EnSURE Energy Savings in Urban Quarters through Rehabilitation and New Ways of Energy Supply
Pocket
Basic Knowledge HandBook 2.3.1 Output
April 2011
Partner’s project responsible of the output: Agenda 21 consulting l.t.d (PP12)
Cooperation: all EnSURE partners
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Content Preface...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 The alpha – tables .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 ACER ................................................................................................................................................................... Errore. Il segnalibro non è definito. BAUKULTUR ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10 CERTIFICATION ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 GEEREF.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 HYDROGEN ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................................................................... 17 JASPER-JEREMY-JESSICA-JASMINE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 KYOTO PROTOCOL .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 LIGHTING ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 METERING .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 NEGAJOULE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 OPPORTUNITY in financing..................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 PARTICIPATION ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 QUESTIONNAIRE ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 RES - Renewable Energy Sources ........................................................................................................................................................................... 26 SEAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 TRANSPORT & MOBILITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 URBAN QUALITY & LANDSCAPE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 29 VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 2000 WATT SOCIETY ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 XCLIMA Europe ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 YEARBOOK .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 ZERO EMISSIONS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
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Preface EnSURE project aims to enhance the energy performance of urban structures by applying integrated approaches for an energy efficient urban development in the Central Europe area. About urban energy issue many topics (analysis, researches and applications) will be taken in to account during project progress. The Basic Knowledge Handbook is one core element of the project’s knowledge management from its start. The project partnership has decided to edit the output in two version: the pocket and the complete Handbook. The complete version will be available on the EnSURE web-site only in English language and it collects more documents and information. The “POCKET version”, that here we introduce, want to be a more fruitful and easy information tool, not only for project’s partners but for each one interested on Energy scenario. In smart tables the document suggests for each alphabetical letters 26 energy topic. Mainly those are relevant for EnSURE project topic, but something tackles some concept in a wider Energy framework. The topics are divided in 4 sessions: one more general called “Energy basket of choices”, the second one about Governance, the third on Urban quality and also the Financial one. Thank to EnSURE partnership contribution it would be a good start point for the project and the translation in each partners languages increases the aims of the output: to be a useful tool to go deep in the EnSURE and Energy issue.
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The alpha – tables The document is structured in 26 smart alpha-tables, each alphabetical letter tackles some main topics both linked to the project and some more interesting issues in the current wider Energy scenario. The Apha-letters are divided in 4 section, such as tackling in the project, and they are represented with 4 different colored bands to help the reader to have quickly information about the topic (see n.1 in the figure below). Example of one alpha-letter table I. section : Energy basket of choices - BLUE II. section : Governance - RED III. section: Urban quality - GREEN 2 IV. section: Financial mechanisms - ORANGE In each table the sub-title of the topic is translated in every EnSURE partners’ languages (n.2 in the figure). The central section is dedicated to the description of the topic, with most interesting and basically information about the topic (n.3 in the figure). In the second part of the table there are some different information: the references to updated publications (book, EU Directive-EU communication, different documents) and interesting websites to visiting (n.5 in the figure). Other information are in the close part: some deepening of the topics, or pictures, charts of most interesting data or the reference to some previous projects on concerning topic. In some described projects are involved some EnSURE partners. These information was taken from a previous output 3.1.3 titled “Analysis of previous experiences” (n.4 in the figure).
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All information in the tables are not comprehensive for the concerning topics; this output mentions only some key information and some key definitions coming from the main listed biographic references in the box. That would give a good opportunity to starting a research on the interested topic and to be a useful tool to continue the work of the EnSURE project.
4 section in summary NU. SECTION
KEY WORDS
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
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Section 2 - Governance
6
Section 3 - Urban quality
7
Section 4 - Financial mechanisms
4
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The Alpha-tables Alpha LETTER
KEY WORD
SECTION
Pag.
A
ACER
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
9
B
BAUKULTUR
Section 3 - Urban quality
10
C
CERTIFICATION
Section 3 - Urban quality
11
D
DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
12
E
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
13
F
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT
Section 4 - Financial mechanisms
14
G
GEEREF
Section 4 - Financial mechanisms
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H
HYDROGEN
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
16
I
INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Section 2 - Governance
17
J
JASPER-JEREMY-JESSICA-JASMINE
Section 4 - Financial mechanisms
18
K
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
19
L
LIGHTING
Section 3 - Urban quality
20
M
METERING
Section 2 - Governance
21
N
NEGA JOULE
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
22
O
OPPORTUNITY IN FINANCING
Section 4 - Financial mechanisms
23
P
PARTICIPATION
Section 2 - Governance
24
Q
QUESTIONNAIRE
Section 2 - Governance
25
R
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
26
S
SEAP
Section 2 - Governance
27
T
TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY
Section 3 - Urban quality
28
U
URBAN QUALITY & LANDSCAPE
Section 3 - Urban quality
29
V
VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS
Section 2 - Governance
30
W
2000 WATT SOCIETY
Section 3 - Urban quality
31
X
X CLIMA
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
32
Y
YEARBOOK
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
33
Z
ZERO EMISSION
Section 1 - Energy basket of choices
34
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The alpha – tables
A
ACER Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators Agentur für die Zusammenarbeit der Energieregulierungsbehörden (De); Agenzia per la cooperazione dei regolatori dell'energia (it); Energiaszabályozó Hatóságok Együttműködési Ügynöksége (hu); Agencja ds. Współpracy Organów Regulacji Energetyki (pl); Agencija za sodelovanje energetskih regulatorjev (slo)
ACER's mission is to assist National Regulatory Authorities in exercising, at Community level, the regulatory tasks that they perform in the Member States and, where necessary, to coordinate their action. The opening of the agency coincides with the coming into force of the third energy package on internal market. The Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators was established by Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of 13 July 2009 and it is established in 2010. ACER will play a key role in the liberalisation of the Community electricity and natural gas markets, removing technical obstacles to cross-border energy trade. This will help increasing competition, ensuring fair prices for both consumers and companies. ACER will complement and coordinate the work of National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs). Its competences will include : participation in the creation of European network rules; taking binding individual decisions on terms and conditions for access and operational security for cross border infrastructure if NRAs cannot agree; giving advice on various energy related issues to the European institutions; monitoring and reporting to the European Parliament and the Council. ACER will have an Administrative Board, a Regulatory Board and a Board of Appeal. A Director, who is appointed by the Administrative Board after a favourable opinion from the Regulatory Board, will represent the Agency. It is expected that the Agency will have a staff of around 50 people. Its budget will be in the order of EUR 5 million per year. ACER will initially be located in Brussels, Belgium. As of 3 March 2011, ACER will be fully operational in its permanent office in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/acer/acer_en.htm http://www.acer.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/ACER_HOME http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/internal_energy_market/l 27019_en.htm http://eurlex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:211:SOM:EN:HTML
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E N E R G Y
B A S K E T O F C H O I C E S
B
BAUKULTUR “High quality built environment” Baukultur (de); Paesaggio costruito di alta qualità (it); Magas minõségû épített környezet (hu); Wysoka kultura budownictwa (pl); Okolje oblikovano z visoko kvaliteto (slo)
