Organisms and Environments Lesson 1: Plant and Animal Cells Reading Comprehension Plant and Animal Cells 1 The cell theory states that a cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms, or living things. The major parts of the cell theory are shown in the box below.
Cell Theory *The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things *New cells are formed from existing cells when existing cells divide *Metabolism occurs within cells *Cells contain hereditary information called DNA *DNA is passed from cell to cell *Some organisms are multicellular (made of more than one cell) *Some organisms are unicellular (made of one cell) *All cells are similar, but not identical 2 The functions carried out by a cell are known as metabolism. These functions include extracting energy from food, producing chemicals such as proteins and acids needed by the cell, and getting rid of wastes. Metabolism allows an organism to grow and reproduce. 3 Cells are called the building blocks of life, because they have structures that carry out functions to sustain life. A structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive is called an organelle. The structure that holds all of the contents of a cell is called a cell membrane. The cell membrane is a flexible, semi-permeable layer that surrounds and protects a cell, and it gives a cell structure. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell. A cell takes in nutrients and other materials it needs for survival through the cell membrane. A cell also gets rid of waste materials through the membrane. 4 Most of a cell’s volume inside the cell membrane is made of cytoplasm. This is a fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur. A cell needs energy to perform its functions. An organelle called a mitochondrion transforms chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions. Mitochondria, sometimes called the “power plants” of cells, use oxygen to convert the energy.
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5 The Golgi (Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex) are organelles that collect and organize molecules, such as protein, for use in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi. 6 An organelle called a vacuole acts as a storage tank. It is filled with water that stores different types of substances. In an animal cell, a vacuole may store proteins and lipids that will later be secreted to the outside of the cell. Similarly, a vacuole may store materials coming into a cell to be used later by the cell. 7 Usually located near the center of an animal cell is its largest organelle, called the nucleus. The nucleus contains chromosomes, which are made of DNA and contain the genetic information that is passed on to new cells. Since the nucleus controls the distribution of genetic information, as well as other functions, it is often called the control center of the cell. 8 Plant cells have all of the organelles mentioned above. They also have a couple of structures that animal cells do not have. One such structure is called a chloroplast, an organelle that contains chlorophyll and performs the process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in chloroplasts that captures the sun’s energy. Unlike animals, plants make their own food through photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use the sun’s energy to cause a reaction between water and carbon dioxide to make a form of sugar called glucose. This sugar is a type of carbohydrate, an organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose is the energy a plant uses to live. 9 Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane. A cell wall is a tough, outer layer of a cell that gives the cell support and protection. A cell wall surrounds the more flexible cell membrane. Cell walls help a plant remain rigid, giving the plant shape and structure.
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Content Questions 1 Which is not a part of the cell theory? A B C D
5 Look at the diagram below of an animal cell. To which part of the cell is the arrow pointing?
Cells divide to form new cells. Cells contain hereditary information. All cells are identical. Metabolism occurs in cells.
2 According to the story, mitochondria are sometimes called: A B C D
power cells storage tanks control centers power plants
3 The part of a plant cell that captures the sun’s energy is called: A B C D
chlorophyll a carbohydrate a nucleus a cell wall
4 Which answer best describes the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? A
B C D
Collects and organizes molecules for use in the cell or secretion outside of the cell Prepares proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi Stores proteins and lipids Holds many organelles
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A B C D
Membrane Golgi Nucleus Vacuole
6 A cell takes in materials and gets rid of wastes through the: A B C D
endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane vacuoles cytoplasm
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Which is not an organelle?
A B C D
Cell Vacuole Nucleus Chloroplast
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Vocabulary Questions 1
The Golgi are organelles that:
4
What is chlorophyll?
A
transform chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions collect and organize molecules, such as protein, for use in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell act as storage tanks hold many other organelles and are where most of a cell’s functions occur
A B
A form of sugar called glucose An organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen A green pigment found in chloroplasts that captures the sun’s energy An organelle that performs the process of photosynthesis
B
C D
2
A cell wall is best described as:
A
a tough, outer layer of a plant cell that gives the cell support and protection a flexible, semi-permeable layer that surrounds and protects a cell a fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur a structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive
B
C
D
3
A cell membrane refers to:
A
a tough, outer layer of a plant cell that gives the cell support and protection a flexible, semi-permeable layer that surrounds and protects a cell a fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur a structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive
C
D
5
What is cytoplasm?
A
An organelle that collects and organizes molecules for use in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell An organelle that prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi An organelle that stores different types of substances Fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur
B
C D
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Metabolism refers to:
A
the basic unit of structure and function in all living things a structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive all the functions carried out by a cell the process of photosynthesis
B
B
C
D
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C
D
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Vocabulary Questions 1 A mitochondrion is an organelle that: A
B
C
D
transforms chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions collects and organizes molecules, such as protein, for use in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide
2 The endoplasmic reticulum refers to: A
B
C
D
fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur a flexible, semi-permeable layer that controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell an organelle that transforms chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions an organelle that prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi
3
A cell is best described as:
A
a structure that carries out functions the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms fluid that holds many organelles an organelle that contains water
4
A vacuole is an organelle that:
A
is the largest organelle and contains chromosomes is filled with water that stores different types of substances contains chlorophyll and performs the process of photosynthesis prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi
B C
D
5
Photosynthesis is:
A B
a form of sugar called glucose the process that transforms chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions the process in which plants use the sun’s energy to cause a reaction between water and carbon dioxide to make a form of sugar called glucose the process of preparing some proteins and lipids and delivering them to the Golgi
C
D
6
The nucleus refers to:
A B
the control center of a cell an organelle that stores different substances an organelle that contains chlorophyll the part of a cell where glucose is produced
C
B C D
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D
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Vocabulary Questions 1
What is a chloroplast?
