&/,0$7(5(63216,9( RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DESIGN IN TURKEY - A CASE STUDY 6HUSLOd(5dø dXNXURYD8QLYHUVLW\± Architectural an Engineering Faculty / Architectural Department

[email protected]

Abstract Passive elements could be considered the best when designing a new energy efficient building. 0DQ\³(QHUJ\(IILFLHQW´DQGµ¶&OLPDWH5HVSRQVLYH´EXLOGLQJVZLWKWKHXVHRIWKHULJKWGHVLJQDQG JUHHQWHFKQRORJLHVFRQVLGHUDEOHKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG7KHWHFKQRORJLHVHPSOR\HGLQVXVWDLQDELOLW\ RU JUHHQEXLOGLQJ DUHFRQVWDQWO\HYROYLQJ DQG PD\ GLIIHU IURP UHJLRQ WR UHJLRQ EXW IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHVSHUVLVWIURPZKLFKWKHPHWKRGLVGHULYHG86(3$:%'* This paper is based on a researching project which analyzedDUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJDQGLWVVHWWOHPHQWGHVLJQHGE\ DXWKRUDVVXLWDEOHIRUwarm and humid climate UHJLRQFRQGLWLRQVDQGZLWKIXQGDPHQWDOSULQFLSOHVRI FOLPDWH UHVSRQVLYH EXLOGLQJV The study tries to determine the potential of thermal comfort improvements by analyzing of the potential of natural ventilation and sun on designed building and settlement in Adana. For this purpose, a residential model were developed and some sustainable design recommendations for residential buildings in warm and humid climate regions were then introduced. Keywords : Environmental Sustainability, Passive Design, Climate Responsive Design, Residential Building Design, Turkey. ,QWURGXFWLRQ µ3DVVLYH DUFKLWHFWXUH¶ KDV WKH JUHDW DGYDQWDJH LQ that it requires no external energy source and therefore has neither a running cost nor does it contribute to environmental pollution. Such features can enhance the visual appearance of a building and will help to preserve its fabric (Szuppinger, 2011, 3). Therefore, passive elements could be considered the best when designing a new energy efficient building. It is a key component of the 21st century's green economic revolution (Bere, 2014). 0DQ\  µ¶(QHUJ\ (IILFLHQW´ DQG µ¶&OLPDWH 5HVSRQVLYH´ EXLOGLQJV ZLWK WKH XVH RI WKH ULJKW GHVLJQDQGJUHHQWHFKQRORJLHVFRQVLGHUDEOHKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHG86(3$:%'*  ³..Good design is a key aspect of sustainable development, is indivisible from good planning, and VKRXOGFRQWULEXWHSRVLWLYHO\WRPDNLQJSODFHVEHWWHUIRUSHRSOH´(NPPF, 2012, 1). ³&OLPDWH-UHVSRQVLYH´ RU passive design VWUDWHJLHV QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ GD\OLJKWLQJ HWF  DUH KDOOPDUNVRIVXVWDLQDEOH$VWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGKXPLGLW\OHYHOVULVHDQGDVZLQGDQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQ SDWWHUQVIOXFWXDWHFOLPDWH-UHVSRQVLYHEXLOGLQJVPD\QRORQJHUUHVSRQGDVWKH\ZHUHGHVLJQHGWRGR EXLOGLQJJUHHQFRP   Optimizing passive design is the first step towards reducing the energy demand of a building or project. Initial site planning establishes the orientation, massing and location of the components and uses of a project, all of which impact and set the parameters for passive design strategies. The initial site planning of a project has significant impact towards

