Research and Reference Service Olympic Studies Centre

Olympic Winter Games Posters from Chamonix 1924 to Vancouver 2010 Reference Document Presentation and images of the official posters for each edition of the Olympic Winter Games.

December 2013

© IOC

Reference Document

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: the Olympic posters ............................................................................. 3 Chamonix 1924 ............................................................................................................ 5 St. Moritz 1928 ............................................................................................................. 7 Lake Placid 1932 .......................................................................................................... 9 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 .................................................................................. 11 St. Moritz 1948 ........................................................................................................... 12 Oslo 1952.................................................................................................................... 13 Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956 ........................................................................................... 15 Squaw Valley 1960 ..................................................................................................... 17 Innsbruck 1964 .......................................................................................................... 19 Grenoble 1968 ............................................................................................................ 20 Sapporo 1972 ............................................................................................................. 23 Innsbruck 1976 .......................................................................................................... 25 Lake Placid 1980 ........................................................................................................ 27 Sarajevo 1984............................................................................................................. 29 Calgary 1988 .............................................................................................................. 32 Albertville 1992 .......................................................................................................... 37 Lillehammer 1994 ...................................................................................................... 39 Nagano 1998 .............................................................................................................. 43 Salt Lake City 2002 .................................................................................................... 47 Turin 2006................................................................................................................... 51 Vancouver 2010 ......................................................................................................... 53 Bibliography............................................................................................................... 56

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Introduction: the Olympic posters This reference document presents the official posters of the Olympic Winter Games, from the first edition in Chamonix, in 1924, to the one in Vancouver in 2010.

Official posters and Image of the Games

Since their debut in 1896, the modern Olympic Games have had a close relationship with image. Among the photographs of the sports competitions, official films and TV broadcasts, there are also the posters created by the organisers to promote the Olympic Games. Firstly they were the covers of the Official Report or programme of the Games or posters for a particular sport that fulfil this function. It was on the occasion of the 1912 Games in Stockholm that the idea of an artistic contest to produce an official poster for the Games appeared for the first time. From then on, the host cities became responsible for promoting and advertising the Games. th

Until the middle of the 20 century, it was customary for the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs) to design only one or two Games promotional posters. This number then greatly increased in the 1960s. Indeed, from then on, the OCOGs generally produced several series of posters to illustrate the various aspects of the Games. It thus became common to publish for example one series of posters related to the sports, another on the cultural events and another showing the mascot. These posters, published by the various OCOGs, are referred to here as “official posters”. It has become a tradition that, after each edition of the Games, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) chooses the Image of the Games from among the official posters. This is the poster used to illustrate the Games once they are over, hence the name.

This document presents a picture of the Image of the Games for each edition, accompanied by a brief description of the work. The name of the artist, the printer and the design process are included when available. In addition, some observations are made with regard to the creation context. When there are other official posters, these are presented briefly.

Reflection of an era

The Olympic posters reflect the artistic, political and social context of their era. They play a double role: in addition to announcing the Games, they provide a foretaste of their image, of their look. th

At the start of the 20 century, the posters provided a privileged means of publicity. More than simple artistic works, they provided the public with the necessary practical information on the Olympic Games. Indeed, radio was not used before the 1928 Summer Games in Amsterdam, while TV Last update: December 2013

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appeared for the first time at the 1936 Games in Berlin. The first Olympic posters were therefore essential for the communication and promotion of the Games. th

From the middle of the 20 century, both the design and the function of the posters evolved under the impetus of two key turning points. Firstly, a cultural expansion clearly marked the design of the Olympic posters. Until the middle of the th

