The Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology

PMAC 2018 Programme and Abstracts University of Bristol and SS Great Britain, Bristol Friday 23 – Monday 26 Bristol 2018

Congress Social Events Pre-Congress Walking Tour (£10), Friday 23 March 2.30pm: Those who have booked tickets for the walking tour, meet at the M Shed, Princes Wharf, Bristol. Led by Prof Mark Horton, visiting notable sites and buildings from 16th -19th centuries. The walk will end at the University of Bristol at 4.30pm.

Maritime Bristol: Drinks Reception, Saturday 24 March 5.00pm - 7.00pm: Viewing of the Matthew and drinks reception (with cash bar) on the MV Balmoral (please note: access is via a ramp and steps, and surfaces are uneven). Prince's Wharf (just along the harbourside, opposite M Shed, just before Prince Street swing bridge)

Post-Congress tour of the Severn Vale (£20), Monday 26 March Those who have booked tickets for the tour, meet at SS Great Britain Car Park by 9.30am 10.00am - 10.30am: Acton Court. 10.30am - 11.30am: Visit to Thornbury Castle (unfinished 16th century castle, built by the Duke of Buckingham, with early gardens and Henrican architecture). Coffee in the Hotel. 12.00pm - 1.00pm: Visit to Berkeley Castle - 11th century castle converted to country house in the 18th century, with good interiors and collections. 1.00pm - 2.00pm: Lunch (at own expense) at the Yurt, Berkeley Castle. 3.00pm: Visit to Stanley Mills - the most elaborate of the Stroud Woollen Mills, shortly to be converted to flats so last opportunity to see its interiors. 4.00pm: Return to Bristol (via railway station) arriving around 5.00pm.

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Opening Lecture: 5.00pm, Friday 23 March Lost Lives, New Worlds. Unlocking the story of the 1650 Scottish soldiers buried on Palace Green in Durham. A lecture in memory of Mick Aston Chris Gerrard (Durham University, UK) In November 2013 archaeologists observing building work near Durham Cathedral made an unexpected and unusual discovery when disordered tumbles of articulated skeletons were uncovered in two mass graves. Over the next two years, a complex jigsaw of evidence was pieced together by a team of researchers in order to establish the identity of the human remains. Today we know them to be some of the Scottish prisoners who died in terrible circumstances in Durham Cathedral and Castle following the Battle of Dunbar on the south-east coast of Scotland on 3rd September 1650. Using the latest techniques of archaeological science, it has been possible to reconstruct how and why these men vanished off the historical radar. This lecture follows the controversies as researchers sought to solve a 350 year old mystery. Chris Gerrard is a Professor of Archaeology at Durham and the team leader for the Scottish Soldiers Project. An alumnus of the Bristol Archaeology Department, Chris collaborated with Mick Aston over many years and wrote two books with him about their work on the Shapwick Project. Lecture takes place at: Powell Lecture Theatre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL 6.30pm: Drinks reception and unveiling of the Mick Aston bust, Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, School of Arts, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road.

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https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1tLRNwZiLAhnXiSQMjFmKDq7clilBapda&ll =51.453193851056575%2C-2.6029178&z=15 SS Great Britain, Great Western Dockyard, Gas Ferry Road, BS1 6TY M.V. Balmoral, Princes Wharf The Matthew, Princes Wharf, BS1 4RN Dept of Anthropology & Archaeology, 43 Woodland Road BS8 1UU HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, BS8

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Papers: Saturday 24 March Session 1: Industry Searching for the Red Herring: Sweden’s 18th Century Smokeries Anton Larsson (University of Gothenburg, Sweden) During the period 1747-1809, the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) flowed to the coastlines of Western Sweden, causing a large proto-industry of fish salteries and oil tryworks to grow, in turn spawning an economic boom. These factories, together known as “skerryworks”, in fact included a forgotten third mode of production: Herring smokeries. Nothing has until now been written about these factories, which produced barrels of smoked herring, smoked according to the British method imported via the English port of Yarmouth in the 1760s, by the thousands. This paper presents the preliminary results of a far-reaching first study of the herring smokeries, the technology transfer behind them, the global reach of their exports, and their social context. Ten separate smokehouse sites have identified, of which several contain intact and previously undocumented archaeological remains. Powered by water. Industries in the rural landscape (18th and 19th centuries) – and in heritage management Eva Svensson (Karlstad University, Sweden), Pia Nilsson (National Historical Museum, Sweden), Martin Hansson (Lund University, Sweden) Sweden has been considered as industrialised rather late, mainly in the 19th century, when industrialisation and urbanisation went hand in hand. However, there are numerous remains of water powered industries in the rural landscapes, telling another history of industrialisation. Already in medieval times there were blast furnaces and mills, later also sawmills, textile stamps and other small-scale industries were created by actors in rural communities. In the 17th century there was a boom in construction of iron works in forested areas of Sweden. In contrast to other small scale rural industries, the iron works were owned by a bourgeoisie, and the iron works formed particular urbanised islands. This paper will address the impacts and tensions of the iron works on the rural communities. It will also address the challenge posed on the heritage management of the industrial sites posed by the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive. Iron Extraction from Bog Iron Ore in Early French Colonial America Yves Monette, Louise Pothier (University of Montreal, Canada) This study explores the first bog iron ore extraction activities which took place in colonial New France. Archaeological excavations carried on the founding site of Montreal in the last ten years have revealed the remains of Fort Ville-Marie erected in 1642. In a level related to the fort occupation between 1660 and 1680, kilos of scories, a dozen of half-finished iron artefacts and a light yellow clayey ore material were recovered that point to extractive metallurgy activities at the fort.

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Examples of scories, artefacts and of a possible bog iron ore were submitted to SEM-EDS analysis. The results clearly indicate that iron was extracted from local limonite ores in a bloomery. We discovered that the gangue material could be traced from the ore to the scories. However, some lime silicates and some accessory minerals found in the scories, like barite and celestine for example, were absent from the ore but present in dolomite fragments found in the same archaeological context. The tracing of accessory minerals suggest that the ironmaster introduced a lime flux in the bloomery charge to maximize the separation of the iron ore. Before the introduction of the blast furnace in Western Europe during the first half of the 18th Century, the use of fluxes in iron bloomery was not a common practice. The procession of St Nikolaos of Enestra and the archaeological record of a modern age path in the Iglesiente mining district (SW Sardinia, Italy) Mattia Sanna Montanelli (University of Cagliari, Italy) In the setting of a more extended research project which aims to reconstruct the ancient landscape of Iglesiente mining district (SW Sardinia, Italy), this paper shows the results of an investigation focused on the preindustrial road network of this area, deeply transformed by the mining exploitation started in the second half of the 19th century. The use of multiple sources has permitted recognition of one of the oldest ways of penetration into the area, used in the modern period during an annual procession of a miraculous icon of St Nicolas. The road connected Villa Ecclesiae (modern Iglesias) to the rural church of St Nikolaos, in an abandoned ‘villa’ known in modern age with the name of Enestra. Furthermore, it appears that a significant stretch of the religious path overlapped a more ancient way, that should be recognized as a part of the Itinerarium Antonini, useful to localize the roman statio of Metalla. Spinning a Yarn: 20 years of recording and excavating the textile mill in Greater Manchester and Lancashire Mike Nevell (University of Salford, UK) This paper will review fieldwork, both building recording and archaeological excavation, in Greater Manchester and Lancashire over the last 20 years. It will look at some of the results of this work, not least the recognition that the more textile mills were built sooner and across a wider area than previously thought, suggest research strategies for understanding the individual biographies of textile manufacturing sites through a focus on power systems, for instance, and also look at ways of promoting their re-use. “The Kingdom of the Krill” The Archaeology of Antarctic Science and the Whaling Industry on South Georgia Island. Edmund Simons (University of Dundee, UK) South Georgia is a British overseas territory on a remote sub Antarctic island. It has a short, human history since discovery it was claimed in 1775. The 20th century whaling activity on the island was on a huge and devastating scale. It was, however, one of the first places on Earth to try to understand and manage economic resources, using scientific data. This data was gathered by the revolutionary Discovery Investigations between 1925 and 1951.

