3CE335P4 EURUFU

O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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3CE335P4 – EURUFU

O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

Work package

3

Action

3.1

Author

PP5

Version

V1

VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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Index 1

EXISTING DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 International definitions .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5

OECD Regional Typology ....................................................................................................... 2 OECD Extended Regional Typology ..................................................................................... 3 A revised urban-rural typology by Eurostat .......................................................................... 4 EDORA Cube ............................................................................................................................ 6 ESPON Typology Compilation .............................................................................................. 8

1.2 National definitions ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9

2

Austria .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Czech Republic .........................................................................................................................10 Germany ....................................................................................................................................10 Hungary – National Spatial Development Concept...........................................................11 Hungary – New Hungary Rural Development Programme .............................................12 Italy .............................................................................................................................................13 Poland ........................................................................................................................................14 Slovakia ......................................................................................................................................14 Slovenia ......................................................................................................................................15

PROPOSED EURUFU DEFINITION ............................................................................................. 17 2.1 The principles and approach ................................................................................................ 17 2.1.1 The issue of territorial levels ..................................................................................................17

2.2 The proposed methodology in details ................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 The schematic model of the proposed EURUFU methodology .....................................21

2.3 The preliminary results of the methodology ...................................................................... 22 2.3.1 The fulfilment of the criterions .............................................................................................22 2.3.1.1

Land Use .................................................................................................................................. 22

2.3.1.2

Accessibility ............................................................................................................................... 24

2.3.1.3

Importance of Primary sector ...................................................................................................... 25

2.3.2 The preliminary delineation of rural areas ...........................................................................27

3

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 28

4

ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................... 30

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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Preliminary definition of Central European rural areas (not approved) Prepared by VÁTI Nonprofit Ltd. Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

Budapest, 3. November 2011. Contributed by Márton Péti (head of department), Bence Mészáros (planner-analyst), Krisztina Magócs (planner-analyst), András Nagy (planner-analyst), Mátyás Sain (planner-analyst)

1 EXISTING DEFINITIONS 1.1 International definitions 1.1.1 OECD Regional Typology What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?)  

Regions at Territorial Level 3 (TL3) and Non-Official Grids (NOGs) ≈ equivalent to NUTS3 in Europe; Local unites ≈ equivalent to LAU2 in Europe

What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?   

Number of permanent residents in local unites (≈LAU2) (capita); The size of the local unites (≈LAU2) (km2); List of local unites of the TL3 regions (classification of territorial levels)

What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? A region is classified as ‘Predominantly rural’ if the share of population living in rural local units* (≈LAU2) is higher than 50% and the region does not contain an urban centre of more than 200 000 inhabitants representing at least 25% of the regional population. *A local unites is classified as rural if its population density is below 150 inhabitants per square kilometre.

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.1.1 OECD Regional Typology Why is this definition important or interesting? It is used by the OECD in its analytical work (see, for example, the series OECD Regions at a Glance), as well as in analysis carried out by other institutions, such as National Statistical Offices and the European Commission. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) There are no subdivisions of ‘Predominantly rural’ areas, however, in the OECD regional typology there is another category, called ‘Intermediate’, which may be considered as rural. “Researchers with a rural focus sometimes combine predominantly rural and intermediate and call them rural regions, in part because the OECD used the term ‘significantly rural’ before they replaced it with ‘intermediate’ in 1997” (Eurostat 2010, p. 245.). By definition, a region is classified as ‘Intermediate’, if the share of population living in rural local units is between 15% and 50%, and the region does not contain an urban centre of more than 500 000 inhabitants representing at least 25% of the regional population. (A region is also classified as ‘Intermediate’, if although the share of population living in rural local units is higher than 50%, but the region contains an urban centre of more than 200 000 inhabitants representing at least 25% of the regional population.) In any other cases the region is classified as ‘Predominantly Urban’. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? No additional data or information needed. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? OECD (2010): ‘REGIONAL TYPOLOGY’. Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development. 22 February 2010 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/62/42392595.pdf)

1.1.2 OECD Extended Regional Typology The Extended Typology is based on the original OECD Regional Typology. Hence, the information given there is valid for this extended typology as well, which only further classifies intermediate and predominantly rural regions into ‘remote’ or ‘close to a populated centre’. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) See ‘OECD Regional Typology’. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? See ‘OECD Regional Typology’. What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? See ‘OECD Regional Typology’.

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.1.2 OECD Extended Regional Typology Why is this definition important or interesting? The extended typology is used to compare the dynamics of population and labour markets. Remote rural regions show a stronger decline in population and a faster ageing process than rural regions close to a city. The remoteness of rural regions is in fact a significant factor explaining regional outflows of working age population, confirming that this extended typology captures the economic distance from market and services. Remote rural regions appear economically more fragile. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?)  