20 century, the celebration of the Olympic Games had always been entrusted to cities in Europe and North America. As of the 1956 Games in Melbourne, and Sapporo 1972 for Winter, the Games would also be held in Oceania, Asia and Central America, thereby introducing new artistic influences. Secondly, the computer age offered artists unusual techniques and practically unlimited creative possibilities to propose designs that were otherwise unachievable. The arrival of this new technology meant a real rupture in the textual content of the Olympic posters and their use as a means of information. Certain information such as the dates and places of the Games, which once would have necessarily been featured, is now easily accessible on the Internet. Consequently, the “modern” Olympic posters have contained minimal text and focused more on the emblems, images and symbols. Today, the posters seek mainly to convey an ambiance and a style, and focus on the values and the ideals of the Games. Although the specific informative role of the posters has therefore decreased over the years, they still remain an integral part of the marketing strategy implemented for each edition of the Games: “even in this day and age when electronic communications predominate, when visual images are broadcast instantaneously, the message contained in graphic art cannot be supplanted. Perhaps it is even all the 1

more essential” . Browsing the Olympic posters is therefore an invitation to retrace the history of the Games in a pictorial journey through the ages and the continents.

1 L’Olympisme par l’affiche: 1896 – 1984, International Olympic Committee, dir. Monique Berlioux, preface by Mr Juan Antonio Samaranch, p.7.

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Chamonix 1924 Artist

Auguste Matisse

Printer

Cornille and Serre, Paris Lithograph

Description

An eagle soars above a bobsleigh track, against an Alpine landscape. In its talons, it holds a palm branch and victory crown, tied together with a ribbon in the colours of the French flag. The text at the bottom of the poster makes reference to the competitions, the town and the date of the Games.

Context of creation

The official posters for the first edition of the Olympic Winter Games were produced by the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée (PLM) railway company, and featured the facilities built for the Games. The PLM company had provided a 20,000 franc subsidy for the Olympic facilities, including the skating rink featured on the poster by Soubie (see next page).

Distribution

5,000 copies.

Find out more about Chamonix 1924 on olympic.org

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Chamonix 1924: More official posters In total, three official posters were published by the Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée (PLM) railway company to promote the 1924 Olympic Winter Games. It was only later that the poster by Matisse was designated as the Image of the Games (see previous page). The two other posters are the work of Charles Hallo and Roger Soubie.

Roger Soubie

Charles Hallo

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St. Moritz 1928 Artist

Hugo Laubi

Printer

Seitz and Cie Four-colour lithograph

Description

The poster shows a Swiss flag and an Olympic flag set against a blue sky. The lower half of the poster shows the summit of the Piz Corvatsch, which is in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. The date, location and edition of the Games are featured at the bottom of the poster. This is the first Image of the Games of either an Olympic Winter or Summer Games to feature the Olympic rings.

Distribution

12,000 copies.

Find out more about St. Moritz 1928 on olympic.org

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St. Moritz 1928: More official posters Two other official posters, created by Car Moos and Charles Kuhn, were published by the Organising Committee for the 1928 Winter Games in St. Moritz.

Carl Moos

Charles Kuhn

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Lake Placid 1932

Artist

Witold Gordon

Printer

Lithograph

Description

The poster presents a map of the USA which indicates the location of Lake Placid. Set against this background, there is a silhouette of a ski jumper, its minimalist style being in-keeping with the art movement of the time. The image of the ski jumper with the map of the United States was also used for the emblem of the Games. At the top of the poster the Games edition is mentioned and, at the bottom, the city, country and date.

Distribution

A total of approximately 15,000 copies were printed in English, French and German. Their distribution abroad (mainly in Europe) was realised with the help of the American Express Company, Thomas Cook & Son, the National Olympic Committees, sports federations, railway and steamship companies and also travel agencies.

Find out more about Lake Placid 1932 on olympic.org

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Lake Placid 1932: More official posters

At the time of the 1932 Winter Games, there were two official posters. The one by Gordon (see previous page) was subsequently picked as the Image of the Games. The second poster was by an anonymous designer (presented here). It showed a bobsleigh team in action along with other winter sports events.

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Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 Artist

Ludwig Hohlwein

Printer

Lithograph

Description

The Image of the Games presents a skier in the characteristic style of Ludwig Hohlwein: asymmetrical lines, marked colour contrast and bold text. The country and the city as well as the date and Games edition are mentioned at the bottom of the poster.

Distribution

A total of 106,150 large copies in 13 languages and 22,450 small copies in German.

