POCKET BOOK The Uddeholm range of tooling materials

CONTENTS UDDEHOLM STEEL GRADES – Composition .............................................................................. – International standards ............................................................ – Heat treatment .......................................................................... – Hardness after hardening and tempering ............................

2–3 4–5 6–7 8–9

STEEL FOR COLD WORK TOOLING ....................................... 10–15 STEEL FOR INDUSTRIAL KNIVES ............................................... 16–18 STEEL FOR DIE CASTING DIES ................................................... 19–21 STEEL FOR EXTRUSION DIES ...................................................... 22–24 STEEL FOR FORGING DIES ........................................................... 25–26 MATERIALS FOR PLASTIC MOULDS ......................................... 27–33 PRINCIPLES OF HARDENING ......................................................

35

POWDER METALLURGY TOOL STEEL .................................... 36–37 UDDEHOLM HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL–HPS .................. 38–41 PRE-MACHINED TOOL STEEL ..................................................... 42–43 MACHINING SERVICE ....................................................................

44

HINTS ON – improved tool performance ................................................... 45 – basic tool design ........................................................................ 46 – tool heat treatment .................................................................. 47 – repair welding ............................................................................ 47–48 – grinding tool steel ..................................................................... 48 – EDM ............................................................................................. 49 – polishing mould steel ............................................................... 50–51 – photo-etching ............................................................................ 52 HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE .............................................

53

CONVERSION FACTORS AND FORMULAE .......................... 54–55 SI-UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ...................................................... 56–61 CONVERSION TABLE (temperature scale) ............................... 62–63 WEIGHT TABLES .............................................................................. 64–68 DESIGNATIONS ................................................................................

69

PRINTED MATERIAL .......................................................................

70

U

ddeholm Tooling Pocket Book presents, in a concise form, the Uddeholm range of high quality tool steel developed to meet specific needs and applications. The information in this pocket book is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as a warranty of specific properties of the products described or a warranty for fitness for a particular purpose. All information concerning the wide range of Uddeholm tool materials can’t be given in this booklet but more detailed information and advice is readily available from your nearest Uddeholm office. The wide range of printed material and technical information available is summarized on the last page.

1

UDDEHOLM STEEL GRADES — Composition Uddeholm Grade

Colour code

C

Si

Typical analysis Mn Cr Mo Ni

V

ALVAR 14 ALVAR

White/Black Red/Black

0.55 0.45

0.3 0.7

0.7 0.8

1.1 1.8

0.1 0.2

ARNE CALDIE CALMAX CARMO CHIPPER2) CORRAX DIEVAR ELMAX1) FERMO2) FORMAX HOLDAX HOTVAR IMPAX HI HARD IMPAX SUPREME MIRRAX ESR NIMAX

Yellow White/grey White/Violet Red/Violet – Black/Grey Yellow/Grey Blue/Black – Black Yellow/blue Red/Brown

0.95 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.03 0.35 1.70 0.48 0.18 0.40 0.55

0.3 0.2 0.35 0.35 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.0

1.1 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.9 1.3 1.5 0.8

0.6 5.0 4.5 4.5 8.0 12.0 5.0 18.0 1.5

2.3 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.4 2.3 1.0

1.9 2.6

0.2 2.3

Brown

0.37

0.3

1.4

2.0

0.2

Yellow/Green

0.37 0.25

0.3 0.35

1.4 2.0 0.55 13.3

0.2 1.0 0.35 1.35

0.1

0.3

2.5

3.0

0.3

0.39

1.0

0.4

5.2

1.4

0.9

0.39 0.39 0.38

1.0 1.0 0.9

0.4 0.4 0.5

5.2 5.3 13.6

1.4 1.3

0.9 0.9 0.3

0.38 0.12 0.12 1.00 0.90 0.95 0.38

0.3 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.9 1.5 0.9

0.8 2.6 1.3 13.4 1.45 14.0 0.6 5.3 0.5 7.8 0.8 1.0 0.5 13.6

2.3 0.5 0.2 1.1 2.5

3)

Light blue/ Dark blue

ORVAR SUPREME Orange ORVAR SUPERIOR Blue/Grey ORVAR 2 M4) Orange/Violet POLMAX Green/Black QRO 90 SUPREME Orange/Brown 5) RAMAX HH RAMAX LH Yellow/Brown RIGOR Red/Green SLEIPNER Blue/Brown SR 1855 Red/Blue STAVAX ESR Black/Orange

0.5 0.3

1.7 0.5

S

W 0.6

0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5

Al 1.6

9.2 0.6 3.0

0.07 0.9 max. 0.01 max. 0.01

1.0

0.35

1.0

1.6 0.36

0.9 0.2 0.1 +N 0.1 0.13 +N 0.2 0.5 0.3

1) Powder Metallurgy tool steel. 2) Minimum order quantity. 3) Black/Orange with a white line across. 4) M = Microdized 5) Black/Brown with a white line across.

2

+N

Uddeholm Grade SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 THG 2000 UHB 11 UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA1) VANADIS 61) VANADIS 101)

Colour code

C

Si

Typical analysis Mn Cr Mo Ni

Red Yellow/White Yellow/Violet White Brown/Grey

2.05 1.55 0.39 0.50 0.50

0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2

0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5

12.7 11.8 5.3

0.8 1.3

5.0

2.3

0.8 0.9    0.5

2)

1.40

0.4

0.4

4.7

3.5

3.7

2.10 2.90

1.0 0.5

0.4 0.5

6.8 8.0

1.5 1.5

5.4 9.8

1.10

0.5

0.4

4.5

3.2

0.36

0.3

0.3

5.0

1.3

0.5

0.38

1.0

0.4

5.0

1.3

0.4

C

Cr

Mo

W

V

Co

1.28 1.28 2.30

4.2 4.2 4.2

5.0 5.0 7.0

6.4 6.4 6.5

3.1 3.1 6.5

8.5 10.5

Green/ Dark green Green/Violet

VANCRON 401) Gold/Dark blue VIDAR 3) SUPERIOR VIDAR 1 Orange/ Light blue High speed steel VANADIS 231) VANADIS 301) VANADIS 601)

Violet Green Gold

V

S W 1.1

W 3.7

8.5

N 1.8

1)

Powder Metallurgy tool steel. Green/white with a black line across. 3) Orange/red with a white line across. 2)

3

International Standards Comparison Chart Uddeholm Grade

ASSAB

AISI (USA)