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As we near the centenary of the project, a new large-scale science project, Discovery 100, is to be based in the old whaling station at Grytviken. This paper examines the nature and significance of the archaeology and the artefacts of both the whaling stations and the important scientific remains, including labs, equipment and even ships. It also details how the new project is to re-use parts of an industrial site (which did huge damage to the ecosystems), as a place to understand how these systems will cope with future environmental change.

Session 2: Urban and Rural (Part 1) Prime Ministers and pools: Earl Grey’s swimming pools on the coast at Howick, Northumberland Andy Sherman (MOLA, UK) During the 19th century public bathing and recreational swimming became increasingly popular in Britain with the construction of the country’s first municipal baths at Liverpool in 1829 and the formation of swimming clubs such as that at Maidstone in 1844. In the 1840’s Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, created two rock-cut swimming pools on the coast, a short distance from his family’s ancestral home at Howick Hall in Northumberland for his children. Recently CITiZAN (the Coastal and Intertidal Zone Archaeological Network) identified a third pool rock-cut on the foreshore at Howick, this paper will examine the two previously identified pools and their relationship to the newly identified pool. “Slogans coined, songs written, rumours circulated,”… the withdrawal of post-medieval Stonehenge? Brian Edwards (UWE Bristol, UK) George Orwell, in A Clergyman’s Daughter (1935), anticipated the current widespread enthusiasm for creating Stonehenge replicas made of food: edible trilithons that vividly illustrate the synthesis without explanation of past, present and future presaged in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). This same prophetic fusion of concepts can be seen in a timely state-manipulated counterpart, the 1980s proposal for an A303 road tunnel facilitating creation of a prehistoric theme park at Stonehenge. Sampling local responses to the 2017 Stonehenge tunnel scheme by focusing on what Orwell projected in Nineteen Eighty-Four as the “slogans coined, songs written, rumours circulated”, this illustrated paper argues that significant stakeholder groups are engaged with a form of post-medieval archaeological landscape rather different from that of the WHS (World Heritage Site) and the attributes of OUV (Outstanding Universal Value). How did John Strahan's plans for an elegant suburb for the wealthy became Bath's most notorious slum? Excavations at Bath Quays Waterside 2017 Cai Mason (Wessex Archaeology, UK) Bath's development as a spa resort in the early 18th century, led to a construction boom as the ancient city was transformed into a fashionable destination and residence for the wealthy. Kingsmead Square and Avon Street, designed by the architect John Strahan in the 1730s, was one of the earliest developments outside the city walls. Although they were designed as lodgings for the city's well-to-do visitors, the buildings soon become home to the artisans, labourers and servants who built and maintained the city. Subsequent development infilled the surrounding 6

land with densely packed houses and industrial premises, and within a generation the Avon Street district had become synonymous with overcrowding, crime and poverty. Excavations by Wessex Archaeology at Bath Quays Waterside in 2016-17 have uncovered new evidence for why this occurred and how urbanisation and industrial development affected the living conditions of the 'lower orders' in 18th/19th-century Bath. “17th century rubbish”: An Archaeology of the Jewel Tower Moat, Palace of Westminster Charlotte Newman (English Heritage, UK) The Jewel Tower’s archaeological archive provides an opportunity to explore the materiality from a unique part of 17th century London. Located between Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, the Jewel Tower’s moat was first excavated in the 13th century as part of the Palace of Westminster, but by the early 18th century was in filled as neighbouring building serving parliamentarians encroached on the site. Excavated by archaeologists during post war projects in the 1950s/60s, the archaeological archive is in the care of English Heritage, but only recently has become the focus of a new research project. Mostly ceramic, glass and clay pipe this extensive assemblage dates predominantly to the 17th century. Within an object-based framework, this paper aims to engage with the assemblage’s social meaning in the context of 17th century Westminster and begin to explore the material role played by objects in everyday habits and systems. Bristol Town Houses - Where next? Roger Leech (University of Southampton, UK) The publication of this author’s The Town House in Medieval and Early Modern Bristol in 2014 was preceded by what English Heritage, as the predecessor of Historic England, termed the Bristol Town Houses Follow-On Project. This was undertaken so as to ensure that in this instance RCHME and English Heritage funded research provided an input to heritage management, to allow public and heritage professionals to benefit fully from the years of research which formed the basis of the publication, and to access the many new ideas and insights from the study concerning town houses in Bristol and more widely. Amongst the houses highlighted in the recommendations for listing made in 2013 was the detached kitchen to no.15 Small Street, the ruination of which in 2017 was widely reported on in the national media. This paper will review the follow-on project, its completion and progress to date. ‘…Beverle, but that it is nowe much decayid…’: The impact of the Dissolution and its aftermath on the development of the town of Beverley, Yorkshire Sam Bromage (University of Sheffield, UK) Prior to the Dissolution, Beverley supported four major religious institutions: the Dominican and Franciscan friaries, the preceptory of the Knights Hospitaller and the Minster of St John. This paper will, by combining the available published archaeological reports, surviving primary historical documentation, and grey literature, outline the post-Dissolution fate of the urban former property of these religious institutions. In particular it will assess the economic implications for the town and situate this major transfer of urban property within a broader narrative of depopulation and decline.

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This paper draws on my doctoral research into the urban development of provincial townscapes following the Dissolution. Taking Beverley as a case study offers an excellent opportunity to illustrate the potential of the available sources to inform a detailed assessment of Early Modern urban development. It will also illustrate the value of an understanding of provincial urban centres when interpreting this period of rapid change and transition. Post-medieval and modern sarsen stone industries in prehistoric landscapes Katy Whitaker (University of Reading, UK) Sarsen stone is a celebrated building material of internationally-important prehistoric monuments not only in Wiltshire, but across its southern British distribution. Yet the most intensive use of sarsen stone was after AD1500, and especially from cAD1800 when new tools and skills transformed this geological resource into a versatile product, equally appropriate as finely dressed ashlar for new churches as robust street furniture. This later industry has been treated as a local quarrying trade with little study beyond brief accounts written by family members, and one oft-quoted paper (King 1968). These are the origin of a long-standing narrative of a successful trade developed from small yet enterprising beginnings. Explored in more depth, with a view to understanding the industry’s implications for evidence of prehistoric sarsen extraction, a different, more contingent, story is emerging. Presented here as a work-in-progress, this paper challenges the conventional politico-materialist account of modern sarsen quarrying.