Find out more about Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 on olympic.org

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St. Moritz 1948 Artist

Fritz Hellinger Keerl

Printer

Wolfbergdruck AG, Zurich Lithograph

Description

In a winter sky shading from light blue to greenish-black, the sun illuminates the snowy slopes of St. Moritz. Its rays fill the space and end in whimsical coloured snowflakes. The snowflake design appeared frequently on Winter Games posters starting from this date. A pair of skiers, seen from behind, appears to move forward on a broad snowfield. At the bottom of the poster, on the brilliant white snow background, the Olympic rings stand out with a text detailing the date and the location of the Games. At the top right of the poster, the Swiss shield appears.

Context of creation

The poster is the result of the collaboration between the Swiss artist Fritz Hellinger and a photographer named Keerl. There is no information on whether Hellinger worked from a photograph by his colleague, of if the poster incorporates a collage containing photos.

Distribution

15,000 copies.

Find out more about St. Moritz 1948 on olympic.org

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Oslo 1952 Artist

Knut Yran

Printer

Pedersens & Co., Oslo 13-colour lithograph

Description

Against an ice-blue sky, two upturned ski poles serve as masts for an Olympic flag and a Norwegian flag. At the bottom part of the poster, the OCOG’s required text specifying the date, location and the Games edition is contrasted against the white of the snow.

Context of creation

The OCOG organised a competition to design the poster of the Games. None of the 113 posters entered for the competition totally satisfied the Committee, nonetheless they awarded prizes for the best designs. A second competition was then held between the winning artists, and it was finally two works by Knut Yran which convinced the jury. One was used as the main poster (presented here), while the other was used for smaller reproductions (see following page).

Distribution

In total 30,000 copies of the poster were distributed in seven languages: Norwegian, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and German.

Find out more about Oslo 1952 on olympic.org

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Oslo 1952: More official posters

12,000 copies of Knut Yran’s second poster were diffused in a smaller format which was well suited for displays in shop windows, hotels and boats.

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Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956 Artist

Franco Rondinelli

Printer

La Fiaccola, Rome

Description

Against a blue background, Rondinelli’s poster features the Games emblem that was designed by him. It includes the symbol of the Italian National Olympic Committee, composed of the Olympic rings and a star, over a view of the town of Cortina d’Ampezzo. All these elements are contained inside a circular snowflake bearing the inscription VII Giochi D’Inverno Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956.

Context of creation

The OCOG decided to produce two posters from the two emblem projects, the one created by Franco Rondinelli and the second by Bonilauri. Later, the poster featuring Rondinelli’s emblem became the Image of the Games.

Distribution

11,000 copies.

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Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956: More official posters

The poster featuring the emblem by Bonilauri

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Squaw Valley 1960 Artist

Knollin Advertising Agency, San Francisco

Description

The official emblem, formed of three superimposed yellow, red and blue triangles with the Olympic rings at their centre, stands out against a snowy background. At the top and bottom details of the location, Games edition and date are included.

Distribution

A total of 57,228 copies were distributed in English, French (presented here), German, Italian and Spanish at the end of 1958.

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Squaw Valley 1960: More official posters

The second official poster of the 1960 Winter Games in Squaw Valley was distributed in December 1959, a year after the first one, which became the Image of the Games (see previous page). This poster fulfilled a twofold objective: showing the location of Squaw Valley on a map of the United States and communicating the dates of the Games, which did not appear on the first poster. A total of 36,500 copies in five languages were distributed (Italian version presented here).

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Innsbruck 1964 Artist

Wilhelm Jaruska

Printer

Buchroithner & Co., Innsbruck Offset

Description

The poster shows half a stylised ice crystal set against a black background. One of the points of the crystal is enlarged to make room for the five Olympic rings in colour. Below this, a text that appears in avant-garde lettering specifies the location and date of the Games.

Context of creation

In July 1961, the OCOG invited 12 artists to take part in a national competition to create the official poster for the Games. The project of Professor Jaruska, from Vienna’s Academy of Graphic Arts, won first prize, and was used for the Innsbruck 1964 official poster.

Distribution

In all, 59,695 copies of the poster were distributed in 10 languages starting in May 1962.

