IRAQ Waste Management

Hazardous Waste Management

IRAQ Waste Management

Hazardous Waste

This category of waste needs special attention. Dangerous substances will affect directly health and safety of population and all sorts of living bodies, both animal and vegetal. Improper or mismanagement of hazardous waste will on a medium or long term basis lead to irreversible impacts.

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Hazardous Waste

Efficient treatments must be given to Hazardous waste, to prevent

dissemination of hazardous substances in the environment.

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Why raise hazardous waste management standards?

To reduce risks of inadequate controls on hazardous wastes including: • Health impacts for those living near uncontrolled dumps, and for waste workers • Environmental damage from dumped waste eg groundwater pollution, contaminated land • Operational problems at waste treatment facilities where incoming wastes are not controlled • Trend to „export‟ waste to other regions or countries if proper facilities not available

For economic reasons

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History and status

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Evolution of hazardous waste management

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Evolution of hazardous waste management

- The last century has seen countries around the world starting managing increasing quantities of hazardous waste produced, individually or in cooperation with other countries - Hazardous Waste management systems are mandated by specific legislation - Certainly, if systems are to be effective, well written and thorough legislation must be implemented in support of all phases of national waste management

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Vital components Institutional arrangements

)

LEGISLATION

FACILITIES

ENFORCEMENT

SUPPORT SERVICES

Stakeholders

Source: David C Wilson 1993

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Elements for control

WASTE GENERATOR

DEFINITION OR CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE

1 2 5 5

*

TRANSPORTATION

FACILITIES

Source: David C Wilson 1999

Regulatory Tools for Control

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Elements of legislation Generator

Responsibilities Controls

Recycling

Transport

Storage

Treatment

Disposal

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The context: All countries generate hazardous waste

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Developed world lessons • Hazardous waste management and movements need to be controlled • Legislative and enforcement measures must be developed but risks increase that waste will go to less controlled parts of the world • Public communication is important

• Waste minimisation should be addressed at an early stage - waste minimisation reduces the size (and hence cost) of treatment facilities needed

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World lesson: Guiding principles

• Self-sufficiency Principle • Proximity Principle

• Least Transboundary Movement Principle • Polluter Pays Principle • Principle of Sovereignty

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Regulatory approaches

First questions IRAQ Waste Management

First questions

Regulation: • For what purpose? • Of what? • Of whom?

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Why regulate? • for environmental safety • for market stability in disposal • to raise revenue • for social/political policy • as treaty obligation

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Whom regulate?

Regulations impacts on: • waste generators • waste operators • waste transporters • Waste dealers

Enabling regulations necessitates: • government agency

• inspectorates

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Components of legislation : Definitions

A clear legal definition is a crucial part of legislation Need definitions of: • waste materials • hazards posed • waste operations disposal recovery recycling • waste facilities: storage, treatment and disposal No single international definition of what constitutes hazardous waste

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Components of legislation : Responsibilities

Legislation must clearly set out the responsibilities placed on the different parties involved in generating and handling hazardous wastes, and overseeing the practices

• waste generators - large industry and small scale industries • operators of waste handling and treatment facilities • government agencies - to enforce controls

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Components of legislation : Controls

• emissions and discharge limits • transport controls • constructions standards • restrictions on the location of facilities • operating standards • reduction targets

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Regulation of waste facilities Facilities include: • storage depots • treatment plants • transfer stations • disposal • recycling facilities facilities Requirements might include: • planning permits • site specific factors

• waste management licence • design & construction standards • operating conditions, including: • acceptable waste types • emission and discharge standards • self monitoring • reporting

• Inspection and enforcement

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Transboundary movement control

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The Problem • Movements of waste from industrialised to industrialising countries of hazardous wastes for „treatment‟ or „disposal‟ • Hazardous waste disposal cost in industrialised countries is high

• Regulations becoming stricter • Disposal costs in developing economies were low, few regulations, low standards • No legal framework to control „dumping‟

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The Solution

1987 - Preliminary guidelines (the Cairo Guidelines) for the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes were adopted by UNEP 1989 - Adoption of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1992 - Entry into force of the Basel Convention

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Objectives of the Basel Convention

To protect human health and the environment against adverse effects of hazardous wastes • Reduction of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes • Minimization of generation - quantity and degree of hazard