ALVAR 14 ALVAR 14 – ALVAR – – ARNE DF-2 O1 CALDIE CALDIE – – CALMAX 6351) CARMO CARMO – CHIPPER VIKING – CORRAX CORRAX – DIEVAR DIEVAR – ELMAX2) – ELMAX2) FERMO – – FORMAX – – HOLDAX – – HOTVAR HOTVAR – IMPAX HI HARD 718 HH – IMPAX P20 SUPREME 718 SUPREME modified MIRRAX ESR MIRRAX ESR 420, mod. NIMAX NIMAX ORVAR SUPREME 8407 SUPREME ORVAR SUPERIOR – 8407-2M ORVAR 2 M3) POLMAX _ QRO 90 SUPREME S-168 RAMAX HH _ RAMAX LH – RIGOR XW-10 SLEIPNER ASSAB 88 SR 1855 STAVAX ESR S-136 ESR1)

BS4659 W.-Nr. SS (GB) (Germany) (Sweden) – – BO1 – – – – – – – – – – –

1.2714 1.2329 1.2510 – 1.2358 1.2358 (1.2631) – – – – – 1.2312 –

– – 2140 – – – – – – – – 2172 – –

– – SKS 3 – – – – – – – – – – –

–

–

–

–

– –

1.2738 –

– –

–

–

–

– SUS 420 mod. –

– H13 improved H13 improved H13 420, mod.

BH13

1.2344

2242

SKD 61

BH13 BH13 –

1.2344 1.2344 (1.2083)

2242 2242 2314

SKD 61 SKD 61 SUS 420

– (420F) (420F) A2 – – 420, mod.

– – – BA2 – – –

– – – 1.2363 – (1.2108) (1.2083)

– – – 2260 – 2092 2314

– –

Some equivalents are approximate only ( ). 1) Designation used in South China and Taiwan. 3) M = Microdized

4

JIS (Japan)

2)

Powder Metallurgy tool steel.

SKD 12 – – SUS 420

Uddeholm Grade SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 THG 2000 UHB 11

ASSAB

AISI (USA)

XW-5 XW-42 THG 2000 _

(D6) D2 – 1148

BD6 BD2 – –

(1.2436) 1.2379 – 1.1730

–

–

–

– – – –

– – – –

UNIMAX UNIMAX VANADIS 4 VANADIS 4 EXTRA1) EXTRA1) VANADIS 61) VANADIS 61) VANADIS 101) VANADIS 101) 1) VANCRON 40 VANCRON 401) VIDAR VIDAR SUPERIOR SUPERIOR VIDAR 1 – High speed steel VANADIS 231) VANADIS 301) VANADIS 601)

– – –

(H11)2) H11

M3:2 M3:2+Co –

BS4659 W.-Nr. SS JIS (GB) (Germany) (Sweden) (Japan)

– – – – 1.2340 (BH 11) (1.2343)2) BH11 1.2343

– – –

1.3344 (1.3207) (1.3241)

2312 2310 – 1650/ 1672 –

(SKD 2) SKD 11 _

– – – –

_ _ _ –

– –

(SKD 6) SKD 6

2725 2726 2727

– – –

– –

Some equivalents are approximate only ( ). 1) Powder Metallurgy tool steel. 2) Premium modified.

5

Basic Heat Treatment Guide* Uddeholm Grade ALVAR 14 ALVAR ARNE CALDIE CALMAX CARMO CHIPPER CORRAX DIEVAR ELMAX2) FERMO FORMAX HOLDAX HOTVAR IMPAX HI HARD IMPAX SUPREME MIRRAX ESR NIMAX ORVAR SUPREME ORVAR SUPERIOR ORVAR 2 M3) POLMAX QRO 90 SUPREME RAMAXHH RAMAX LH RIGOR

Softannealing temp. °C

Austenitizing (hardening) temperature °C

Quenching medium

≤250 ≤250 190 215 200   ~250** 225 ~330 ~160 280 270** 170 ~310** ~210

700 780 780 860 860 860 880 – 850 980 770 – 700 820

830– 900 880– 920 790– 850 1000–1025 950– 970 950– 970 980–1050 solution treat. 850 1000–1030 1050–1100 flame hard. 850 – as-del. cond. 1050–1070

Oil, step, gas Oil, step, gas Oil, step bath Gas, step Oil, step, gas Oil, step, gas Oil, step Gas Oil, step, gas Oil, step, gas Gas(water) – – Oil, step, gas

~380**

700

–

–

~310** 250 ~380**

700 740 _

– 1000–1025 as-del. cond.

– Gas, step –

180

850

1020–1050

Oil, step, gas

180 180 215

850 850 890

1020–1050 1020–1050 1000–1050

Oil, step, gas Oil, step, gas Oil, step, gas

180 ~340** ~290** 215

820 740 740 850

1020–1050 as-del. cond. as-del- cond. 925– 960

Oil, step, gas – – Oil, step, gas

HB

1)

* Detailed heat treatment rec. are published for each steel grade. Stress relieving: after rough machining the tool should be heated through to 650°C. Holding time: 2h. Cool slowly to 500°C, then freely in air. (Exception: Uddeholm Impax Supreme, Uddeholm Holdax, Uddeholm Ramax LH, Uddeholm Ramax HH and Uddeholm Fermo use 550°C as stress relieving temp. For Uddeholm Nimax use 450°C.) **Pre hardened 1) Normal delivery hardness. 2) Powder Metallurgy tool steel. 3) M = Microdized

6

Uddeholm Grade SLEIPNER SR 1855 STAVAX ESR SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 THG 2000 UHB 11 UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA2) VANADIS 62) VANADIS 102) VANCRON 402) VIDAR SUPERIOR VIDAR 1 High speed steel VANADIS 232) VANADIS 302) VANADIS 602) 1) 2)

HB

Softannealing temp. °C

Austenitizing (hardening) temperature °C

Quenching medium

~235 210 215 240 210 185 ~200 185

850 810 890 850 850 850 700 850

950–1080 850– 880 1010–1050 920–1000 990–1050 900–1030 as-del. cond. 1000–1025

Gas, step Oil, step bath Oil, step, gas Step, gas Step, gas Oil, step bath, gas – Gas, step

230 255 275 300

900 900 900 900

980–1100 1000–1100 980–1100 950–1100

Gas, step Gas, step Gas, step Gas, step

180 180

850 850

980–1000 990–1010

Oil, step, gas Oil, step, gas

260 300 300

875 875 875

1050–1180 1000–1180 1000–1180

Gas, step Gas, step Gas, step

1)

Normal delivery hardness. Powder Metallurgy tool steel.