‘Predominantly Rural Remote’ (PRR): at least 50% of the regional population needs at least 45 minutes of driving time to reach a populated centre with at least 50 000 inhabitants; ‘Predominantly Rural Close to a city’ (PRC): less than 50% of the regional population needs at least 45 minutes of driving time to reach a populated centre with at least 50 000 inhabitants

What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas?    

A map containing the distribution of the population; A road network; A map containing populated centres with at least 50 000 inhabitants; The analysis can be further refined by considering some additional factors that affect the driving time. This implies the use of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and an Urban Areas map.

What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? 

Brezzi, M. – Dijkstra, L. – Ruiz, V. (2011): ‘OECD Extended Regional Typology: The Economic Performance of Remote Rural Regions’, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, 2011/06, OECD Publishing.

(http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg6z83tw7f4-enOECD)

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Dijkstra, L. – Poelman, H. (2008): “Remote Rural Regions – How proximity to a city influences the performance of rural regions”. Regional Focus – A series of short papers on regional research and indicators produced by the Directorate-General for Regional Policy. n° 01/2008. (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/focus/2008_01_rural.pdf)

1.1.3 A revised urban-rural typology by Eurostat The revised typology introduced by Eurostat in 2010 is based on the OECD Regional Typology. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) NUTS 3 regions What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Population disaggregation (1 km²) grid based on LAU2 population and Corine land cover (detailed methodology can be found on the website of the European Environment Agency: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/population-density-disaggregated-with-corine-land-cover-2000-1)

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.1.3 A revised urban-rural typology by Eurostat What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? A NUTS 3 region is classified as ‘Predominantly rural’ if the share of population living in ‘rural areas’(*) is higher than 50% and the region does not contain an urban centre of more than 200 000 inhabitants representing at least 25% of the regional population.  The methodology combines NUTS 3 regions smaller than 500 km2 with their neighbouring NUTS 3 regions. These groupings are not used for any other purpose and are dissolved as soon as the classification has been done. As a result, the outcome is a classification for each individual NUTS 3 region. (*)The population living in ‘rural areas’ is the population living outside the ‘urban areas’. The urban areas identified through the method described below:  a population density threshold (300 inhabitants per km²) applied to grid cells of 1 km²;  a minimum size threshold (5 000 inhabitants) applied to grouped grid cells above the density threshold. To determine the population size, the grid cells are grouped based on contiguity (including the diagonals). For instance, if the central square is above the density threshold, it will be grouped with each of the other surrounding eight cells that exceed the density threshold. Why is this definition important or interesting? The new typology remedy two shortcomings of the OECD classification:  The first distortion is due to the large variation in the area of local administrative units level 2 (LAU2).  The second distortion is due to the large variation in the surface area of NUTS 3 regions and the practice in some countries to separate a (small) city centre from the surrounding region (e.g. in Germany). The aim of this new typology is to provide a consistent basis for the description of predominantly rural, intermediate and predominantly urban regions in all Commission communications, reports and publications. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) The two other categories besides ‘predominantly rural’ are the same as in the OECD Regional Typology: ‘intermediate’ and ‘predominantly urban’. The only difference is that the threshold distinguishing predominantly urban from intermediate has been adjusted from 15 % to 20 %, in order to not differ too much from the original OECD classification applied to NUTS 3 regions. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? No additional data is needed. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? 

Eurostat (2010): ‘A revised urban-rural typology’. IN: ‘Eurostat regional yearbook 2010’. pp. 240-259.

(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-15/EN/KS-HA-10-001-15-EN.PDF)

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European Environment Agency (http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/population-density-disaggregated-with-corine-land-cover-2000-1)

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.1.4 EDORA Cube The EDORA typologies are implemented at NUTS 3, and (in terms of the OECD classification) cover all Intermediate and Predominantly Rural regions. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) See ‘OECD Regional Typology’. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? See ‘OECD Regional Typology’. What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? 

See ‘OECD Regional Typology’.

Why is this definition important or interesting? Instead of a single typology the EDORA researchers propose an “analysis framework” in the form of three typologies reflecting three important dimensions of differentiation among non-urban regions. Unlike most rural typologies the EDORA cube takes us beyond the issue of rurality, and into the realms of rural economic structure and performance.