A quality and sustainable built environment enriches quality of life of citizens. It is part of the society`s cultural heritage and of great importance for the economic and social future of a country. Securing a high quality built environment requires a holistic approach, underpinned by an appreciation of the interplay between disciplines. A multitude of factors and the interests of the involved parties need to be considered in a balanced way. Accordingly, the International Union of Architects UIA states that “only integrated design and planning strategies will allow us to attain sustainable development with a high quality of living.” Any necessary climate protection measures at district level such as the energy efficient refurbishment of residential buildings should therefore be embedded in integrated development concepts, and should take due account of the potential of existing structures as well as future developments. A sustainable development that encompasses climate-friendly and high quality urban design, civil engineering and architecture, will contribute positively to the character of the district and allow for an overall enhancement of the urban area as well as improved living standards for residents (e.g. ground floor adaptation to residents` needs, upgraded public spaces). In contrast, measures that reduce the energy consumption but have a negative impact on the appearance of the building and thus the urban area or destroy the cultural value of the building need to be avoided. According to the ‚Common Sense for the World Manifesto‘, which was issued by German architects, engineers and town planners as a touchstone for the fundamental ethical attitude of the relevant professions, “quality will be determined in equal degree by functional, aesthetic, (social) and ecological aspects”, whereby all “systems involved interact to mutual benefit”. Particular emphasis is, for instance, placed on: placing the planning and layout of cities and buildings on a new ecological footing, i.e. making them producers rather than consumers of energy, reducing the amount of energy, material and land use relying on natural cycles rather than energy-intensive technology linking regional building traditions with pioneering ideas in the development of new forms of architecture and civil engineering treating an ecological building as an integrated whole, comprising building construction, materials, usage and design The concept of a quality and sustainable built environment requires an optimal integration of process, technology and people, as well as political commitment. Definition … The term „Baukultur“ describes how society deals with the built environment, and how that environment is planned and used, preserved and further developed. It embraces architecture, civil engineering, urban development, landscape planning, public spaces, protection of historic buildings, and the art and architecture concept. The starting point is raising awareness and preserving assets: the will to achieve a sustainable overall quality, the willingness to apply procedures that enhance quality, the involvement of those concerned. (German Federal Ministry for Transport, Building and Urban Development)
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES WEBSITE www.bundesstiftung-baukultur.de/www.foerdervereinbaukultur.de www.bmvbs.de/EN/BuildingAndHousing/BuildingCulture/buil ding-culture_node.html www.klima-manifest.de www.uia-architectes.org/texte/england/News/2-COP15.html
U R B A N Q U A L I T Y
C
CERTIFICATION Energy Performance Certificate Energieausweis (de); Attestato di certificazione energetica (it); Energiateljesítmény-tanúsítvány (hu); Świadectwo charakterystyki energetycznej (pl); Energetska izkaznica (slo)
An energy certificate is a transferable certificate, record or guarantee in relation to the amount of a specific type of energy or material goods consumed by an energy conversion device in the production of a quantity of energy or material goods and/or the attributes of the method and quality of its production. LABELLING. The energy demand in households accounts for 25% of the final energy needs in the EU. Higher standards of living and comfort, multiple purchases of electric appliances and the growing need for air-conditioning are main reasons for this trend to prevail. Energy consumption by consumer electronics and new media as Internet is also steadily growing. European Commission sets up new energy labels(Delegated Regulations of 28/09/2010): Energy labelling of household dishwashers, washing machines, televisions, refrigerating appliances. In 2001 the European Union signed an Agreement with US EPA to introduce the ENERGY STAR in Europe as well (only for office equipment). This allows potential partners in the European Union to sign up through the European Commission, who is responsible for the EU ENERGY STAR Programme. BUILDING PERFORMANCE. The EU EPBD introduced in 2002 and forecast in last 2010 is the main legislative instrument for improving the energy performance of building stock. By 2010 all new buildings constructed in Europe must have be nearly –zero energy buildings. The road is long and hard. Energy performance certificates are official instruments and sources of information for sale and rental activities. Stepped labels are used as a graphic presentation in the majority of MS. Even if many are graphical differences, the colour are always the same: from red (poor energy performance) to green (environmental friendly quality) link to “green building. The last survey implementing the EPBD (2010) shows many difficulties to find some methods, tools, calculations for certification in all Member States, but from the start year by year the Directive becames a vital instrument of EU energy efficiency policy. Year during which a certification for flats or block of flats was/is planned to be introduced in MS (December 2007)
Source:Implementing the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)' (EU 2011)
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: Implementing the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)' (featuring country reports 2010 –European Union 2011) Directive 2010/30/EU : labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products Directive 2010/31/EU :Energy Performance of Buildings Directive EU’s Green Building Programme WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/index_en.htm http://www.eu-energystar.org/en/index.html http://www.buildup.eu/ REFIT project http://www.lda.gov.uk/projects/refit/ http://www.enerbuild.eu/publications
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U R B A N Q U A L I T Y
D
DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM Cogeneration:opportunity to save energy Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung: Eine Energieeinsparungsmöglichkeit (De); cogeneration-un’ opportunità per risparmiare energia (it); Kapcsolt energiatermelés: Lehetőség az energiatakarékosságra (hu); Miejski System Grzewczy: Kogeneracja jako możliwość oszczędzania energii (pl); soproizvodnje-možnosti za varčevanjez energijo (slo)
Since 1954, district heating has been promoted in Europe by Euroheat & Power. They have compiled an analysis of district heating and cooling markets in Europe within their Ecoheat cool project supported by the European Commission. The fundamental idea behind modern district heating is to recycle this surplus heat which otherwise would be wasted- from electricity production, from fuel and biofuel-refining, and from different industrial processes. Furthermore, district heating can make use of the many kinds of renewables (biomass, geothermal, solar thermal). District heating and cooling plays a significant role in the supply of low-carbon heating and cooling in Europe. While having an average market share of 10 percent in Europe, it is particularly widespread in North, Central and Eastern Europe, where market shares often reach 50 percent and more. The legal framework in the member states of the European Union is currently influenced by the EU-CHP Directive. In the EU-25, cogeneration supplies around 13 % of electricity production and 15 % of the heating market. The Commission estimates that CHP could produce 18 % of electricity demand by 2020. Promoting more cogeneration is important for the Union, as it will help achieve a number of EU policy goals: Using energy efficiently is an important element in improving the security of energy supply in Europe. Currently, 50 % of our energy resources are imported and this is likely to rise to 70 % unless energy is used more rationally. More efficient energy production requires less fossil fuel and thus reduces greenhouse-gas emissions. So increased use of cogeneration will help the EU meet its Kyoto Protocol commitments on climate change; and it supports sustainable development goals.
More info...
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
As an energy market approach, which in most cases is rather different to the conventional model of heat and electricity provision, cogeneration faces several technical and administrative barriers. To minimise these barriers the Directive calls on Member States to evaluate their authorisation procedures and, where appropriate, to make changes that encourage the use of cogeneration. In addition,Member States must help high-efficiency cogeneration units gain access to the national grid to sell their surplus electricity, as well as ensuring they pay a fair price for any top-up electricity they purchase from the grid
PUBLICATIONS: DIRECTIVE 2004/8/EC OF on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market District Heating and Cooling country by country Survey 2009 A Mediterranean eco-neighbourhood -Cadses project http://www.medecoquartiers.org/ WEBSITE http://www.erec.org/projects/finalised-projects/ecoheatcool.html http://www.managenergy.net/resources/49 http://www.euroheat.org
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E N E R G Y
B A S K E T O F C H O I C E S
E
ENERGY EFFICIENCY Saving more and using less Sparen mehr und verbrauchen weniger (de); Risparmiare di più ed usare di meno(it); Több megtakarítás és kevesebb használat (hu); Mniej zużywać, więcej oszczędzać (pl); Večje varčevanje in večja uporaba (slo)
Energy efficiency offers a powerful tool for reaching a sustainable future. It is the heart of the EU’s Europe 2020 initiative, a strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy. Energy efficiency is one of the most cost effective ways to enhance security of energy supply, and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. In many ways, energy efficiency can be seen as Europe's biggest energy resource. EU support for improving energy efficiency will prove decisive for competitiveness, security of supply and for meeting the commitments on climate change made under the Kyoto Protocol. There is significant potential for reducing consumption, especially in energy-intensive sectors such as construction, manufacturing, energy conversion and transport. Recent Commission estimates suggest that the EU is on course to achieve only half of the 20% objective defined with 2020 Strategy. The EU needs to act now to get on track to achieve its target. Responding to the call of the European Council of 4 February 2011 the Commission has therefore developed this comprehensive new Energy Efficiency Plan. The measures proposed in the new Plan aim at closing the gap in reaching the EU's 20% energy saving target as well as at helping to realise our 2050 vision of a resource efficient and low carbon economy, as well as aiming at increased energy independence and security of supply. Fully implementing the plan should deliver important energy savings: it is estimated that the actions of the public sector and the new minimum efficiency requirements for appliances should yield savings of up to 100 Mtoe and that comparable savings can also be expected from measures in the transport sector and from energy savings for consumers from their energy suppliers. The binding measures put forward in this plan will be implemented through appropriate legislative instruments, including a legislative proposal encompassing revision of the existing Energy Services and Combined Heat and Power Directives (Directives 2006/32/EC and 2004/8/EC62). The next steps during 2011 will be the adoption of that proposal; the adoption of new ecodesign and energy labelling measures; the launching of the Smart Cities and Smart Communities initiative; and proposals on financing tools which will be brought forward during the budgetary discussions of 2011. SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC BEEN: the overall goal is to develop strategies and instruments that promote and enable the energy efficient refurbishment of the prefabricated multistorey building stock in the Baltic Sea Region. Interreg III B Longlife: Sustainable, energy efficient and resource saving residential buildings in consideration of unified procedures and new and adapted technologies Enercy’Regio-sub project ESME environmental protection and energy efficiency in SMEs (EnSURE partner involved: Sipro) ILETE - Initiative for Low Energy Training in Europe – IEE project ROSH – Retrofitting of Social Housing –IIE project