7

Approx. Hardness after Hardening and Tempering Austenitizing Uddeholm Grade ALVAR 14 ALVAR ARNE CALDIE CALMAX CARMO CHIPPER CORRAX DIEVAR ELMAX3) FERMO FORMAX HOLDAX HOTVAR IMPAX HI HARD IMPAX SUPREME MIRRAX ESR NIMAX4) ORVAR SUPREME ORVAR SUPERIOR ORVAR 2 MICRODIZED POLMAX

HRC at tempering temperature °C, 2 x 2 h

temperature °C

200

250

500

525

8501) 900 8301) 1020 960 960 1010 8502) 1025 1080 – – – 1050

54 54 62 – 59 59 59 – 53 59 – – – –

53 53 60 – 58 58 57 – 52 58 – – – 56

45 45 45 – 53 53 59* – 52* 60** – – – –

– – 43 61*** 53 53 58 – – 59** – – – –

–

–

–

–

– 1020 –

– – –

– 50 –

1020

52

1020 1020 1030

550

600

42 43 41 59 50 50 56 – 52 58** – – – 57

38 41 38 50 43 43 48 – 47 – – – – 53

–

–

–

– 52** –

– – –

– 42** –

– 36 –

52

54*

–

52

46

52

52

54*

–

52

46

52 53

52 52

54* 54**

– –

52 43**

46 37

* This tempering temp. should be avoided due to the risk of temper brittleness. ** For Uddeholm Stavax ESR, Uddeholm Mirrax SER, Uddeholm Polmax and Uddeholm Elmax corrosion resistance is reduced. *** The lowest tempering temperature when high temperature tempering is 525°C. 1) Quench in oil 2) Solution treatment. Ageing: ~50 HRC after 525°C/2 h, ~46 HRC after 575°C/2h, ~40 HRC after 600°C/4h. 3) Powder Metallurgy tool steel 4) The delivery hardness of Uddeholm Nimax can not be increased. Tempering shall be avoided as toughness will be reduced.

8

Austenitizing Uddeholm Grade QRO 90 SUPREME RAMAX HH RAMAX LH RIGOR SLEIPNER SR 1855 STAVAX ESR SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 THG 2000 UHB 11 UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA2) VANADIS 62) VANADIS 102) VANCRON 402) VIDAR SUPERIOR VIDAR 1 High speed steel VANADIS 232) VANADIS 302) VANADIS 602)

HRC at tempering temperature °C, 2 x 2 h

temperature °C

200

250

1020 – – 950 1030 850 1030 960 1020 1020 – 1020

49 – – 61 60 63 53 60 63 52 – –

49 – – 58 59 62 52 59 59 52 – –

1020 1050 1060

– 63 63

– 62 62

52 54

51 53

950–1100 1000 1000

1050–1180 1000–1180 1000–1180

500

550

600

– – – 55* 62**** 48 – 53 57 – – –

51* – – 53 60**** 46 43** – 54 52 – 55

501) – – 48 48 42 37 – 48 46 – 49

– 63 65 3 x 560°C 57–65

61 61 62

60*** 59** 60**

52 52 52

51* 55*

– –

50 52

45 46

51* – – 56* 62 50 54** 56 60 53* – –

525

3 x 560°C 60–66 60–67 64–69

* This tempering temp. should be avoided due to the risk of temper brittleness. ** The lowest tempering temperature when high temperature tempering is 525°C. *** The lowest tempering temperature when high temperature tempering is 525°C (for hardening temperatures >1050°C: 540°C). **** The lowest tempering temperature when high temperature tempering is 525°C (for hardening temperatures >1050°C: 540°C). 1) 2)

At 650°C 2 x 2h: 42 HRC Powder Metallurgy tool steel.

9

STEEL FOR COLD WORK TOOLING Blanking, piercing, cropping, bending, forming Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

ARNE

A versatile tool steel for low production volume die sets for blanking, forming and deburring and for forming rolls. It is also suitable for gauges, bushes and engineering parts exposed to high stresses.

CALDIE

A modern matrix tool steel for cold work applications with high demands on chipping / cracking resistance and compressive strength. Uddeholm Caldie is a robust tool steel and is suitable for medium production volume tooling for blanking and forming difficult production materials such as advanced high strength steel.

CALMAX

A very versatile steel with adequate wear resistance and very high toughness. It is very suitable for low to medium production volume tooling for blanking thick production materials or in general when the tooling is exposed to high stresses.

RIGOR

A steel with a good combination of toughness, wear resistance and dimensional stability in hardening. It is a general cold work steel for medium production volume tooling.

SLEIPNER

A versatile steel with a very broad properties profile ranging from good wear resistance, compressive strength and good chipping / cracking resistance to good hardenability and machinability. This means that Uddeholm Sleipner is a modern general purpose steel for medium production volume tooling.

SVERKER 3

A steel similar to Uddeholm Sverker 21 but with more and larger carbides. It has an excellent abrasive wear resistance and this means that it is suitable for applications like brick pressing and transformer plate blanking.

SVERKER 21

A 12% chromium steel suitable for medium production volume tooling where the production materials cause abrasive wear and the risk of chipping is not so high.

10

UNIMAX

A problem solver for applications where the demands on chipping / cracking resistance are very high. Uddeholm Unimax is a matrix steel with a unique combination of chipping / cracking resistance and wear resistance.

VANADIS 4 EXTRA

A cold work tool steel produced by the powder metallurgy process. It is characterized by a superior combination of wear and chipping resistance and is particularly suitable for high volume production tooling for production materials such as annealed austenitic stainless steel, mild carbon steel, copper and aluminium.

VANADIS 6

Uddeholm Vanadis 6 is a cold work steel produced by the powder metallurgy process and is characterized by high wear resistance and good chipping resistance and compressive strength. It has a simpler (cold work) heat treatment than a PM high speed steel and a better wear resistance than Uddeholm Vanadis 23. It is suitable for high volume production tooling for hard to medium hard production materials.

VANADIS 10

A cold work tool steel produced by the powder metallurgy process. It is characterized by a very high abrasive wear resistance coupled with reasonable toughness. It is very suitable for high volume production tooling for paper and foil slitting, granulation of plastics, gaskett stamping and electrical sheet stamping.

VANADIS 23

Uddeholm Vanadis 23 is a high speed steel produced by the powder metallurgy process and is characterized by high wear resistance coupled with high chipping resistance and high compressive strength. It is suitable for high volume production tooling for hard to medium hard production materials.