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.1.4 EDORA Cube Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) Typology (dimension) 1: ‘D-P Typology’ (Rurality/accessibility) For methodological details see “OECD Extended Regional Typology”  Intermediate Accessible  Intermediate Remote  Predominantly Rural Accessible  Predominantly Rural Remote Typology (dimension) 2: ‘Structural Types’ (Degree of economic restructuring)  Agrarian  all three indicators of the relative importance of agriculture (% employment in the primary sector, % of GVA from primary sector, and AWU as a percentage of total employment) exceeded the EU27 non-urban region mean  Consumption Countryside  at least one indicator in two out of three thematic groups exceeded the EU27 average. The three groups of indicators relate to capacity for and intensity of tourism activity, access to natural areas, and the importance of peri-productivist farming styles.  Diversified (Strong Secondary Sector)  identified (from the residual after the first two were defined) as those in which GVA from secondary sector activities exceeded that from private services.  Diversified (Strong Market Services)  the residual after the first three had been defined. In other words they do not have a strong dependence upon agriculture, little evidence of strong “Consumption Countryside” activities, and a larger share of GVA from market services than from the secondary sector. Typology (dimension) 3: ‘Socio-economic performance’ (accumulation or depletion) The first step in the classification is to create a synthetic performance indicator, an unweighted average of normalised “Z” scores of five indicators. These are net migration rate, GDP per capita, annual percentage changes in GDP and employment, and unemployment rate. This continuous variable is then presented in four categories, defined by the EU27 average, and +/- 0.5 Standard Deviations.  Depleting  Below Average  Above Average  Accumulating What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? 27 raw data variables (predominantly from the Eurostat REGIO database) which were combined in various way to generate 17 ratio indicators. All the indicators were converted to normalised (Z) scores, using the non-urban (NUTS 3) mean and standard deviation. All the raw data variables and the derived ratio indicators are available in the EDORA Core Database. 13 indicators were used to define the four Structural types. and 5 to generate a synthetic regional performance indicator. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? ESPON (2011): ‘European Development Opportunities for Rural Areas’. Applied Research 2013/1/2. Final Report, Parts A, B and C. August 2011. pp. 15-21. Funded by the ESPON 2013 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/AppliedResearch/EDORA/EDORA_Final_Report_Parts_A_and_B.pdf)

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.1.5 ESPON Typology Compilation The final report of ESPON Typology Compilation project was not available at the time of this study was being written, thus the definition and typology below is just a preliminary version. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) NUTS 3 (in a very limited number of cases, NUTS 2 due to lack of data) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?  

Definition of urban areas at LAU 2 based on Urban Audit and GISCO STEU and checked against the EEA Degree of Urbanisation. Population number of the selected cities and NUTS 3 regions.

What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? As a starting point it is envisage to include as rural areas primarily only such regions that are not classified as urban. If the population of the selected large cities is less than one third or a quarter of the population of their surrounding NUTS 3 region, they should be considered as rural region. Regions containing more than one of these cities would be excluded from this comparison and automatically considered being urban areas. Why is this definition important or interesting? The purpose of the ESPON Typology Compilation project is to provide a compilation of existing territorial typologies and to propose a set of eight territorial typologies (amongst them one for rural areas) which can be used throughout the ESPON 2013 Programme. The proposals for the typologies bring together elements form the various typologies reviewed in the frame of the project and compose a coherent set of eight homogenous ESPON typologies. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) 1. 2. 3. 4.

rural areas close to urban centre without agrarian profile rural areas close to urban centres with agrarian profile remote rural area without agrarian profile remote rural area with agrarian profile

What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? For the differentiation of rural regions two dimensions will be used: 1) the relative position of the rural region vis-à-vis larger urban centres (e.g. areas within 45 minutes reach from urban centres), and 2) the importance of primary production to the overall regional economy (GVA branches A-B as a share of total GVA), combined with the importance of primary production as a source of livelihood (employment in branches A-B as a share of total employment). What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? ESPON (2011): ‘ESPON Typology Compilation’. Scientific Platform and Tools 2013/3/022. Interim Report. Version 15/06/2009. pp. 9-19. Funded by the ESPON 2013 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ScientificPlatform/TypologyCompilation/fir-090615.pdf)

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.2 National definitions 1.2.1 Austria In general Austria applies the OECD rural-urban regional typology for the classification of regions. However, as the international OECD typology hardly addresses the problems and context of Austrian functional regions, some analyses provided more targeted typologies to the national spatial structure. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Municipalities (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Population number of municipalities What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? 



Urban: Population of communes (Gemeinden) or groups of communes encompassing at least one settlement (means zusammenhängend verbautes Gebiet where houses are at most 200 metres from each other) with 2,000 inhabitants or more. Rural: All remaining communes or groups of communes.

Why is this definition important or interesting? This is the official definition of Statistic Austria. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?)   

Rural regions with higher than average agricultural rates; Production-oriented rural regions; Rural regions of high regional significance for tourism;

What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? Detailed methodology is not available in English. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? 