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Grenoble 1968 Artist

Jean Brian

Printer

General Printing Office, Grenoble Offset

Description

On a snow-white background, the Olympic rings appear to be rushing down a ski run. Details about the location and date of the Games are given at the bottom of the poster, next to the official emblem.

Distribution

170,000 copies.

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Grenoble 1968: More official posters The OCOG produced other posters to promote, for example, the official emblem and Grenoble 1968 in general (presented here) as well as the various competition venues (see following page).

The emblem poster

The general promotion posters

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The Games venue posters

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Sapporo 1972 Artist

Takashi Kono

Printer

Toppan Printing Co., Ltd.

Description

The poster features the official Games emblem, created by Kazumasa Nagai. The emblem combines three separate elements: the rising sun, a six-pointed snowflake, and the Olympic rings with the text Sapporo ’72 beneath. The poster is divided by a text indicating the edition of the Games. Beneath this, there is a snow-capped peak and an oval shape representing the Sapporo ice arena.

Context of creation

The OCOG invited three renowned Japanese artists to create a total of four official posters to promote these Games. They were produced successively between 1968 and 1971. It was the work of Takashi Kono, the first to be published, which was subsequently chosen as the Image of the Games.

Distribution

Between 30,000 and 40,000 copies of each of the four posters.

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Sapporo 1972: More official posters After the poster by Kono published in January 1968 (see previous page), the OCOG published two created by Gan Hosoya and one created by Yusaku Kamekura. Kamekura was also the designer of the official posters for the 1964 Olympic Summer Games in Tokyo.

The second poster, published in April 1969, was realised by Yusaku Kamekura with the help of photographer Kiyoshi Fujikawa. It shows a skier, intended to symbolise youth, strength and boldness.

The third poster, unveiled by the OCOG at the end of 1970, was also the work of Yusaku Kamekura. Based on a photograph by M.T. Ogata, the artist created this poster in eight colours, one of which was obtained using fluorescent ink. It shows a figure skater and the Games emblem.

The fourth and final official poster was the one of Gan Hosoya, who also designed the competition tickets. Unveiled in 1971, it features the text Sapporo 1972 emerging from a blue background with dynamic graphics. Beneath the official emblem are the dates of the Games and the text XI Olympic Winter Games in different colours.

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Innsbruck 1976 Artist

Arthur Zelger

Printer

Alpina-Offset, Innsbruck Offset

Description

This poster was not intended to represent just one sports discipline in particular. For this reason, if presents a design which can be interpreted as the “I” for Innsbruck, but also as an element common to all ice sports: a luge or bobsleigh runner or a skate blade. It could also be interpreted as a stylised ski jump. In the background, the coloured tips represent the mountains of the Tyrol. The dates and location of the Games is featured at the top of the poster.

Context of creation

Innsbruck was elected as the host city in 1973 after Denver dropped out. Because of the reduced deadline available, the OCOG did not hold an artistic competition to designate the official poster. They asked artist Arthur Zelger, the designer of the emblem for the Winter Games held in Innsbruck 12 years before.

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Innsbruck 1976: More official posters The posters by Walter Poetsch The artist Walter Poetsch created a series of posters which illustrated a Tyrolean farmer trying out cross country skiing, Alpine skiing and ice hockey. Anecdotally, after the Games, Gustl Penz, a Tyrolean farmer who bore a resemblance to the character of the poster, for a brief time became a “celebrity” in the region.

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Lake Placid 1980 Artist

Robert W. Whitney

Printer

George Little Press, Burlington, Vermont, USA Offset

Description

The poster features the official emblem of the Games, with the text XIII Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1980 above it. With its clear lines in the colours of the US flag, the emblem evokes the mountains around Lake Placid and a double Olympic cauldron. It commemorates the two editions of the Olympic Winter Games hosted by Lake Placid, in 1932 and 1980.

Context of creation

For this poster, Robert Whitney was inspired by the emblem that he also designed.

Distribution

25,000 copies.

Find out more about Lake Placid 1980 on olympic.org

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Lake Placid 1980: More official posters The sports posters Two series of posters were used to promote the sports on the programme. On each of the posters the Games emblem, the year and location of the Games were featured.