VANCRON 40 Uddeholm Vancron 40 is a nitrogen alloyed PM steel for applications where galling is the main failure mechanism. Its very low friction coefficient and surface topography after polishing mean that it is often not necessary to surface coat the tool to avoid galling. Cont.

11

Cont.

UHB 11

A bolster steel with medium high carbon content suitable for top and bottom plates and higher strength support parts.

FORMAX

A bolster steel with low carbon content suitable for large top and bottom plates and medium strength supports.

HOLDAX

A prehardened bolster steel for support plates and holders.

Steel for Special Applications Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

CARMO

A prehardened steel particularly suitable for car body dies. It can be flame / induction hardened or through hardened and has a much better weldability than other cold work tool steel. It is suitable for low production volume tooling in general and for prototype tooling.

SR 1855

A low alloyed tool steel very suitable for profile rolls.

VANCRON 40

A nitrogen alloyed PM steel which often need not be coated to avoid galling, sticking and adhesive wear.

A comprehensive product brochure is available for each steel grade and contains information on application areas, heat treatment, machining, grinding etc.

12

Property Comparison Guide for Cold Work Steel Uddeholm grade

Hardness

Machinability

Grindability

Dimension stability Ductility

ARNE CALDIE CALMAX RIGOR SLEIPNER SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10 VANADIS 23 VANCRON 40

13

Selection Chart Part

Uddeholm grade

Punches, dies

ARNE, CALDIE, CALMAX, RIGOR, SVERKER 3, SVERKER 21, SLEIPNER, UNIMAX, VANADIS 4 EXTRA, VANADIS 6, VANADIS 10, VANADIS 23, VANCRON 40

Hardness HRC

54–64

Top- and bottom plates

FORMAX, UHB 11, HOLDAX

As supplied

Punch backing plate

ARNE

58–60

Punch retaining plate Stripper plate/ strip guide

ARNE precision ground flat stock

–

ARNE, UHB 11 precision ground flat stock

–

The tool steel choice and hardness level will depend on the production material type, its thickness and hardness and the intended production volume.

Other “Cold Work” Applications Application

Uddeholm grade

Cold rolls

ROP 20, SLEIPNER, SVERKER 21, VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10, VANADIS 23, VANCRON 40

Forming rolls

SVERKER 21, CALDIE, CALMAX, SLEIPNER, VANADIS 4 EXTRA, VANADIS 6, VANADIS 10, VANADIS 23, VANCRON 40

Pressing of ceramics

SVERKER 3, SVERKER 21

Powder metal compaction

CALDIE, UNIMAX, VANADIS 4 EXTRA, VANCRON 40

14

Steel selection When selecting a tool steel for any cold work operation it is important to identify which failure mechanism(s) is/are limiting the tool life: • wear (abrasive/adhesive) • chipping/cracking • plastic deformation The proper tool steel for the situation can be selected by means of the following comparison chart, which gives the relative resistance to the above failure mechanisms for the Uddeholm cold work tool steel.

Property Comparison Guide for Cold Work Steel

Uddeholm Grade

Hardness/ Resistance against Wear resistance plastic deformation Abrasive Adhesive

Fatigue cracking resistance Toughness/ Ductility/ Gross chipping cracking

ARNE CALDIE CALMAX RIGOR SLEIPNER SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10 VANADIS 23 VANCRON 40

A rule of thumb is to select a steel with higher performance to avoid premature failures with such consequences as late deliveries and extra costs.

15

STEEL FOR INDUSTRIAL KNIVES Close attention is paid to straightness, squareness, tolerance and decarburization levels on Uddeholm tool steel intended for the large-scale production of knives and cutters.

Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

CHIPPER

Cr-Mo-alloyed steel developed by Uddeholm especially for chipper-knives and other knives exposed for high stresses. Combine toughness with wear resistance very well.

SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21

Steel with high C-Cr-content and an excellent wear resistance. Suitable for wood milling cutters.

VANADIS 4 EXTRA

Cold work tool steel produced by the powder metallurgy process. Superior adhesive wear resistance and toughness.

VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10

Cold work tool steel produced by the powder metallurgy process. Very high abrasive wear resistance and fairly good toughness. Tool steel very suitable for severe abrasive conditions and long runs.

VANADIS 23

High speed steel produced by the powder metallurgy process. Good combination of wear resistance, chipping resistance and compressive strength. Suitable for production materials which cause mixed or abrasive wear.

RIGOR

A tool steel with a good combination of toughness and general wear resistance.

CALDIE

A robust tool steel with a good combination of high compressive strength and wear resistance and high chipping resistance.

CALMAX

Tool steel with a properties profile devoted to safe production, i.e. high chipping and cracking resistance and a fairly good wear resistance. Cont.

16

UNIMAX

A really robust tool steel and the best choice for difficult blanking applications with demands on high hardness (max. 58 HRC) and very high chipping resistance.

SLEIPNER

A tool steel with properties well suited for knife applications. Good wear resistance, good resistance to chipping and high compressive strength give a knife with a good edge retention.

ARNE

Low alloyed universal tool steel for short runs. Excellent machinability.

Property Comparison Chart for Uddeholm Tool Steel for Industrial Knives Uddeholm grade

Chipping resistance

Wear resistance

Machinability

Dimensional stability at hardening

ARNE CALDIE CALMAX CHIPPER RIGOR SLEIPNER SVERKER 3 SVERKER 21 UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10 VANADIS 23

17

Selection Chart Part

Uddeholm grade

HRC

Chipper knives

CHIPPER

56–58

Flaker knives

CHIPPER

56–58

Reducer knives

CHIPPER

56–58

Planer knives

SVERKER 21, SLEIPNER

58–60

Shear knives, hot

CALDIE, ORVAR 2 MICRODIZED, UNIMAX

52–54

thin stock

SVERKER 21

58–60

thick stock

CALDIE, RIGOR, VANADIS 4 EXTRA CALMAX, SLEIPNER, UNIMAX

56–58 54–58

cold

Circular slitting knives

Plastic granulator knives

SVERKER 21, RIGOR, SLEIPNER, VANADIS 4 EXTRA, VANADIS 6, VANADIS 10, VANADIS 23 UNIMAX RIGOR, SVERKER 21, SLEIPNER, VANADIS 4 EXTRA CALDIE, VANADIS 6, VANADIS 10, VANADIS 23 UNIMAX

58–62 56–64 54–58 58–60 58–64 54–58

Tobacco knives

ARNE

58–60

Fragmentation knives

CALMAX, RIGOR, SVERKER 21, SLEIPNER, VANADIS 4 EXTRA, VANADIS 6, VANADIS 10, VANADIS 23, UNIMAX

55–64

18

STEEL FOR DIE CASTING DIES Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

DIEVAR

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed hot work die steel with good high temperature strength and excellent hardenability, toughness and ductility. Suitable for medium to large dies in aluminium die casting. It meets the requirements of NADCA #207-2006

VIDAR SUPERIOR

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed hot work die steel (H11 modified) with good resistance to cracking and meets the requirements of NADCA #207–2006.