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: Implementing energy efficiency policy 2009 – EOCD/EIA publication Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 (Eu Communication on 8 March 2011) WEBSITE: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/index_en.htm http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/Energy-policy/energy-andclimate.html http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/Service/publications,did=3018 88.html http://www.eneff-stadt.info/en/
E N E R G Y
B A S K E T O F C H O I C E S
F
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT Finanzinstrument (De); Strumenti finanziari (it); Pénzügyi eszközök (hu); Instrument finansowy (pl); Finančni instrument (slo)
EIB lending for renewable energy has grown dramatically over the last few years to reach EUR 4.6bn in 2009. The share of renewable lending in the overall EIB energy portfolio tripled from below 10% in 2006 to nearly 30% in 2009. The majority of this lending is directed to wind and solar power generation. The Bank has become a key source of finance to the market in these sectors. The EIB has also considerably boosted its lending for energy efficiency, which doubled in 2009 to EUR 1.5bn and is expected to continue increasing in the future. EIB financing for energy-efficiency projects covers both the supply side and the demand side (mainly public and private buildings). One of the most important way of influencing sustainable decision making on environment and energy is taxation: taxes act by increasing the price of a product or a service. The reallocation of taxation from the labour to the environment (tax less work and more resources, materials and fuels) acts on some key points: 1. to drive companies to be more efficient and innovative by improving their production processes to a lower use of resources and less pollution; 2. to increase the creation of new job opportunities. Some European countries have already adopted measures of environmental taxation (e.g Germany). In particular, there are 4 aims to apply the eco/green-taxes: 1-Load the environmental costs in external prices; 2-The incentive effect; 3Minimizes costs for pollution control; 4-Encourage innovation. The European Commission edited in 2006 a communication titled Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential. In particular the part titled “Financing energy efficiency, economic incentives and energy pricing” deals that for facilitating financing of energy efficiency on the one hand and for improving the way price signals impact on energy efficiency on the other, the Commission will identify and seek to remove remaining legal barriers in national legislation to the use of (i) companies supplying efficiency solutions (the so-called "Energy Service Companies" or "ESCO’s"), (ii) shared and guaranteed savings, (iii) third-party financing and (iv) performance contracting. The use of local revolving funds and clearing houses will be expanded. Moreover, public-private partnerships (PPP) will be facilitated with the private banking sector, EIB Group, EBRD and other IFI funding to attract more funding covering debt financing, guarantee instruments and venture capital applications for new energy-efficient technologies in the EU. The access to Community financing, such as Green Investment Funds, co-financed by CIP will be made available for promoting eco-innovations. The Commission will further encourage the use of Structural and Cohesion funds to facilitate leveraging of private financing at national and local levels for energy efficiency.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Urb.Energy: Energy Efficient and Integrated Urban Development Action BSR Interreg III B: It combines the approach of energy efficient refurbishment of residential buildings with identification of innovative financing instruments (EnSURE partner involved: Baukultur) Longlife: to tackle financing of sustainable residential buildings through various EU funds.
PUBLICATIONS: Financing Renewable Energy in the European Energy Market (By: Ecofy; Fraunhofer ISI; TU Vienna EEG; Ernst &Young) - 2 January 2011 COM(2006)545 final Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential WEBSITE: http://www.eib.org/products/technical_assistance/elena/index.htm http://managenergy.net/news/articles/74 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html
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F I N A N C I A L M E C H A N I S M S
GEEREF
G
Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund Globaler Dachfonds für Energieeffizienz und erneuerbare Energien (De); Fondo per l’efficienza energetica globale e l’energia rinnovabile(it); Globális Energiahatékonysági és Megújuló Energia Alap (hu); Fundusz Globalnej Wystarczalności Energetycznej i Odnawialnej Energii (pl); Globális energiahatékonysági és megújuló energia talált (slo)
GEEREF is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) drawn from the Patient Capital Initiative (PCI) which was launched in 2004 in the context of the Johannesburg Renewable Energy Coalition (JREC). It is an innovative Fund-of-Funds, providing global risk capital through private investment for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in developing countries and economies in transition. It aims to accelerate the transfer, development, use and enforcement of environmentally sound technologies for the world's poorer regions, helping to bring secure, clean and affordable energy to local people. GEEREF is both a sustainable development tool and a strong support for global efforts to combat climate change. It is sponsored by the European Union, Germany and Norway and is advised by the European Investment Bank Group (European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund). The fund, which aims at 8-12 investments ranging from USD 3-10m, mainly through equity, targets renewable energy and energy infrastructure projects. This support will encourage sustainable development, respond to energy needs of the local population and provide much needed funding for small green projects set up by entrepreneurs in the region. GEEREF’s beneficiaries are small and medium size (i.e. € 5-10 million) renewable energy and energy efficiency projects and enterprises in developing countries and economies in transition. These projects and enterprises often suffer from lack of capital financing – despite of potentially attractive returns of the sector. Specific needs of the rural population in Least Developed Countries (LDC) for electrification and sustainable energy services are often not met due to lack of investment. GEEREF will give priority to those funds that invest in renewable energy (including hydro, solar, wind and biomass), solar heaters/cookers/pasteurisers, wind pumps and improved cook stoves. GEEREF may work with alongside with microfinance institutions to achieve its objectives.
More info..
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
GEEREF is registered as an instrument qualifying as Official Development Aid (ODA) by WEBSITE: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD Development http://geeref.com/pages/home Assistance Committee (DAC, www.oecd.org/dac), the principal body through which the OECD deals with issues related to co-operation with developing countries. GEEREF has signed in December 2010 a commitment of EUR 10m in DI Frontier Market Energy and Carbon Fund, a private equity fund focusing on investments in infrastructure projects in Eastern Africa.
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F I N A N C I A L M E C H A N I S M S
H
HYDROGEN Excellent energy sources for future generation Hevorragende Energiequellen für künftige Generationen (De); Idrogeno: eccellente fonte di energia per le generazioni future (it); Hidrogén: A jövő generáció kiváló energiaforrása (hu); Wodór: Doskonałe źródło energii dla przyszłych pokoleń (pl); odličen vir energije za prihodnje generacije (slo)
Hydrogen is one of the most interesting and rich source of a new renewable energy. Hydrogen can be produced in many different ways, using a wide range of technologies. Currently, hydrogen is a widely used industrial gas. However, its use in energy applications is still at its early stages. Today, hydrogen production is mostly at a large scale. Aside from large-scale industrial equipment, there is a need to develop small-scale production technologies. Hydrogen can be produced from diverse domestic feedstocks using a variety of process technologies. Hydrogen-containing compounds such as fossil fuels, biomass or even water can be a source of hydrogen. Also the thermochemical processes can be used to produce hydrogen. Fuel cells, as an efficient conversion technology, and hydrogen, as a clean energy carrier, have great potential to contribute to addressing energy challenges facing Europe. They will have a significant role to play in a number of energy end-use sectors, from electric vehicles to power plants. The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) is a unique public private partnership supporting research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) activities in fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies in Europe. Its aim is to accelerate the market introduction of these technologies, realising their potential as an instrument in achieving a carbon-lean energy system. Fuel cells, as an efficient conversion technology, and hydrogen, as a clean energy carrier, have a great potential to help fight carbon dioxide emissions, to reduce dependence on hydrocarbons and to contribute to economic growth. Since 1986 the EU has funded some 200 projects on hydrogen and fuel cell energy technologies with a total contribution of over EUR 550 Mio. These projects advanced knowledge in: 1-Hydrogen production, including from renewable sources;2-Hydrogen distribution;3-Hydrogen storage;4-More durable and cost-effective fuel cells;5-Integration of fuel cell technology in stationary power applications;6-Hydrogen-fuelled vehicles;7-Best policies to promote a transition to a cleaner energy system benefiting from hydrogen technologies. More info...
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
H2 = 4He+n+Energy = The Fusion process: another clean energy source by power Sun and the stars process. Fusion is the opposite of nuclear fission (today process in nuclear power stations). Fusion offers a safe and environmentally responsible energy source. If successful, fusion energy can help to fulfill the worlds’ energy need in a more sustainable way. European Nuclear project research : ERATOM.