achieving a green or high performance building. Things like the siting, massing and orientation of buildings set up the parameters and potential limitations for the later design process. These early stage design decisions are fundamental to optimizing passive design, determining the degree of site development and providing green or open space. In terms of passive design, these are the first steps in minimizing the building¶V energy demand, providing natural ventilation, daylight, shade, and thermal comfort. Allowing for natural and mechanical ventilation along with air-conditioning can significantly reduce energy use (BCA, 2010, 24,29). Briefly, Design strategies should allow for optimal use of natural energy strategies (daylighting, natural ventilation, passive cooling, etc.) as well as integration of renewable energy devices (Haase, 2006, 3). &XUUHQWO\ D QXPEHU YDULRXV VXVWDLQDEOH EXLOGLQJ FOLPDWH-EDODQFHG LQFOXGLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO HFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDO EHQHILWV KDYHEHHQPDGH Nowadays, the number of Passive houses is rapidly growing across Austria, Germany and Switzerland. In January 2004, in Germany alone more than 4000 dwelling units have been built in a passive house standard (Antonova, A., 2010, 38). 6LPLODU LQLWLDWLYHV DUH HVSHFLDOO\ QHFHVVDU\ IRU 7XUNH\¶V FLWLHV RQJRLQJ UDSLG XUEDQL]DWLRQ 7KH*RDODQG0HWKRGRIWKH5HVHDUFK 7KLV VWXG\ V DLP LV WR PLWLJDWH WKH SUREOHPV RI FOLPDWH EDODQFHG GHVLJQ WKDW DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU D UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJ LQ$GDQD So, this paper analyzes the warm and humid climatic conditions in buildings and its energy conservation strategy. For this aim, a residential building with warm and humid climate design strategies was developed in Adana (Turkey) and the impact of location and climate, size and orientation on the thermal comfort was investigated on a model. 7KHVWHSVRIWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVDUHDVIROORZV -DQDO\]LQJWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVIDFHGE\WKHSHRSOHRI$GDQD -H[DPLQLQJFOLPDWLFGDWDFROOHFWHGIURPWKH³0HWHRURORJLFDO'HSDUWPHQWIRU$GDQD´ - H[DPLQLQJ³(QHUJ\3HUIRUPDQFH5HJXODWLRQV (BEP-TR)´ in the buildings, -GHYHORSLQJ WKH VXVWDLQDEOH VWUDWHJLHV ZLWK WKH FRQFHSWV RI SDVVLYH GHVLJQV ZKLFK LV XVHG IRU KHDWLQJFRROLQJYHQWLODWLQJGD\OLJKWLQJHWF IRUµZDUPDQGKXPLGFOLPDWHUHJLRQV¶ - GHYHORSLQJ SURSRVDOV ZLWK WKHVH VWUDWHJLHV RQ ZKHUH EXLOGLQJV DUH ORFDWHG RQ DYDLODEOH VLWH LQ µdXNXURYD8QLYHUVLW\&DPSXV¶ - FUHDWLQJ VNHWFKHV DQG GUDIWV IRU SUH-GHVLJQ DQG WKHQ YDULRXV DOWHUQDWLYHV ZLWK ' FRPSXWHU SURJUDP -GHVLJQLQJDUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJWKDWLVHQYLURQPHQWDOO\VXVWDLQDEOHDQGFUHDWLQJµDKRXVHPRGHO¶ WREHVDPSOHIRUWKHZKROHFLW\ -GHYHORSLQJVXVWDLQDEOHKRXVHPRGHOVIRU-SHUVRQDQG-SHUVRQIDPLOLHVIRUDFDGHPLFLDQV  -DFKLHYLQJFUHDWLYHGHVLJQDFKDQJDEOHPRGXODUV\VWHPLQVHWWOHPHQW 6WXG\$UHD ,QWKHVWXG\conducted with objectives described above ZDVDQDO\]HGLQJUHDWGHSWKSDUWLFXODUO\LQ UHODWLRQVKLS WR UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV  WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV HFRORJLFDO  7KH$GDQD   FDSLWDO FLW\ORFDWHGVRXWKHUQRI7XUNH\ZDVFKRVHQDVWKHVWXG\DUHD,WKDVDSRSXODWLRQRILQ WKH\HDUDQGLVWKHVL[WKPRVWSRSXORXVFLW\LQ7XUNH\DGDQDJRYWU 