Session 3: Enslaved People and Commodities in the 19th century Atlantic Slave Trade It is commonly estimated that around 12.5 million people were enslaved in the African continent and trafficked to the Americas during the post-medieval period. High demand of plantation products, especially from European consumers drove the need for cheap labour through the slave trade and subsequently shaped the economy and global networks across the Atlantic. In the 19th century the slave trade was outlawed, although, it did little to decrease the want for slave labour to produce the goods for the Atlantic trade. The illegal slave trade began to boom with some adjustment. Slave ports in Africa and destination of slave ships in the Americas shifted places and the plantation industry adapted to new agents of power in the slave trade. Papers within this session will discuss archaeological investigations of human remains, material culture and ‘system’ societies with the aim of contextualising the link between enslaved people and commodities in the 19th century slave trade. Rum as an Atlantic 'Slave' Commodity Charlotte Goudge (University of Bristol, UK) The trade in commodities during the historic period had far reaching globalised effects. The development and distribution of rum throughout the Atlantic world affected many social groups, acting as a catalyst of socio-economic change affecting many of the different strata of society from the lowest of the low, enslaved Africans, to the highest echelons of British society. This paper will discuss the effect that rum had on international societies, the Atlantic slave trade and the varying productive and distributive methods seen in the Caribbean and the UK.

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Cultural modification in skeletal remains of liberated African captives buried on the island of St. Helena Erna Johannesdottir (University of Bristol, UK) During the British suppression of the transatlantic slave trade in the mid-19th century, a large number of captured slave ships, originally aiming for the Americas, were brought to the island of Saint Helena by the British Royal Navy. The mortality rate of people on board these vessels and shortly after they came ashore was high and thousands were buried in the Liberated African Graveyard in Rupert’s Valley. An excavation of these remains revealed the largest assemblage of African dental modification that has been found in an archaeological context. Evidence of cultural activities of individuals are infrequently found in skeletal material, thus, these skeletons give a unique snapshot of a cultural practice carried out by people before their enslavement. The present paper combines bioarchaeological and ethnohistorical data in order to explore the variation and significance of the practise among the people buried in Rupert’s Valley. Architectures of Sovereignty in the Kingdom of Haiti: Objects, Networks, and Culture in a Post-Revolutionary State J. Cameron Monroe (University of California Santa Cruz, USA) The Archaeology of the slavery has long privileged the analysis of the everyday lives and cultural histories of enslaved Africans living on plantation sites in the New World. Notwithstanding both the political and intellectual importance of this approach to our understanding of the emergence of the colonial world and its contemporary legacies, recent scholarship on both sides of the Atlantic has examined the new political entities that arose across the Black Atlantic World in dynamic tension with broader Atlantic political and economic forces. Such work has highlighted how the contours of political authority in emerging Black Atlantic states were materialized at multiple scales of analysis, and in complex relationship with the economic and social forces unleashed by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In this paper, drawing from recent archaeological research on the Kingdom of Haiti, a short-lived experiment in political sovereignty founded in the years following the Haitian Revolution, I will explore the potential for an archaeology of sovereignty in the Black Atlantic World. Emphasizing the political, economic and symbolic importance of both architectural spaces and artefacts recovered from the palace of Sans-Souci, royal residence of King Henry Christophe, this paper reveals the complex ways sovereign states were articulated into the broader economic and political currents of the Atlantic World, troubling classic narratives of political sovereignty and independence in the Age of Revolutions. Slavery in an Industrial Context: the Catoctin Furnace African American Cemetery from Past to Present Jane Seiter (EAC / Archaeology, Inc., USA) Catoctin Furnace was founded in 1776 in northern Maryland. From its beginnings during the American Revolution (when it manufactured cannonballs used against the British at the Battle of Yorktown) until the mid-19th century, the iron furnace and its associated agrarian enterprises relied primarily on the labour of enslaved African Americans, who produced the armaments and iron tools that powered a growing nation. Although the role of enslaved workers was largely forgotten after the workforce was replaced by European immigrants, the enlargement of a nearby highway in the 1980s uncovered a hitherto unknown African American cemetery containing the remains of more than 50 individuals. This paper presents the results of a

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collaborative research project involving the Catoctin Furnace Historical Society, EAC/Archaeology, the Reich Laboratory at Harvard Medical School, and the Smithsonian Institution to uncover the life histories of these individuals using XRF analysis, stable isotope analysis, DNA testing, and documentary research.

Session 4: Material Culture High Tech Elizabethans in Algonquian America Brent Lane (University of North Carolina, USA) Recent archaeological and archival research are revealing that Sir Walter Raleigh’s late 16th century unsuccessful Roanoke Colony effort in North America involved distinctive projections of Elizabethan England's emergent scientific and speculative finance capabilities. The labours of three successive generations of American historical archaeologists at Roanoke Island’s Fort Raleigh site have identified the existence of a scientific laboratory and evidence of the experimentations of the Roanoke Colony’s scientific and technical team members. The combination of this archaeological evidence with newly discovered archival materials suggest Sir Walter Raleigh sought to assuage investor scepticism by incorporating scientific expertise as an integral component of exploration and colonization. This strategy anticipated English maritime scientific expeditions and the research-intensive template of modern high-tech entrepreneurs. Inter-war archaeology and material culture Craig Cessford (University of Cambridge, UK) Although there is a considerable interest in the archaeology of the twentieth century in Britain, this is largely focused upon a restricted range of specific aspects of the period. Notable strands include the archaeology of the First and Second World Wars, aspects of Industrial Archaeology and the field of Contemporary Archaeology. Archaeologists have, however, still to fully embrace the twentieth century as a general field for archaeological study and notable lacunae remain. One such gap is the material culture of the inter-war period 1918–1939, where relatively little work has taken place. Using examples from developer-funded excavations undertaken by the Cambridge Archaeological Unit the results from investigations on a range of sites in Cambridge, St. Neots, Peterborough and Manea will be considered, demonstrating why archaeologists should be interested in inter-war material culture. Basques, Umbrellas and Parasols: colonial products for colonizing European bodies Sergio Escribano-Ruiz (University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain) One of the many purposes of Archaeology is to highlight the ways in which materiality is used in the construction of power relations. We have progressively understood that people and things shaped a composite entity and that, consequently, the body is a discursive resource in which diverse social struggles are represented. By combining both conceptual aspects, our contribution aims to analyse how some specific colonial products were used in the construction of gender relations. In particular, we will draw our attention to the way in which colonial products from the Basque fisheries of the North Atlantic took an active part in the colonization of women’s bodies. And we will realize then that they helped not only in the development of colonialism but also in the consolidation of social strategies for domination of female gender.