Wiesinger, G. – Dax, T. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Austria’. BABF (Federal Institute for Less Favoured and Mountainous areas, Vienna, Austria). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Austria_WP1_Report.pdf)

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ESPON (2003): ‘Urban-rural relations in Europe’. Coordinator: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology. Second interim report March 2003. p. 37. Funded by the ESPON 2006 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/ThematicProjects/UrbanRural/2.ir_1.1.2.pdf)

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.2.2 Czech Republic What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Municipalities (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Number of permanent residents in the municipality (population level) What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? Less than 2 000 residents in the municipality Why is this definition important or interesting? This definition is used by Czech Statistical Office and represents the most accepted national definition in the Czech Republic. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) Rural areas in the Czech Republic are to be distinguished as suburban, intermediate, and remote ones. At present, an unambiguously adopted definition of the above types does not exist. The urban agglomerations and peripheral lands were defined in the past; at present, work relating to the up-dating thereof is going on. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? It is not known. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? 

Bednarikova, Z. – Maur, P (2008).: ‘Country profile on rural characteristics, Czech Republic’. Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (VUZE). Prague, Czech Republic. p. 8. IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Czech_WP1_Report_01.pdf)

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RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC FOR 2007 – 2013, Working document. Prague, November 2008. Ministry of Agriculture, VÚZE Prague. p. 17. (http://eagri.cz/public/web/file/10574/RDP_November_2008.pdf)

1.2.3 Germany There is not ‘one’ definition of rural areas strictly applied in Germany but there are different definitions and approaches used depending on the purpose of the categorization. Moreover, besides the national used typology, each of the federal states uses their own categorisation for rural areas for the purpose of land use planning. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?)  

Administrative regions (Regierungsbezirke - NUTS 2) District/county (Landkreis NUTS 3) 10 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.2.3 Germany What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?   

Population number of the region (NUTS 2); Size of the region (NUTS 2) (km2); List of high level centres with more than 100 000 inhabitants

What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? Rural areas are defined as areas with a population density of above 150 p/km2 without a high level centre with more than 100 000 inhabitants; or a region with a population density of below 100 p/km2 with a high level centre of more than 100 000 inhabitants. Why is this definition important or interesting? This definition is one of the most commonly used rural definition in Germany created by the ‘Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning’ (BRR) Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) The rural areas defined on NUTS 2 level are classified further on NUTS 3 level into two categories: ‘Rural districts with higher density’ and ‘Rural districts with lower density’. However, each of the three types of region (‘agglomeration’, ‘urbanised’ and ‘rural areas’) described on NUTS2 level can contain rural districts on NUTS 3 level. The thresholds and a detailed methodology are not mentioned in the information source. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? It is not known. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? Schiller, S. R. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Germany’. IFLS (The Institute for Rural Development Research at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Germany_WP1_Report.pdf)

1.2.4 Hungary – National Spatial Development Concept What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Micro regions (LAU 1) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Population density of micro regions (LAU 1) What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? The population density of a micro-region is below 120 inhabitants/km2 Why is this definition important or interesting? This is the official definition of the Hungarian National Spatial Development Concept, 2005. 11 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.2.4 Hungary – National Spatial Development Concept Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?)  

‘Rural micro-region’: The population density of the micro-region is under 120 inhabitants/km2, and there is no urban centre in the region with a minimum 20 000 inhabitants. ‘Rural micro-region with an urban centre’: The population density of the micro-region is under 120 inhabitants/km2, and there is at least one urban centre with a minimum 20 000 inhabitants

What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? Population number of municipalities (LAU 2) What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? Hungarian Regional Development Office (2005): ‘National Spatial Development Concept of Hungary’ Edited and abridged supplementary version of the National Spatial Development Concept, 2005. (http://www.vati.hu/static/otk/eng/nsdc2005eng.pdf)

1.2.5 Hungary – New Hungary Rural Development Programme What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Settlements (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?    

Population density of settlements (LAU 2) Number of permanent population of settlements (LAU 2) Population number of outskirts areas of settlements List of settlements of the Budapest agglomeration

What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? Settlements with population number of less than 5000 or density of population less than 100 persons/km2. The outskirt areas of non-eligible settlements – with an outskirt population above 2% of the inhabitants of the settlement – are eligible for support. Settlements of the Budapest agglomeration are not geographical target areas of measure. Why is this definition important or interesting? In the New Hungary Rural Development Programme (2007-2013) this definition is used to identify the eligible geographical areas in case of the following measures of Axis III: “Quality of life in rural areas and diversification of the rural economy”:  “Encouragement of tourism activities”;  “Basic services for the economy and rural population”;  “Conservation and sustainable development of the rural heritage” Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) There are no subdivisions are known What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? There are no subdivisions are known 12 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

