Reports, Limited #69

Phytotoxicity and Efficacy of Sumagic (Uniconazole) for Growth Control of Sweet Potato Vine (Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’) By Heiner Lieth, Director Linda Dodge Shannon Still Ron Lane

Project: USDA Interregional Research Project #4 Project Number 13509A – December 5, 2003 Acknowledgements: Donors/Supporters: CDFA Minor Crops Research Grant, Project 2: Enhancement of the Western Region IR-4 Program to Address California Needs Kelly’s Wholesale Nursery, Davis CA

UC Davis Environmental Horticulture IR4 Center Department of Environmental Horticulture University of California One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 http://envhort.ucdavis.edu/ir4

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

IR-4 ORNAMENTAL DATA REPORTING FORM 1. INVESTIGATOR (Name, Address, Phone#): Dr. Heiner Lieth Department of Environmental Horticulture University of California One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 Ph 530-752-7198 FAX 530-752-1819 Email: [email protected]

LOCATION OF TRIAL: Dept. of Env. Hort., University of California, Davis TRIAL TYPE greenhouse, container 2. PESTICIDE: COMMON NAME: Uniconazole FORMULATION: emulsifiable concentrate 0.055% ai BATCH NO.: PRODUCT: Sumagic EPA REG. NO. 59639-37 MFG: Valent 3. USE INFORMATION: COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PLANT: Sweet potato vine Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ REASON: Length reduction SOIL TYPE OR TYPE OF POTTING MIX: grower’s mix % SAND % SILT % CLAY % OM pH SEEDING DATE EMERGENCE DATE PLANTS CUT BACK: 10/31/03 PLANT OR POT SPACING 8 inches ROW SPACING 8 inches POT SIZE 4 inch PLOT SIZE 60 sq ft EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN randomized complete block with three blocks and 4 replicates per block

4. APPLICATION PARAMETERS: TYPE OF APPLICATION foliar spray NO. OF APPLICATIONS NOZZLE TYPE/SIZE CALIBRATION DATE(S)

one

APPLICATION TYPE quart-size spray bottle NOZZLE PRESSURE DELIVERY RATE

5. APPLICATION SUMMARY: APPL.DATE

RATES (a.i./A)*

GROWTH STAGE

11/07/03

0, 1.28, 2.56, 5.12 fl. oz./gal (0, 5, 10, 20 ppm)

One week after cutting back

*Be sure to provide units

2

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

IR-4 ORNAMENTAL DATA REPORTING FORM (Please type or print) 6. RAINFALL/IRRIGATION RECORDS: INCLUDE RAINFALL/IRRIGATION INFORMATION (printouts, IR-4 forms, etc.) Plants were irrigated as needed with half-strength Hoagland’s solution

7. OTHER PESTICIDES, FERTILIZER, LIME AND ADJUVANTS USED: PRODUCT Distance (PYRIPROXYFEN) Insect growth regulator AMOUNT PRODUCT Talstar F (Bifenthrin) AMOUNT PRODUCT M-Pede (Insecticidal Soap) AMOUNT

DATE DATE DATE

8. NARRATIVE SUMMARY OF METHODS AND RESULTS: (Use more pages if needed)

Materials and Methods Plant Material and Culture. Four-inch plants of Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ were obtained on 10/31/03 from Kelly’s Wholesale Nursery in Davis, CA. The plants were placed in a glasshouse under natural daylength and temperatures of 75°F/60°F (24°C/15°C) (Figure 1). The plants were pruned on 10/31/03. The container mix was the original grower’s mix. The plants were watered as needed during the five-week experiment with half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Applications of pesticides were made as needed (see No.7 above). Experimental Procedure. Forty-eight plants were randomly chosen and individually tagged for treatment with 0, 5, 10 or 20 ppm uniconazole with 12 replicates per treatment. The plants received one foliar spray application of the designated treatment on 11/07/03 (one week after cutting back) (Figure 2). Plant leaves were sprayed to runoff using quart-sized manual spray bottles. The plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 blocks and 4 replicates per block on 11/07/03. Phytotoxicity observations using a numerical rating scale of 0 (no injury) to 10 (complete kill) were made weekly until 12/05/03. The length (cm) of two branches per plant was measured weekly until 12/05/03. Statistical Analysis. The data were analyzed using Proc GLM of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Phyotoxicity data were analyzed using t-tests. Increases in the mean from the starting length were analyzed for significant differences using t-tests. The plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design after initial measurement and application.

