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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.11 (3&4): 1846-1852. 2013

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Pedestrian oriented streets as indispensable places in urban life: A case study in Izmir City (Turkey) Hatice Sonmez Turel and Emine Malkoc True Architecture Department, Faculty of Agriculture Landscape, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received 20 May 2013, accepted 8 September 2013.

Abstract Pedestrian spaces that were initially started with the agoras and forums in the ancient ages were formed by changing within the course of history and after the World War II they became the inevitable spaces of urbanization efforts. This study was carried out to put forward the current status of pedestrian malls in Izmir city by evaluating their design features in terms of quality and quantity and also determine their problems and development opportunities. The method of the study is composed of four main phases as the definition of the subject / problem, data collection, findings and analyses, and evaluation and synthesis. For this purpose, 20 pedestrian oriented streets in Izmir Metropolitan district were chosen as study area and within the scope of the research method, observation and visual analysis studies were conducted in each research space. Also a face to face survey was conducted with 271 users. After a detailed assessment of the data obtained by the study, some suggestions were given for supporting the development of pedestrian spaces. As a result, it has found that pedestrian oriented places regardless of their quality level are indispensable for public and these places are being used very intensively despite all the shortcomings and there is a high level of interest to such places by users. Based on this indispensability, it is essential and necessary to establish the cycle within the planning, designing and usage process in a healthy way, and to put a control mechanism into operation, in administrative dimension. Within this process both local populace and non-governmental organizations should undertake active roles. Key words: Pedestrian oriented place, pedestrian street, pedestrian mall, Izmir city.

Introduction The most common form of a pedestrian zone in large cities is the pedestrian mall, a street lined with storefronts and closed off to most automobile traffic 1. Pedestrian malls often located in existing downtowns or main streets, employ design characteristics, landscaping, and traffic calming to create pedestrian friendly retail destinations. Pedestrian malls are typically characterized by narrow streets, street level retail, landscaping, and lighting 2. The idea for traffic zones came from Western Europe. The first renovation of a street into pedestrian mall occurred in 1926 Essen. Eventually, during the 1960s and 1970s, pedestrian malls became a major urban planning concern in West Germany 3. As for Turkey, the concept of pedestrianization was initially discussed in the International Road Congress held in 1955 Istanbul 4, while the first pedestrian mall implementation was carried out in 1978, in the capital, Ankara 5. History of the pedestrian spaces in Izmir, as the third largest city of Turkey, reaches far more back than the planned implementations. Continuing its existence as one of the most important pedestrian spaces of the city, Kemeralti was originally formed around the street surrounding the shallow inner bay of the city, which was filled in due course during the 17th century, availing the bazaar to be extended to a wider area 6 and constitutes the starting point of pedestrian oriented spaces. The process that started with “Kemeralti”, which was spontaneously formed in time as the result of commercial dynamics, reached the present day 1846

with in different scales and implementations. As for the first deliberate pedestrian mall implementation in Izmir, it is the “Alsancak Sevgi Street”, which was turned into a pedestrian space with a decree taken by the municipal council. When compared with its similar across the world, Alsancak Sevgi Street is a small-scale pedestrian mall, with a length of a merely couple of hundred meters. Yet, due to the facts that it supports the townspeople’s social and cultural dynamics with various activities it embodies, it lives 24 hours in connection with its environmental relations, and it -so to speak- characterizes the city with the palm trees, before long the Street was embraced by the townspeople and witnessed highly intense usage through the years. Since, in Turkey pedestrian streets / malls are not defined as function areas within city planning efforts, formations of these spaces are carried out with the decisions taken exclusively in line with the initiatives of local administrations. Potential spaces within the cities are evaluated by their respective administrations in terms of various usages and needs and turned into pedestrian oriented spaces. This, in turn, requires the examination of the available pedestrian malls in terms of both quality and quantity, and the manifestation of whether they can sufficiently serve townspeople or not. From this viewpoint, the present study aims to set forth the current status of the pedestrian oriented streets (pedestrian street / mall) in Izmir by evaluating their design features in terms of quality and

Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013

quantity through both observation and visual analysis methods, and to determine their problems and development opportunities on spatial scale by carrying out a holistic evaluation with the contribution of the opinions of their users. It is intended by this means to attract the attentions of planners/designers, local administrations and non-governmental organizations, and to bring the matter into discussion. Study Area The area of the study was the province borders of Izmir Metropolis, and composed of the pedestrian malls/streets, with distinctive features, located in different parts of the city. Being a coastal town, Izmir holds its position as being the metropolis of the Aegean Region with its population and functions such as commerce, industry, education, culture, entertainment, arts, health, finance, transportation, tourism, etc. 7. Izmir is located between 37º45' - 39º15' Northern Latitudes and 26º15' - 28º20' Eastern Longitudes 8. Approximately 50% of the population is between the ages of 15 - 44 and the vast majority (96%) of the people is educated. Being located in the Mediterranean climatic zone, the summers in Izmir are hot and arid, while winters are warm and rainy. The mean daily temperature on city basis varies between 14 to 18ºC 9. The wide, hard, coniferous, always green and drought-tolerant trees and bushes of the Mediterranean climatic zone constitute the dominant vegetation cover 10. Having a period suitable for sunbathing for about 8 - 9 months in a year, in Izmir life is concentrated particularly on outdoor spaces at all hours. Also this climatic convenience supports the townspeople to carry their daily lives to outdoor spaces. The preference and habits of the townspeople to utilize outdoor spaces make the existence of open spaces and their qualities in the city still more important. As one of the breathing spaces of townspeople, pedestrian streets / malls become more important for Izmir.

The study area is composed of 20 pedestrian streets / malls located within the borders of Balçova, Bornova, Buca, Çiğli, Karşıyaka and Konak Centrum provinces of Izmir (Fig. 1). For selecting the study areas the pedestrian street / mall lists obtained from provincial municipalities were taken as basis, all study areas in the lists were examined in place and the avenues / streets where absolute vehicle entry is prohibited were excluded from the evaluation. Beside the study areas, as the primary study material; literary sources, city guides and maps 11, notes taken during the interviews at study areas, observation and visual study analysis forms, and photos, questionnaire forms, and computer software employed for presenting graphics and analyzing the questionnaires are the other materials of the study. Methods The method of the study is composed of four main phases as the definition of the subject, data collection, findings and analyses, and evaluation and synthesis. 1st Phase – Definition of the subject / problem: Provision of the literature information related with the subject, establishment of the conceptual framework, preparation of pedestrian streets / malls list by negotiating with the provincial municipalities 2nd Phase – Data collection: Putting forward the pedestrian street /mall design criteria in the light of the concerned literature, preparation of data collection tools (Observation form, Visual analysis form, Questionnaire form) by practicing upon 3, 5, 12-20, determination of the areas to be evaluated within the scope of the study with the aid of the preliminary observation, realization of field studies, determination of the number of persons to whom the questionnaire will be applied and implementation of the questionnaire in the study areas. The below presented proportional sample size formula 21 was employed in determining

Figure 1. Study areas. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.11 (3&4), July-October 2013

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the number of persons to whom the questionnaire was to be applied and 90% likelihood and 5% margin of error were taken basis. n = N p (1-p) / (N-1) σ2px + p (1-p) where, n = sample size, N = number of households in the population, p = ratio of the users to be included in the sample and px = variance of the ratio. In the calculation the population of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, (2.272.968) as per the 2009 census results, was used as the Number of households in the population (N) 22, and in consequence of the calculation the number of persons to whom the questionnaire will be implemented was found out to be 271.

The sensorial influence levels the examined pedestrian malls leave on the users were found out to be generally above average (Table 2). This was connected with the facts that the studied spaces are affected in minimum level from negative environmental conditions such as vehicle traffic, noise and pollution, since they are pedestrian oriented spaces, and they are easily readable in perceptive sense. When the quality of the structural materials and plants they embody were examined, it was observed that the research areas are usually well-maintained (45%) or moderatelymaintained (45%).