PUBLICATIONS: European Funded Research on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (EC, 2008) HyWays - The European hydrogen roadmap (EC, 2008) EURATOM Supply Agency :ANNUAL REPORT 2009 -European Union, 2010 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2009/71/EURATOM COM(2007) 723 and COM(2009) 519A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) WEBSITE: http://www.fch-ju.eu/ http://www.efda.org/ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/nuclear/euratom/euratom_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/research/fch/support/index_en.htm
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E N E R G Y
B A S K E T O F C H O I C E S
I
INTEGRATED URBAN DEVELOPMENT The successful “holistic” approach Integrierte Stadtentwicklung (de); Un approccio integrato di successo (it); Sikeres holisztikus megközelítés (hu); Skuteczne holistyczne podejście (pl); Uspešen holistični pristop (slo)
Integrated urban development means that all dimensions of sustainable urban development should be taken into account at the same time and with the same weight. These include economic prosperity, social balance and a healthy environment. This is the basic idea of the Leipzig Charta, a major political commitment to promote sustainable European cities, adopted by EU Member States in 2007. The concept of an “integrated approach” to urban issues developed at the beginning of the 1990s with urban renewal projects for disadvantaged areas. As certain urban areas-particularly large social housing projects-deteriorated, it became necessary to develop territorial initiatives that combined not only physical investments in buildings and infrastructure, but also measures to promote economic development and social inclusion. The idea was to break away from a compartmentalized approach to territories, issues and policies, in order to promote a “holistic” approach that takes into consideration the physical, economic and social dimensions of urban development. To apply at best the approach it is necessary to add vertical integration among the various levels of government and bodies involved in territorial governance (local, regional, national, private sector, civil society, etc.) to horizontal integration, among the various sectors of public action. It offers greater transparency in policy development and encourage a greater public involvement and acceptance. It is entirely consistent with the Lisbon Strategy for innovation, competitiveness, growth and employment and experience demonstrates that establishing this approach it can help to promote the objectives of sustainability, improving environmental performance of an urban area and contributing to a better quality of life. More recently, the idea of sustainability has become an unavoidable requirement due to the impact of urban development on the environment and quality of life. Only an integrated and sustainable approach to urban development can enable cities to respond to the challenges represented by globalisation, demographic changes and climate change, all issues that are today aggravated by the current economic crisis. The idea of the ‘three pillars’ of sustainable development—economic, social and environmental—are recognized as an outcome of URBAN European program for the 2007-2013 period. URBACT is a European exchange and learning programme promoting sustainable urban development.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Managing Urban Europe 25 – sustainable future for cities (EnSURE partner involved: Ludwigsburg Municipality) EPI-SOHO - Energy Performance Integration in Social Housing,- IEE European HIST.URBAN project (EnSURE partner involved: Faenza and Sopot) Urb.Energy: Energy Efficient and Integrated Urban Development Action (EnSURE partner involved: Baukultur) LHASA (EnSURE partner involved: Praga) HerO - Heritage as Opportunity - Urban program project LINKS - Old European cities as a key for sustainability - Urban program project
PUBLICATIONS: LEIPZIG CHARTER on Sustainable European Cities Implementing Energy efficiency policies 2009 ”Are IEA member countries on track?” (OECD/IEA 2009) Cities, town & renewable energy” (OECD/IEA 2009) WEBSITE http://urbact.eu http://www.nationale-stadtentwicklungspolitik.de http://ec.europa.eu/environment/urban/home_en.htm
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JASPER-JEREMY-JESSICA-JASMINE European financing tools Europäische Finanzierungsinstrumente (de); strumenti finanziari europei (it); Európai finanszírozási eszközök (hu); Europejskie instrumenty finansowania (pl); Evropskih finančnih instrumentov (slo)
JASPERS – Joint Assistance to Support Projects in European Regions is a technical support facility for the twelve new Member States that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007, set up to help them better prepare projects proposed for EU Structural Fund grant support. Given the recent decision to devote 4% of Sector Operational Programmes funds to investment in energy efficiency, JASPERS’s role in this field is bound to grow. JASPERS focuses its action on large projects supported by the EU funds (costing more than €50 million). In the smaller countries where there will not be many projects of this size, JASPERS will concentrate on the largest projects. JEREMIE - Joint European Resources for Micro to medium Enterprises, is an initiative of the Commission together with the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Investment Fund (EIF) in order to promote increased access to finance for the development of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in the regions of the EU. JEREMIE was launched by the Commission and the EIB/EIF at a ministerial meeting in Brussels on 11 October 2005 and received large support. JESSICA – Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas is a new way of using existing Structural Fund grant allocations to support urban development projects. In order to use JESSICA, Member States must include an urban agenda in their operational programmes and, ideally, also include a statement on the potential use of JESSICA in fulfilling this agenda. Member States decide on the proportion of their Structural Funds to be allocated to JESSICA. JASMINE - Joint Action to Support Micro-finance Institutions iN Europe seeks to improve the situation in the micro-credit sector and to develop a financial environment where banks and non-bank lenders would work in partnership on micro-credit issues and complement each other in economically sustainable conditions. Jasmine aims to improves the access to finance for small businesses and for socially excluded people, also ethnic minorities, who want to become self-employed.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
JESSICA 4 Cities -Urban Development Funds (UDFs) foreseen in the JESSICA PUBLICATIONS: initiative for integrated plans for sustainable urban development Closed Project The EIB Group Corporate Operational Plan 2011-2013 THE EIB TRANSPARENCY POLICY - European Investment Bank (http://urbact.eu/en/projects/disadvantaged-neighbourhoods/jessica-4cities/homepage/) WEBSITE: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funds/2007/jjj/index_en.htm http://www.eif.org/
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KYOTO PROTOCOL 2012: the expiration coming soon 2012: auslaufend (de); la scadenza è vicina (it); a határidő közeleg (hu); termin upływa wkrótce (pl); preteku kmalu (slo)
The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of July 2010, 191 states have signed and ratified the protocol. The objective of the Kyoto climate change conference was to establish a legally binding international agreement, whereby all the participating nations commit themselves to tackling the issue of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012. According to the treaty in 2012 40 most industrialized countries (part of Annex I) must have fulfilled their obligations of reduction of greenhouse gases emissions established for the first commitment period (2008– 2012). The Protocol expires at the end of 2012. The five principal concepts of the Kyoto Protocol are: 1. Commitments to the Annex-countries. The heart of the Protocol lies in establishing commitments for the reduction of greenhouse gases that are legally binding for Annex I countries. 2. Implementation. Annex I countries are required to prepare policies and measures for the reduction of greenhouse gases in their respective countries. In addition, they are required to increase the absorption of these gases and utilize all mechanisms available. 3. Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing an adaptation fund for climate change. 4. Accounting, Reporting and Review in order to ensure the integrity of the Protocol. 5. Compliance. Establishing a Compliance Committee to enforce compliance with the commitments under the Protocol. International negotiations are under way to draw up a United Nations agreement to govern global action on climate change after 2012. The European Union has taken a leading role in these negotiations and wants them to result as soon as possible in a comprehensive, ambitious, fair and science-based global agreement.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: 2002/358/EC: Council Decision concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfillment of commitments thereunder WEBSITE: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/tackling_climate_change/l28060_en.html http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php http://maindb.unfccc.int/public/country.pl?group=kyoto
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LIGHTING One best way to save energy Beleuchtung: Ein bestmöglicher Weg zur Energieeinsparung (de); Illuminazione: un buon modo modo per risparmiare energia (it); Világítás: az energiatakarékosság egyik legjobb módjameg (hu); Oświetlenie: Jeden z najlepszych sposobów oszczędzania energii (pl); Osvetlitev:eden najboljših načinov za varčevanje z energijo (slo)
Lighting electricity used in European non-residential sector represents more than 160 TWh/year. This has a substantial impact on the environment, accounting for up 40% of electricity used in non-residential buildings. Major energy savings can be achieved. Examples from the field have shown that between 30% and 50% of electricity used for lighting could be saved investing in energy-efficient lighting system. In most cases, such investments are not only economically profitable but they also maintain or improve lighting quality. To pull the demand for efficient technologies, the European Commission (EC) launched in February 2000 the European GreenLight Programme. It is an on-going voluntary programme whereby private and public organisations commit to adopting energy-efficient lighting measures when the cost of these measures is repaired by the associated saving and lighting quality is maintained or improved. Moreover the Council and the European Parliament therefore adopted a Commission proposal for a Directive on establishing a framework for setting Eco-design requirements (such as energy efficiency requirements) for all energy using products in the residential, tertiary and industrial sectors. The Directive 2009/125/EC does not introduce directly binding requirements for specific products, but does define conditions and criteria for setting requirements regarding environmentally relevant product characteristics (such as energy consumption) and allows them to be improved quickly and efficiently. The Directive applies to all energy using products (except vehicles for transport) and covers all energy sources. The EU has banned old-style incandescent bulbs of 100W and higher and started switching to greener lighting.It is gradually removing all wasteful bulbs from the European market.
More info..
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Some interesting data thank to new bulbs: an average household's total electricity bill will be reduced by up to 15%. This is equal to a net saving of between 25 and 50 € per year, depending on the size of the household and on the number and type of lighting used. Setting new energy efficiency requirements for light bulbs will save every year over 40 billion kilowatt hours by 2020 – the equivalent of 11 million European household’s electricity consumption for the same period. Crucially, it will lead to a reduction of up to 15 million tons of CO2 emissions annually.