ORVAR SUPREME ORVAR SUPERIOR

Premium Cr-Mo-V-alloyed hot work die steel (H13) with good resistance to thermal fatigue. The steel are produced by a special melting and refining technique and meet the requirements of NADCA #207–2006.

QRO 90 SUPREME

A premium hot work die steel with high hot yield strength and good temper resistance. Especially suited for die casting of copper, brass and for small inserts and cores in aluminium die casting.

QRO 90 HT

A prehardened Uddeholm QRO 90 Supreme material supplied at 37–41 HRC and suitable for core pins.

IMPAX SUPREME

A prehardened Ni-Cr-Mo-steel supplied at ~310 HB suitable for die casting of zinc, lead and tin. Also used as a holder material and prototype dies.

HOLDAX

A prehardened steel with very good machinability supplied at ~310 HB for clamping and holding plates.

UNIMAX

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed steel with a good toughness and ductility up to a hardness of 58 HRC.

19

Qualitative Comparison of resistance to different die failures Uddeholm grade

Heat checking

Gross cracking

Erosion

Indentation

DIEVAR ORVAR SUPREME ORVAR SUPERIOR VIDAR SUPERIOR QRO 90 SUPREME UNIMAX The longer the bar, the better.

Further information is given in the Uddeholm brochure “Die Steel and improved Productivity in Die Casting”.

Selection Chart Die part

Tin/Lead/Zinc

Aluminium/ Magnesium

Copper, Brass

Clamping plates Holder plates

HOLDAX/ IMPAX SUP. prehardened ~310 HB

HOLDAX/ IMPAX SUP. prehardened ~310 HB

HOLDAX/ IMPAX SUP. prehardened ~310 HB

Die Inserts

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 46–52 HRC UNIMAX 52–56 HRC

ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 42–48 HRC VIDAR SUPERIOR 42–48 HRC DIEVAR 44–50 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 40–46 HRC ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 40–46 HRC

Fixed inserts Cores

ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 46–52 HRC

DIEVAR 46–50 HRC ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 44–48 HRC QRO 90 SUP. 42–48 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 40–46 HRC

SUP. = Supreme

20

Cont.

Selection Chart Aluminium/ Magnesium

Copper, Brass

ORVAR SUP. 46–52 HRC

QRO 90 SUP.* 44–48 HRC QRO 90 HT*

QRO 90 SUP. 42–46 HRC QRO 90 HT

Sprue parts

ORVAR SUP. 48–52 HRC

ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 46–48 HRC QRO 90 SUP. 44–46 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 42–46 HRC

Nozzle

ORVAR SUP. 35–44 HRC STAVAX ESR 40–44 HRC

ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 42–48 HRC QRO 90 SUP. 42–46 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 40–44 HRC ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 42–48 HRC

Ejector pins

QRO 90 SUP. / ORVAR SUP. 46–50 HRC (nitrided)

QRO 90 SUP. / ORVAR SUP. 46–50 HRC (nitrided)

QRO 90 SUP. / ORVAR SUP. 46–50 HRC (nitrided)

Plunger Shot sleeve

ORVAR SUP. 42–46 HRC (nitrided)

ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR QRO 90 SUP. 42–48 HRC (nitrided)

QRO 90 SUP. / ORVAR SUP. / SUPERIOR 42–46 HRC (nitrided)

Die part

Tin/Lead/Zinc

Core pins

SUP. = Supreme * Surface treatment is recommended.

21

STEEL FOR EXTRUSION DIES Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

DIEVAR

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed hot work steel with good high temperature strength and excellent toughness and ductility. Recommended in dies and extrusion components where the demands on toughness and ductility are the highest.

HOTVAR

A premium hot work steel with very good high temperature properties. Can be hardened and tempered to 58 HRC giving an outstanding hot wear resistance.

UNIMAX

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed steel with a good toughness and ductility up to a hardness of 58 HRC.

VIDAR 1

A Cr-Mo-V-alloyed hot work steel (H11) with a good combination of high temperature strength, good toughness and good resistance to abrasion.

ORVAR 2 A Cr-Mo-V-alloyed hot work steel (H13) with good high MICRODIZED temperature strength and good resistance to abrasion. The steel is widely used for extrusion tooling. QRO 90 SUPREME

A premium hot work steel with very good strength and hot hardness at elevated temperatures. The steel can be recommended for all types of extrusion tooling subjected to maximum working temperatures.

ALVAR 14 / ALVAR

A Cr-Ni-Mo-alloyed hot work steel used for support parts for extrusion tooling, e.g. backers and bolsters.

IMPAX SUPREME

Prehardened Ni-Cr-Mo-alloyed steel supplied at 290– 330 HB and suitable for mantles.

22

Qualitative comparison of resistance to different tool failures Uddeholm grade

Hot wear

Plastic deformation

Premature cracking

Heat checking

ORVAR 2 M VIDAR 1 QRO 90 SUP. HOTVAR DIEVAR UNIMAX The longer the bar, the better. M = Microdized SUP. = Supreme

Selection Chart Tool part

Aluminium, Magnesium

Copper alloys

Steel

Support tools (at lower temp.)

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB

Wedge block

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ALVAR 14 / ALVAR 300–400 HB

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ALVAR 14 / ALVAR 300–400 HB

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ALVAR 14 / ALVAR 300–400 HB

Bolster

ALVAR 14 / ALVAR 45 HRC

ALVAR 14 / ALVAR 45 HRC

ALVAR 14 / ALVAR 45 HRC

Die ring

ORVAR 2 M 40–44 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 40–44 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 40–44 HRC

Die

VIDAR 1/ORVAR 2M/ QRO 90 SUP. 45–50 HRC DIEVAR 46–52 HRC HOTVAR 54–58 HRC UNIMAX 52–58 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 45–49 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 44–46 HRC

SUP. = Supreme, M = Microdized

Cont.