• Promotion of environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes

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Definition

Under the Basel Convention, hazardous wastes are: • Wastes that belong to any category listed in Annex I unless they do not possess any of the characteristics contained in Annex III Art. 1 (1) (a) • Wastes that belong to any category listed in Annex II re other wastes, Art. 1 (2)

• Wastes defined as hazardous by national legislation Art. 1 (1) (b) Annex VIII (and IX) further defines which wastes are (not) considered hazardous under the Convention

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Main elements of the Convention



Control regime for the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes



Environmentally Sound Management of hazardous wastes

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Control regime for transboundary movement of hazardous waste 1 

Responsibility to notify



Prior written consent procedure



Re-import obligations



Prohibitions and restrictions



Definition and control of illegal traffic



Documentation and notification



Contract between exporter and disposer



Insurance/financial guarantees



International transport regulations



Environmentally sound management of wastes

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Control regime for transboundary movements of hazardous waste Prohibitions and restrictions



No movements to non-Parties (unless Art. 11)



No export to States with import prohibition



No export to States without systems of environmentally sound management



No export for disposal to the area of 60o South latitude (ie Antarctica)

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Protocol on liability and compensation



Objective: to provide for a comprehensive regime for liability as well as adequate and prompt compensation for damage resulting from the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes



Assigns responsibilities to all the actors taking part in a transboundary movement, with the obligation to compensate

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Protocol on liability and compensation

The scope: Covers each phase of a transboundary movement, including: - the point where the wastes are loaded onto the means of transport - the international transit - the final destination - the final disposal

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Protocol on liability and compensation What kind of damage is covered by the Protocol?

- loss of life or personal injury - loss of or damage to property - loss of income directly deriving from an economic interest deriving from the use of the environment - costs of reinstatement of the environment - costs of preventive measures

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Assistance to States

• Technical guidelines

• Regional Centerss

• Model national legislation

• Training and seminars

• Waste characterization • Manual to assist implementation

For the future: • Criteria for environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes • Improvement of existing technologies • Development of new technologies • Raising public awareness

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Hazardous waste Handling and storage

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Hazardous waste compatibility

Compatibility = the ability of two or more materials to exist in close association with each other without the formation of harmful chemical or physical reactions 

Need compatibility between:

•

waste & container

•

wastes stored together

•

wastes stored close to each other

•

wastes & environment

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Storage site design criteria 

Protection from climate



Good ventilation



Limit height of stacked containers



Eye wash station



Provide drainage system or elevate



Adsorbent material for spills



Re-packaging area



Comply with regulations

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Storage site design criteria

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Hazardous waste storage

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Storage site design criteria 

Minimise risk of explosion or unplanned releases



Keep incompatible wastes separate



Not < 15m from site boundary (where possible)



Away from foot & vehicular traffic

.

• Impermeable base material • Leak and spill containment

Source: David C Wilson

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Marking and labelling

Source: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Research & Special Programs Administration, 2000

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Labels All containers must be clearly marked with waste type and hazard Labels should be:

• • • • •

Made of good quality materials Durable Weather resistant Well located Recognisable and legible in day and night time • Give information about handling precautions and prohibitions • At least 100mm on each side

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Record keeping and inspection Inspection: 

To ensure proper handling and storage



To check integrity of storage

Record keeping: 

To provide a record of waste generation and movement



To inform a subsequent disposal option



To serve as “chain of custody” document



To comply with regulations



To ensure duty of care

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Laboratory

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Preliminary Acceptation Before accepting waste on the treatment plant : • Check the exact properties of the waste • Check the ability of the plant to receive the waste • Assess compliance with treatment and emissions • Establish the treatment procedure and resulting cost

• Help preparing the contract

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Reception Before trucks are unloaded : • Compare actual content of the delivery truck with samples pre-accepted • Gives the OK for unloading • Direct the truck to the right reception area depending on characteristics

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Reception control

SAMPLING

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General Key element of the plant operation • Daily operations ( acceptance, storage, treatment) • Monitoring of all operations, organize the correct sampling of all streams coming in or going out, preparation of annual reports for the administration • Insure compliance of emissions • Research and development for new capacities, new customers, develop recovery processes

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General Key equipments • pH meter • Spectrophotometer for “rapid” presence checking (metals, cyanides, phenols…) • X Fluorescence elements measurements • ICP • Gas Chromatography • TOC meter

• Calorific value analysis • Oven

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Reception Pre-treatment

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Reception Pre-treatment ADMINISTRATIVE RECEPTION

UNPACKING

Weighing

Interim Storage

Other destination

UNPAKING FOR DIRECT TREATMENT

TO TREATMENT

Basic acceptation scheme

IDENTIFICATION / SORTING

MATERIAL RECOVERY

LIQUID UNPACKING

STORAGES

SOLIDS / PASTEUSE UNPACKING

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Simplified orientation of treatment process Phisical charaacteristics

l

Organique / minéral ?