PUBLICATIONS: Directive 2009/125/EC: establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energyrelated product EUROPEAN LED QUALITY CHARTER - European Commission Joint Research Centre - 2011/02/10 Com Directive 98/11/EC: on energy labelling of household lamps New measures will update the Energy Labelling of Lamps Directive (98/11/EC) to extend its scope to all lamps (including reflector lamps) and potentially by labelling legislation for luminaires. WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/lumen/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en.htm http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/index.htm http://www.elcfed.org/ http://www.eu-greenlight.org/index.htm
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METERING Verbrauchserfassung (de) conteggio (it); Fogyasztásmérés (hu); Pomiary (pl); merjenje (slo)
The purpose of the Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC is to make the end use of energy more economic and efficient by establishing indicative targets, incentives and the institutional, financial and legal frameworks needed to eliminate market barriers and imperfections and creating the conditions for the development and promotion of a market for energy services and for the delivery of energy-saving programmes and other measures aimed at improving end-use energy efficiency. In particular such measures shall include the promotion of energy auditing, financial instruments for energy savings and, where appropriate, improved metering and informative billing (see Article 13 “Metering and informative billing of energy consumption”). Moreover metering and monitoring system are one of the minimum requirements for the building envelope requested by the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). An analysis of the OECD survey on “Household Behaviour and Environmental Policy”, results provide insights into some key issue. First of all improved understanding of the main drivers of consumers’ behaviour toward residential energy use is necessary for the design of public policies promotion energy efficiency and renewable energy use. This analysis takes into account the role of the metering. The result confirm the impact of economic incentives on households behaviour. Econometric analysis of the determinant of energy saving behaviour point to the significant and positive effect of energy metering. Moreover the result of econometric analysis shows that people are mostly encouraged to do energy saving investments (in thermal insulation, energy –efficient rated appliances, low energy lights and efficient hot water boiler) when there is a metering act. Energy saving behaviour: Influence of being metered
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: DIRECTIVE 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) Guidance on the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme “Meters and metering”-(February 2011) Environment Agency Household Behaviour and Environmental Policy-the role of public policy OECD 2011 Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 8.3.2011 COM(2011) Cities, town & renewable energy” (OECD/IEA 2009) WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/index_en.htm http://thegreendifference.info/12798/smart-metering-explained http://www.dexmatech.com/en/ http://www.intelmeter.com/ “Energy Savings from Intelligent Metering and Behavioural Change” -IIE project
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NEGAJOULE The hidden resource Die verborgene Energieressource (de); la risorsa nascosta(it); A rejtett erőforrások (hu); ukryte zasoby (pl); skritih virov (slo)
Negajoules represent energy not consumed because of enhanced energy efficiency. In 1980, the World primary energy intensity was 0.340 toe/1000US$. It decreased to 0.237 in 2004. If the energy intensity had remained constant over the 1970-2004 period, the energy consumption would have been much higher : the difference are the "Negajoules" saved year after year, due to the decrease in energy intensity. The remarkable feature is that, in 2004, the contribution of "Negajoules "is more important than the primary consumption of oil : 4875 Mtoe versus 3921 Mtoe : "Negajoules" accumulated since 1980 ranks first in the world energy balance. The same is true for final energy consumption : World final energy intensity decreased from 0.232 in 1980 to 0.166 in 2004. The "Negajoules" contribution in total final energy consumption in 2004 is 3088 Mtoe, just after oil products (3385 Mtoe). This comparison confirms that the main contribution of "Negajoules" is on the demand side : structural changes and improved energy efficiency. The European Commission Green Paper on Energy Efficiency (2005) presents a very interesting figure on the importance of energy efficiency in the development of the EU primary energy demand from 1971 to 2003 with the share of "negajoules" (Source : ENERDATA). Negajoules, despite a decreased focus from the EU, Governments and stakeholders on energy efficiency in the last years, is the biggest energy source of EU 25 - ahead of oil, gas, coal and nuclear.
More info..
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
PUBLICATIONS: NEGAJOULE 2020 - Estimating the energy saving potential of the WORLD ENERGY SURVEY - Bernard LAPONCHE -Delft-Zoetermeer, 23-24 March 2006 residential building stock in Hungary (2009-2011). COM(2006)545 final: Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential Green Paper on energy efficiency- European Communities, 2005 For more info :http://www.negajoule.hu/ WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
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OPPORTUNITY in financing ELENA & EEE-F : EU facilities ELENA &EEE-F: Europäische Fazilität (de); facilitazioni Europee (it); EU konstrukciók (hu); Unijne udogodnienia (pl); Eu Viri (slo)
In order to facilitate the mobilization of funds for investments in sustainable energy at local level, the European Commission and the European Investment Bank have established the ELENA (European Local Energy Assistance) technical assistance facility, financed through the Intelligent Energy-Europe programme. ELENA support covers a share of the cost for technical support that is necessary to prepare, implement and finance the investment programme, such as feasibility and market studies, structuring of programmes, business plans, energy audits, preparation for tendering procedures - in short, everything necessary to make cities' and regions' sustainable energy projects ready for EIB funding. ELENA helps public entities to solve such problems by offering specific support for the implementation of the investment programmes and projects such as retrofitting of public and private buildings, sustainable building, energy-efficient district heating and cooling networks, etc. ELENA facility provides grants covering up to 90% of the technical assistance costs for local authorities preparing sustainable energy investment programmes greater than EUR 50 million. The Council of Ministers and the European Parliament agreed in December 2010 to a European Commission proposal to allocate approximately EUR 146 million from the European Energy Programme for Recovery towards a new financial facility dedicated to sustainable energy. The “EEE – F”, new European Energy Efficiency Facility dedicated to sustainable energy is going to finalised. It will be launched in the second quarter of 2011 (by May 2011). The EEE-F will invest in energy saving, energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, particularly in urban settings. Sustainable energy investments promoted by local, regional and (where justified) national public authorities. The potential beneficiaries are public authorities (e.g. municipalities), preferably at local and regional level, and public or private companies, which are acting on behalf of those public authorities, such as local energy utilities, Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), district heating combined heat and power (CHP) companies or public transport providers. EU funds will have to be allocated to investment projects, project development services and technical assistance during a period of 3 years, which will end on 31st March 2014.
More info..ELENA -Vs -EEE-F
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
ELENA does not provide finance towards final investment costs but prepares projects for financing by other sources of public or private finance. The technical assistance offered under the new EEE-F facility targets investment projects (incl. projects smaller than EUR 50 million), which will be financed by the fund, by applying the successful ELENA model. In EEE-F the fund and the associated technical assistance are complementary to the support provided under ELENA.