Results Phytotoxicity. Uniconazole at rates of 0, 5, 10 or 20 ppm had no apparent phytotoxic effects on Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ (Figure 3, Appendix A). Control of Plant Growth. One week after one foliar application of 0, 5, 10 or 20 ppm uniconazole (0, 1x, 2x 4x recommended rate), Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ plants showed significant differences of increase in length from starting length (Figure 4). Treatment with 5, 10, or 20 ppm uniconazole suppressed growth significantly throughout the experiment (Figure 3). The increase in length for the control plants was always significantly higher than the plants treated with some level of uniconazole. At week one, the control plants averaged an increase of 1.15 cm while the treatments with uniconazole reduced internode length significantly to 0.42-0.52 cm. At week two, the control plants averaged an increase of 1.95 cm while the treatments with uniconazole reduced internode length significantly to 0.561.02 cm. At week three, the control plants averaged 2.86 cm while the treatments with uniconazole reduced internode length significantly to 0.81-1.53 cm. At week four, the control plants averaged an increase of 4.4 cm while the treatments with uniconazole reduced internode length significantly (Figures 3 and 4). The 5 ppm treatment had an increase of 2.6 cm which was significantly different than the 20 ppm treatment at 1.19 cm. The 10 ppm treatment, at 1.7 cm was not significantly different from either the 5 ppm or 20 ppm treatments.

3

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

Discussion Uniconazole is clearly an effective plant growth control tool for sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas), achieving excellent control of vegetative growth with no phytotoxic effects.

9. GOOD RESEARCH PRACTICE STATEMENT: I acknowledge that I have read and followed the IR-4 Research protocol and completed this trial following good agricultural practice, or reported any deviations (note any changes from authorized protocol in narrative).

SIGNATURE

DATE Dr. Heiner Lieth, PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

4

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

Figure 1. Greenhouse air temperatures during experiment to determine effects of uniconazole on Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’.

5

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

Figure 2. Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ plants were sprayed with 0, 5, 10 or 20 ppm uniconazole one week after pruning.

0 ppm

5 ppm

10 ppm

20 ppm

Figure 3. Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ plants 4 weeks after treatment with uniconazole.

6

Branch length increase (cm)

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

5 Control 5 ppm (1X) 10 ppm (2X) 20 ppm (4X)

4 3 2 1 0 0

1

2 3 Weeks after treatment

4

Figure 4. Effect of one foliar application of uniconazole on branch length increase of Ipomoea batatas ‘Tricolor’ four weeks post-treatment (n = 12).

7

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

APPENDIX A PHYTOTOXICITY REPORT FORM: Ipomoea Block A PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

RATE*

PHYTO

RATE

RATE

RATE

RATE

RATE

oz ai/gal

REP.

11/07/03

11/14/03

11/21/03

11/28/03

12/05/03

CONTROL

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

1

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

2

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

3

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

4

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

1

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

2

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

3

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

4

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

1

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

2

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

3

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

4

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

TREATMENT

NOTE: DEFINE MEASUREMENT OF PHYTOTOXICITY, OR INDEX OF INJURY (0=NO INJURY, 10=COMPLETE KILL)

*Be sure to provide units

8

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

APPENDIX A PHYTOTOXICITY REPORT FORM: Ipomoea Block C PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

RATE*

PHYTO

RATE

RATE

RATE

RATE

RATE

oz ai/gal

REP.

11/07/03

11/14/03

11/21/03

11/28/03

12/05/03

CONTROL

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

1

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

2

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

3

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

4

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

1

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

2

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

3

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

4

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

1

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

2

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

3

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

4

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

TREATMENT

NOTE: DEFINE MEASUREMENT OF PHYTOTOXICITY, OR INDEX OF INJURY (0=NO INJURY, 10=COMPLETE KILL)

*Be sure to provide units

9

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

APPENDIX A PHYTOTOXICITY REPORT FORM: Ipomoea Block E PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

PHYTO

RATE*

PHYTO

RATE

RATE

RATE

RATE

RATE

oz ai/gal

REP.

11/07/03

11/14/03

11/21/03

11/28/03

12/05/03

CONTROL

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

CONTROL

0

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

1

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

2

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

3

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

4

0

0

0

0

0

1X (5 ppm)

1.28

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

1

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

2

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

3

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

4

0

0

0

0

0

2X (10 ppm)

2.56

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

1

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

2

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

3

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

4

0

0

0

0

0

4X (20 ppm)

5.12

MEAN

0

0

0

0

0

TREATMENT

NOTE: DEFINE MEASUREMENT OF PHYTOTOXICITY, OR INDEX OF INJURY (0=NO INJURY, 10=COMPLETE KILL)

