Randy J. Larsen WASHINGTON

UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY

I NST. LOUIS

David M. Buss O FTEXAS A T AUSTIN

Personality Psychology Fourth

DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HUMAN NATURE

Me Grauu Hill

^Connect Learn I Succeed*

E d i t i on

Brief Contents INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to Personality Psychology 2. P ART

2

Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design

22

I

Hie Dispositional Domain 3. Traits and Trait, Taxonomies 56 4. Tlieoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology 90 5. Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change P A R. T I I

The Biological Domain 6. Genetics and Personality 158 7. Physiological Approaches to Personality 188 8. Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 226 PART

III

•

The Mrapsychic Domain 9. Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality 264 10. Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues 11. Motives and Personality 330 PART

IV

The Cognitive/Experiential .Domain 12. 13. 14.

Cognitive Topics in Personality 366 Emotion and Personality 396 Approaches to the Self 434

PART V

The Social and Cultural Domain 15. 16. 17. PART

Personality and Social Interaction 464 Sex, Gender, and Personality 492 Culture and Personality 520 VI

The Adjustment Domain 18. 19.

Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health Disorders of Personality 584

CONCLUSION 20. Summary and Future Directions

624

552

300

1.26

Contents About the Authors xv

I Preface xvii

I N T R 0 1) II C T I 0 N

Chapter 1 Introduction to Personalitj Psychology 2 Personality Denned 4 Personality Is t h e S e t of Psychological Traits . . .

5

And Mechanisms ... 6 Within the Individual . . . 7 That A r e Organized and Relatively Enduring . . . A n d That Influence . . . 8 His or H e r Interactions With . . . 8 A n d Adaptations to . . . 9 The Environment

7

9

Three Levels of Personality Analysis

10

Human Nature 11 Individual and Group Differences Individual Uniqueness

, „" 11

12

A Fissure in the Field 12 Grand Theories of Personality

12

Contemporary Research in Personality

13

Six Domains of Knowledge About Unman Nature 14 Dispositional Domain

15

Biological Domain 15 Intrapsychic Domain 16 Cognitive-Experiential Domain 16 Social and Cultural Domain 17 Adjustment Domain

18

The Role of Personality Theory 18 Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories 19 Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Personality? 21 KEY TERMS 21

Chapter 2

Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design 22 Sources of Personality Data, 24 Self-Report Data (S-Data) 24 Observer-Report Data (O-Data) 27 Test-Data (T-Data) 29 Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) 35 Issues in Personality Assessment 37

CONTKNTS

Evaluation of Persoiiiility Measures 38 Reliability 38 Response Sets 39 Validity 42 Generalizability

44

Research Designs in Personality 44 Experimental Methods 44 Correlational Studies 46 Case Studies 50 When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case Study Designs 51

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 53 P ART

52

I

The Disposition^ Domain Chapter y Traits and Trait Taxonomies

56

What Is a Trail? Two Basic Formulations

,r)8

Traits as Internal Causal Properties

58

Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries 59

The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits—An Illustration of the Descriptive Summary Formulation 60 Act Frequency Research Program

60

Evaluation of the Act Frequency Formulation

62

Identification of the Most Important Trails 63 Lexical Approach

63

Statistical Approach 65 Theoretical Approach 66 Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying Important Traits 68

'taxonomies of Personality 68 Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality 68 Cattell's Taxonomy: The 16 Personality Factor System 73 Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality 75 Five-Factor Model 77

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 89

88

Chapter 4

Theoretical and Measurement Issues hi Trait Psychology 90 Theoretical Issues 93 Meaningful Differences Between Individuals Consistency Over Time 94 Consistency Across Situations 95 Person-Situation Interaction 98 Aggregation 102 ,

93 '

COiVTMTS

vjj

Measurement Issues 104 Carelessness 104 Faking on Questionnaires 105 Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Test Interpretations 106

Personality and Prediction 109 Applications of Personality Testing in the Workplace 109 Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Employment Settings 110 Personnel Selection—Choosing the Right Person for the Job 116 Selection in Business Settings—The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 117 Selection in Business Settings—The Hogan Personality Inventory

S U M M A R Y AND EVALUATION KEY T E R M S 1 2 5

121

123

Chapter 5

Personality Dispositions Over Thne: Stability, Coherence, and Change 126 Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Stability, Coherence, and Change What Is Personality Development?