F igure 1. Turkey and Adana City Map (Source: bing.com/images) 7KHEXLOGLQJVIHDWXUHVRIROGFLW\ 7KHROG$GDQDLVDKLVWRULFFLW\ORFDWHGRQWKHROGWXPXOXV\HDUO\ DQGKDVVRPHIHDWXUHVDV IROORZV -  $UFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH DULVLQJZLWK VRFLR-FXOWXUDO YDOXHV DQGFOLPDWLFIDFWRUVLV DGPLWWHGDQXQLTXH H[DPSOH -  7KH RULHQWDWLRQ RI WKH GZHOOLQJV &OLPDWH %DODQFHG 'HVLJQ´ RU ³(QHUJ\ (IILFLHQW 'HVLJQ  DUH YDOXDEOHVDPSOHVIRUWRGD\¶V -  7KHVH EXLOGLQJV VKRZ JRRG H[DPSOHV RI WKH XVH RI QDWXUDO ORFDO EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV DQG DUH H[FHOOHQWPRGHOVWKDWZLOOLQVSLUHWRGD\

F igure 2. Views of the Old Adana City (Source; enguzelevler.com) 7KHFXUUHQWEXLOGLQJVIHDWXUHVLVVXHVGHYHORSLQJWRZDUGVWKHQRUWKRIWKHROGFLW\ -7KHUHKDVEHHQWUHPHQGRXVSUHVVXUHRQWKHKRXVLQJHQYLURQPHQWFDXVHGE\UDSLGDQGHUURQHRXV XUEDQL]DWLRQ

F igure 3. Views of the New Adana city (Photo; dHUoL

-:LWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\UDSLGJURZWKRIEXLOGLQJVKRXVLQJWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGLQWHUPVRIRWKHU XUEDQIDFLOLWLHVKDVEHFRPHHVVHQWLDOO\XQVXVWDLQDEOH - 0RVWO\ WKHUH DUH QRW QDWXUDO OLJKW DQG DLU LQ UHVLGHQWLDO LQWHULRU DQG H[WHULRU VSDFHV GXH WR FRQIOLFWLQJODQGXVH - 'HVSLWH WKH RQJRLQJ XUEDQL]DWLRQ LQ WKH FLW\ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV HFRORJLFDOO\ ZHUHQ¶W GHYHORSHGHIILFLHQWO\DQGZHUHGHSULYHGRIFOLPDWHUHVSRQVLYHGHVLJQ

F igure 4. 1HZVHWWOHPHQW$UHDVDWWKHµ6H\KDQ¶5LYHU6LGH (Source; bing.com/images) )LJXUH DQG  VKRZXVQHZ$GDQD ZKLFKLV WKHPRVWGHYHORSHGUHJLRQ RIWKH FLW\ ZLWK UDSLGO\ XUEDQL]LQJDVWRZQVFDSHVDQGYLOODJHVFDSHVGHQVLW\OLYDELOLW\DQGVXVWDLQDELOLW\  &OLPDWH'DWD 7XUNH\ VGLIIHUHQWFOLPDWHFODVVLILFDWLRQVDUHPDGH:LGHO\DFFHSWHGWKDW7XUNH\KDVFRQVLVWHGRI PDLQFOLPDWLFFKDUDFWHUV7KHVHFOLPDWH]RQHVDUHVKRZQLQWKHPDS (F igure 5) 7HUUHVWULDO&RQWLQHQWDO&OLPDWH %ODFN6HD&OLPDWH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ&OLPDWH 0DUPDUD&OLPDWH

F igure 5. Turkey's Climate Zones (Source; mgm.gov.tr)

$GDQDKDVDW\SLFDO0HGLWHUUDQHDQFOLPDWH:LQWHUVDUHPLOGDQGZHWDQGVXPPHUVDUHKRWDQGGU\ %XW PRUH H[FHVVLYH KHDW DQG KXPLGLW\ FDQ EH IHOW GXH WR$GDQD EHLQJ ORFDWHG RQ PRVWO\ D ODUJH VWUHWFKRIIODWWRSRJUDSKLFDOO\6R$GDQDKDVDQXQSOHDVDQWZDUPDQGKXPLGLW\FOLPDWHIRUFLW\ GZHOOHUV7KHUHIRUHWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUHFRORJLFDOGHVLJQWREHFRQVLGHUHGLPSRUWDQWWKHVXVWDLQDEOH SULQFLSOHVWRUHGXFHSUREOHPV T able 2. Climate Data for Adana (Source ; "Meteoroloji" (in Turkish), 2010 ; "Adana Climate, Average Monthly Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine Hours, Graphs", 2013)

