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University of Wollongong Research Online Centre for Multicultural Studies Working Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 1991 Focused stud...
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University of Wollongong

Research Online Centre for Multicultural Studies Working Papers

Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts

1991

Focused study on non-English speaking background immigrants in remote/rural areas of Australia Nicholas Conner Flinders University

Sandra Heilpern Flinders University

Recommended Citation Conner, Nicholas and Heilpern, Sandra, Focused study on non-English speaking background immigrants in remote/rural areas of Australia, Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong, Working Paper 13, 1991, 104. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cmsworkpapers/21

Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected]

Focused study on non-English speaking background immigrants in remote/rural areas of Australia Abstract

This study addresses the population of non-English speaking background immigrants who have chosen to live in rural/remote areas of Australia. Statistical analysis of the 1986 ABS Census Figures indicates that most of these immigrants have settled into the mainland eastern states, especially in Victoria. Details of their distribution and a discussion of the implications of this distribution can be found in Part I of the text. Further, an analysis of rural/remote communities where languages other than English are spoken at home, is reported in Part II. By far the most commonly spoken non-English language is Italian, and there some interesting differences in the distribution of language groups on an interstate and intrastate level. In Chapter 5 there is a report on a field study carried out in six different language groups in three rural/remote areas. It can be concluded that amongst the immigrant communities in rural/remote areas there is a wide range of both fulfilled and unfulfilled expectations, a broad spectrum of assimilation into the wider Australian country town community and a set of problems for non-English speaking background immigrants which are compounded by both their cultural origins and their isolation.

This working paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cmsworkpapers/21

Working Papers on Multiculturalism

■ TH MULTIC DEPARTMEN

HE CENTRE FOR M u l t ic u l t u r a l

s t u d ie s

Paper No.13

Focused Study on Non-English Speaking Background Immigrants in Rem ote/Rural Areas of Australia CON N ER/H EILPERN

Working Papers on Multiculturalism No.13

Focused Study on Non-English Speaking Background Immigrants in Remote/Rural Areas of Australia Nicholas Conner and Sandra Heilpern Centre for Multicultural Studies Flinders University of South Australia

Published fo r

The Office of Multicultural Affairs, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, by

The Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong,

Australia

©

1991 Office of Multicultural Affairs

Published by

The Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong P.O. Box 1144 Wollongong, 2500 Australia Ph. (042) 213 780 Fax. (042) 286313 for

The Office of Multicultural Affairs, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Canberra, 2600 Australia Co-ordination: Bill Cope, Adriana Hassapis and Colleen Mitchell (CMS); Lucyna McDermott (OMA); Penny Crittle (Centre for Workplace Communication at the University of Technology, Sydney). Additional copies of this report are available from the CMS, University of Wollongong,. Price: $20.00 each, including postage and packing. Mail, fax or phone order to the above address. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commonwealth Government, the Office of Multicultural Affairs or the Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong.

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Conner, Nicholas. Focused study on non-English speaking background immigrants in remote/rural areas of Australia. Bibliography. ISBN 0 642 16348 0. 1. Minorities - Services for - Australia. 2. Sparsely populated areas - Australia. 3. Australia - Rural conditions. I. Heilpem, Sandra. II. Australia. Office of Multicultural Affairs. II. University of Wollongong. Centre for Multicultural Studies. IV. Title. . (Series : Working papers on multiculturalism; no. 13). 362.840994 SERIES ISSN 1035-8129 Text printing and binding by the University of Wollongong Printery (042) 21 3999 Covers printed by Meglamedia (02) 519 1044

CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY...page 7

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION...page 8

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW...page 11

CHAPTER 3. LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF NESB IMMIGRANTS IN RURAL/REMOTE REGIONS...page 13 A pproach Taken The Broad Picture Distribution by States Victoria New South Wales Queensland Western Australia South Australia The Northern Territory Tasmania

CHAPTER 4. LINGUISTIC/CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF NESB IMMIGRANTS IN RURAL/REMOTE REGIONS...page 38

CHAPTER 5. FIELD STUDIES...page 42 M eth o d o lo g y O v erv iew The Interview s Service D eliverers The Communities In Albury, Toowoomba and M oejM orwell

Conclusions Areas for Further Consideration

REFERENCES...page 69

APPENDIX I... PAGE 70 Tables of Numbers and Percentages of NESB Immigrants in Rural/Remote Regions