Series 1

Series 2

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Sarajevo 1984 Artists

Cedomir Kostovic Kemal Hadzic Levi Sasa

Printer

Nisro “Oslobodenje”, Sarajevo Offset

Description

The poster, which became the Image of the Games, features the Games emblem created by Roko Antonio: a stylised red snowflake. Above and below, the Olympic rings appear and the city, year and Games edition is mentioned in three languages.

Distribution

20,000 copies.

Find out more about Sarajevo 1984 on olympic.org

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Sarajevo 1984: More official posters The sports posters The artist Ismar Mujezinovic created this series of five posters, illustrating downhill skiing, speed skating, ski jumping, ice hockey and luge.

The Sarajevo 1984 poster

This was created by Cedomir Kostovic, one of the designers of the Image of the Games (see previous page).

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The art and sport posters In collaboration with the Visconti Lazo Vujić art gallery in Vienna and the Svjetlost publishing house in Sarajevo, the OCOG produced an album containing 16 posters by well-known artists reinterpreting the Olympic ideals. th

The album was first presented at the 14 Basel International Art Fair.

Jean-Michel Folon

Andy Warhol

Gottfried Helnwein

Emilio Greco

Howard Hodgkin

Michelangelo Pistoletto

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Calgary 1988

Artist

Laura Fischer (photography) Justason & Tavender (design)

Description

The poster presents a view of the city of Calgary with the Rocky Mountains behind. At the center of the poster there is a large version of the Games emblem, with the theme of this Games edition in French and English at the top.

Context of creation

The poster was created using a photograph by the artist Larry Fisher.

Find out more about Calgary 1988 on olympic.org

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Calgary 1988: More official posters The Olympic Arts Festival posters

The Olympic arts festival organised by the OCOG was promoted with a general poster and posters specific to each event, including literary, film or crafts.

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Venue posters

The OCOG produced several posters on this theme, presenting, for example, the stadium which hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies of the Games or the skiing venues.

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The Olympic torch relay posters

These posters celebrated the passage of the Olympic flame in various regions of Canada.

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The sports posters

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Albertville 1992 Artist

Alain Doré Agence Desgrippes & Associés, Paris

Printer

Lithograph Offset

Description

The snowy mountains, blue sky, sun and Olympism are represented in bold colours and simple lines, giving this poster an immediate universal identification.

Find out more about Albertville 1992 on olympic.org

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Albertville 1992: More official posters The sports posters

The mascot poster

The Olympic venue poster

The arts festival poster

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Lillehammer 1994

Artist

Sarah Rosenbaum DesignGruppen ‘94

Printer

Lithograph Offset

Description

This poster was realised according to the three rules established by the OCOG for its design programme: originality and specific Norwegian character, human contact and contact between man and nature. It uses the pictograms of the Games that were inspired by prehistoric Norwegian cave engravings. These are regarded as the first representations of skiers in the world. With its warm colours, the main design takes inspiration from this prehistoric figure to create a torch relay runner. At the top of the poster, the text reads Lillehammer ’94.

Find out more about Lillehammer 1994 on olympic.org

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Lillehammer 1994: More official posters The sports posters

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The mascot posters

The torch relay posters

The pictograms poster

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The Olympic Arts Festival posters

The Olympic venues poster

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Nagano 1998 Artist

Masuteru Aoba

Description

A thrush is perched on a ski pole. This native bird of Siberia migrates every year to spend the winter in Japan. In the background, dawn breaking over the mountains reflects the OCOG’s desire to organise Games in harmony with nature. The Games emblem, city, year and edition of the Games appear at the top of the poster.

Context of creation

The OCOG called on renowned Japanese artists to produce different posters for these Games. Initially published in January 1994, the work of Masuteru Aoba was subsequently chosen as the Image of the Games.

Find out more about Nagano 1998 on olympic.org

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Nagano 1998: More official posters The OCOG asked various renowned Japanese artists to create general promotional posters for the 1998 Winter Games. These were published successively between 1995 and 1997.