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Politics in a Punch Bowl - The political life of a 1760s delft punch bowl sherd from Williamsburg, Virginia Thomas Whitfield (Newcastle University, UK) This paper explores the political significance of a singular artefact in Colonial Williamsburg’s archaeological collections; a sherd of mid-eighteenth- century delftware punch bowl bearing the political slogan – “Pitt and Liberty”. Integrating textual, spatial, and material sources, this study employs an artefact biography methodology to explore and tell the life story of the ‘Pitt and Liberty’ punch bowl sherd focussing on examining its role within the socio-political contexts in which it was used. As an artefact biography, this paper explores the peculiar significance of this punch bowl as a mediator of political and cultural sentiment during a period of crisis in colonial Virginia which saw the traditional social hierarchy jeopardised and caused the gentry to effect a recalibration of their political identity in order to maintain popular support and power. Food, identity and humoral theory in early modern England: a case study from Leicestershire Rachel Small (University of Leicester, UK) Archaeological studies of food have generally taken an isolationist approach: they have tended to consider animal and plant remains separately and have largely failed to integrate written sources. Furthermore, interpretations have tended to focus on economics or on identifying aspects of identity (most commonly social status). A major omission is that evidence has seldom been interpreted within the ontological frameworks of elemental and humoral theory, which were dominant in the west circa 500 BC to AD 1850. My research attempts to address these problems through an interdisciplinary case study – the diet of the Grey family who lived at Bradgate House, Leicestershire (circa AD 1500 to 1750). By studying animal and plant remains from the excavations, the contemporary household account book, and regimen, recipe and husbandry books, I aim to answer the question ‘to what extent did humoral theory influence diet?’ In this presentation I shall discuss preliminary findings.

Session 5: Atlantic World (Part 1) Change and Continuity at Drax Hall Plantation, Barbados: A GIS Exploration of Plantation Maps Alan D. Armstrong (Northwestern University, USA), Douglas V. Armstrong (Syracuse University, USA) Drax Hall Plantation stands out in the landscape of Barbados as an example of the significance of the shift to sugar production and the expansion of slavery in Barbados and the British West Indies. This GIS study makes use of a series of detailed maps of the estate dating from 1719 to the present to examine change and continuity in land use and the built environment at Drax Hall. Using the estate maps as a guide, it integrates descriptive spatial data from treatises of the estate from the last quarter of the 17th century and estate books and accounts that provide details related to shifts in the cultural landscape from the time of emancipation to the present.

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Spinning a yarn, 16th century cotton production in the Caribbean Alice Samson (University of Leicester, UK), Jago Cooper (British Museum, UK) and Ramón Ocasio Negrón (University of Leicester, UK) Before the development of large-scale plantation economies for which the Caribbean is (in)famous, new markets for local products such as tobacco and cotton emerged through indigenous-European interaction and the diverse politics of encounter. This paper presents preliminary results from ongoing archaeological fieldwork on Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Here, excavation of an indigenous village turned Spanish supply centre, is revealing evidence for colonial cotton production in the 16th century. This paper will discuss the role of cotton preand post- European arrival, the shift from domestic production to upscaling for the export industry, and address power dynamics, labour, and technology in the context of the meeting of the Old and New Worlds. “A Faire Valley”: an archaeological and historical survey of Lemon Valley, St Helena, South Atlantic Andrew Pearson (AECOM, UK) The South Atlantic island of St Helena, 1200 miles off Africa, was first discovered in 1502 and became an English East India Company possession in 1659. Lemon Valley is one of its earliest inhabited and defended sites. It provided a focus for initial ‘plantation’ settlement from the late 17th century onwards, with massive defences built at the coast to protect it from invasion. By the mid-18th century it had become a place of quarantine for those arriving with contagious diseases, a role it reprised in the 19th century when a depot was established there for Africans freed from slave ships by Royal Navy patrols. By the early 20th century it had been completely abandoned, its rich archaeology increasingly subsumed by invasive flora. This paper relates survey and research into this landscape. This revealed much of its lost heritage and has informed a Conservation Management Plan that affords it future protection. Power, Persistence, and Change in a Lower Potomac Valley Landscape Barbara J. Heath, Eric G. Schweickart and Daniel W.H. Brock (University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA) The history of any given landscape is marked by a series of decisions made by its inhabitants in reaction to changing cultural and environmental factors. Decisions to create, change or preserve structures, alter terrain, and use or abandon particular regions are constrained by the actions of earlier occupants and the affordances of the material world. In this paper, we explore the factors that drew 17th-century English colonists in Virginia to the locality of Sekakawon, an Algonquian district in the lower Potomac River Valley; outline its transformation into a central place for mid17th century colonial settlement; and briefly trace its subsequent history. The study demonstrates how successive Anglo-American occupants modified the landscape that they inherited to maintain the ideological power that the place materialized. We examine both the dynamic interactions between people and the cultural landscapes they created, and consider the factors which led to persistence and change within this particular place over a 300-year period.

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Session 6: Urban and Rural (Part 2) A tale of two soup kitchens Philip Carstairs (University of Leicester, UK) During the nineteenth century charitable soup kitchens dotted the English landscape, appearing like mushrooms during times of crisis and then disappearing like the steam that emanated from them. This paper will consider two of these institutional buildings, Berkhamsted’s Soup House and Newcastle’s General Soup Kitchen, in their landscapes to explore attitudes of the well-to-do towards poverty and the poor. Excavation of the Curtain playhouse and its contribution to an interdisciplinary approach to theatre history Heather Knight (MOLA, UK) The Curtain playhouse was built c 1577 on the outskirts of the City of London and is one of the very earliest purpose built theatrical venues and operated as a place of public entertainment until the mid 1620s. During that time it staged many productions including William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Ben Jonson’s Every Man in his Humour. Of the handful of Elizabethan and Jacobean playhouses that were built in London, the Curtain is one of the least documented and until the site was excavated in 2016 very little was known about it. The archaeology is raising so many questions, proposing new narratives and contributing to an interdisciplinary dialogue researching the origins and evolution of 16th and 17th century drama. This paper will highlight just a few of these new research avenues, such as what are the implications of the size and shape of the stage. A tram ride through Dublin’s recent past: the post-medieval archaeology of a ‘second city’ Michael Stanley (TII Archaeology and Heritage, Ireland) The latest addition to Dublin’s light rail network—Luas Cross City—came into operation at the end of 2017. The creation of the new tram line entailed numerous phases of construction, all of which impacted the urban built environment that characterises Ireland’s capital, which once laid claim to being ‘the second city of the empire’. In the main, the archaeology unearthed during the course of these works dates from the Georgian period and later, but burial activity dating from the 15th–17th centuries was also uncovered. The built heritage identified during the project included numerous coal cellars serving private dwellings, remnants of the Royal Canal Harbour, vestiges of the former Midland Great Western Railway, and various elements of Dublin’s civic infrastructure. The excavation of a 19th-century cholera graveyard and later charnel trenches also provided a unique insight into the lives and deaths of more than 1,500 Dubliners. This paper offers a whistle-stop tour of the preliminary excavation results. Protected privilege: the historical archaeology of hare hunting Eloise Kane (University of Bristol & University of Exeter, UK) The act of preserving game animals for the hunt was practised with increasing specialisation during the post-medieval period, ensuring physical and legal protection for particular species. For centuries, the hare had been quarry for the gentry and nobility, and from at least the 17th century 13

was actively preserved in warrens. This paper will introduce the preliminary results of research and fieldwork to record, characterise, and understand hare warrens, their landscapes and social context. Often acting as outlying appendages to designed landscapes, they were intended for people as much as animals. These are places bound to the development of early modern sport as well as the increasingly complex and notorious Game Laws of the 17th to 19th centuries. They served at once to facilitate gentry leisure and construct social transgression in the rural landscape.