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O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

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1.2.5 Hungary – New Hungary Rural Development Programme What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? ‘New Hungarian Rural Development Programme (2007-2013)’. Budapest. 19 February 2007. (http://www.fvm.gov.hu/doc/upload/200702/nhrdp_070220.pdf)

1.2.6 Italy What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Municipalities (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Detailed methodology is not available in English. What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? Detailed methodology is not available in English. Why is this definition important or interesting? This is an official methodology of the National Strategic Plan of Italy for the classification of rural/urban areas, used for operational purposes related to policy, but currently being discussed with the academic world, the world of research and the Central Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in order to consolidate it. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) There are 3 subtype of rural areas, which are the followings:  Intensive agriculture rural areas;  Intermediate rural areas;  Rural areas with comprehensive development problems. Detailed methodology is not available in English. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? Detailed methodology is not available in English. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? Bolli, M. – Tarangioli, S. – Mantino, F. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Italy’. INEA (National Institute of Agricultural Economics, Rome, Italy). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Italy_WP1_Report.pdf)

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1.2.7 Poland What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Municipalities (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Legal status of settlements What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? Rural areas are defined as those located outside the administrative boundaries of towns and cities. In justified cases, the definition of rural areas may be extended to include small urban settlements closely related to rural areas in terms of function. Why is this definition important or interesting? This is the official definition of the polish Central Statistical Office – GUS. Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) There are no subdivisions are known What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? There are no subdivisions are known What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? Chmielewska, B. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Poland’. UL (Chair of Agricultural Economics, Policy and Law, Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, Slovenia). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Poland_WP1_Report_01.pdf)

1.2.8 Slovakia What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Municipalities (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas? Legal status of settlements What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural?  

Urban: Population of a municipality declared to be a town by government decision according to its function as a centre, its urban character in building and its size of at least 5,000 inhabitants. Rural: All remaining municipalities.

Why is this definition important or interesting? This is the definition of Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 14 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

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1.2.8 Slovakia Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) There are no subdivisions are known. What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? There are no subdivisions are known. What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? ESPON (2003): ‘Urban-rural relations in Europe’. Coordinator: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology. Second interim report March 2003. p. 40. Funded by the ESPON 2006 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/ThematicProjects/UrbanRural/2.ir_1.1.2.pdf)

1.2.9 Slovenia In Slovenia, there is no official typology distinguishing between urban and rural areas. Nevertheless, there have been various attempts to elaborate one. What is the territorial unit/area on which the definition of rural is based (i.e. postcode areas, community districts, communities, districts or regions)? (What is the NUTS level code of it?) Municipalities (LAU 2) What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish rural from non-rural areas?  Population density of municipalities  Population number of municipalities  Territorial agglomeration of local units (municipalities) What is the threshold value that classifies an area as rural? The typology distinguishes three types of areas: 1. Densely populated area: a contiguous set of local areas, each of which has a density over 500 inhabitants per km2, and where the total population for the set is at least 50 000 inhabitants; 2. Intermediate area: a contiguous set of local areas, not belonging to the densely populated area, each of which has a density more than 100 inhabitants per km2, and either with a total population for the set of at least 50 000 inhabitants or adjacent to a densely populated area; 3. Thinly populated area: a contiguous set of local areas, neither belonging to a densely populated area nor to an intermediate area. ‘Thinly populated areas’ are definitely considered rural. Intermediate area may be considered either rural or urban depending on the analyst’s point of view. Why is this definition important or interesting? The Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SORS) has recently carried out this designation of rural areas Are there any subdivisions of rural areas relating to the degree of rurality? (What are those?) There are no subdivisions are known 15 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

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1.2.9 Slovenia What basic data or information is/are needed to distinguish subdivisions of rural areas? There are no subdivisions are known What is/are the source(s) of information (with link(s) if it is available)? Juvančič, L. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Slovenia’. UL (Chair of Agricultural Economics, Policy and Law, Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, Slovenia). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Slovenia_WP1_Report_01.pdf)