23

Selection Chart Aluminium, Magnesium

Copper alloys

Steel

Mantle Intermediate liner

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ORVAR 2 M 37–43 HRC

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ORVAR 2 M 37–43 HRC

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB ORVAR 2 M 37–43 HRC

Liner

ORVAR 2 M 44–48 HRC QRO 90 SUP. 44–48 HRC DIEVAR 44–50 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 44–48 HRC DIEVAR 44–50 HRC

ORVAR 2 M 44–48 HRC

Dummy block

QRO 90 SUP. 44–48 HRC DIEVAR 46–52 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 44–48 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 44–48 HRC

Fastener for fixed dummy block

IMPAX SUP. ~310 HB

Stem

ORVAR 2M 46–50 HRC

ORVAR 2M 46–50 HRC

ORVAR 2M 46–50 HRC

Mandrel

ORVAR 2 M 46–50 HRC QRO 90 SUP. 46–49 HRC

QRO 90 SUP. 45–49 HRC DIEVAR 46–52 HRC

QRO 90 SUP 45–49 HRC

Tool part

SUP. = Supreme, M = Microdized

24

STEEL FOR FORGING DIES

Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

DIEVAR

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed hot work steel with good high temperature strength and excellent toughness and ductility. Recommended in dies where the demands on toughness and ductility are the highest.

HOTVAR

A premium hot work steel with very good high temperature properties. Can be hardened and tempered to 58 HRC giving an outstanding hot wear resistance. Recommended as small inserts in “special forging” applications.

ORVAR Premium Cr-Mo-V-alloyed hot work die steel with good SUPREME (H13) high temperature strength, very good toughness and VIDAR resistance to hot wear. SUPERIOR (modified H11) QRO 90 SUPREME

A premium hot work die steel with very good strength and hot hardness at elevated temperatures. Recommended for inserts and stamping of copper alloys.

UNIMAX

A premium Cr-Mo-V alloyed steel with good toughness and ductility up to a hardness of 58 HRC. 25

Qualitative comparison of resistance to different tool failures Uddeholm grade

Hot wear

Plastic deformation

Premature cracking

Heat checking

VIDAR SUPERIOR ORVAR SUPREME QRO 90 SUPREME HOTVAR DIEVAR UNIMAX The longer the bar, the better.

Selection Chart—Press Forging Aluminium, Magnesium

Copper alloys

Die

QRO 90 SUPREME 44–50 HRC DIEVAR 46–52 HRC ORVAR SUPREME 44–52 HRC

QRO 90 SUPREME 42–48 HRC

VIDAR SUPERIOR/ ORVAR SUPREME/ DIEVAR 40–50 HRC QRO 90 SUPREME 42–48 HRC UNIMAX 50–56 HRC

Insert, cores

QRO 90 SUPREME 44–50 HRC

QRO 90 SUPREME 44–50 HRC HOTVAR 52–54 HRC

QRO 90 SUPREME 44–50 HRC HOTVAR 52–56 HRC UNIMAX 50–56 HRC

Tool part

Steel

Selection Chart—Trimming Dies Tool part

Aluminium, Magnesium

Copper alloys

Steel

Punch/Die (hot)

RIGOR 58–60 HRC

RIGOR 58–60 HRC

SVERKER 21 58–60 HRC

Punch/Die (cold)

RIGOR 56–58 HRC

RIGOR 58–60 HRC

RIGOR 56–58 HRC

26

MATERIALS FOR PLASTIC MOULDS

Uddeholm recommends the following steel: Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

IMPAX SUPREME

A prehardened Ni-Cr-Mo-steel, supplied at 290–330 HB, with excellent polishing and photo-etching properties. Suitable for a wide range of injection moulds, blow moulds and extrusion dies.

NIMAX

Low carbon steel with delivery hardness of 360–400 HB. Excellent machinability and weldability. Very good toughness, polishability and texturing properties.

STAVAX ESR

A through hardening corrosion resistant mould steel with a very good polishability. Recommended for medium and small moulds.

MIRRAX ESR

A through hardening corrosion resistant mould steel with a very good polishability. Recommended for medium and large moulds.

UNIMAX

A steel with very good hardenability suitable for surface treatment. Excellent combination of wear resistance and toughness. Recommended for long run moulds and for moulding of reinforced plastics. Cont.

27

Uddeholm grade

Description/Applications

POLMAX

A through hardening corrosion resistant mould steel with an excellent polishability.

CORRAX

A precipitation hardening steel with extremely good corrosion resistance.

ORVAR SUPREME

A versatile through hardening 5% Cr mould and die steel with good wear resistance and polishability.

RIGOR

A through hardening steel recommended for very long production runs of smaller complicated moulding.

ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10

Powder metallurgically produced mould steel characterized by very good dimension stability, good polishability and wear resistance. Uddeholm Elmax is corrosion resistant, Uddeholm Vanadis 4 Extra has the highest toughness and Uddeholm Vanadis 10 the best wear resistance. Recommended for long produc-tion runs of smaller and complicated shapes and/or abrasive plastics.

VANCRON 40 Uddeholm Vancron 40 is a good alternative to surface coating in order to reduce galling, sticking and adhesive wear and reduce friction. It also has a high polishability. HOLDAX

Prehardened holder steel, supplied at 290–330 HB, with a very good machinability.

RAMAX HH RAMAX LH

Prehardened corrosion resistant sulphurized steel. Uddeholm Ramax HH is supplied at 320–352 HB and can be used for dies and calibers for plastic extrusion as well as for holders/bolsters. Uddeholm Ramax LH is supplied at 270–310 HB and has an extremely good machinability. Main application is mould bases.

ALUMEC

High strength Al-alloy supplied at ~160 HB. Recommended for blow moulds, prototype moulds and for short runs with low demands on strength and wear resistance. Cont.

28

MOLDMAX HH MOLDMAX XL

High strength Beryllium-Copper alloy, supplied at 40 HRC. High strength Nickel-Tin-Copper alloy supplied at ~30 HRC. The different Moldmax alloys are suitable mould materials for a variety of moulding situations where a combination of high thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance and good polishability are needed.

For more detailed recommendations, see the application brochure “Steel for Moulds”.

Property Comparison Guide for Mould Steel Uddeholm grade

Machinability*

Wear resistance

Corrosion Polishability resistance

IMPAX SUPREME IMPAX HI HARD NIMAX STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX POLMAX CORRAX ORVAR SUPREME RIGOR ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6 VANADIS 10 VANCRON 40 HOLDAX RAMAX HH RAMAX LH * Uddeholm Impax Supreme, Uddeholm Nimax, Uddeholm Holdax, Uddeholm Ramax HH and Uddeholm Ramax LH are tested in prehardened condition. Uddeholm Corrax is tested in solution treated condition.