Papers: Sunday 25 March Session 7: Commerce Converting waste textiles into new textiles in the Middle Ages and modern times Dawid Grupa Recycling is a term associated with 20th c, and in general is related to secondary use of converted wastes. In the Middle Ages and modern period, objects which could no longer serve in their original functions were also used for another purposes, provided they had some useful properties. Textiles are the best examples of that secondary function. Sacks and woolen blankets were the purchase and exchange subjects between the Hanse cities, which traded old used fabrics as precious basic source for paper manufacturing, guaranteed by special rulers’ privileges. While ordinary and popular textiles were recycled, the process also concerned luxurious fabrics. Due to their quality and prices, silk textiles could be used for hundreds of years. They changed their owners in a very spectacular way. Royal cloaks or wealthy ladies’ robes became liturgical vestments in bigger or smaller parish churches. It is one of the examples, when archaeological sources find their reflection in museums or monasteries collections. Glass bell-beakers - what was their function? Magdalena Majorek (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland) Using glass bell-beakers (fig. 1) in Polish territories is registered for the period from the end of 16th c. until the beginning of 19th c., and their manufacturing was performed simultaneously in glassworks in various country regions. Multitude of excavated glass bell-beakers fragments make quality analyses possible. Monographic elaboration, encompassing typology, glass morphology, manufacturing techniques and technologies was possible in the 80s of 20th c., although question of their functions and origin has remained unsolved till these days. Researchers of archaeological glass recognized that form mainly as drinking dishes, elements of tableware. There are also voices indicating secondary dishes usage, as olive lamps. Liturgical functions – as cruets for serving wine and water during holy masses were also attributed to them. In this paper I will try to answer the question: what was the function of glass bell-beakers found in the area of the former church and cemetery in Płonkowo (Poland).

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Timber, pottery, clay pipes and language-Trading and Cultural interaction 1500–1750 Marianne Johansson, Reidun Aasheim, Finn-Einar Eliassen (Akershus County Council, Norway) Archaeological investigations in the Norwegian small coastal town of Son and the cooperation between two archaeologists and one historian has resulted in new information about the town’s position in maritime trade. In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Dutch ships came to fetch Norwegian timber, but they also brought trade goods from many different countries to Norway. In the archaeological material from Son, this is seen in the number of pottery sherds, especially from German and Dutch pottery and in the number of clay pipes from the Netherlands and England. We are now trying to launch an international project through Creative Europe to investigate and promote this topic further. We want to get more information on how trading and cultural interaction from 1500–1750 have affected the countries involved and moulded their material and immaterial cultural heritage today. The multi-functional landscape. Economy and landscape use (18th and 19th centuries) Pia Nilsson (National Historical Museum, Sweden), Eva Svensson (Karlstad University, Sweden), Martin Hansson (Lund University, Sweden) Small-scale peasants and crofters appear to have taken part in, even as driving forces in an early industrialization with a developed monetary economy. Numerous rural settlements with negligible acreages found strategies to survive through multifunctional economic activities, including iron-, charcoal- and tar production along with different kinds of handicrafts. Through creative strategies small economic entities, seemingly unfavorably located but with access to resources in the landscape, were able to gain a substantive livelihood. Due to the multi-tasking and widespread localization of the activities, investigating their lifescapes requires a broad landscape approach. This paper will address how archaeology, by developing a landscape/economic/social perspective, can create an understanding and highlight the varied economic activities, the landscape use and movement patterns. The paper will also address problems and possibilities concerning heritage management of this landscape diversity. Modern decorative textiles from Elbląg Sebastian Nowak (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland) Textiles have always played an important role in human life. They accompany us from birth till death and even later, in our place of eternal rest. Treated often marginally, they have also been a significant element of modern burghers’ houses equipment, securing privacy, providing warmth, isolating from noise or interfering looks. Used in bedrooms, kitchens, pantries or living-rooms, they have made our mundane chores easier, but also have been the subject of admiration and envy of the visitors, confirming the owners’ wealth. The presentation’s purpose is to demonstrate brief review of modern silk decorative textiles, obtained during archaeological explorations in Elbląg, Warmińsko-Mazurskie province, Poland. Textiles from urban sites in Poland preserve very rarely, and are regarded as exceptional finds, with unique historical value. They confirm presently the existence of plentitude of various textiles, which are presented in inventories of properties and in modern burghers’ last wills.

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New Excavations in Prague Suburb Karlín Tereza Blažková (Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic) and Milan Kucharik (Labrys, o.p.s. (NGO)) New archaeological excavations on the edge of medieval Prague revealed new data on PostMedieval life in Prague suburb, today’s ‘Karlín’ district. Karlín suburb was a kind of production, trade and transportation area, which represented economic background for the city of Prague in the Post-Medieval era. Today´s development and gentrification of the district leads to new archaeological excavations due to the building and renovation activities. New archaeological data from these excavations help to fill gaps in historical written sources about the area and help to understand the utilization of the space in the past. The paper will present results of the latest research.

Session 8: Death, Ritual and Religion Devotional pictures from burials in crypts of the Name of Holy Virgin Mary church in Szczuczyn, Poland Madgalena Przymorska-Sztuczka (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland) In the Christian tradition, holy cards are small, devotional pictures mass-produced for the use of the faithful. The custom of distributing Catholic prayer cards is a centuries old tradition of the Catholic Church. They usually depict a religious scene or a saint. The circulation of these cards is an important part of the visual folk culture of Roman Catholics. The paper presents a collection of devotional pictures discovered during archaeological research in the crypts of the church of the Name of Holy Virgin Mary in Szczuczyn. Cards were discovered in burials of adults and children. They have survived thanks to exceptionally favorable conditions prevailing in the crypts. This is the largest collection of holy cards from archaeological research from Poland so far. The devotional pictures presented above represent barely a fracture of devotional artifacts excavated in Szczuczyn. But even this small amount contributes to verification of our knowledge concerning burial ceremonies of 18th and 19th century. Kinds of polychromy on plasters of modern times crypts in Radzyń Podlaski and Byszewo (Poland) Małgorzata Grupa Brick crypts in churches belonged to separated places of burials and they were usually erected in presbyteries and side chapels. In some cases, brick vaults and walls were covered with while plasters, but of course, there were also exceptions, covered with painted decorations. Radzyń Podlaski’s church can boast with an image of danse macabre in the southern crypt. Two skeletons hold in their hands objects symbolizing the moment of passing away, death, which are: an hourglass, an axe, scythe and a spade. The crypt vault in Byszewo presents quite a different decor. White plastered ceiling has signs: IHS and Marian sign with two angles at both sides (crypt prepared this way is regarded as unique). The question arises: who ordered that richly decorated burial place and when it took place? Was it during the ordering person’s life?