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2 PROPOSED EURUFU DEFINITION 2.1 The principles and approach The overview of the existing methodologies proved that an omnipotent, official definition of rural areas does not exist. According to different points of view, different purposes, different territorial scope, various definitions can be used. Even in Central Europe, in such a small region, different definitions are used by the member countries. The economical-demographical-cultural situation differs from country to country, however, common characteristics of rural areas can be defined within the territorial scope of Central Europe. There are two main principles which have been set at the beginning of the elaboration of the methodology: 1) We would like to give a definition in the context of Central Europe. We are not interested in the national relations. (E.g. a given region could be defined as rural within the borders of its own country, while it may be defined as an urbanized region within Central Europe). Therefore we will always try to compare the regional data to the average values of whole Central Europe. 2) We do not want to define rural areas as ‘areas which are not urban’. We would like to concentrate on a more focused rural definition instead giving a huge residual ‘matrix’. The OECD rural definition is the most commonly used methodology in international context. Therefore we corporate it into our model as starting point. However, to find the most suitable definition for Central Europe we need to make further adjustments. This should be done in along two dimensions 1) Incorporate some important criterions into the model: (a) Land Cover and Land Use characteristics; (b) Accessibility; (c) The importance of primary sector. 2) Apply the definition in different territorial levels (NUTS 3 and LAU 1) country to country.

2.1.1 The issue of territorial levels The table below gives an overview of the differences between the average sizes of territorial levels in each Central European country. It can be seen quite clearly that there are two groups which are different according to the average size of their NUTS 3 regions. 1) NUTS 3 level is appropriate in: Germany, Slovenia, Austria and Italy 2) NUTS 3 level is too large in: Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary In the latter case LAU 1 level is proposed to be used.

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Table 1: the average sizes of territorial levels in Central European countries

NUTS 3

LAU 1

Average Average Number of Average Number of Average population population 2 2 regions size (km ) regions size (km ) (person) (person)

CENTRAL EUROPE

444

2 192

319 349

3 667

265

38 667

243

884

163 109

2 899*

74

13 672

Slovenia

12

1 689

170 849

58

350

35 348

Austria

35

2 410

239 294

LAU 1 level is not existed

Italy (CEU)

46

2 614

599 708

LAU 1 level is not existed

Hungary

20

4 651

499 286

175

532

57 061

Poland

66

4 738

578 788

379

825

100 792

Czech Republic

14

5 633

752 341

77

1 024

136 789

8

6 130

678 116

79

621

68 670

MEMBER COUNTRIES

Germany (CEU)

Slovakia

* The number of LAU 1 unites in the Central European part of Germany would be just 940 if LAU 1 unites representing only one city were not counted The following map also emphasizes the role and importance of territorial levels in the definition of rural areas. It can be seen, that given type of NUTS 3 region likely to consists of various type of subregions.

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1. map: The distribution of sub-regions in terms of the OECD methodology

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2.2 The proposed methodology in details At the first step we define the Predominantly Urban regions according to the OECD methodology. We do not take them into account hereafter. The next step is to define that how many criterions are fulfilled by each region. At least two ‘points’ out of three are needed to consider a region as rural. The criterions are as follows: 1) Land use is considered as rural (For more information on the creation of Land Use categories see Annex) o The share of “Built-up” and “Industrial/commercial” Land Use coverage of the region is below the CEU average OR o The share of “Agricultural” Land Use coverage of the region is above the CEU average (At least one of these two ‘sub-criterions’ must be fulfilled) 2) At least 50 % of the population of the region lives more than 45 minutes travel by road to a city of at least 50 000 inhabitants. 3) The role of primary sector considered important o The share of employed people of Primary Sector in the region is above the CEU average OR o The share of Gross Value Added of Primary Sector in the region is above the CEU average (At least one of these two ‘sub-criterions’ must be fulfilled)

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2.2.1 The schematic model of the proposed EURUFU methodology How much is the population density of Local Rural Areas (LAU 2)?

OECD METHODOLOGY

below 150 persons/km2

above 150 persons/km2

RURAL LAU 2

URBAN LAU 2

How many percent of the population of the region* are living in Rural LAU 2? (* Territorial levels are different by countries: NUTS 3: AT, DE, IT, SI; LAU 1: CZ, HU, PL, SK) > 50 %

15 – 50 %

Is there an urban centre in the region with more than 200 000 inhabitants, which is representing more than 25 % of the regional population? NO

< 15 %

YES

YES

NO

Predominantly Urban

Intermediate

Is the share of “Built-up” and “Industrial/commercial” Land Use coverage of the region above the CEU average?

Below

Is the share of “Agricultural” Land Use coverage of the region above the CEU average?

Above

Above

Below

STEP 3

Is the region remote? (At least 50 % of the population of the region lives more than 45 minutes travel by road to a city of at least 50 000 inhabitants?)

Is the region remote? (At least 50 % of the population of the region lives more than 45 minutes travel by road to a city of at least 50 000 inhabitants?)

Remote

STEP 2

Is there an urban centre in the region with more than 500 000 inhabitants, which is representing more than 25 % of the regional population?

Predominantly Rural

EURUFU EXTENSION

STEP 1

Close to a city

Remote

Close to a city

URBAN

Is the share of employed people of Primary Sector in the region above the CEU average?