29

MOULD STEEL SELECTION General Recommendations Recommended Steel Hardness grade HRC (HB)

Process

Material

Injection moulding

Thermoplastics – prehardened mould steel

ALUMEC IMPAX SUPREME NIMAX

– through hardened mould steel

CORRAX ORVAR SUPREME STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX POLMAX ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6

36–50 45–52 45–52 45–50 50–58 45–52 58–60 58–62 60–64

Thermoset plastics

RIGOR, ELMAX UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6

58–60 52–58 58–62 60–64

Compression/Transfer moulding

Thermoset plastics

STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX ELMAX ORVAR SUPREME VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6

45–52 45–50 52–58 58–60 45–52 58–62 60–64

Blow moulding

General

IMPAX SUPREME ALUMEC NIMAX

33(~310) (~160) ~380

PVC

STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR RAMAX HH CORRAX

45–52 45–50 37(~340) 36–50

(~160) 33(~310) ~380

Cont.

30

General Recommendations Steel grade

Recommended Hardness HRC (HB)

Process

Material

Extrusion

General

IMPAX SUPREME NIMAX

33(~310) ~380

PVC

STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR RAMAX HH CORRAX

45–52 45–50 37(~340) 36–50

Special Recommendations Special req. or demand Large mould size

Example

Recommended Steel Hardness grade HRC (HB)

For automotive components, panels, bumpers, fascias, etc.

ALUMEC (~160) IMPAX SUPREME 33(~310) NIMAX ~380 CORRAX 36–46 ORVAR SUPREME 36–50 MIRRAX ESR 36–50

As above but with lower demands on the surface finish

HOLDAX RAMAX HH

High surface finish

For moulding optical/medical parts, clear covers/panels

STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX POLMAX ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA ORVAR SUPREME

Complex shapes

1. For large automobile/household components

IMPAX SUPREME 33(~310) CORRAX 34–46 NIMAX ~380 MIRRAX ESR 36–50

2. For small parts with low wear demands

IMPAX SUPREME 33(~310) CORRAX 34–46 NIMAX ~380

33(~310) 37(~340) 45–52 45–50 50–58 45–52 58–60 58–62 45–52

Cont.

31

Special Recommendations Special req. or demand

Example

Recommended Steel Hardness grade HRC (HB)

Complex shapes

3. For small parts with high wear RIGOR demands, e.g. electrical/electronic ORVAR SUPREME mouldings STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6

60–62 50–52 50–52 45–50 56–58 58–60 58–62 60–64

Abrasive moulding materials

Reinforced/filled moulding materials

RIGOR ORVAR SUPREME STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA ELMAX VANADIS 6

58–62 50–52 50–52 45–50 56–58 58–62 58–60 60–64

Long For thermoplastic parts, including production disposable cutlery, containers runs and packaging

STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX ORVAR SUPREME ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6

45–52 45–50 52–58 45–52 58–60 58–62 60–64

Corrosive

ELMAX STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR (moulds) RAMAX HH RAMAX LH (holders) CORRAX

58–60 45–52 45–50

1. For corrosive moulding materials 2. For humid moulding/mould storage conditions 3. General resistance to surface staining/rusting 4. Resistance to corrosion of cooling channels

37(~340) ~290 34–50 Cont.

32

Special req. or demand Photoetching

Example

Recommended Steel Hardness grade HRC (HB)

1. Pre-hardened steel

IMPAX SUPREME NIMAX

2. Through-hardened steel

ORVAR SUPREME STAVAX ESR MIRRAX ESR UNIMAX ELMAX VANADIS 4 EXTRA VANADIS 6

High thermal For injection and blow moulds, conductivity cores and inserts; parts for hot runner systems

MOLDMAX* HH MOLDMAX* XL

33(~310) ~380 45–52 45–52 45–50 50–58 58–60 58–62 60–64 ~40 ~30

* Moldmax is a trade mark registered by Brush Wellman Inc. Cleveland, Ohio.

33

NOTES

34

PRINCIPLES OF HARDENING

Temperature

Hardness test

Hardening normally means heating and quenching, followed by tempering. The following heat treatment sequence and guide-lines should be observed.

Time

20°C 1

2

3

4

5

1

Preheating. Heat slowly! Rapid heating increases the risk of distortion.

2

Austenitizing (hardening) temperature. Protect against decarburization by heating in a salt bath, protective atmosphere or vacuum. Decarburization of the surface increases the risk of cracking and low hardness.

3

Quenching. Use the quenching medium specified for the grade concerned, i.e. water, oil, air, etc., to achieve the optimum as-quenched hardness. Oil hardening steel can be quenched in a step bath with good results. Steel which can be hardened in oil or air should preferably be cooled in air for minimum distortion. Note: large blocks, however, should be quenched quickly enough to obtain a correct microstructure in the centre of the block. Discontinue cooling at approx. 50–70°C and temper immediately.

4, 5 Tempering. Heat slowly to reduce the risk of distortion and cracking! Holding time at temperature min. 2 hours. After the first temper, allow the material to cool to room temperature! Temper twice in the case of tool steel and three times in the case of Uddeholm Vancron 40 and high speed steel. If extremely high austenitizing temperatures, >1100°C (2010°F), are used all Uddeholm Vanadis grades should be tempered three times in order to reduce the amount of retained austenite and to optimize the microstructure. 35

POWDER METALLURGY TOOL STEEL PM Steel for improved production economy The powder metallurgy (PM) process is a rapid solidification process for the manufacturing of high-speed steel and tool steel. This method eliminates the problems which arise when steel solidifies in ingot moulds, such as local variations in chemical composition and microstructure in the form of segregations. The PM steel is melted in the usual manner, but when it is tapped, the steel is fragmented by high speed gas jets into a shower of steel droplets which quickly solidify into powder. Each particle can be regarded as a tiny ingot, free of segregations thanks to the rapid cooling. The tiny particles are then compacted to form billets which can be fabricated by means of ordinary methods such as forging and rolling to the desired dimensions. The PM tool steel Uddeholm Vanadis 4 Extra, Uddeholm Vanadis 6, Uddeholm Vanadis 10, Uddeholm Vanadis 23 and Uddeholm Elmax are produced by a special PM process which gives a superclean tool steel, with improved properties over standard PM steel, like better polishability, toughness and bend strength. Uddeholm Vancron 40 is a nitrided PM steel offering advantages like low friction, antigalling and good resistance against adhesive wear and is an alternative to a surface coated PM steel in this respect. • Dimensional changes are reduced during hardening due to the absence of segregations • Tools made of PM steel feature a high and uniform level of performance • PM steel permit sharper cutting edges on press tools • PM steel are more ductile due to their lack of segregations • The lack of segregations permits a more effective use of alloying elements and higher levels of alloying elements can be used than previously was possible with conventional steel • Desirable characteristics such as abrasion resistance can be enhanced without sacrificing other vital properties