Minéral

Organics

Critères : pH, PCI faible

Calorific value

Recoverables ?

Yes

recoverable

No

yes

No Aqueux

High metal content , acid, soda,.. potential for « high tech » recovery : electrochemistry, resins, …)

pH, metals, TOC, phénol

High CV without contaminants (hydrocarbons), solvents without halogens,

No

yesi

CV, pH, métal content, % sédiment, biodegradability PCVCI, pH, métaux, % sédiment, PCB, halogènes…

Material Recovery

Minéral Physico-Chimical

simplified orientation scheme for liquid waste

Energy recovery

Biological treatment Evapo-incineration

Incineration

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Simplified orientation of treatment process Physical Characteristics

Solid

Organic / minéral ?

Minéral

Organic

Very low CV

CV

Recoverables ?

Recoverables ?

Yes

No

High metal content, silica,.. + compatibility with pre-treatment (washing, magnetic separation, cryogenic separation,…)

Leacheability, Mechanical resistance

Material Recovery

Landfilling directly or after stabilization

Simplified scheme for solids treatment

Yes i High plastic content (PEHD) + compatibility pre-treatment (washing)

Material or energy Recovery

No

Pre-treatment, Flash point odors, metals, halogens, ph

Pre-treatment + incinération

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Transit Pre-treatment Intermediate storage

Protected storage of incoming waste

Container pressing

Emptying of incoming containers Shredder in a separate building

Basic pre-treatment scheme

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Treatment

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Treatment

The purpose of the treatment is either to destroy the hazardousness of the waste or to recover molecules , chemicals or “products” All operations must comply with regulations and “standards” concerning emissions health and safety. The treatment processes must be adapted to the physico-chemical characteristics of the waste and the technical performances achievable by the different processes

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Treatment •

Physical

•

Chemical

•

Physical and chemical

•

Biological

•

Thermal :destructive, thermo-metallurgy, “pyrolysis”

Most treatments leave residues for disposal

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Physical Treatment 

Manual separation - removes selected wastes by visual inspection



Sorting by categories



Neutralisation



Sedimentation Precipitation - removes from liquid phase, water treatment



Centrifuging - removes water content



Filtration



Solvent extraction



Adsorption



Soil purification



Sludge drying

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Shredding

1-Outlet 2-Choc Absorber d 3-hydraulic Motor 4-knifes 5-hoper 6-Tooth like guide

7-Frame

:shredder

(source SID)

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Shredding

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Physico-chemical treatment 

Flocculation precipitation: aggregates fine constituents or chemicals in solution



Neutralization



Detoxification



Solvent extraction: uses immiscible solvent to dissolve organic material in aqueous solution



Solvent recycling



Desorption - separates volatile components from liquid by passing through gas stream



Ion exchange - exchange with dissolved ionic species through contact with resin

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Physico-chemical treatment Typical lay out

Chemical addition

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley

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Biological treatment

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Advantages of biological waste treatment

• Cost Effective for huge quantities of waste water, since the pollution is biodegradable • Tolerant to changes in waste composition these may result in a short period of inactivity, but do not halt the process

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Scope of treatment application • Wastewater treatment is the most widely used application of biological treatment e.g. for industries such as paper manufacture and recycling, food processing, tanneries and the pharmaceutical industry, and for landfill leachate Also: • In-situ bio-remediation of contaminated soil • Slurry-phase treatment • Land treatment • Co-composting

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In-situ bio-remediation

• Enables treatment without excavation and removal of contaminated material • An aerobic process • Enhances natural biodegradation • Influenced by hydro-geological factors

• Can reduce contamination to acceptable levels in relatively short time e.g. 1-2 years

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Thermal treatment

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Thermal treatment Thermal treatment of waste: 

Incineration : destruction of hazardous molecules



allows energy recovery, materials recycling



Pyrolysis

 