Below

Above

Above

RURAL REGIONS

Is the share of Gross Value Added of Primary Sector in the region above the CEU average? Below

URBAN

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2.3 The preliminary results of the methodology 2.3.1 The fulfilment of the criterions 2.3.1.1

Land Use

2. map: NUTS 3 regions according to the proportion of “Built-up” and “Industrial/commercial” Land Use categories

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3. map: NUTS 3 regions according to the proportion of “Agricultural” Land Use category

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2.3.1.2 Accessibility

4. map: NUTS 3 regions according to the accessibility of bigger cities

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2.3.1.3 Importance of Primary sector

5. map: NUTS 3 regions according to the share of agricultural employment

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6. map: NUTS 3 regions according to the share of agricultural GVA

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2.3.2 The preliminary delineation of rural areas

7. map: The preliminary delineation of rural regions on NUTS 3 level

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3 REFERENCES 

Bednarikova, Z. – Maur, P (2008): ‘Country profile on rural characteristics, Czech Republic’. Research Institute of Agricultural Economics (VUZE). Prague, Czech Republic. p. 8. IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Czech_WP1_Report_01.pdf)



Bolli, M. – Tarangioli, S. – Mantino, F. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Italy’. INEA (National Institute of Agricultural Economics, Rome, Italy). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Italy_WP1_Report.pdf)



Brezzi, M. – Dijkstra, L. – Ruiz, V. (2011): ‘OECD Extended Regional Typology: The Economic Performance of Remote Rural Regions’, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, 2011/06, OECD Publishing. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg6z83tw7f4-enOECD)



Chmielewska, B. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Poland’. UL (Chair of Agricultural Economics, Policy and Law, Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, Slovenia). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Poland_WP1_Report_01.pdf)



Dijkstra, L. – Poelman, H. (2008): “Remote Rural Regions – How proximity to a city influences the performance of rural regions”. Regional Focus – A series of short papers on regional research and indicators produced by the Directorate-General for Regional Policy. n° 01/2008. (http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/focus/2008_01_rural.pdf)



ESPON (2011): ‘ESPON Typology Compilation’. Scientific Platform and Tools 2013/3/022. Interim Report. Version 15/06/2009. pp. 9-19. Funded by the ESPON 2013 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ScientificPlatform/TypologyCompilation/fir-090615.pdf)



ESPON (2011): ‘European Development Opportunities for Rural Areas’. Applied Research 2013/1/2. Final Report, Parts A, B and C. August 2011. pp. 15-21. Funded by the ESPON 2013 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/AppliedResearch/EDORA/EDORA_Final_Report_Parts_A_and_B.pdf)



ESPON (2003): ‘Urban-rural relations in Europe’. Coordinator: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology. Second interim report March 2003. pp. 37-40. Funded by the ESPON 2006 Programme (http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/ThematicProjects/UrbanRural/2.ir_1.1.2.pdf)



European Environment Agency

(http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/population-density-disaggregated-with-corine-land-cover-2000-1)



Eurostat (2010): ‘A revised urban-rural typology’. IN: ‘Eurostat regional yearbook 2010’. pp. 240-259. (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-15/EN/KS-HA-10-001-15-EN.PDF)

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Hungarian Regional Development Office (2005): ‘National Spatial Development Concept of Hungary’ Edited and abridged supplementary version of the National Spatial Development Concept, 2005. (http://www.vati.hu/static/otk/eng/nsdc2005eng.pdf)



‘New Hungarian Rural Development Programme (2007-2013)’. Budapest. 19 February 2007. (http://www.fvm.gov.hu/doc/upload/200702/nhrdp_070220.pdf)



Juvančič, L. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Slovenia’. UL (Chair of Agricultural Economics, Policy and Law, Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, Slovenia). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Slovenia_WP1_Report_01.pdf)

 OECD (2010): ‘REGIONAL TYPOLOGY’. Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development. 22 February 2010 (http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/62/42392595.pdf)



RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC FOR 2007 – 2013, Working document. Prague, November 2008. Ministry of Agriculture, VÚZE Prague. p. 17. (http://eagri.cz/public/web/file/10574/RDP_November_2008.pdf)



Schiller, S. R. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Germany’. IFLS (The Institute for Rural Development Research at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Germany_WP1_Report.pdf)



Wiesinger, G. – Dax, T. (2008): ‘Country profiles on rural characteristics: Austria’. BABF (Federal Institute for Less Favoured and Mountainous areas, Vienna, Austria). IN: Assessing the Impact of Rural Development Policies (RuDI) project (Work package 1: Priorities in rural development policies; Deliverable D 1.1.); Funded by the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development of the European Commission. (http://www.rudi-europe.net/uploads/media/Austria_WP1_Report.pdf)