$VVHHQLQ7DEOHWKHUHDUHPLOGWHPSHUDWXUHVLQVKRUWZLQWHUDQGZDUPHUFOLPDWHLQORQJVXPPHU PRQWKVVRWRPLQLPL]HWKHVRODUKHDWJDLQSULPDULO\LQVXPPHUDUHFULWLFDOGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUV 7RUHDOL]HWKHGHVLJQLQ OLQHZLWK WKHKRW DQGKXPLGFOLPDWHV]RQHZKHUHWKHEXLOGLQJLV ORFDWHG GHVLJQSULQFLSOHVPDQ\VWXGLHVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVH[DPLQHGZHUHDQDO\]HG

2.2. E nergy Performance Directive of Buildings of Turkey In Turkey, formal measures for the conservation of energy in architectural design are written down in ³6HFWLRQ7KUHH´-"Energy Performance of Buildings Directive" (IEP) are located. Some of the topics in this section including measures to be taken against climatic influences in the building design are as follows: -Considering zoning and land/parcel status in the architectural design of the building, heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting needs are kept to a minimum, -Taking into account the effects of sun, humidity and wind, the opportunities of natural heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting is utilized to the maximum extent, -In the orientation of interiors and buildings, considering meteorological data (solar, wind, humidity, rain, snow, and so) that in climate, architectural solutions should be created and unwanted heat gains and losses should be avoided (BEP, 2008). $0RGHO3URSRVDOIRU5HVLGHQWLDO%XLOGLQJ

F igure 6. dXNXURYD8QLYHUVLW\¶V%DOFDOÕ&DPSXVLQ$GDQD (Source ; www.haritamap.com) and the area where the model residential is applied 5HJLRQ WKDW WKH SURMHFW ZLOO EH UHDOL]HG LQ DUH ORFDWHG RQ DYDLODEOH VLWH LQ µ&XNXURYD 8QLYHUVLW\ &DPSXV¶ZKLFKLVXQLTXHSDUWRI$GDQDFLW\ 7RSLFVDFKLHYHGLQVWXG\DVIROORZV -)LUVWWKHFRQFHSWVRISDVVLYHGHVLJQVZKLFKLVXVHGIRUKHDWLQJFRROLQJYHQWLODWLQJGD\OLJKWLQJ HWF IRUµZDUPDQGKXPLGFOLPDWHUHJLRQV¶ZHUHGHYHORSHG(These are orientation of the building, shape of the building, main material of the walls, shading, trees around the house). -Then, FRQFHSWV RI SDVVLYH GHVLJQV ZHUH DQDO\]HG ; walls, windows, insulation, heating system, ventilation and air conditioning, renewables. -:LWKWKLVPRGHOVRPHSURSRVDOVWKHQGHYHORSHG $VVHHQIURP7DEOHEDVHGRQFHUWDLQQRUPVRIFOLPDWHUHVSRQVLYHQHVVUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJVZHUH GHVLJQHG %XLOGLQJRULHQWDLRQIDFWRUVPDLQO\ y 6XQDQGZLQG y 7RSRJUDILFIHDWXUHVDQG y 9LHZ 7DEOH )RUPRUÕHQWDWLRQRIEXÕOGÕQJDQGDYDLODEOH DUD]L\HUH\H÷LPLin warm and KXPÕG FOÕPDWH]RQH(Source; Zeren, 1990) CLIMATE ZONE

BUILDING FORM

25,(17$7ø212)%8,/',1* RSWLÕPGLUHFWLRQ

Long rectangular form exposed wind WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE

7KH VHWWOHPHQW RI UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV FUHDWHG IURP UHFWDQJOH IRUPV LQ ³FOXVWHUHG EXLOGLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ´ as follows; -DORQJWKHHDVW±ZHVWD[LVRQWKHODQG

- WRZDUGVWRHDVWƒfrom south (6ĺž( -WRZDUGVWRPLOGZLQGIURPZHVW-VRXWK $GGLWLRQDOO\ -URZEXLOGLQJLQVWUHHWRUJDQL]DWLRQ -IURPIURQWWREDFNDQGURZIODWDQGURZDQGIODW)LJXUH