36

The PM route for producing tool steel Inert-gas atomization Melting

Encapsulation

Welding

Hot isostatic pressing

Rolling

Hot forging

Bars

Bars

As hipped products

37

UDDEHOLM HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL—HPS Uddeholm High Performance Steel (HPS) markets the Uddeholm product range in other applications than industrial tooling, where the product characteristics of industrial tool steel lead to lower maintenance costs and contribute to enhanced performance and optimum overall economy. Development shall take place in close cooperation with manufacturers of machines and components. HPS applications can be found anywhere within any industry: • Recycling • Pulp & Paper • Steel Mill & Mining • Manufacturing Industry • Racing • Engineering solutions

Recycling Encompasses production processes, machine builders and component manufacturers operating businesses that reclaim or recycle material either themselves or through their customers. When recycling material there is almost always a stage wherein large pieces are reduced to smaller pieces by cutting or crushing. Profitability very much depends on how much material can be processed. Uddeholm’s customers may be the machinery manufacturers themselves, or the end users, who recycle most types of material.

Pulp & Paper Covers industries in the business of processing raw material from forestry. Examples are companies in the woodworking industry, board, paper and fibre pulp manufactures, and paper mills. Due to the often aggressive environment our stainless concept steel can be problem solvers.

Steel Mill & Mining Includes the steelmaking and mining industries, along with companies providing service and maintenance related to these industries. There are many different applications where there is a need for more durable components with prolonged service life, where customers can benefit from better overall economy.

38

Manufacturing Industry Covers manufacturing, where material from Uddeholm is used in large volumes and the customers manufacture large numbers of components. Customers are often machinery manufacturers or their subcontractors. Product examples are tool holders for cutting tools and components in automated production lines.

Racing Includes material and components used for competitive purposes. Our target groups are teams who actively participate in competition, and component manufacturers whose customers use parts for racing. Examples of products that fit nicely into Uddeholm High Performance Steel are drive shafts, crankshafts, connecting rods, camshafts, valve guides, valve seats and fittings.

Engineering solutions High Performance Steel largely targets end users, who often do not have their own engineering drawings or product manufacturing facilities. As a result we have to be able to produce and deliver finished, heat-treated and surface finished detail parts. Manufacturing takes place in our own production facilities, by external subcontracting manufacturers, or a combination. Parts can be delivered in their finished state of sample testing. In full scale production we shall be able to offer assistance with providing optimal production paths, both internally and externally, based on previous test production. Products will then be phased in to some of the other industrial sectors.

39

HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL FOR SHAFTS Shafts are some of the most important components, they transfer torque and carry loads. Uddeholm High Performance Steel has a broad programme even for the very toughest conditions. Some of the steel are delivered in prehardened condition. Products made from prehardened steel can be used directly after machining with no subsequent heat treatment, thus saving time. The steel have many areas of application. The application can be optimised by choosing a steel type and supplementary heat treatment. Example of steel used for shafts: Uddeholm Dievar is an excellent steel when strength is vitally important. After machining, the steel is hardened and tempered to the right hardness and thereby strength for the specific requirement. Uddeholm Orvar Supreme with good heat treatment properties mean stability with only minor changes in dimensions. The steel is successfully used as a drive shaft for track racing and rallycross. Uddeholm THG 2000 HT is an extremely strong, tough steel. A prehardened steel for production of finished components, with no need for subsequent heat treatment. Uddeholm Nimax is a prehardened universal steel with high toughness, excellent cutting properties and weldability. Uddeholm Impax Supreme is a prehardened steel, available in large dimensions, which can be used without subsequent heat treatment. Nitriding further enhances wear resistance while increasing corrosion resistance. Uddeholm Impax Supreme is a very clean steel which, like our other steel, is ultrasonically tested.

40

Higher strength of material

Uddeholm Dievar

• Ø 25.4–712 mm • Delivery condition: rough machined • Delivery hardness: 160 HB • Potential hardness: 48–52 HRC • Soft annealed Uddeholm Orvar Supreme

• Ø 10–550 mm • Delivery condition: rough machined • Delivery hardness: 180 HB • Potential hardness: 48–52 HRC • Soft annealed Uddeholm THG 2000 HT

• Ø 16.2–110 mm • Delivery condition: rough machined • Delivery hardness: 39–43 HRC • Prehardened Uddeholm Nimax

• Ø 35–670 mm • Delivery condition: rough machined • Delivery hardness: 360–400 HB • Prehardened Uddeholm Impax Supreme

• Ø 12.7–800 mm • Delivery condition: rough machined • Delivery hardness: 300–330 HB • Prehardened

41

PRE-MACHINED TOOL STEEL In tool manufacture, material cost represents only a small fraction (approx. 10%) of the total cost of the tool. Machining represents a considerably larger portion. It has been calculated that rough machining prior to heat treatment accounts for about 20% of the total cost. Some of the rough machining is less qualified and should not have to be done by skilled toolmakers. Uddeholm has therefore invested in considerable resources for further processing of the tool steel. In order to give the customer a steel which is less expensive overall, we grind the tool steel in long runs to a standardised tool size and to a surface finish on which the toolmaker can layout directly. The pre-machined bar is delivered wrapped in protective paper in easy-tohandle 1-metre lengths.

From “black” to pre-machined—the advantages are many Advantages for the toolmaker: • Time saving • Less consumption of material • Surface defects, flaws and cracks and decarburization eliminated • Own personnel can be used for more qualified jobs • Simpler handling • Cleaner handling (the chips stay at Uddeholm) • Lower set-up costs • Less tool wear • Lower stock-keeping costs All in all, this means better overall economy for the customer, i.e. greater and faster production at a lower cost.

42

Tolerances Width +0.4/+0.8 mm Maximum deviation in width on a 1000 mm long bar 0.1 mm. Thickness +0.4/+0.65 mm Maximum deviation in thickness on a 1000 mm long bar 0.1 mm.. Flatness and straightness Maximum deviation (t) devided by the length (l) according to the figure below, may not exceed the below stated values. As example for size 200 x 25 mm, measuring over 1000 mm, the maximum deviation may be t/1000 = 0.0005, t = 0.5 mm.

Thickness T, mm 4–8 (8)–20 (20)–200

Width mm ≥160