic waste and 36.44% non-organic waste (plastics, Styrofoam, metals, can) and in 2004 the composition was change into 62.82 % organic waste and 37.18% non organic waste. Most of non organic waste is non biodegradable which can give a negative impact to the environment if not being carehlly managed. Non organic waste is difficult to be naturally decomposed, it will give an aesthetic disturbances which leads to uncomfortable environment, it also become a place of disease vectors grow, it can make drainage sewerage clogged which can leads to flood, and all of that can happened especiaIly if it is not being manage in a proper way. Most of non organic composition is consider being used as packaging materials Changes in consumption patterns and the ways of living have big influence in waste generation. The consumer society manipulates the composition of waste generation and predisposes growth of packaging production. Packaging production gives a big contribution to the waste stream which varies from a wide variety of package materials, form and performances. Packaging is used as a tool for market trading, products delivery and transportation. Benefits of packaging (Helen, 2005) are: (1) product containment and preservation, (2) convenience for transport and distribution, (3) tamper evidence and food safety, (4) product information and identification, (5) marketing and product differentiation

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1. Flow rate of waste generation (kgipersodday and litrdpersonlday)

2 . Waste corrlposition and packagingcorrlposition by weight Each kind of waste and each kind of packaging being scaled by its weight by using this equation I

x=c-..... 7:

X

=

xi

=

n

(3)

arithmetic average observation value = number ofsample

Descriptive d~scussionwould be explained by using all of the data and its analysis. It would discuss due to the total waste generation, total weight of all components, total weight of packaging waste and total weight of labelled I branded packaging waste based on the Indonesia National Standard of SK SNI. S - 04 - 1991-03 about the Methodology of Urban Solid Waste Management. The main result would try to get the amount of total weight of packaging waste and branded packaging waste which will be compared to the total waste generation.

3. Results Based on secondary data from Kelurahan Cigadung, the population on July 2008 was 25.011 people with density of 9457 c a p i t a a . The responsibility of the solid waste management in the location is being divided to PD Kebersihan and the community itself. Waste collection, transport3tion and treatment are k i n g managed institutionally by PD Kebersihan Bandung City. Meanwhile the community is responsible for handling and local collection which being coordinated by the local authority (Rukun Warga). Kelurahan Cigadung use individual handling more than communal handling. They use permanent handling waste which being constructed in front of their house or they just using the regular garbage plastic. They use two different kind of collection system, direct and indirect collection system which being done in two times a week in average. They have two locations of temporary disposal which being transported to Sarimukti landfill. The regulation of the managenlent is being adopted from the city regulation. The discussion will be explained descriptively by the flow o f this diagram in Figure 1.

Figure 1Flow of Discussion

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Figure 3 Non Organic Waste Composition VS Type of Housing But if we take a look at the data of packaging waste composition of branded and non branded packaging waste in Figure 4, non permanent type generates the most of non branded packaging waste. Branded packaging waste is being generated most from the permanent type of housing. ..,. . . .. .

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Figure 4 Packaging Waste Composition VS Type of Housing By the description of those data we can conclude that the generation of packaging waste is related to the socio economic condition. The packaging waste is being generated most from the non permanent type of housing but it is being dominated by the non branded packaging. It means that most of the product they buy is dominated as a function of product delively and transportation. These phenomena are supported by the data from sampling observation which showed that there are differences of form and size of packaging waste between every type of housing which can be seen in Table 3.

Type of Housing Permanent

Table 3 Branded Packaging Waste Domination Domination of Branded Packaging Waste Function Form Size Daily needs such as Big and Bottle, Sachet shampoo, soap, medium

Semi Permanent

Instant Food eg. Indomie

Plastic Packaging

Food packages

Non Permanent

Retail package

Plastic Packaging

Small

Source :Snmpling Ob~ervnrion,2008

,

In general, comparing to the total waste generation, the composition of the waste generated in high domestic activities can be seen in Figure 5. The figure above shows that the waste generated is still dominated by organic waste, but the percentage of packaging waste has already up to 26% or 1100 kglday. Branded packaging waste is up to 18% of the total waste generated with the same as i 775 kglday which can be seen in details in Table 4. This

*

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5. Conclusion Total domestic waste generated UI high domestic activities is 4251.87 kglday or 72531.9 Vday and 65% is organic waste. Packaging waste is generated up to 26% or 1100 kglday and branded packaging waste is generated up to 18% or 775 kglday. This result shows that it's already a time to encourage the extended producer responsibility in Indonesia.

6. References Helen, Lewis, 2005, Defining product stewardship and sustainability in the Australian packaging industly, Environmental Science 8..Policy 8,45-55. Departemen Pekejaan Umum. 1994, Metode ~ e n ~ i r n b i l dan a n Pengukulan Contoh Timbulan dan kompdsisi Sampah Perkotaan. Jakarta : Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Aryani, 1. 2008. Studi Potensi Daur Ulang Sampah Plastik di Kelurahan Cigugur Tengah. Bandung : hstitut Teknologi Nasional. Departemen Pekejaan Umum. 1990. Tata Cara Pengelolaan Tekik Sampah Kota, SK SNI T13-1990-F. Bandung : Yayasan LPMB Calver,Giles.2002.What is Packaging Design. Germany., retrieved in http:iiawa11isti.multiply.wdjouma1,2007 .html, 22 September 2008 Saleh, A. 2007. How to Integrated Packaging Waste Management System into Integrated Product Policy In~plementation. Germany : Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Deventer Susanti,A.: Communication Director of Indonesian Packaging Federation. http://polycup.blogdetik,wm. html, 22 September 2008 Tchobanoglous,G. et. Al. 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management, International Editions. Singapore : McGraw-Hill Book Co.

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