 )LJXUH7KHVHWWOHPHQWRIUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJV 7KHUHDUHWRWDOO\IODWVLQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWW\SHGHVLJQHGZLWKPRGXODUD[H%\VOLGLQJWKHPRGXOHV WRFUHDWHGLIIHUHQWFRPELQDWLRQVLQVHWWOHPHQWVRPHIHDWXUHVKDYHEHHQGHWHUPLQHGVXFKDVJDUGHQ WHUUDFHVXQPRQRWRQRXVEXLOGLQJ-HQYLURQPHQWDQGUHFUHDWLRQDOVSDFHV 0D[ EHQHILWLQJ IURP VXQ DQG ZLQG ZLWK VOLGLQJRI WKH EORFV LQ WKH VWUHHW RUGHU  DUH DV VHHQ IURP )LJXUHDQG

 )LJXUH)RUZLQGIORZPLQK!

)LJXUH)RUDFFHVVWKHVXQWKHVHWWOHPHQWRIUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJV

)LJXUH)RUDFFHVVWKHVXQWKHGLVWDQFHVRIWKHEXLOGLQJV

)RUPLQJ+RXVLQJ%ORFV The approximate basic area per inhabitant is around 30 square meters)LJXUH  -SHUVRQIDPLOLHVRQHIODWDQGGXEOH[¶DUHP --SHUVRQIDPLOLHVRQO\RQHIODWLVP



)LJXUH5HVLGHQWLDOSODQIRUDQGSHUVRQIDPLOLHV

)LJXUH7KHIURQWYLHZRIUHVLGHQWLDO 7PEORNODU -LNL]G]HQGH\HUOHúWLULOPLú -WHVLVDWED÷ODQWÕVÕLoLQÕVODN KDFLPOHU\DQ\DQDYHYH\DVWVWHJHWLULOPLúWLU $OOEORFNV -LQGRXEOHRUGHURQWKHODQGDUHSODFHG -ZHWDUHDVIRULQVWDOODWLRQVFRQQHFWLRQDUHORFDWHGDGMDFHQWDQGRURYHUODSSLQJ 2ULHQWDWLRQ -WRZDUGVWKHVRXWKIRUVRODUDFFHVVWRWKHUHVLGHQWV¶OLYLQJDUHDV -WKHVRXWKZHVWDQGQRUWKIRUYLHZVWRWKHULYHURIDOOUHVLGHQWVVHWWOHPHWV

:LQGRZV -MD[LPL]LQJWKHZLQGRZVRQWKHVRXWKVLGHWRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRIDYDLODEOHVRODUHQHUJ\LQ ZLQWHU PRQWKVZKLOHSURWHFWLQJLWIURPWHPSHUDWXUHH[WUHPHVLQVXPPHUPRQWKV)LJXUH  -0LQLPL]LQJWKHZLQGRZVRQWKHQRUWKVLGH

)LJXUH7UDQVSDUHQWVXUIDFHVRIOLYLQJDUHDVSODFHGDWDQDQJOHRIGXHWRWKHVXQ VUD\VLQ VRXWKGLUHFWLRQGR DQJOHWRWKHHDUWK 'D\OLJKWLQJ 0RUH QDWXUDO OLJKW DQG OHVVHQ WKH QHHG IRU HOHFWULF OLJKWLQJ GXULQJ WKH GD\ ZLWK HIIHFWLYH ZLQGRZ SODFHPHQWLVSURYLGHG 9HQWLODWLRQ ,Q EXLOGLQJV SURSHUO\ GHVLJQHG ZLWK YHQWLODWLRQ V\VWHP SDVVLYHO\QDWXUDOO\  WR SURYLGH DGHTXDWH YHQWLODWLRQ RI FOHDQHU DLU IURP RXWGRRUV RU UHFLUFXODWHG LV ILOWHUHG DLU ZLWKRXW WKH QHHG IRU PHFKDQLFDOHTXLSPHQW $PRQJWKHEORFV³YHQWXULHIIHFW´ZLWKPLOGZLQGIURPVRXWKWRHOLPLQDWHPRLVWXUHIURPLQGRRUDQG RXWGRRUVRXUFHVGXULQJWKHVXPPHU)LJXUH 