3rd Phase – Findings and analysis: Transfer of the findings obtained in consequence of the observations into computerized environment, and interpretation, percentile expression and interpretation of the findings obtained from visual analysis, transfer of the data obtained from the questionnaires into computerized environment, and analyses.

Findings obtained from the questionnaires: The question forms used within the questionnaires, carried out within the scope of the study, cover the points such as general information regarding the users, their means of accessing the malls, their usage purpose, frequency and times, the problems they face in the malls, whether there are anything they feel the absence of, their general levels of fondness from the area, and their ideas regarding the increase of the numbers of pedestrian malls. In this context; Of the total 271 participants, 51% was female and 49% was male, and the studied pedestrian malls showed a balanced distribution in terms of the participants’ genders. The ages of the users of the areas were mostly (36%) between 26 and 40. The education of the users was mostly higher education (40%). While 53% of the users stated that they prefer to come to the malls on foot, the rest uses either public transportation (29%) or their own private vehicles. While it was determined that the examined study areas area used for shopping (23%), meeting (12%), walking (10%) and dining purposes (5%), it was found interesting that a majority of 43% use these spaces with transition purposes. The users who answered the question as ‘other purposes’ stated that they use the spaces because their work places or houses are located in them. Regarding the frequency, 31% of the users stated that they use the malls every day and 54% use the malls at least once in a week. In this sense, it was determined that the pedestrian malls are used pretty intensely most of the time. Of the users 50% stated that they use the spaces at daytimes (between 11.00 and 17.00 o’clock). On the other hand, the rate of those who use the spaces between the hours of 21.00 and 24.00 were found only to be 5% and with this it was determined that the spaces are used with low intensity at night times.Of the participants 51% stated that they do not experience any problem when they use the malls. On the other hand, rest of the participants pointed out physical (inadequacy of parking lots, problems stemming from inadequate outdoor furniture, etc.), social (presence of beggars, pickpockets, etc., the crowded state of the malls) and managerial (security, visual pollution due to the signboards, lack of maintenance, etc.) matters as problems. While 48% of the users stated that they do not feel the absence of anything in the study areas, 32% pointed out outdoor furniture (sitting elements, trash containers, lightening elements, and telephone booths), parking lots, public conveniences, green spaces, health cabinets, dining places as design based absences. Rest of the participants stated that there are various inadequacies based on implementation, maintenance and management.Of the users 85% answered the question, which was intended to determine the general level of fondness of the users towards the study areas, as average and high levels. Also, 93% of the participants commented positively regarding increasing the number of such pedestrian malls.

4th Phase – Evaluation and synthesis: Holistic evaluation of the obtained findings, generating the conclusions and suggestions that will guide local administrations, non-governmental organizations and concerned vocational disciplines, and supporting the development of the pedestrian streets subject to the study. Findings Findings of the study were obtained by means of three primary ways as in-place observations, visual analyses and questionnaires applied to the users. Findings obtained in consequence of observations: Observations were carried out under the type, usage intensity, relation with environmental usages and environmental impact degrees of each study area were determined and scored with a point between 1 to 5 (1 = Minimum; 2 = Low; 3 = Medium; 4 = High; 5 = Maximum). The findings are given in Fig. 2. Findings obtained in consequence of visual analyses: The visual analyses carried out within the scope of the study covered the evaluation of the study areas in terms of typology, accessibility, outdoor furniture, sensorial effect and features. In this context, 10% of the studied pedestrian malls are of the type of transit malls where vehicles passing in transit are allowed, while the types of full malls and semi malls show equal distribution with 45% each. In the context of physical accessibility, all of the study areas have secure entry - exit points and they have no accessibility problems due to the available mass transportation facilities. However, 65% of the pedestrian malls do not have any parking lots for those who prefer to come to the mall with their own vehicles. All of the pedestrian malls except for only one do provide facilities for the physically handicapped people to access and use the malls. While the inadequacy of orientation boards come to attention in most of the malls (80%), it was observed that 10% of the malls do not have any orientation boards. Despite the fact that 60% of the study areas embody a symbolic element with high levels of perceptivity, their perceptibility showed differences from area to area, and no pedestrian mall that can be deemed to be fully succeeded could be found in this respect. The status of the pedestrian malls regarding the outdoor furniture is given in Table 1. 1848