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The crypt of Azzio (Varese): a modern age secondary burial case in Northern Italy Marta Licata, Paola Badino, Ilaria Gorini, Omar Larentis, Chiara Rossetti (University of Insubria, Italy) and Silvia Iorio (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy) We report the results of the archaeological and anthropological investigations conducted inside the Crypt of the Franciscan Monastery of Azzio (Varese, northern Italy). Throughout our investigations it was possible to highlight taphonomic changes that involved the corpses during the ritual process and to reconstruct the ritual adopted by the Friars. This allowed us to reconstruct the modality of body treatment in the funeral ritual. In hypogeal funerary chambers, corpses were temporarily deposed of in seat-niches. This type of burial recalls the sitting colatois, known in Naples as “cantarelle” and largely present in southern Italy. Now, we partially know the diffusion of the secondary burial ritual in southern Italy, in northern Italy it is less known. After our investigations we received several notices of similar funerary monuments in northern Italy that are now worth investigating. Forgotten sacred places in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland Terhi Tanska, Titta Kallio-Seppä (Oulu University, Finland) During the early 17th century two church and graveyard sites in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland were destroyed and rebuilt close by. One was in the newly established town of Oulu and the other in a nearby rural village of Ii. The churchyard in Ii dates as far back as the 15th century and the one in Oulu to the late 16th century, but both were turned into secular residential areas during the 17th and 18th century. In this paper we discuss how the social memory of these sacred places evolved over time, as their sacred identity was first forgotten, then falsely remembered, and finally rediscovered and brought to public attention by archaeologists. In addition to archaeological material, cartographical sources and oral and written traditions are used as source material to reveal the changes in social memory of the places. Cave as burial space Hayk Gyulamiryan (National Academy of Sciences of Armenia) Among the burial types of Classical Armenia, cave burials made in the natural and artificial chambers are of special interest. In the Armenian highlands, the phenomenon of cave burials is known from the late Stone Age onwards, with particular examples being the sites of “Areni-1”, “Aghitu-3” and Goris. The topic of this paper, the tomb of “Aghitu-3”, is the only cave tomb of Classical period known in present-day Armenia. Certain types of graves in rock-cut caves are examined in the context of the phenomenon of “the cave as burial space.” The Urartian rock-cut tombs of Van, the same Urartian columbariums in the RA (Geghovit, Kartjaghbyur, Agarak) and some medieval caves (Geghard) are examined. These structures are compared with the cave burials of Naqsh-e Rustam, Persepolis, Myra, Paphos, Thebes, etc. This paper examines the phenomenon of cave burials of different periods, in parallel with elements of ideology of the past, and corresponding mythological and symbolic data (MitraMher, Artavazd, Amiran, Armenian legends, folklore, etc.). The study of cave burials is an innovative area of research into ancient burial traditions. Caves served as burial spaces and were evaluated as “the womb” of Mother Nature, a sacred space of birth and death.

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Session 9: Atlantic World (Part 2) Capitalism, Sugar Plantations and Slavery in Mid-Seventeenth Century Barbados Douglas V. Armstrong (Syracuse University, USA) The origins of capitalism in the British West Indies began as part of the revolutionary change in agricultural and labour systems in Barbados in the second quarter of the 17th century. This paper explores the archaeology of Trents Plantation and other Barbadian estates involved in the rise of agro-industrial based capitalism in the Barbados and the Caribbean. The shift involved multinational funding that ensconced capitalism, as a means of financing and empowering agroindustrial sugar production and a slave based labour regime. Most specifically, I will focus on Dutch and English interactions and the implications of capital finance resulting from globally based public trading companies and ungoverned capital investment in sugar and slavery. The social and economic changes seen in the archaeological record at Trents plantation, and actuated across Barbados, had a dramatic impact on the broader Atlantic World, inclusive of the Americas, Europe, Africa, and their trading partners across the globe. “Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn”: Liverpool, Glasgow and the Bristol Channel – an archaeology of the American Civil War in UK territorial seas Graham Scott (Wessex Archaeology, UK) At the outset of the American Civil War, the Union north saw an opportunity to starve the agrarian southern Confederacy of war supplies by blockading its ports. The supply of cotton to UK industry was threatened but Britain remained neutral. The Confederacy responded by acquiring the latest British-built steamers to ‘run’ the blockade and this probably lengthened the war. Many ‘runners’ were lost but the lure of gold and sympathetic connections ensured the covert participation of the shipbuilders, merchants and seamen of Liverpool and Glasgow. This paper will look at the archaeological evidence for blockade running in the UK, specifically three blockade runner shipwrecks in the Bristol Channel, Liverpool Bay and the Clyde which are now amongst our most important historic wrecks. It will consider what these ships and recent archaeological work has contributed to our wider understanding of one of the most important events of the 19th century and of British involvement in it. A view of late-sixteenth-century Dublin in John Derricke’s The Image of Irelande (1581) James Lyttleton (AECOM UK and Ireland Ltd) The image of Irelande, with a discoverie of woodkarne was published by John Derricke in 1581, following his time in Ireland in the employ of Sir Henry Sydney, the then lord deputy of Ireland. The book, which is a mixture of verse and prose, defends the record of Sir Henry Sydney and details the military victories achieved by the lord deputy over the native Irish. Included in the publication were twelve double-page wood cuts which Derricke stated were ‘Made and devised by him’. These depict various scenes of life in late Tudor Ireland, some of which Derricke may have witnessed himself. Two of these illustrate Sir Henry Sydney in Dublin, one a scene in which the lord deputy is emerging through the main gate of Dublin Castle in a procession of horsemounted troops. Notwithstanding certain license on the part of Derricke, this image of Dublin Castle and its surrounding environs still provides a valuable commentary on the nature of the built environment in late sixteenth-century Dublin, the nature of which is only partially 18

understood from documentary sources and archaeological remains. This paper discusses the value of Derricke’s image for archaeologists and architectural historians in reconstructing certain aspects of architecture in late Tudor Dublin. A Russian Princess, Fat Ann’s and brothel tokens: the material culture of sexual economies Laura O'Gorman (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland) Brothel tokens or coins are a rare form of material culture remaining from past practices of prostitution. Controversy surrounds their use due to the few in existence and the many pseudohistoric fantasy (fake) tokens born of the popular culture surrounding prostitution in the ‘Wild West’, but both have merit in their own right as part of the material culture of sex. Whether pseudo-historical memorabilia or genuine artefacts, brothel tokens not only provide insight into both the fantasy culture which surrounds sex for sale and a controversial area of female occupational history, but also how prostitutes portrayed themselves as a specialised commodity and advertised their services.

Session 10: Conflict Sledmere revisited: Entangled Remembrances of World War 1 in East Yorkshire Harold Mytum (University of Liverpool, UK) As the First World War commemorations draw to a close, the memorials at Sledmere, East Yorkshire, indicate the attitudes to the war held by one individual, Sir Mark Sykes, the 6th baronet. Widely known as an author of the Sykes-Picot agreement which carved up the Middle East between France and Britain following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, thereby creating countries such as Iraq and Syria, he managed and invested in his substantial estate and house on the Yorkshire Wolds. He remembered the war through two items, each exceptional in their scale, quality, and messages they give. Two external monuments one an adapted 19th-century Eleanor Cross for soldiers and a new memorial both stand along the main road through the village for the Wolds Wagoners. A third memorial, an illuminated manuscript book, is displayed in the parish church. Chivalry, paternalism, xenophobia, and romanticism are all evoked by these artefacts in the context of loss, sacrifice and memory. The Battle of Cheriton: Analysing Artefacts from an English Civil War Battlefield Kevin Claxton (University of York, UK) The Battle of Cheriton in 1644 was a major turning point in the English Civil War, being one of the first Parliamentarian victories. However, despite its importance in English history, the Battle of Cheriton has not received the attention of scholars in the way that battles such as Edgehill and Naseby have. This paper aims to gain a new understanding of the events of the battle by analysing the assemblage of small finds that has been collected from the battlefield site. The result of this analysis is that the true location can now be provided with some certainty, along with the range of weapons used at the battle. The results also shed new light on the interpretation of the events of the battle and aid the protection of the site as an area of historical importance.