*Be sure to provide units

10

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

APPENDIX B

EFFICACY REPORT FORM (BRANCH LENGTHS): Ipomoea Block A RATE*oz TREATMENT ai/gal CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2

REP. 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN

Length Length Length Length Length (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 11/07/03 11/14/03 11/21/03 11/28/03 12/05/03 2.0 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.5 4.5 6.6 8.0 9.2 12.1 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.8 13.0 9.0 12.5 16.5 18.2 24.3 8.0 9.3 10.5 12.1 14.1 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.3 9.3 12.5 14.3 14.5 16.5 17.4 8.5 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.4 7.8 9.1 10.1 11.0 12.9 10.0 10.0 10.5 11.5 12.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.0 10.0 12.5 13.0 13.2 15.0 5.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.2 13.3 8.0 8.0 8.5 10.6 12.2 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.2 4.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0 6.0 6.7 7.2 7.9 8.9 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.0 6.2 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 9.0 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.8 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.6 2.0 5.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 7.1 2.5 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.5 3.0 3.2 3.4 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.7 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.5 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.6

Efficacy Scale: The length (cm) of two branches per plant was measured *Be sure to provide units

11

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

APPENDIX B

EFFICACY REPORT FORM (BRANCH LENGTHS): Ipomoea Block C RATE*oz TREATMENT ai/gal CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2

REP. 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN

Length Length Length Length Length (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 11/07/03 11/14/03 11/21/03 11/28/03 12/05/03 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.4 7.5 8.0 10.0 10.5 13.0 4.5 5.4 6.5 6.6 8.3 7.0 8.4 9.0 9.2 10.5 2.3 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 12.0 15.5 19.2 21.5 26.3 6.5 7.2 8.5 9.2 10.0 6.5 7.5 8.7 9.3 10.9 8.3 8.5 9.8 9.8 10.7 12.0 11.5 12.7 12.7 13.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.5 5.7 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.5 9.5 10.2 14.0 1.0 1.5 1.9 2.8 3.8 2.0 2.5 4.0 4.5 5.7 3.0 3.8 5.0 5.7 6.5 5.5 5.9 6.7 7.1 8.3 10.0 11.5 11.5 11.5 12.0 9.5 10.0 9.8 9.8 9.8 1.5 1.8 2.5 3.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.5 7.9 8.7 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.2 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.7 4.7 5.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 8.0 4.5 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.7 5.8 6.2 6.4 6.5 7.3 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 4.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.8 8.8 8.0 8.5 9.0 10.0 11.2 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.9 5.0 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.6 9.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.2 7.5 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.5 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.4 7.0

Efficacy Scale: The length (cm) of two branches per plant was measured *Be sure to provide units

12

PR.NO.: TRIAL: DATE:

13509A 1 12/05/03

APPENDIX B

EFFICACY REPORT FORM (BRANCH LENGTHS): Ipomoea Block E RATE*oz TREATMENT ai/gal CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 CONTROL 0 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 1X (5 ppm) 0.8 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 2X (10 ppm) 1.6 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2 4X (20 ppm) 3.2

REP. 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN 1- Branch 1 1- Branch 2 2- Branch 1 2- Branch 2 3- Branch 1 3- Branch 2 4- Branch 1 4- Branch 2 MEAN

Length Length Length Length Length (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 11/07/03 11/14/03 11/21/03 11/28/03 12/05/03 1.5 2.3 3.3 4.2 5.4 9.0 9.5 10.8 10.9 12.1 9.0 11.0 10.0 12.0 13.5 8.5 9.2 8.5 9.2 9.5 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.7 7.2 4.5 6.0 7.5 10.0 13.0 10.0 11.5 10.5 11.0 11.0 5.5 7.3 7.5 9.5 10.8 6.6 7.7 8.0 9.2 10.3 6.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.1 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.2 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.5 8.1 10.0 10.3 11.2 12.3 15.0 6.0 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.3 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.8 6.0 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.7 9.0 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 10.0 10.0 4.0 4.5 5.3 5.3 6.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.0 8.5 8.7 9.1 9.5 10.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.5 8.5 9.0 9.8 9.8 9.8 8.0 9.3 9.3 10.6 12.8 9.0 9.3 9.3 10.0 10.7 7.1 7.5 7.7 8.1 8.8 8.5 8.7 9.6 9.6 10.0 8.0 8.3 8.5 9.3 9.3 6.5 8.5 7.5 7.7 8.0 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.9 7.0 7.5 7.5 8.0 8.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 7.5 8.0 9.3 9.3 10.1 5.6 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.1

Efficacy Scale: The length (cm) of two branches per plant was measured *Be sure to provide units

13