PUBLICATIONS: ELENA – European Local ENergy Assistance EIB – 11/2009 - EIB Graphic Workshop WEBSITE: http://www.managenergy.net/news/articles/74 http://www.eib.org/products/technical_assistance/elena/index.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html
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PARTICIPATION Partecipation: Partizipation (de); partecipazione (it); participáció (hu); udział (pl); sodelovanje (slo)
According to the International Association for the Public Participation, the forms of participation of citizens in public decisions are available along a potential spectrum which envisions five steps: information, consultation, involvement, collaboration and empowerment. These phases of participation are untied around three fundamental perspectives. The first provides unidirectional information from the administration: the administration decides to inform a limited number of interested citizens (through public assemblies) or a greater number of citizens also for electoral purposes and the management of the consensus, using modern techniques of public communication. The second approach envisions the setting in motion of a bi-directional exchange of information and awareness between citizens and the administration. The administration simultaneously intends to inform the citizens of the decisions to take and collects information to improve the decision or to manage the consensus. Even if, in this case, the communication provides more interaction, two critical points remain: the first concerns the almost "extractive" rapport, which privileges the collection of information from individual citizens (or groups) with respect to creating a petition dialogue and points of view present in society. The second criterion concerns the lack of a restrictive dimension between opinions supplied by citizens and the final decisions assumed by the administration. The third approach, called engagement in the Anglo Saxon world, foresees instead a form of engagement of the citizens in the decision-making processes, with different degrees of responsibility and undertaking, with real possibilities to influence public decisions and to consolidate learning processes to the collective life. Participation, only in this last case, becomes a real possibility of taking part in collective decisions, becoming at the same time an opportunity for building citizenship and belonging. There are 4 main steps to do to gain a successful transnational participation strategy: a- to set up the objective framework formed and structured by various level urban planning standards;b- to find out the municipality’s main partners’ and stakeholders’ interest, ideas, motivation ( a Local Government/Municipality level research and analysis is suggested); c-to make partners really interested, having a stake, creating a trustful relation with them clarifying and communicating in advance their future benefits from the project; d-to build a active participation process. Which are the three key word on participation? Trust, Cooperation and Communication.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
BELIEF - IEEproject- BELIEF promoted the Sustainable Energy Communities concept at European scale Res Publica: to create synergies at the local level between policy makers, local residents and market actors - Intelligent Energy for Europe (EnSURE partner involved: Gal Genova) ENESCOM: to reach information, training and wider dissemination activities enjoying high visibility and transferability potential. IEE – project (EnSURE partner involved: KEK) Obuda Village house-renovation project:(EnSURE partner involved: Budapest University)
PUBLICATIONS: Painting the landscape: a cross-cultural exploration of public-government decision making-2010:A joint research project of the International Association of Public Participation and the Charles F. Kettering Foundation Energy Efficiency Governance Handbook - OECD/IEA, 2010 WEBSITE http://www.iap2.org/
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QUESTIONNAIRE Eurobarometer: EU & energy Eurobarometer (Meinungsumfrage): EU & Energie (De); Eurobarometro: EU & energia (it); Eurobarométer: Az EU és az energiaenergia (hu); Eurobarometr: Unia Europejska a Energia (pl); Eurobarometer: EU in energije (slo)
The European Parliament regularly commissions surveys on public opinion in the Member States. This is a means of keeping Parliament in touch with people's perceptions and expectations of its work and that of the European Union generally. The surveys are also extremely useful at the preparation, decision-making and evaluation stages of parliamentary business. For several years, the European Parliament has paid particular attention to the energy situation in the EU. Indeed, it seems essential for the European Union and its Member States to progress rapidly on the implementation of a common energy policy able to respond effectively to all challenges in this area. 4 KEY ENERGY QUESTIONS: 1. Stability of energy prices: the respondents’ first priority (29%). In 2006, according to Eurostat, the EU imported 54% of the energy needed for its consumption. This results in volatility in prices due to geopolitical developments as well as speculation on raw materials needed for energy production. For 29% of respondents, the stability of energy prices is considered as the first priority in the field of energy cooperation. However, the differences between Member States are very wide: from 8% in Denmark to 45% for the Czech Republic 2. Renewable energy: Europeans’ second priority (27%). The goal of the EU by 2020 is to reach 20% renewable energy. The differences between Member States are very wide: countries very advanced in RES and not dependent in the field of energy are at opposite ends of the query scale. 3. Security of energy supply: the third priority (20%). The average of 20% at the EU level does not reflect the strong national differences ranging from 6% to 31%, 25 points difference. In particular pay attention to Germany and Cyprus case. 4. Energy efficiency: Europeans’ fourth priority (16 %). This relatively new concept has now become one of the top priorities of the EU. By 2020, energy savings should be increased by 20%. By contrast with responses on other priorities, the maximum gap for energy efficiency is only 16 percentage points: 9% for Poland and Portugal, 25% for Finland and Sweden.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: European Parliament Eurobarometer (Standard EB 74.3 on Energy) The Europeans and energy (Parlemeter January 2011) Panorama of energy - 2009 edition - Eurostat-Statistical edition WEBSITE http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/staticDisplay.do?id=40 &pageRank=4&language=IT Source:European Parliament Eurobarometer- The Europeans and energy (January 2011)
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RES - Renewable Energy Sources Erneuerbare Energien (de); Energie rinnovabili (it); Megújuló energiaforrások (hu); Odnawialne Źródła Energii - OZE (pl); Obnovljivi viri energije (slo)
Renewable energy can be used for all our energy needs — producing electricity, running transport and Contribution of renewables to electricity heating our houses. The different types of renewable energy may be used in different ways and not production 2008 (TWh-Terawatt hour and %) all are suitable for every application. Hydro and wind are exclusively used for generating electricity, while other resources like biomass (organic matter), geothermal and solar energy can be used to produce both electricity and heat. The EU's Climate Change Package aims to ensure that the EU will achieve its climate targets by 2020: a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, a 20% improvement in energy efficiency, and a 20% share for renewables in the EU energy mix. The targets require substantial growth in all three renewable energy sectors — electricity, heating and cooling, and transport. The European Council endorsed at its Meeting on 8/9 March 2007 a binding target of a 20% share of renewable energies in the overall EU energy consumption by 2020 including a 10% binding minimum target to be achieved by all Member States for the share of biofuels in overall EU transport petrol and diesel consumption. For the reduced target in the Transport Sector the Electricity Sector have to do the biggest effort. The 35 to 40% of the total electricity (3,200 – 3,500 TWh) has to come from Renewable Energy Sources in 2020 to meet the target. The share of renewable energy sources in gross final energy demand is projected to increase over time to reach 14.8% in 2020 and 18.4% in 2030 (up from 8.6% in 2005).
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: TOPIC ALP ENERGY: to form a network of excellence to develop a concept for 100% renewable energy supply for municipality Alpine space project(EnSURE partner involved: Kranj) Ludwigsburger Total energy concept: Creation of an energy concept with a holistic approach in: heat, electricity and mobility areas (EnSURE partner involved: Ludwigsburg Municipality) BioEnerGis: creation of a GIS-based decision support system (DSS) will be developed, locating the most suitable sites for biomass plants installation IEE project (EnSURE partner involved:Finlombarda)
EU energy trends to 2030 — UPDATE 2009 EU Com Directorate-General for Energy in collaboration with Climate Action DG and Mobility and Transport DG (2010) Renewable Energy Snapshots - 2010, Eu Com Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Renewables make the difference, (EU 2011) Assessment of non-cost barriers to renewable energy growth in Renewable Energy: Progressing towards the 2020 target" (EuCom - Communication 2011/01/31 EU Member States – AEON- DG TREN No. TREN/D1/48 – 2008 WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm www.managenergy.net www.sustenergy.org
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SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan Aktionsplan für nachhaltige Energie (APNE) (de); Piano d'azione per l'energia sostenibile (it); Fenntartható Energia AkcióProgram (hu); Plan Działania na Rzecz Zrównoważonej Energii (pl); Trajnostni energetski akcijski načrt (slo)
The local governments signing up to the Covenant of Mayors commit to submit their Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAPs) within the year following adhesion. The Covenant of Mayors is the first and most ambitious European Commission initiative directly targeting the local authorities and their citizens to take the lead in the fight against the global warming. All Covenant of Mayors signatories make a voluntary and unilateral commitment to go beyond EU objectives in terms of reduction in CO2 emissions. At the moment there are 2,418 municipalities’ signatories for a total of 125,598,993 Europe habitants. The Sustainable Energy Action Plan is a key document that shows how the local government will reach its CO2 reduction target by 2020. SEAP defines concrete reduction measures, together with time frames and assigned responsibilities, which translate the long-term strategy into action. It uses the results of the Baseline Emission Inventory to identify the best fields of action and opportunities for reaching the local authority’s CO2 reduction target. The Covenant’s commitments cover the whole geographical area of the local authority (town, city, region). Therefore the SEAP should include actions concerning both the public and private sectors. The main target sectors are buildings, equipment/facilities and urban transport. The SEAP may also include actions related to local electricity production (development of PV, wind power, CHP, improvement of local power generation), and local heating/cooling generation. In addition, the SEAP should cover areas where local authorities can influence energy consumption on the long term (as land use planning), encourage markets for energy efficient products and services (public procurement), as well as changes in consumption patterns (working with stakeholders and citizens). On the contrary, the industrial sector is not a key target of the Covenant of Mayors, so the local authority may choose to include actions in this sector or not. Ten key elements for a successful SEAP: 1.SEAP approval by the municipal council (or equivalent decision-making body); 2. Commitment for a reduction of CO2 emissions by at least 20 % by 2020; 3. CO2 baseline emission inventory (BEI); 4. Comprehensive measures that cover the key sectors of activity; 5. Strategies and actions until 2020; 6. Adaptation of city structures; 7. Mobilisation of the civil society; 8. Financing; 9. Monitoring and reporting; 10. SEAP submission and filling the template.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