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The Molunat gun and the French - Russian naval engagement in 1806 near Dubrovnik, Croatia Igor Mihajlović (Croatian Conservation Institute, Croatia) and Gianni Renato Ridella (Università di Genova, Italy) Two amateur historians, and divers have in 2012, while spending their holidays near Dubrovnik, found a single large artillery piece in the North bay of Molunat. The recovered bronze artillery piece, which weights almost two tons, was casted 1758 in Turin by the famous Savoy gun founder Giovanni Battista Cebrano II. The gun ended up on the seabed in 1806 during a naval confrontation between the French forces commanded by general Marmont, and Russian under the command of admiral Senyavin. After the defeat at Austerlitz, and according to the Treaty of Pressburg, Austrian eastern Adriatic possessions were ceded to Napoleon. Those territories included Istria, Dalmatia, and Boka Kotorska, but not the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) which remained independent. Such eastern expansion did not go well with the Russian Tsar Alexander who already had two strong squadrons in the Mediterranean, dispatched there before Austerlitz. The events culminated in May 1806 with the French occupation of Dubrovnik, and the subsequent unsuccessful siege laid by the Russians. Lathom Castle: “The forgotten sieges of the Civil War” Paul Sherman (Lathom Castle Project, UK) and Diarmaid Walshe (Services Archaeology and Heritage Association, UK) Lathom Castle was the seat of the Stanley family the great lords of the North of England. It was also the site of one of the largest and longest sieges of the English Civil War and the only battle that was commanded by a female, Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby. The site near Ormskirk, Lancashire has been identified as having enormous potential to address research questions pertinent to siege warfare in the early post-medieval period within the wider context of a nonurban siege. The paper will look at the archaeology from the sieges and explore how the project has been recording one of the best-preserved early post-medieval siege warfare landscapes in the UK. A unique feature of the research works is that unlike other studies on Civil War sieges, the studies focus on a small rural defended structure rather than large urban centres. Apocalypse Then: Cold War civil defence and the London 2012 Olympic Games Jonathan Gardner (University College London, UK) Tracing the history of a 1950s Civil Defence Corps training facility, Bully Fen, located within today’s Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford (east London), this paper examines how such sites were used to prepare urban civilian populations for potential nuclear armageddon and what, if anything, of them lingers today. I will discuss how such a place is all but forgotten by the narratives of the mega event which was built over its site, yet how such a facility nonetheless appears to have shared some of the characteristics of international competitions like the Olympic Games and indeed, their current commitment to the idea of ‘legacy’ and spectacular demonstrations of material change to urban environments. Ultimately, I seek to explore how older preparations for the end of the world continue to have a resonance in our current era.

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Posters Industrial Colonisation of Mountains of Bohemia Tereza Blažková and Milan Kucharik (Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic) Bohemia region, a central part of the Czech Republic, is bordered by mountains. These mountains were sparsely populated until the early 19th century. Even the medieval colonization didn’t reach such high altitudes and didn’t reach the extent of colonization of woodcutters at turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The contribution deals with the Šumava Mountains in the SW Bohemia and the phenomenon of woodcutters colonization in the 19th century, which was inducted by the industrialization of Bohemia. The mountains were “storehouse” of fire wood for lowland factories needed primarily for firewood. Thanks to this colonization so far only very little human-affected landscape had undergone great changes still visible in today’s landscape. Research focuses on search for former settlements of woodcutters and water works for timber navigation including timber navigation canal (19th century). Ar scáth a chéile a mhaireann na daoine: Household and materiality in 18th–19th century Achill Island, Ireland Eve Campbell (Achill Archaeological Field School, Ireland) This poster will present recent work by the Achill Archaeological Field School at the pre-Famine rundale settlement of Keem, Achill Island, Co. Mayo in the west of Ireland. The settlement at Keem dates from at least the 1770s and comprised a cluster of some 40 buildings c.1838. The settlement was abandoned and cleared c.1850 and a new improved fieldscape and farmhouse was built in the valley. Today all that remains of the settlement are the low grassed-over building footprints. Between 2009 and 2017 Achill Archaeological Field School carried out a programme of excavations at Keem, examining three dwellings and associated features in the settlement. These works have provided an important window into life in pre-Famine Keem. In particular, they have elucidated architectural forms and material culture, shedding light on household, community and connections between Keem and the wider world. This poster will focus on evidence for household and materiality at Keem. Housing forms will be considered in a Hiberno-Scottish context, drawing links between western Irish and Scottish architectural forms. Special attention will be paid to the ceramic assemblage from the site, exploring the roles of ceramics in materialising social relationships within the community, through the practices of eating, curation and display. Witches, Demons and Misfortune – and how to repel them Alison J. Fearn (University of Leicester, UK) There exists in churches, homes and barns a set of marks traditionally described as protective. These symbols, most commonly daisy wheels, taper burns and A, V and M monograms represent a system of belief which combines both folklore and Christianity. These marks are indicative of a belief system which was well understood by the contemporary viewer, but are barely referenced in primary source literature. However, these marks are an expression of emotional responses and practices which are embedded within their forms.

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As part of material culture expression the use of these symbols, represent a set of protective measures. They demonstrate the interaction of people, symbols and buildings which combine to maintain personal, spiritual and environmental boundaries. Witches, natural disasters and changing societal norms required a system of mediation, management and containment to maintain freedom from harm. Twice dead: the hypogeal sepulchres of northern Italy Roberta Fusco (University of Bergamo, Italy) Today death is perceived as a moment, death is imprisoned in a time point. There is not a passage which implies a certain period and the contemporary debate has almost eliminated the concept of soul. However, in many past culture to the definition of death as an instantaneous moment, was often flanked the idea that dying is like falling asleep, and it does not happen in an instant. Such beliefs, and the consequent handling practices of the corpse, it seemed to have been uprooted by Christianity, and instead, they remained in force until the end of the eighteenth century. In Northern Italy there are some particular structures funerals, diffused in the sixteenth century. These structures allowed to intervene in the processes of decomposition and were functional at prolonged treatment of the corpses. After death the bodies were placed in these environments, on particular seats, (used to desiccate the bodies, eliminating the bodily fluid), remained there until the body was completely skeletonized. Following the complete drying the body underwent a second burial, often accompanied by new funeral. The purpose of this research is to propose an interpretation on the intended use of these structures and the universe ritual, and religion to which responded, through the examination of archival sources. There is also reason to believe that such structures, they spread to other areas of the Mediterranean, the Spanish monarchs still use for their burials in the Escorial monastery structures identical to putridaria identified in Italy. Former places of execution in Silesia - project assumptions (Poland) Magdalena Majorek (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland) There, where the animals were equal to humans. The former places of execution in Silesia in an interdisciplinary approach is a five-year project financed by the National Science Center (Poland), whose implementation began in May 2017. The intention of an interdisciplinary team of researchers in the fields of history, archives, archaeology, and anthropology will be the presentation of the appearance and way of functioning of former places of execution, with towering brick gibbets (with the example of several Silesian cities). The research focused on the types of execution and issue of the treatment of corpses executed criminals, their public presentation and the specificity of places used for burials suicide, condemned criminals and carrion. The archaeological data obtained from non-invasive and survey research and the results of anthropological analyses will be compared with the written ones (e.g. criminal records, law files, city chronicles), acquired as part of an extensive archival and library inquiry in the country and abroad.