Katsumi Asaba

Katsumi Asaba

Hiro Yamagata

Koji Kinutani

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Opening Ceremony poster For the first time in the history of the Olympic Winter Games, a poster was created to promote the Opening Ceremony. The painting shown on the poster is called Autumn and Winter Landscapes. It th is a work from the 15 century realised by the Japanese master Sesshu, and it is regarded as a national treasure in Japan. The OCOG chose this work to illustrate the three keywords of the Opening Ceremony: simplicity, dignity and spirituality.

Poster for the Art and Culture Festival This shows the Winter Flower painting by the famous Japanese artist Kaii Higashiyama.

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Sports posters Koji Kinutani was the artist appointed to create these posters published in August 1997. The series includes a total of seven posters.

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Salt Lake City 2002 Artist

Justin Reynolds for Axiom Design

Printer

Fine Art Ltd.

Description

This polychrome poster shows a photograph of the flag with the official emblem of the Games, with a snowy peak in the background. At the bottom of the poster, the edition and date of the Games is mentioned in French and English.

Find out more about Salt Lake City 2002 on olympic.org

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Salt Lake City 2002: More official posters The sports posters The OCOG’s creative services produced a series of sports posters showing athletes in characteristic Utah landscapes.

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The Cultural Olympiad posters The OCOG called upon three artists to create posters illustrating different aspects of the Cultural Olympiad. The fauna of the region was represented by the work of John Nieto, while the poster created by the Pilobolus Dance Theater symbolised the link between physical performance and the creative imagination. Lastly, the poster by McRay Magleby made reference to the ideal of peace promoted by the Olympic Movement.

John Nieto

Pilobolus Dance Theater

McRay Magleby

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Torch relay poster

Before and during the Games, it was this work by the Axiom Design company that the OCOG regarded as the main poster to promote Salt Lake City 2002. However, after the Games, the IOC President chose the poster by Justin Reynolds as the Image of the Games (see page 47).

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Turin 2006 Artist

Armando Testa Advertising Agency

Printer

Bolaffi

Description

The poster design represents Antonelli’s dome, the emblematic architectural feature of the city of Turin. The design also symbolises the values of the Games, sport and the host city. The dome, in seven colours, slopes down to become a mountain or a ski run. On the left, a three-dimensional e effect reveals a second dome, white like the snow this time. Its base is decorated with the official Games emblem and slogan Passion lives here. The text at the bottom of the poster reads XX Giochi Olimpici Invernali.

Context of creation

The OCOG designated the Armando Testa agency (named after the creator of the Image of the Games for Rome 1960) to produce a poster which would embody the nature, values and characteristics of these Olympic Games.

Distribution

The poster was produced and distributed by Bolaffi.

Find out more about Turin 2006 on olympic.org

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Turin 2006: More official posters In all, 17 posters were produced by the OCOG for the 2006 Winter Games in Turin. There was one Torino 2006 poster which became the Image of the Games (see previous page) as well as a poster for the Opening Ceremony and 15 posters illustrating sports.

The Opening Ceremony poster

The sports posters

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Vancouver 2010 Artist

Ben Hulse Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games

Printer

Canadian Art Prints Inc

Description

Half a maple leaf is set against a white background. Revisited here in the cold colours chosen for the visual identity of the Games, the maple leaf is a symbol of Canada. The half-leaf is decorated with graphic designs referring to the landscapes of the region: its fauna, flora and certain urban elements. At the top of the poster the Games emblem appears, and at the bottom right, the text With glowing hearts, Des plus brillants exploits.

Context of creation

The OCOG design team created the visual identity of the Games, and it was Ben Hulse, one of the team members, who was inspired by the different graphic elements and reinterpreted them to create this poster.

Find out more about Vancouver 2010 on olympic.org

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Vancouver 2010: More official posters The Find your passion in sport posters The OCOG set up an initiative to celebrate the accomplishments of Canada’s First Nations athletes and promote sport among young people.

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The Cultural Olympiad posters A series of posters intended to promote the cultural events associated with the Olympic Games was published.