Gasification allows recovery of useful materials

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Thermal treatment Thermal treatment of waste: legal obligations:

•

Combustion temperature ( 850 or 1100°C)

•

Post combustion chamber with residence time 2 seconds at above temperature

•

Energy recovery

•

Gas cleaning

•

Emission limit values

•

Residues to be treated according to local legislation

•

Gas treatment residues “hazardous”

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Incineration Reception pit

solids To shredder

Packed Waste Transfer pumps

Liquids Bulk

Dedicated storages for bulk and unpacked waste

Direct injection for reacting waste

Typical feeding arrangement

Rotary Kiln

Dedicated Injectors

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Incineration

To the heat recovery boiler

Solids feed hopper

Refractory Lining

Post combustion burner Main Burner

Dedicated liquid injectors

Rotary Kiln and post combustion courtesy SarpIndustries

Bottom ash water cooled extraction

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Fluidized bed combustion

Bubbling fluidised bed Circulating fluidised bed Source: Guyer, Howard H Industrial processes and waste stream management, Wiley

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Example of flue gas cleaning technology

Source: Indaver

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Incineration Treated gas to stack Reactor Inlet Gas

Reagent after treatment

Gas Cleaning: Bag filter with chemical injection

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Incineration Gas outlet to stack Packing

Gas Inlet

atomization Soda injection

Water injection

De-concentrating drain

Drain

Drops collector

Acid column Gas Cleaning WET PROCESS Courtesy Sarp Industries

Basic column

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Incineration Water Turbine

Inlet gas 300°C / 400°C

Soda water Atomiser

Treated gas 200 to 250°C Gas from boiler 300 to 400°C

Exit gas 200 / 250°C

ashes

Ashes

Gas cooling with or without chemical injection courtesy Sarp inustries

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Emissions Emissions from incineration Continuous monitoring for:

HCl, CO, dust, SO2, HF, TOC, Nox, O2 Monthly measurement for: 9 heavy metals Twice a year (soon to be semi continuous): PCDD/PCDF ALSO monitored: wastewater and solid residues

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Landfilling

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Types of landfills

It is now quite everywhere recognized three different types of landfills • Hazardous waste ( class1) to receive hazardous waste • Municipal waste (non hazardous) the recent “landfill” ban restricting acceptance to “pre-treated waste” • Inert landfills mainly for “stable” construction and demolition waste

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Components of a “State of the art landfill design”



Well chosen, properly designed site



Bottom liner - to protect soil and groundwater



Leachate collection and treatment - to prevent contamination of groundwater



Landfill gas collection and flaring or energy generation ( if appropriate )



Provisions for Final cover, after care

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Components of a “State of the art landfill design”



Compaction (fire prevention, odour prevention)



Waste control at entrance



Daily coverage of the “active part of the landfill



Maintenance of drains, flare..

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Landfilling

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Landfilling

Waste Geotextile Draining layer

Collecting pipe Geotextile (protection) Geomembrane (PEHD) Water tight material

Standard design

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Landfilling

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Stabilisation and solidification of hazardous wastes

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Stabilisation and Solidification Converts waste into insoluble rock-like materials 

Stabilisation - treats waste to minimise migration



Solidification - uses cement-based process



Encapsulation - encloses waste within casing or layer of inert substance



Recommended for inorganic hazardous wastes



A pre-treatment step prior to landfill disposal

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Solidification

Types of binders used: • Cement-based • Portland cement, cement kiln dust

• Lime/limestone/quicklime • Lime/fly ash, lime kiln dust • Lime/ other natural and artificial pozzolana based systems

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Wastes typically treated by Stabilisation / Solidification

• Air pollution control residues • Metal sludge wastes • Dredging sludge • Filter press cake • Tannery wastes • Contaminated soils • Lagoon sludge Plus other PREDOMINANTLY inorganic wastes - all are likely to contain some organics

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Treated waste specification • 28 day strength from any 1 day of production will not be less than 700 kPa. No individual sample to have strength less than 350kPa • Permeability at 28 days less than 1x10-7 m/s

• No supernatant after S/S waste standing 24 hours • Leaching properties: defined by legislation typically includes concentration limits in the leacate on pH, TOC, Total cyanide, total phenol, ammonia Heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cr), total metal limit and total organic or organo-metallic pesticides