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Ertugrul Gazi Avenue (Balçova)

S01

Type: Full mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

3

Kizilcik Avenue (Balçova)

S02

Type: Full mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

3

Environmental impact degree

4

Eski Carsi (Bornova)

S03

Usage intensity

4

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

2

2

Relation with environmental usages

2

Environmental impact degree

2

4

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

3

1

Relation with environmental usages

1

Environmental impact degree

3

Usage intensity

4

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

3

3

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

2

Although its relation with various public usages such as municipality, mosque, square, bazaar, etc. is high, it was observed that the environmental impact level of the avenue is low due to its low perceptibility. Type: Semi mall

Usage intensity

5

Relation with environmental usages

3

Environmental impact degree

4

Dr Ekrem Akurgal Sevgi Str (Karşıyaka)

S10

Although having a high level of usage intensity, some of the outdoor furniture of the street sometimes interrupt the visual and physical communication and lowers the environmental impact level. Type: Semi mall

Usage intensity

1693 Avenue / Carşı (Karşıyaka)

S09

Although its usage intensity is low due to its characteristic of being a settlement pedestrian mall, it is observed that the Turkish avenue fabric the mall has increases its environmental impact. Type: Full mall

8001 Avenue / Istasyonalti (Çiğli)

S08

Despite the fact that it is very intensely used by the young population due to the facilities and possibilities it incorporates, maintenance and administrative inadequacies decrease its environmental impact level. Type: Full mall

Usage intensity

Forbes Street (Buca)

S07

The study area that is unsuccessful in terms of both its position and its relation with environmental usages is mostly used for transition and do not meet the pedestrian mall design criteria. Type: Full mall

Usage intensity

Yaylacik Neighborhood (Buca)

S06

Despite location-wise it has a characteristic of being the focus point of settlement, the perceptibility of the mall is pretty low and its historic fabric cannot be sufficiently felt. Type: Full mall

Usage intensity

Tulay Aktas Sevgi Street (Bornova)

S05

The transition space characteristic of the pedestrian mall and its quality infrastructure increase usage intensity and raise environmental impact level. Type: Semi mall

5106 Avenue / Betonyol (Bornova)

S04

While the organic relations of the pedestrian mall with educational, religious, health and other similar facilities were effective, the inadequacy of outdoor furniture elements and maintenance - management inadequacies reduced the level of the effect.

It was determined that the mall, which has a high intensity usage by means of the food & beverage, shopping, cinema, theater and easy transportation and access facilities, has also a symbolic effect on the townspeople. Type: Semi mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

3

Environmental impact degree

3

Although it is successful in terms of incorporating the surrounding cultural elements with its subway, buss and similar transportation facilities, the perceptibility of the study area was found out to be low.

Figure 2. Observation results.

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S11

65/7 Avenue / Inonu Sevgi Street (Konak)

Type: Full Mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

2

Environmental impact degree

3

While the self-enclosed structure of the area, which has a settlement pedestrian mall characteristic, weakens its relation with environmental usages, it was observed that the existence of the space increases the open space potential of its immediate vicinity.

230 x 233 Avenue (Konak)

S12

Type: Full Mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

2

Environmental impact degree

3

349 Avenue / Dere Avenue (Konak)

S13

Type: Full Mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

3

Environmental impact degree

4

1379 Avenue (Konak)

S14

4

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

5

4

Relation with environmental usages

5

Environmental impact degree

4

5

Relation with environmental usages

5

Environmental impact degree

5

5

Relation with environmental usages

5

Environmental impact degree

5

5

Relation with environmental usages

4

Eenvironmental impact degree

4

It was determined that the positional relation with Kemeralti pedestrian mall of the study area, which is surrounded by significant historic buildings, and its characteristic of being a transition space increases its usage intensity. Type: Transit Mall