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The post-medieval village of Locoe Aurelio Meloni (University of Sassari, Italy) This is a summary of the work conducted in research on the abandoned villages of Sardinia; the work, follow by the research team of medieval and post-medieval archaeology of Sassari’s University, was aimed to identify the possible location of the inhabited, with a preliminary survey, and collect all the information possible. The present study involved an area of about 6 hectares, located in the central area of Sardinia north of the town of Orgosolo. The remains of the village are located in a hilly area with altitudes oscillating between 340 and 380 m above sea level, bordered on the SW side by a small stream the church of San Leonardo appears to be placed on the highest point area, in a predominant position compared to what should have been the portion of land reserved for housing. The first attestations of Locoe village are later than the “Age of Judges” and no data suggests the existence of it in the centuries before the XIV. The documents assure a population until 1746 but it would not be wrong to imagine Locoe inhabited by a couple of families, uncensored, even in the first twenty years of the twentieth century. The archaeological investigations carried out on the territory have allowed to identify three topographic units; each has been beaten, in several days, by the writer, in a preliminary survey with observation of the territory, photo collection, and analysis on the dispersion of material. What is ‘czechman’? Brief garment’s characteristics Sebastian Nowak (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland) National Polish costume enchanted with its sumptuousness, colours and patterns of used textiles. Even 16th century writers noticed the trend among Polish nobles, who created innovative, frequently surprising clothes. There was an opinion concerning gentry, that it was rather easier to portray them naked, with scissors in their hands and meters of textiles at their feet, than dressed in fashionable clothes of the period. Fashion changing constantly and foreign trends made a typical Polish national costume consist of various elements, serving defined functions. The poster presents unique characteristics of ‘czechman’, one of less popular and known pieces of Polish national attire, worn in 2nd half of the 17th and 18th centuries. Late and Post-Medieval Sternatia: New Data from Salvage Excavations Davide Polimeno (Italian Direction of Antiquities, Italy) Sternatia is a small and picturesque village in southern Salento, west of Otranto; it is home to a Greek community present there from the Angevin period. The walls would date to the late Middle Ages, but little is known about the development of the settlement between the 15th and the 17th centuries. The period following the Ottoman invasion of 1480 is the most debated in the history of the region. Three salvage excavations were undertaken in the old centre; apart from the first (2004), the last two ones have been carried out by D. Polimeno between 2015 and 2017. The discoveries enhanced our understanding of the situation of Sternatia in the Aragonese and Spanish periods. A few issues arose from the discoveries beneath the parish church, with a stratigraphic sequence from the late Middle Ages to 1940s.

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All aboard! An archaeological approach to Belgian diaspora communities in the USA Maxime Poulain (Ghent University, Belgium) Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, over 30 million Europeans would settle in Canada or the USA. The port of Antwerp functioned as one of the major hubs from which those people departed. Indeed, between 1843 and 1913 over 2.7 million people embarked on boats leaving for the New World. The Belgians amongst these migrants are cautiously estimated at 200,000. Many of them eventually settled in the Midwest, in the area surrounding the Great Lakes. The research question that is central to this project pertains to the way in which these immigrants expressed group identities in their material, everyday lives, and how this expression of identity changed over time. These issues are evaluated on three different scales; that of material culture, architecture and landscape. In doing so, this project contributes to the broader discussion on hybridized and retained cultural practices using archaeological remains. Selected headdresses from archaeological explorations performed in Szczuczyn, Poland Madgalena Przymorska-Sztuczka (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland) The poster presents a collection of selected headdresses originating from burials excavated during archaeological explorations in crypts of the Name of Holy Virgin Mary church in Szczuczyn, Podlaskie Province, Poland. Research conducted there delivered rich and varied archaeological material. Headdresses with chronology from 18th till 19th century were subjected to analyses. The collection presented here consists of headgears belonging to males, females and children. Textiles used for headdresses from Szczuczyn represent different types of material, with predominance of silk, though. Plain weave, rep, satin, damask and patterned fabrics are distinguished in this collection and they belong to very expensive and luxurious goods. Indirectly, it gives evidence of the buried people’s wealth. Szczuczyn crypts included also a rich collection of headdresses made of linen and wool in plain weave 1/1 and knitted woollen caps. The Evolution of Audley End: What can archaeological archives tell us about postDissolution manor houses? Caitlin Scott (University of Sheffield, UK and English Heritage) Audley End, Essex, evolved from a Benedictine monastery to a country house, linked with the secularisation of monastic space in the post-Reformation period and the changing fortunes of its owners and workers as they navigated Tudor and Jacobean socio-political spheres. This project, a collaborative doctoral partnership with English Heritage, explores the changing nature of Audley End through the comparison of material culture to historical sources to draw out patterns and changes in the lives of successive occupants. The primary source of information for this research is an archaeological archive of artefacts and documents, created after excavations in the 1980s but which has yet to be published. It aims to elucidate the potential of archaeological approaches to country house scholarship, to inform our understanding of the daily lives of their occupants and to aid the creation of associated heritage interpretation. This poster will discuss the initial stages of this research.

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Finding Fido: Tracking the memorialisation of dogs in the post-medieval landscape Eric Tourigny (Newcastle University, UK) British society’s attitudes towards animals underwent important changes in the post-medieval period. This is exemplified in the way dogs undertook new roles in the lives (and afterlives) of people, eventually becoming important members of the household. As part of a larger project tracking changes to the treatment of the dog body in post-medieval Britain, this poster takes a look at the memorialisation of dogs from the 16th to 20th centuries. Memorials inform on the roles dogs played in the lives and afterlives of their humans (e.g., were they considered a part of the family or belong in heaven?). The forms memorials took and their distribution across the landscape convey how changing attitudes towards animals spread through British society, from private tombs erected by the wealthy to public memorials. A crowdsourcing project is introduced to gather data on the locations of these features. Find out how you can contribute! The Second World War in Pomerania (Poland) from an archaeological perspective Filip Wałdoch (Adami Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland) Purpose of this poster is show for discuss assumption of research project “Past Landscape of Pomeranian Army (1939), a remote sensing perspective”. It aims to answer question: how been creating, functioned and how currently looks landscape of their operation? To answer them I will use remote sensing data like: airborne laser scanning, aerial photographs, archival maps, satellite imagery and geophysics. And then they are processing witch are really important step. Because for example data form ALS need a lot of attention in processing from point cloud to ready visualization. All data will be collected to the GIS database and then interpreted. For identification elements of landscape like, among other things field airports, field fortification or the remains of wartime. That kind of landscape was never research by archaeologist in that complex way. This project is the first of it is kind research and start in October 2017 and it will last until 2021.

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