SECBENCH - “Sustainable Energy Communities – Benchmarking of energy and climate performance indicators on the web” - Intelligent Energy project Covenant of Mayors Sustainable Energy Action Plans translated into action with Cohesion Policy funds, Andalucia energy agency (ES) "Bioenergy for the Region" cluster: Renewable energy strategies in cities of the Lodz region, Association of Economic Consultants Pro-Akademia (PL)
PUBLICATIONS: SEAP Guidelines (PDF) Covenant of Mayors official text WEBSITE http://www.eumayors.eu
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TRANSPORT & MOBILITY Transport & Mobilität (De); Trasporti & Mobilità (it); Szállítás és mobilitás (hu); Transport i Mobilność (pl); Transport & Mobilnost (slo)
Transport remains the most important cornerstone of the European Community policy. Around 80% of European citizens live in an urban environment. They share in their daily life the same space, and for their mobility the same infrastructure. Urban mobility accounts for 40% of all CO2 emissions of road transport and up to 70% of other pollutants from transport. The EU Council has proposed that developed countries should commit to cutting their emissions by an average of 30% from 1990 levels by 2020. If no such agreement is reached, the EU is making a commitment to reduce its emissions by at least 20 %. Transport energy demand in 2030 is projected to be 28% higher than in 2005. After having seen very high growth rates in the 1990s, the increase of energy use for transportation decelerates. In the projection period, transport energy demand growth rates decline over time. This reflects the decreasing growth rates over time of both passenger and freight transport activity. In addition, there are fuel efficiency improvements in particular in passenger transport (e.g. private cars). Therefore, energy demand in transport grows less than transport activity (in passenger- and tonnekm). Contrary to the past, the projection period displays some significant fuel switching in the transport sector as a result of the implementation of the biofuels Directive. CO2 emissions from transport are expected to grow less than energy use (20% versus 28% from 2005 to 2030). Given the particular vulnerability and oil dependence of the transport sector, the Renewable Energy Directive also specifies a 10 % minimum target to be achieved by all EU Member States for the share of renewable energy (biofuels, renewable electricity) in overall EU transport petrol and diesel consumption by 2020. The proposals will dramatically reduce Europe's dependence on imported oil and cut carbon emissions in transport by 60% by 2050. The European Commission (28.3.2011 COM-2011) adopted “ Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area: 40 concrete initiatives by 2050. Key goals will be: 1-No more conventionally-fuelled cars in cities; 2- 40% use of sustainable low carbon fuels in aviation; at least 40% cut in shipping emissions; 3- A 50% shift of medium distance intercity passenger and freight journeys from road to rail and waterborne transport; 4- All of which will contribute to a 60% cut in transport emissions by the middle of the century.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
SNOWBALL: To reduce the demand for transport, facilitate a modal shift and significantly reduce energy consumption, concentrations of local pollutants, noise and traffic accidents, by using integrated planning methods (EnSURE partner involved: Ludwigsburg Municipality) (IEE project– 2006-2008). COMMERCE: to increase the number and improve the quality of Mobility Plans that are developed by small and medium sized companies. IEE project. (EnSURE partner involved: MUT) PIMMS TRANSFER: (Central EU project) to simulate a more sustainable forms of transport increasing the quality of mobility management techniques and policies
PUBLICATIONS: White paper 2011-Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area EU energy and transport in figures – Eu statistical pocketbook 2010 Action Plan on Urban Mobility COM(2009) 490 final (2009) European Energy And Transport trends to 2030 Eu Com (2008) Directive 2009/33/EC on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/transport/index_en.html www.eltis.org http://www.civitas-initiative.eu/main.phtml?lan=en
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U R B A N Q U A L I T Y
U
URBAN QUALITY & LANDSCAPE Urbane Qualität & Landschaft (de); Qualità Urbana & Paesaggio (it); Városi minőség és táj (hu); Miejskiego i Otoczenie Miejskie (pl); Urban Kakovost in Krajine (slo)
The central message in the Leipzig Charter, adopted by the European ministers responsible for urban policy on 24 May 2007, is the necessity of ‘integrated strategies and coordinated action to achieve the objective of sustainable cities. Within the scope of an integrated urban development policy The Leipzig Charter mentions some areas on which urban policy should focus in any event :one is creating and ensuring high-quality public spaces. The quality of public spaces, urban man-made landscape and architecture and urban development play an important role in the living conditions of urban population. The interaction of architecture, infrastructure planning and urban planning must be increased in order to create attractive, user-oriented public spaces and achieve a high standard in term of the living environment. The sum of all the cultural, economic, technological, social and ecological aspects influencing the quality and process of planning and construction. In accord to that the “Landscape policy” reflects the public authorities' awareness of the need to frame and implement a policy on landscape strictly linked to urban planning issue. The European Landscape Convention (20 October 2000) introduced a Europe-wide concept centring on the quality of landscape protection, management and planning and covering the entire territory, not just outstanding landscapes. Another strategy for strengthening the competitiveness of European cities is the modernizing infrastructure networks and improving energy efficiency. Particular attention should be paid to: 1-transport issue;2-technical infrastructural (water supply, waste-water treatment, etc); 3-sustainable public utility service: energy efficiency (mainly in buildings) and economic use of natural resources and economic efficiency in their operation. Another issue link to that is a compact settlement structure. This can be achieved by spatial and urban planning, which prevents urban sprawl. It is increasingly seen in European cities, particularly in the southern, eastern and central parts of Europe. That is synonymous with unplanned urban development. An ad-hoc type of development is wasteful, founded on a not sustainable approach and on high energy consumption. Nowadays The energy management is a key element in social and economic development, in urban planning and has major environmental impacts.
SOME PREVIUOS INTERESTING PROJECT INTHE TOPIC
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Urb.Energy: It combines the approach of energy efficient refurbishment of residential buildings with integrated urban development concepts - Interreg III B COBRA MAN: Urban regeneration on brownfield land. Central Europe Programma (EnSURE partner involved: SIPRO) Hous Es - Integrated Revitalisation of Historic Towns and Cities to Promote Polycentric and Sustainable Urban Development URBACT I (EnSURE partner involved: Sopot and Faenza) GRaBS - Green and Blue Space Adaptation for Urban Areas and Eco Towns INTERREG IVC (EnSURE partner involved: GAL Genova) MILUnet – Multifunctional Intensive Land Use Network - INTERREG IIIC (EnSURE partner involved: KEK)
PUBLICATIONS: Making our cities attractive and sustainable - European Union, 2010 Promoting sustainable urban development in Europe European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional Policy, 2009 The European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe Treaty Series no. 176) Integrated Environmental Management-Eu Communities, 2007 Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities – 2007 WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/environment/urban/home_en.html http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/landscape/defau lt_en.asp
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U R B A N Q U A L I T Y
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VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS Freiwillige Vereinbarungen (de); Accordi volontari (it); Önkéntes megállapodások (hu); Dobrowolne umowy (pl); Prostovoljni sporazumi (slo)
In the context of “better governance” the International Energy Agency found that “past and present experiences with voluntary actions show that, properly designed and implemented, they can achieve stated objectives, sometimes even exceeding those of minimum regulatory standards, and help integrate economic and environmental goals” (IEA, 1997). Another analysis of seven Voluntary Agreement programs found that the programs could be credited with about 50% of the observed energy-efficiency improvement or emissions reductions. Such agreements can be viewed as a tool for developing a long-term strategic plan for increasing industrial energy efficiency that fully engages not only the engineers and management at industrial facilities, but also includes government, industry associations, financial institutions, and others. The agreements focus the attention of all actors on energy efficiency or greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals. The key elements of Voluntary Agreement programs are the assessment of energy-efficiency potenial of the participants as well as target-setting through a negotiated process with all parties. (Lynn Price, Ernst Worrell, Jonathan Sinton Environmental Energy Technologies Division; Jiang Yun China Energy Conservation Association-May 2003) Voluntary agreements can be particularly successful in the area of energy efficiency: three agreements: the first one covering stand-by losses of Televisions and Videocassette Recorders and DVD players, the second covering domestic washing machines, the third covering refrigerators and freezers have been implemented successfully as unilateral commitments by industry.
More info...
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
GreenLight is an on-going voluntary programme whereby private and public organisations commit towards the European Commission to reducing their lighting energy use, thus reducing polluting emissions. GreenLight was launched in February 2000. Case Study of a Pilot Project with the Steel Industry in Shandong Province, Chinaa: pilot project for implementation of a Voluntary Agreement for increasing industrial sector energy-efficiency, drawing lessons learned regarding the essential elements of the more successful programs.with two steel mills in Shandong Province that was developed through international collaboration with experts in China, the Netherlands, and the U.S.