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Bibliography General Sources • Margaret Timmers, A Century of Olympic Posters, London: V&A Publishing, 2012. • Monique Berlioux, Olympism through posters: 1896-1984, Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 1983. Introduction • Afshan Heuer, “Painting a True Picture”, Olympic Review, January-February-March 2004, no. 50, pp. 44-45. • Olympic Games Posters, Lausanne: The Olympic Museum, 2007, pp. 2-5. Chamonix 1924 • “Chamonix 1924 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • “Les Jeux d’hiver de Chamonix” IN Les Jeux de la VIIIème Olympiade : Paris 1924 : rapport officiel : Comité olympique français, Paris : Librairie de France, 1924, p. 643. • Pierre Vitalien, La mémoire des premiers Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, Serignan : P. Vitalien, 2004. St. Moritz 1928 • Rapport Général du Comité Exécutif des IIèmes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver et documents officiels divers, Lausanne : Comité Olympique Suisse ; Comité Exécutif des IIèmes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver St-Moritz 1928, 1928, pp. 5-7. • “Saint-Moritz 1928 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. Lake Placid 1932 • III Olympic Winter Games, Lake Placid 1932: Official Report, Lake Placid: III Olympic Winter Games Committee, 1932, pp. 48, 63 & 94-99. • “Lake Placid 1932 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 • “Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • IV Olympische Winterspiele 1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen 6. Bis 16. Februar: amtlicher Bericht, Berlin: Reichsportverl., 1936, pp. 143-149. St. Moritz 1948 • “Saint-Moritz 1948 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • “The Olympic Games Posters”, official website of the International Olympic Committee, pp. 6-9. Oslo 1952 • “Oslo 1952 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • VI Olympic Winter Games Oslo 1952, Oslo: Organising Committee, 1953, pp. 15-16, 78-80, 150-153, & 163165. Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956 • “Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • VII Olympic Winter Games, Cortina d’Ampezzo, 1956, Rome: CONI, 1957, pp. 210-211 & 373-374. Squaw Valley 1960 • “Squaw Valley 1960 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • VIII Olympic Winter Games Squaw Valley, California, 1960: final report, S.I.: California State Print Office, 1960, pp. 15 & 67-69. • "The Official Symbol for the VIIIth Olympic Winter Games", Bulletin du Comité International Olympique, May 1958, no. 62, p. 40. Innsbruck 1964 • “Innsbruck 1964 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • Offizieller Bericht der IX. Olympischen Winterspiele Innsbruck 1964, Wien; München: Österreichischer Bundesverl. für Unterricht-Wissenschaft und Kunst, 1967, pp. 325-326.

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Grenoble 1968 • « Grenoble 68 », Bulletin du Comité International Olympique, February 1966, no. 93, p. 81. • “Grenoble 1968 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • Official Report X Olympic Winter Games, S.I.: Comité d’organisation des Xèmes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, 1969, p. 31. • Xes Olympic Winter Games: preliminary report, Grenoble : Comité d’organisation des Xes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, 1968, pp. 148-152. Sapporo 1972 • “Symbol for the Sapporo Games”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, April 1967, no. 1, p. 10. • “Poster No. 4 Issued”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, October 1971, no. 13, p. 21. • “First Official Poster for the Sapporo Games”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, April 1968, no. 3, p. 11. • “Second Poster Issued”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, September 1969, no. 6, p. 18. • “Sapporo”, Olympic Review, March 1971, no. 42, pp. 164-166. • “Sapporo 1972 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • “Third Official Olympic Poster Issued”, XI Olympic Winter Games Official Bulletin, décembre 1970, no. 9, p. 18. • The XI Olympic Winter Games Sapporo 1972: Official Report, Sapporo: The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games, 1973, pp. 131, 167, 341, 416 & 417. Innsbruck 1976 • Final Report, published by the Organising Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games 1976 at Innsbruck, Innsbruck: Organising Committee for the XIIth Winter Olympic Games, 1976, pp. 348-350 & 394. • Innsbruck'76, Tirol, Austria: 4.2-15.2: XII. Olympische Winterspiele Innsbruck 1976: Bulletin, December 1973, no. 2, p. 16. • “Innsbruck 1976 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. Lake Placid 1980 • “Lake Placid 1980”, Olympic Review, July-August 1975, no. 93-94, p. 267. • “Lake Placid 1980 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. Sarajevo 1984 • Final report published by the Organising Committee of the XIVth Winter Olympic Games 1984 at Sarajevo, Sarajevo : COJO, 1984, pp. 137-139. • “An Olympic Message from World Artists”, Official bulletin of the Organizing Committee of the XIVth Olympic Winter Games Sarajevo 1984 Yugoslavia, December 1983, no. 6, pp. 20-24. • “Sarajevo 1984 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. Calgary 1988 • An exhibition of print for the Olympic Arts Festival XV Olympic Winter Games Calgary, 1988, Calgary: Olympic Arts Festival, 1988. • “Art posters”, News: Olympic Arts Festival, Calgary: XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee, 1986. • “Calgary 1988 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • “National jury selects artists for OCO’88 fine arts posters”, News XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee, 9 July 1985. • “National jury selects artists for OCO’88 fine arts posters”, News XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee, 20 September 1985. • “National jury selects artists for OCO’88 fine arts posters”, News XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee, 28 November 1985. Albertville 1992 • “Albertville 1992 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • Official Report of the XVI Olympic Winter Games of Albertville and Savoie, Albertville: Organising Committee of the XVI Olympic Winter Games of Albertville and Savoie, 1992, p. 297.