)LJXUH$PRQJWKHEORFV³ YHQWXUL HIILFLHQF\´ 2SHQVSDFHV ,QWZRJDUGHQVDQGRWKHUSXEOLFDUHDVORFDWHGLQWKHPLGGOHRIUHVLGHQWLDODUHDVIn the summer, they allow for breeze and shadowing opportunity considering solar and dominant wind direction to reduce uncomfortable humidity and the temperature in air. In the winter, benefiting entirely solar radiation in the south, sheltered from strong winds in the north, a temperate climate in the courtyard was created. 3ODQWFRPPXQLWLHVDQGWUHHV 7RUHGXFHKHDWORVVHVDQGJDLQVWKURXJKWKHODQGVFDSHRIEXLOGLQJV -LQWKHVRXWKRQWKHIURQWLVPDGHDIIRUHVWDWLRQWKDWVKHGWKHLUOHDYHVLQWKHZLQWHU -LQWKHHDVWDQGZHVWEORFNLQJWKHVRODUUDGLDWLRQE\VKDGLQJWKHVXPPHU)LJXUH 

)LJXUH7UHHVVKHGWKHLUOHDYHVLQWKHZLQWHULQWKHVRXWKRIEXLOGLQJ /DQGVFDSH(OHPHQWV

%XLOGLQJIDFDGHVDQGHQWUDQFHVVWUHHWVDQGJDUGHQVIDFLQJLQDQRUWKHUO\GLUHFWLRQ - ,Q WKH ZLQWHU WR SURWHFW WKHPVHOYHV IURP KDUVK QRUWK-HDVWHUO\ ZLQGV EORZLQJ DIIRUHVWDWLRQ DQG ZLQGFRQWUROHOHPHQWVDUHSODFHG -,QWKHVXPPHULQWRWKHZLQGZLOOEHRXWRIWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\VHQVLWLYHODQGVFDSHHOHPHQWVDUH SODFHG Around the building, in particular, pedestrians in areas where they often use; warning and divider panels, boundary markers, wall and so on. landscape elements, protect from the sun, wind blocking are designed. &DUSDUNLQJDUHD /RFDWHGLQWKHHDVWHUQDQGZHVWHUQVLGHVRIWKHUHVLGHQWLDOSDUNLQJSHUDSDUWPHQWLVGHVLJQHGIRUD WRWDORIYHKLFOHV)LJXUH $JDLQVWVRODUUHIOHFWDQFHDQGYLVXDOSROOXWLRQ ZLWKROGHUSODQWV ZHUHFDPRXIODJHGZLWKYHJHWDWLRQDQGWUHHVZUDSSHGSHUJRODAlso, against noise and air pollution, alternative means and use of bicycles has been proposed.

)LJXUH&DUSDUNLQJDUHD  3. Evaluation the residential model and conclusion Adana city chosen as study area are in a special position as climate. The new residential areas in city has been planned without considering the heat gain in the summer months. Interior comfort is provided with mechanical cooling systems more than natural system and caused considerable loss of energy. So, this paper focuses on providing healthy indoor and outdoor environments through the use of orientaion access to natural sunlight and wind. In the study, the recommended design guidelines for the sustainable residential buildings in Adana were focused on climate responsive design were Dnalyzed on climate responsive design and a local residential model developed, and some sustainable design recommendations were then introduced. Results of the measures taken in planning phase for model residential are as follows ; -During the winter months; with some measures taken such as gaining heat from sun, good heat absorbing and storing capacity of the walls, mechanical equipment for heating may not required. "Even, it may be possible overheating of the building needs its own". -During the summer months; with some measures such as the placemet of the transparent surfaces, measurement, DQ DQJOH RI WKH VXQ V UD\V LQ VRXWK VKDGLQJ GHYLFHV mechanical equipment for cooling may not require.

-In 'summer and winter'; providing indoor comfort of air conditioning, as well as in greatly reducing the load of air conditioning systems. Beside, by creating heat zones ÕQVRXWKDQGQRUWKin planning, the heat losses can be reduced. As a result; this sustainable building model evaluated with FOLPDWH-UHVSRQVLYHplanning principles may refer to other structures in Adana city that is environmentally responsible and resourceefficient.

F igure 17.7KHUH-SODQQLQJVRIIRUHVWODQGV