3
The word organelle means:
A
A green pigment found in a plant cell that captures the sun’s energy A tough, outer layer of a plant cell that gives the cell support and protection An organelle in a plant cell that acts as a storage tank An organelle that contains chlorophyll and performs the process of photosynthesis
A
a structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive the functions carried out by a cell the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms a flexible, semi-permeable layer that surrounds and protects a cell
B
C D
2 Which answer best defines carbohydrate? A B C
D
A form of sugar called glucose A green pigment found in chloroplasts An organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Water in a cell that contains different substances
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B C D
4 The cell theory states all of the following except: A B C D
metabolism occurs within cells all organisms have more than one cell all cells are similar new cells form when existing cells divide
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Vocabulary Practice Match the words in Column A with the definitions in Column B by writing the letter next to a definition on the blank line next to its match in Column A. Column A
Column B
_____ 1)
Organelle
A
Organelle filled with water that stores different types of substances
_____ 2)
Chlorophyll
B
Organelle that contains chlorophyll and performs the process of photosynthesis
_____ 3)
Mitochondrion
C
A structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive
_____ 4)
Carbohydrate D
Organelle located near the center of a cell that contains genetic information
E
An organelle that transforms chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions.
F
The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
G
A green pigment in chloroplasts that captures the sun’s energy
H
An organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
_____ 5)
_____ 6)
_____ 7)
_____ 8)
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cell
Chloroplast
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Vocabulary Practice Match the words in Column A with the definitions in Column B by writing the letter next to a definition on the blank line next to its match in Column A. Column A
Column B
_____ 1)
Metabolism
A
Process in which plants use the sun’s energy to cause a reaction between water and carbon dioxide to make a form of sugar called glucose
_____ 2)
Cytoplasm
B
An organelle that prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi
_____ 3)
Cell membrane
C
A flexible, semi-permeable layer that surrounds and protects a cell, gives a cell structure, and controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell
_____ 4)
Endoplasmic reticulum D
States that cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things
E
The functions carried out by a cell
F
A tough, outer layer of a plant cell that gives the cell support and protection
G
Organelles that collect and organize molecules, such as protein, for use in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell
H
A fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur
_____ 5)
Cell wall
_____ 6)
Photosynthesis
_____ 7)
_____ 8)
Golgi
Cell theory
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Vocabulary Quiz Write the correct vocabulary word(s) on the blank line underneath its definition. 1)
A fluid in a cell that holds many organelles and where most of a cell’s functions occur ______________________________________________
2)
An organelle that acts as a storage tank and is filled with water that stores different types of substances ______________________________________________
3)
The functions carried out by a cell ______________________________________________
4)
An organelle that contains chlorophyll and performs the process of photosynthesis ______________________________________________
5)
A flexible, semi-permeable layer that surrounds and protects a cell, gives a cell structure, and controls the movement of substances into and out of a cell ______________________________________________
6)
The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms ______________________________________________
7)
Organelle that contains chromosomes, which are made of DNA and contain the genetic information that is passed on to new cells ______________________________________________
8)
Process in which plants use the sun’s energy to cause a reaction between water and carbon dioxide to make a form of sugar called glucose ______________________________________________
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Vocabulary Quiz Write the correct vocabulary word(s) on the blank line underneath its definition. 1)
Organelles that collect and organize molecules, such as protein, for use in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell ______________________________________________
2)
An organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ______________________________________________
3)
An organelle that transforms chemical energy in food into energy a cell uses to carry out its functions ______________________________________________
4)
A structure in a cell that carries out functions to keep the cell alive ______________________________________________
5)
A tough, outer layer of a plant cell that gives the cell support and protection ______________________________________________
6)
A green pigment found in chloroplasts that captures the sun’s energy ______________________________________________
7)
An organelle that prepares some proteins and lipids and delivers them to the Golgi ______________________________________________
8)
States that cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things ______________________________________________
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Content Practice Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase.
1) A cell is the basic unit of ____________________ and _____________________ function in all organisms.
2)
A nucleus is sometimes called the _______________________________ of a cell.
3)
Golgi are also known as Golgi ________________________ or Golgi _______________________.
4) During photosynthesis, plants make a form of sugar called ________________.
5) Mitochondria use __________________ to transform chemical energy in food.
6) The hereditary information found in cells is called _______________________.
7) Cells made of more than one cell are called _____________________________, while cells made of only one cell are called _____________________________.
8)
Chlorophyll is a green _________________________.found in chloroplasts.
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Final Test 1 Look at the diagram of a plant cell below. Which part of the cell contains chlorophyll?
A B C D
Chloroplast Vacuole Cell wall Mitochondria
2 Most of a cell’s volume is made of the: A B C D
nucleus vacuoles endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm
4
DNA is found in:
A B C D
vacuoles cytoplasm chromosomes a cell membrane
3
A storage tank of a cell is a:
5 What is another name for Golgi?
A B C D
nucleus vacuole Golgi body membrane
A B C D
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Golgi organelles Golgi structures Golgi complex Golgi proteins
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SCIENCE CVP STAAR Grade 7
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