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Lillehammer 1994 • « L’identité visuelle de Lillehammer : la pureté du cristal », Olympic update '94 : Bulletin pour les XVIIèmes Jeux Olympiques d’hiver, juin 1991, p. 14. • “Lillehammer 1994 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • Official Report of the XVII Olympic Winter Games Lillehammer 1994, Norway: LOOC AS, 1995, vol.2, pp. 146148, 154 & 234. Nagano 1998 • “Nagano 1998 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • “Official posters”, Nagano'98 Olympic update: official bulletin for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games, Nagano 1998, summer 1995, no. 1, p. 23. • “Production Policy for Official Posters finalized”, Nagano Newsletter, NAOC, 23 June 1993, no. 27. • The XVIII Olympic Winter Games: Official Report Nagano 1998, Nagano: NAOC, 1999, vol.1, pp. 110-111, 125, vol.2, pp. 346-348. Salt Lake City 2002 • “2002 Games poster unveiled”, Olympic Review, August-September 2001, vol. XXVII, no. 40, p. 47. • Official Report of the XIX Olympic Winter Games: 8-24 February 2002, Salt Lake City: SLOC, 2002, p. 229. • “Salt Lake City 2002 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • “Salt Lake City 2002”, Olympic Review, April-May 2000, vol. XXVI, no. 32, p. 34. Turin 2006 • “Turin 2006 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • « Un poster pour les Jeux Olympiques», Communiqués de presse, site officiel Turin 2006, 9 Janvier 2006. • « Une Mole Olympique pour le poster des Jeux », Communiqué de presse, site officiel Turin 2006, 25 novembre 2005. • Bolaffi official website. • XX Olympic Winter Games Torino 2006 Comitato per l'Organizzazione dei XX Giochi Olimpici Invernali Torino 2006, Turin: TOROC, 2007, p. 270. Vancouver 2010 • “Official Posters of the Games”, The Village Vancouver 2010, 5 February 2010, p. 1. • “Find your passion in sport”, official website of Laura Ransom. • Vancouver 2010 Graphic Standards Manuals Brands + Creative services: Vancouver 2010, Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, Vancouver: VANOC, 2006, p. 11. • “Vancouver 2010 official posters”, official website of Ben Hulse. • “Vancouver 2010 - Poster”, official website of the International Olympic Committee. • VANOC Official Games Report, Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, Sustainability Report, Toronto: J. Wiley & Sons, 2010, pp. 11, 19, 65 & 78.

The Olympic Studies Centre offers a unique collection on the Olympic Games, Olympic Movement and Olympic sports. Some of the above documents can be consulted directly on the spot or may be requested via international loan service.

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