Usage intensity

4

Relation with environmental usages

4

Environmental impact degree

3

Alsancak Sevgi Street (Konak)

S20

It was observed that the area that has a shopping pedestrian mall characteristic differs from others with its historic fabric and organic structure and is also intensely used by both domestic and foreign tourists. Type: Semi Mall

Usage intensity

Mimar Kemalettin Moda Center (Konak)

S19

Being one of the important outdoor spaces of the city, it was determined that with the socio-cultural facilities it embodies the street is very intensely used by all every segment of the society. Type: Full Mall

Usage intensity

Milli Kütüphane Street (Konak)

S18

While its positional relation with the sea increases the area's usage intensity and consequently its environmental impact level, it was observed that its closeness to other public spaces increases its performance. Type: Semi Mall

Usage intensity

Kemeralti (Konak)

S17

It was observed that besides the principal usages it embodies, its transitional characteristic, its high usage intensity and the strong relation it has with environmental usages increase its environmental impact level. Type: Semi Mall

Usage intensity

Kibris Sehitleri Street (Konak)

S16

The facts that the pedestrian mall has a high symbolic impact level and a characteristic of being a transition space were determined to be the factors that increase the usage intensity of the area. Type: Transit Mall

Usage intensity

Ali Cetinkaya Boulevard (Konak)

S15

It was determined that the avenue as a shopping pedestrian mall has high levels of usage intensity and environmental impact level, yet in respect of its structure, it has a weak relation with environmental usages.

It was observed that the space as the center of fashion from past to the present, is valuated within the pedestrianization movement and its relation with environmental usages is strengthened. Type: Full Mall

Usage intensity

3

Relation with environmental usages

3

Environmental impact degree

4

Being one of the first modernly established pedestrian streets of the city, it was observed that the street comes into prominence especially with its plants, and that the socio-cultural facilities it embodies further enriches it.

Figure 2. Continue.

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Table 1. Outdoor furniture.

the users into the pedestrian spaces. Diversity of the activities in the pedestrian 5 malls makes contribution to the city life and also 0 facilitates the adoption of these spaces by 20 increasing user - space interaction. 40 Although all these positive features of the 55 studied pedestrian malls, they also have some 15 50 inadequacies/deficiencies in terms of both 10 administrative and design elements and 95 principles. The facts that; they did not undergo a 70 planned designing process, they were formed by 80 20 bringing in temporary solutions to the needs appearing within time, they are open to improvement in proportion of the physical potentials they have, and they have limited capacities in terms of development lie under the basis of this situation. The fact that most of the studied malls are designed in an outward-oriented way plays a role that strengthens their relations with their surroundings and increases their environmental impact in the positive way. However, these spaces were not designed in a holistic approach together with their surroundings, in terms of access and connections, and the fact that they do not have any inviting symbolic element makes it harder for them to be perceived from the outside. This makes it nearly impossible for a person who does not know or is not familiar with the space to adopt and/ or experience the space. Examining the study areas in terms of “physical infrastructure”, “outdoor furniture” and “usages” brings along the following conclusions: Although they have various physical infrastructures that encourage usage at night times, the malls do not live 24 hours a day and are mostly used in daytimes. This indicates the presence of some administrative inconveniences (such as failure in providing security, inadequacies in organizing activities, etc.). They fall short in incorporating the outdoor furniture that can enrich the user profile and facilitate usage (such as children’s play elements, bicycle parking elements, sales units, fountains, garbage containers, sitting elements, public conveniences, etc.). Again, the unavailability of the necessary orientation boards and information-communication boards in most of these spaces appears as an administrative problem and weakens the recognition and the usability of such spaces. Considering the fact that the available study areas are exposed to the discomforting rays of the sun in a large part of the year, it is obvious that the shades and canopies available only in front of the stores are not adequate in negating these effects. Such outdoor furniture in Izmir, where a long sunbathing period of eight months in a year is experienced, is not optional but essential. Even though 50% of the study areas appear to have plastic furniture and 30% have pools and waterworks, it is necessary and important to increase such elements and bring in more quality to them in terms of gaining cultural richness and identity to the city. Pedestrian malls usually leave positive impressions on their users in sensorial terms and the users have above-average fondness from these spaces. Also nearly the entire population of the city agrees that these spaces that they fondly use should be increased within the city. There are two main reasons why the users adopt these spaces in such high levels despite all their deficiencies and problems: These reasons are, they have a desire and tendency to use outdoor spaces and since they do not have