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4 ANNEXES Creation of Land Use Categories We used the Corine Land Cover 2006 database to create the desired Land Use categories. It has been done by merging the similar land cover categories in ArcGIS. The following categories was grouped together:

Land Use category Built-up Areas

Corine land cover Categories Standard level-1 1. Artificial surfaces

Standard level-2 1.1. Urban fabric

1. Artificial surfaces

1.1.1. Continuous urban fabric 1.1.2. Discontinuous urban fabric

1.4. Artificial, nonagricultural vegetated areas

Industrial Areas

Standard level-3

1.4.1. Green urban areas 1.4.2. Sport and leisure facilities

1.2.1. Industrial, commercial and 1.2. Industrial, commercial and transport transport units units 1.2.2. Road and rail network and associated land 1.2.3. Port areas 1.2.4. Airports

1.3. Mine, dump and construction sites

1.3.1. Mine, dump and construction sites 1.3.2. Dump sites 1.3.3. Construction sites

Agricultural Areas

2. Agri- Cultural areas

2.1. Arable land

2.1.1. Non irrigated arable land 2.1.2. Permanently irrigated arable land 2.1.3. Rice fields

2.2.permanent cultures

2.2.1. Vineyards 2.2.2. Fruit trees and berry plantations 2.2.3. Olive groves

2.3. Pastures

2.3.1. Intensive pastures, degraded grasslands

2.4. Heterogeneous agricultural areas

2.4.1. Annual crops associated with permanent crops 2.4.2. Complex cultivation patterns 2.4.3. Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation 2.4.4. Agro-forestry areas

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Land Use category Forests

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Corine land cover Categories Standard level-1 3. Forest and semi-natural areas

Standard level-2 3.1. Forests

Standard level-3 3.1.1. Broad-leaved forest 3.1.2. Coniferous forest 3.1.3. Mixed forest

Natural Grasslands

3. Forest and semi-natural areas

3.2. Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations

3.2.1. Natural grasslands 3.2.2. Moors and heath land 3.2.3 sclerophyllous vegetation 3.2.4. Transitional woodland-Scrub

3.3. Open spaces with little or no vegetation

3.3.1. Beaches, dunes, sands 3.3.2. Bare rocks 3.3.3. Sparsely vegetated areas 3.3.4. Burnt areas 3.3.5. Glaciers and perpetual snow

Inland Waters

4.Wetlands

4.1. Inland wetlands

4.1.1. Inland marshes 4.1.2. Peat bogs

4.2. Coastal wetlands

4.2.1. Salt marshes 4.2.2. Salines 4.2.3. Intertidal flats

Inland Wetlands

5. Water bodies

5.1. Inland waters

5.1.1. Water courses 5.1.2. Water bodies

5.2. Marine waters

5.2.1. Coastal lagoons 5.2.2. Estuaries 5.2.3. Sea and ocean

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8. map: The main Land Use categories of Central Europe

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1. Figure: The Methodology of OECD Extended Regional Typology

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2. Figure: The EDORA Cube (ESPON 2011, p. 16.)

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9. map: OECD Regional Typology (22.02.2010, p. 6.)

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10. map: OECD Extended Regional Typology (Brezzi – Dijkstra – Ruiz 2011, p. 9.)

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11. map: Urban-rural typology of NUTS3 regions 2006-2007 (Eurostat)

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12. map: Typology of areas for the classification of rural municipalities (Rural Development Programme Of The Czech Republic for 2007 – 2013, p. 368.)

(Legend: red - Urban agglomerations; white - Intermediate lands; blue - Peripheral lands)

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13. map: Area typology of the federal states of Germany based on municipal characteristics (Schiller 2008, p. 14.)

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14. map: Rural areas typology based on settlement structure, Germany (Schiller 2008, p. 10.)

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3CE335P4 EURUFU

O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

draft

15. map: Rural/urban classification of National Strategy Plan for Rural Development (NSP) areas (Bolli–Tarangioli–Mantino 2008, p. 9.)

41 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development

3CE335P4 EURUFU

O 3.1.1 Thematic and territorial definition of central European rural areas

draft

16. map: Designation of rural areas according to the Eurostat typology based on the ’degree of urbanisation’ (Juvančič 2008, p. 9.)

17. map: Rural and urban micro-regions of Hungary (Hungarian Regional Development Office, 2005, p. 19.)

42 VÁTI Hungarian Nonprofit Ltd. for Regional Development and Town Planning Spatial Planning and Evaluation Directorate Department of Strategic Planning, Regional and Rural Development