128

Rank Order Stability 128 Mean Level Stability 129 Personality Coherence 129 Personality Change

128

/

131

Three Levels of Analysis 131 Population Level 131 Group Differences Level

132

Individual Differences Level

133

Personality Stability Over Time 133 Stability of Temperament During Infancy, 133 Stability During Childhood 134 Rank Order Stability in Adulthood

138

Mean Level Stability in Adulthood

140

Personality Change

143

'

Changes in Self-Esteem From Adolescence to Adulthood Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition Sensation Seeking 144 Femininity 144 Independence and Traditional Roles 146

143

143

Personality Changes Across Cohorts: Assertiveness and Narcissism

147

Personality Coherence Over Time: Prediction of Socially Relevant Outcomes 148 Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce

148

Alcoholism and Emotional Disturbance 150' Religiousness and Spirituality 150 Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out Health and Longevity 151 Predicting Personality Change 152

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 155

153

150

CONTENTS

VI

P

ART

II

Hie Biological P o m Chapter 6

Genetics and Personality 158 The Human Genome 160 Controversy About Genes and Personality 161 Goals of Behavioral Genetics 162 What Is llerilabilily? 163 Misconceptions About Heritability Nature-Nurture Debate Clarified

164 165

Behavioral Genetic Methods 165 Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans' Best Friend

166

Family Studies 167 Twin Studies 167 Adoption Studies 169

Major Findings From Behavioral Genetic Research /

I 71

Personality Traits 171 Attitudes and Preferences 173 Drinking and Smoking 174 Marriage

177

Shared Versus Nonshared Environmental Influences: A Riddle Genes and the Environment I 79 Genotype-Environment Interaction

179

Genotype-Environment Correlation

180

1 77

Molecular Genetics 182 Behavioral Genetics, Science, Politics, and Values 184 SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY T E R M S

185

187

Chapter 1 Physiological Approaches to Personality 188 A Physiological Approach to Personality 192 Physiological Measures Commonly Used in Personality Research 193 Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance) Cardiovascular Activity 195 Brain Activity Other Measures

194

196 197

Physiologically Based Theories of Personality 198 Extraversion-Introversion

198

Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment 201 Sensation Seeking 207 Neurotransmitters and Personality 212 Morningness-Eveningness 214 Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style 219

CONTENTS

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY T E R M S

223

225

Chapter 8

Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 226 Evolution and Natural Selection 228 Natural Selection 228 Sexual Selection 229 Genes and Inclusive Fitness 230 Products of the Evolutionary Process 231

Evolutionary Psychology 232 Premises of Evolutionary Psychology

233

Empirical Testing of Evolutionary Hypotheses

234

Human Nature 236 Need to Belong 236 Helping and Altruism 238 Universal Emotions 239

Sex Differences 241 Sex Sex Sex Sex

Differences Differences Differences Differences

/

in Aggression 242 ,, in Jealousy 243 in Desire for Sexual Variety' 248 in Mate Preferences 249

Individual Differences 250 Environmental Triggers of Individual Differences 252 Heritable Individual Differences Contingent on Other Traits 253 Frequency-Dependent Strategic Individual Differences 253

The Big Five Motivation, and Evolnlionarily Relevant Adaptive Problems 257 Limitations of Evolutionary Psychology 258 SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS

P A R T

259

2 6 1 ,

I I I

The htrapsycliic Domain Chapter 9

Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality 264 Signiund Freud: A Brief Biography 267 Fundamental Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory 268 Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression

269

Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don't Know Why We Do What We Do 269 Psychic Determinism: Nothing Happens by Chance 271

Structure of Personality 273 Id: Reservoir of Psychic Energy 274 Ego: Executive of Personality 274

CONTENTS

Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Ideals 275 Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego 278 Dynamics of Personality Types of Anxiety

278 278

Defense Mechanisms

279

PsychosexuaJ Slages of Personality Development Personality and Psychoanalysis

290

Techniques for Revealing the Unconscious The Process of Psychoanalysis

290

293

Why Is Psychoanalysis Important?

295

Evaluation of Freud's Contributions

296

S U M M A R Y AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 2 9 9

286

298

Chapter 10

Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues 300 The Neo-Analytic Movement

303

Repression and Contemporary Research on Memory Contemporary- Views on the Unconscious

303

309

Ego Psychology 311 Erikson's Eight Stages of Development 312 Karen Homey and a Feminist Interpretation of Psychoanalysis Emphasis on Self and the Notion of Narcissism Object Relations Theory

319

321

Early Childhood Attachment Adult Relationships 324

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 3 2 9

322

328

Chapter 11 Motives and Personality 330 Basic Concepts Need Press

332 334 335

Apperception and the TAT 336 The Big Three Motives: Achievement, Power, and Intimacy Need for Achievement Need for Power 344 Need for Intimacy

339

347

Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-Actualize Maslow's Contributions 350 Rogers's Contributions 354

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 363

362

348

339

318

CONTENTS

P A R, T

iv

The Cofflitive/Experieiitial Doiuain Chapter 12

366

Cognitive Topics in Personality

Personality Revealed Through Perception 370 Field Dependence 371 Pain Tolerance and Sensation Reducing/Augmenting

375

Personality Revealed Through Interpretation 377 Kelly's Personal Construct Theory Locus of Control 379 Learned Helplessness

377

382

Personality Revealed Through (ioais 383 Personal Projects Analysis

385

Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Intelligence 390 SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 3 9 5

386

393

,

Chapter 13 Emotion and Personality 396 Issues in Emotion Research 399 Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits 399 Categorical Versus Dimensional Approach to Emotion

399

Content Versus Style of Emotional Life 403 Content of Emotional Life 403 Style of Emotional Life 426 Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional Life

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS ' 4 3 3 ' . .