The Status of the Pedestrian Malls Regarding the Outdoor Furniture (%) Pavement Appropriate 95 Inappropriate Lightening elements Sufficient 85 Insufficient 15 Absent Seating units Sufficient 60 Insufficient 20 Absent Trash can Sufficient 30 Insufficient 30 Absent Infrastructure covers 80 Canopy and tents Children play equipments 5 Fountain Bicycle parking element 0 Phone box Plastic element 50 Fire hydrant Clock 5 Sales buffet / kiosks Pools and waterworks 30 Plant pot Orientation boards 5 Street building names and numbers Commercial signage and numbers 95 Pedestrian mall information panels

Table 2. Sensorial evaluation. The Status of the Pedestrian Malls Regarding the Sensorial Impact (%) Negative 1 2 3 4 5 Positive Destructive 0 0 35 40 25 Attractive Passive 0 5 15 55 25 Active Complex 0 5 30 30 35 Perceptible Monotonous 0 0 25 40 35 Variable Disturbative 0 10 60 20 10 Relaxative

Discussion and Conclusions Pedestrian malls are pedestrian oriented breathing spaces addressing the shopping, dining, sightseeing, recreation and similar needs of the people, within their daily lives. While these spaces stand out as being the spaces where pedestrian access is enabled in a secure and comfortable way, they also manifest a structure isolated from the negative environmental conditions brought along with the intense city life. By means of all these features and due to the fact that they answer various recreational needs of the population, these are the most intensely used spaces among urban outdoor spaces. The below presented conclusions were obtained from the works carried out within the scope of the study: As a Mediterranean city, Izmir always appeared as the source of modernity due to its socio-cultural structure and the presence of quality public spaces has always been important through the history in terms of the image of the city. However, the concept of pedestrian mall, which started in the 17th century with the “Kemeralti Market” that formed spontaneously in consequence of the usages brought in by the commerce due to the available port of the city, could not be brought to a more planned point that can sufficiently meet the needs. Although most of the studied spaces were formed with the decisions to disallow vehicle traffic, they achieved a certain level in terms of answering the needs of their users. Despite all their shortcomings, the available pedestrian malls are used with a high intensity for varying purposes and the affection and needs of the users for these spaces are at high levels. The facts that the townspeople have a tendency and habit of using outdoor spaces and the fewness of these places in quantitative terms lie under the intense usages of these pedestrian spaces. Also the types of the pedestrian malls (full, semi and transit malls) affects usage intensity significantly. Yet, full malls that incorporate shopping facilities are used more intensely by the local people. Particularly the pedestrian malls with strong relations with environmental usages also come into prominence with the variety of the activities they incorporate. This is also effective in directing

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sufficient information and experience on how an ideal pedestrian mall should be, they also do not have the chance to make any comparison. In conclusion, although the pedestrian-oriented malls are liked and intensely used by the local population, when they are evaluated from the viewpoint of landscape architecture, they have to be developed with purposes such as making the life in the malls more lively and attractive, increasing city quality, and enabling the users to benefit from these spaces in a more comfortable way. This present study has shown that, regardless of their quality and levels, pedestrian-oriented spaces are indispensable for the people. Based on this indispensability, it is essential and necessary to establish the cycle within the planning, designing and usage process in a healthy way, and to put a control mechanism into operation, in administrative dimension. The most ideal way in forming such spaces is to include pedestrian-oriented spaces within plan decisions at first and then bringing these into life with a good designing process. Within this process both local populace and non-governmental organizations should undertake active roles. Acknowledgements The authors would like to the reviewers for their valuable contributions to the research and city residents for attending the survey.

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