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PUBLICATIONS: European Parliament and Council Directive2000/55/EC on energy efficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting Directive 96/57/EC of the European Parliament and of the on energy efficiency requirements for household electric refrigerators, freezers and combinations thereof Council Directive 92/42/EEC on efficiency requirements for new hotwater boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/agreements_en.htm http://www.eu-greenlight.org/
G O V E R N A N C E
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2000 WATT SOCIETY 2000-Watt-Gesellschaft (de); Società a 2000 Watt (it); A 2000 wattos társadalom (hu); Społeczeństwo 2000 wat (pl); 2000 W družbe (slo)
Ten years ago, the vision of a "2000-Watt Society" was developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich. It is a model for energy policy which demonstrates how it is possible to consume only as much energy as worldwide energy reserves permit and which is justifiable in terms of the impact on the environment. It is possible when every person in every society limits their energy consumption to a maximum of 2000 watts. Furthermore, at least 75% of energy needs need to be met using renewable energy sources, meaning that on an annual basis only one tonne of greenhouse gas is given off per person per year. The 2000-Watt Society is Zürich’s approach to tackling climate change and the future conflict of resources. Today, each person requires 17,500 kilowatthours of energy per year on global average, which corresponds to a continuous requirement of 2000 watts. In Switzerland the figure is three times higher – 6000 watts per person – while people in some Asian and African countries need barely a fraction of that figure. The vision of a 2000-Watt society makes it possible to strike a balance between industrialized and developing countries and for everyone to thus enjoy a good standard of living. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (ETH) and other institutions have confirmed that the vision of a 2000-watt society is feasible. They have been closely examining the largely unexploited efficiency and substitution potentials that exist in Switzerland and have come to the conclusion that a period between 50 and 100 years will be required for this vision to become reality. To achieve this goal by 2050, the city of Zürich is making commitments in the following areas: 1. Energy efficiency and renewable energies; 2. Sustainable buildings; 3. Mobility for the future; 4. Awareness
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Average energy requirement per capita worldwide
WEBSITE http://www.stadtzuerich.ch/portal/en/index/portraet_der_stadt_zuerich/2000watt_society.html http://www.novatlantis.ch/en/2000-watt-society.html http://www.geneve2000watts.ch/home.php?id_x=0&id_y=1
Source: Novatlantis
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U R B A N Q U A L I T Y
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XCLIMA Europe When research and innovation meet Independent platform: Unabhängige Plattform (de); piattaforma indipendente (it); A kutatás és az innováció találkozása (hu); Spotkanie badań z innowacyjnością (pl); Independent platform (slo)
XClima Europe – as an independent platform - is a meeting place for the exchange of knowledge and experience in relation to energy, sustainable construction, renewable energy and energy conservation in buildings. In XClima Europe different aspects and objectives merge together, thus making the Platform interesting for various research institutions and universities on one hand, and opening it for product manufacturers, building experts and specialists on the other hand. The latest results of research and practical experience in the field of energy conservation will be made available in the form of calculation and simulation applications, analysis tools, documents and movies.
E N E R G Y
B A S K E T O F
XClima Europe is completely independent from any operating system, your location and the hardware used. Everybody always has access to own calculation results and documents. Thanks to encrypted operating principles, everybody is always in a safe working environment. Only a Internet connection is necessary and a free standard-browser such as Google Chrome. No additional installations are required. Each update is provided automatically and requires no additional intervention or action. The use of most applications and services offered in XClima Europe are free of charge. To access XClima Europe you only need to register. To enjoy additional benefits, you can subscribe to XClima Europe. For more information on this service please consult the section Subscribe.
More info..
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
XClima PARTNERS’: WEBSITE Scientific Partners: ITC-CNR Construction Technologies Institute (ITC) - Italian https://europe.xclima.com/xclima-en?set_language=en National Research Council (CNR) ; ClimateHouse AgencySrl Training Partners: A.U.Service; Agenzia per l’energia del Friuli Venezia Giulia; Agenzia Fiorentina per l’energia; D.B.CAD s.r.l.; Energy Group S.r.l.; Negroni Key Engineering S.r.l. Manufacturers: RÖFIX AG Technology Partners: Autodesk; MySQL
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C H O I C E S
Y
YEARBOOK Energy statistical, law, policy Yearbook Jahrbuch (de); annuario sulle statistiche, leggi e politiche energetiche (it); Évkönyv: Energiastatisztikai, jogi és tervezési évkönyveksi évkönyvek (hu); Rocznik dotyczący statystyki, prawa oraz polityki energetycznej (pl); letopisa (slo)
Introduction about some of the most significant yearbooks in the energy scenario, and not only. Eurostat regional yearbook 2010 (Eurostat edition) gives a detailed picture of a large number of statistical fields in the 27 Member States of the European Union, as well as in candidate and EFTA. There is a broad set of regional indicators for the following 15 subjects: population, European cities, labour market, gross domestic product, household accounts, structural business statistics, information society, science, technology and innovation, education, transport, tourism, health, agriculture, costal regions, and last but not least, a study on a new urban-rural typology. Eu Energy and transport in figures - Statistical pocketbook 2010 ( Eu commission edition): This publication provides an overview of the most recent and most pertinent annual energy- and transport-related statistics in Europe. It covers the European Union and its 27 Member States and, as far as possible, the current EU candidate countries and the EFTA countries. The content of this pocketbook is based on a range of sources including Eurostat, international organisations, national statistics and, where no data were available, own estimates. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous organisation which works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. It collaborate also with the EU commission. Every year IEA does more than 30 publications. Two very interesting are: 1. Key World Energy Statistics 2010 - Key World Energy Statistics from the IEA contains timely, clearly-presented data on the supply, transformation and consumption of all major energy sources. 2. World Energy Outlook 2011- To be released 9 November 2011 . WEO-201 once again gives detailed energy demand and supply projections out to 2035, broken down by region, fuel, sector and scenario. The last edition, World Energy Outlook 2010 included, for the first time, a new scenario that anticipates future actions by governments to meet the commitments they have made to tackle climate change and growing energy insecurity.
More info..
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Other publications: The EU Energy Law & Policy Yearbook 2011 is based on the contributions and debates at the Conference and covers the whole range of EU Energy Law & Policy. It is a unique publication on renewable energy in the 27 member states, plus USA and China edited by Jean Michel Glachant, Dr Nicole Ahner and Dr Adrien de Hauteclocque, all from the Florence School of Regulation (FSR)
PUBLICATIONS: Eurostat regional yearbook 2010, EUROSTAT-March 2010 Eu Energy and transport in figures - Statistical pocketbook 2010 The EU Energy Law & Policy Yearbook 2011 - Publication date: 20th. of April 2011 Quarterly Report On European Electricity Markets (QREEM) WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/statistics/statistics_en.htm http://www.eepotential.eu/esd.php http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/electricity/electricity_en.htm http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp
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B A S K E T O F C H O I C E S
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ZERO EMISSIONS The climate change alarm Die Gefahr des Klimwandels (de); Zero Emissioni:allarme per il cambiamento climatico (it); Zéró kibocsátás: Az éghajlatváltozási riasztás (hu); Emisja Zerowa: alarmujące zmiany klimatyczne (pl); podnebne spremembe alarm (slo)
The European Commission has taken many climate-related initiatives since 1991, when it issued the first Community strategy to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and improve energy efficiency. One of the last acts to understand how the EU is involved to fight the climate change is the establishing in February 2010 of The Directorate-General for Climate Action ("DG CLIMA"). The climate change was previously included in the remit of DG Environment of the European Commission. Now the Directorate-General for Climate Action is at the forefront of international efforts to combat climate change. It leads international negotiations on climate, helps the EU to deal with the consequences of climate change and to meet its targets for 2020, as well as develops and implements the EU Emissions Trading System. Given the necessity to keep global average temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels, DG CLIMA with its policies also aim at protecting the ozone layer and at ensuring that the climate dimension is appropriately present in all Community policies and that adaptation measures will reduce the European Union's vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. The European Commission adopted on 8 March 2011 a Roadmap for transforming the EU into a competitive low carbon economy by 2050. The Roadmap describes the cost-effective pathway to reach the EU's objective of cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% of 1990 levels by 2050. Key EU directives on energy and climate: Energy produced from renewable energy sources (Directive 2009/28/EC). Revised emissions trading directive (Directive 2009/29/EC). Energy performance of buildings — recast (Directive 2010/31/EU). Effort sharing decision on greenhouse gas emissions from sectors not Taxation of energy products and electricity (Directive 2003/96/EC) covered by emissions trading scheme (Decision No 406/2009/EC). Cogeneration (Directive 2004/8/EC). EU GHG emissions towards an 80% domestic reduction (100% =1990)
(Roadmap - 8.3.2011 COM(2011) 112 final)
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS: The Second European Climate Change Programme (ECCP II)(October 2005) IEM-Guidance in relation to the Thematic Strategy on the Urban EnvironmentEuropean Communities, 2007 The urban dimension in Community policies for the period 2007-2013. European Commission A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050 - 8.3.2011 COM(2011) 112 final WEBSITE http://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/index_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/index_en.htm
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E N E R G Y
B A S K E T O F C H O I C E S
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Notes
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EnSURE project Energy Savings in Urban Quarters through Rehabilitation and New Ways of Energy Supply
End editing: May 2011 Printed by:
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