430

432

Chapter 14

Approaches to the Sell* 434 Descriptive Component of the Self: Self-Concept. 438 Development of the Self-Concept

438

Self-Schemata: Possible Selves, Ought Selves, and Undesired Selves 441

Evaluative Component, of the Self: Self-Esteem 443 Evaluation of Oneself 443 Research on Self-Esteem

444

Social Component, of the Sell: Social Identity 453 The Nature of Identity 454 Identity Development 454 Identity Crises 456

.a.

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY T E R M S 461

459 f

CONTENTS

xn

P A II T V

The Social and Cultural Domain Chapter 15

464

Personality and Social Interaction Selection 466

Personality Characteristics Desired in a Marriage Partner 467 Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search for the Similar 469 Do People Get the Mates They Want? And Are They Happy? 471 Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples 473 Shyness and the Selection of Risky Situations 475 Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Situations 476

Evocation 476 Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility 477 Evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners 477 Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation 481

Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics

482

A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of Manipulation Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation

482

484

Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation

484

Panning Back: An Overview of Personality and Social Interaction SUMMARY AND EVALUATION 4 9 0 KEY TERMS 4 9 1 V/iU

487

pter 16

Sex, Gender, and Personality 492 The Science and Politics of Studying Sex and Gender 494 History of the Study of Sex Differences 494 Calculation of Effect Size: How Large Are the Sex Differences? 495 Minimalists and Maximalists 497

Sex Differences in Personality 4:97 Temperament in Children 497 Five-Factor Model 499 Basic Emotions: Frequency and Intensity Other Dimensions of Personality

502

503

Masculinity, Femininity Androgyny, and Sex Roles 506 The Search for Androgyny Gender Stereotypes

506

510

Theories of Sex Differences 51.2 Socialization and Social Roles 513 Hormonal Theories 515 Evolutionary Psychology Theory 516 An Integrated Theoretical Perspective 517

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 5 1 9

518

CONTENTS

UWUA 1 /

Culture and Personality 520 Cultural Violations: An Illustration 522 What Is Cultural Personality Psychology? 523 Three Major Approaches to Culture 523 Evoked Culture 524 Transmitted Culture 527 Cultural Universals 539

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY T E R M S 5 4 9

P A R, T

547

V I

The ikjjustment Domain Chapter 18 Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Healtli 552 Models of the Personality-Illness Connection 555 The Concept of Stress 559 Stress Response

560

Major Life Events 561 Daily Hassles 563 Varieties of Stress 564 Primary and Secondary Appraisal

Coping Strategies and Styles

565

Attributional Style 565 Optimism and Physical Weil-Being Management of Emotions 570 Disclosure

565

569

573

Type A Personality and Cardiovascular Disease 576 Hostility: The Lethal Component of the Type A Behavior Pattern 578 How the Arteries Are Damaged by Hostile Type A Behavior 581

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 583

Chapter 19 Disorders or Personality

582

584

The Building Blocks of Personality Disorders 586 The Concept of Disorder 588 What Is Abnormal? 588 What Is a Personality Disorder? 589

CONTENTS

XIV

Specific Personality Disorders

592

The Erratic Cluster: Ways of Being Unpredictable, Violent, or Emotional The Eccentric Cluster: Ways of Being Different 604 The Anxious Cluster: Ways of Being Nervous, Fearful, or Distressed Prevalence of Personality Disorders

61 7

Gender Differences in Personality Disorders Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders Causes of Personality Disorders

619

SUMMARY AND EVALUATION KEY TERMS 6 2 3

622

618

618

C 0 N C L U S I 0

Chapter 20 Summary and Future Directions Current Stains of the Field

624

626

Domains of Knowledge: Where We've Been, Where We're Going Dispositional Domain

627

Biological Domain 628 Intrapsychic Domain 630 Cognitive/Experiential Domain 631 Social and Cultural Domain 632 Adjustment Domain

634

Integration: Personality in the Twenty-First, (

Glossary 636 References 665 Photo Credits 703 • Name Index 705 Subject Index 714

634

627

610

593