APPENDIX II...page86 Table o f Proficiency in English o f Persons aged 5 years and Over Born in Non-English Speaking Countries

APPENDIX III...page 87 Table o f Languages Other Than English Spoken at Hiome— Rural/RemoteSLAs (LLGAs) with 500+ NESB Immigrants, 1986

APPENDIX IV...page 88 Table o f People Speaking a Language Other Than English Who Live in Rural/Remote SLAs with 500+ NESB Immigrants, 1986

APPENDIX V .. .page 89 Questionnaires Used for Structured Interviews and Structured Group Discussions

SUMMARY

This study addresses the population of non-English speaking background immigrants who have chosen to live in rural/rem ote areas of Australia.

Statistical analysis of the 1986 ABS Census Figures indicates that m ost of these im m igrants have settled into the m ainland eastern states, especially in Victoria. Details of their distribution and a discussion of the implications of this distribution can be found in Part I of the text.

Further, an analysis of rural/rem ote communities where languages other than English are spoken at home, is reported in Part II. By far the most commonly spoken non-English language is Italian, and there some interesting differences in the distribution of language groups on an interstate and intrastate level.

In Chapter 5 there is a report on a field study carried out in six different language groups in three rural/rem ote areas. It can be concluded that amongst the immigrant com m unities in ru ral/rem ote areas there is a wide range of both fulfilled and unfulfilled expectations, a broad spectrum of assimilation into the wider Australian country town community and a set of problems for non-English speaking background immigrants which are compounded by both their cultural origins and their isolation.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Very few studies have been carried out which investigate the location, distribution and circumstances of immigrants from non-English speaking countries in Australia. Where studies have been carried out, they have dealt with aspects of individual communities (e.g. Hugo 1980, Malotras, 1980) or in some cases, described the communities in terms of similar communities, or described the different circumstances of migrants in Australia compared with their previous circumstances before migration (e.g. Cronin, 1975).

Thus, little is known on a national, or even State, scale about the demographic and social circumstances of immigrants from non-English speaking background (NESB) countries outside major urban areas of Australia.

Inform ation about NESB immigrants in rem ote/ru ral areas is needed for several reasons. Firstly, it is possible that im m igrants from N ESB countries living in rem ote/rural areas are likely to experience additional disadvantages to immigrants who are urban based. W hilst immigrants in general may be potentially disadvantaged through birthplace, ignorance of Australian social processes and practices, poor English proficiency, cultural expectations, non-recognition o f overseas qualifications and prejudice, im m igrants in ru ral/rem ote areas may also experience isolation, lack of information and poor quality of service. Especially disadvantaged migrant groups such as recently-arrived immigrants from NESB countries, immigrant women, immigrant youth, retrenched immigrant workers and ageing immigrants are likely to experience even greater disadvantage in rural/rem ote areas than their urban counterparts.

Secondly, efficient and effective planning and delivery of services to NESB migrants wherever they are, requires adequate information on location, concentration etc. It is believed that in form ation on service aw areness, uptake and satisfaction in rural/rem ote areas is not as great as for urban areas.

In many cases communities of NESB migrants are likely to involve extensive social networks which provide emotional support, cultural and language maintenance and social welfare roles, which may (partially) overcome the disadvantages of isolation, lack or knowledge of, and access to services. However, the value o f such informal networks will be highly variable, depending on a range of factors such as length of time

8

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

the community has been established, economic and social relations between the NESB community and the anglo-celtic community, age-structure of the community members and their ethnic/cultural background. However, it is impracticable and inequitable to expect communities to assume the role of substitutes for poorly delivered or unavailable public services, to which community members may be entitled to, but unable to obtain because of their geographic circumstances. In addition, such support networks may mask deficiencies and inefficiencies in the public service delivery, which may result in poor cost-effectiveness.

Apart from the above justification for obtaining further evidence on immigrants in rural/rem ote areas of Australia study of such groups will also be of particular value in the development of a National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia, to ensure equity, access, social justice and equality of opportunity for all Australians.

The study described in this report investigated the situation of NESB immigrants in rem ote/rural areas through three related avenues:

i) A literature review which exam ines recent literature on the location and circumstances of immigrants from NESB countries.

ii) A statistical analysis and mapping of the location of groups of NESB immigrants outside metropolitan areas.

iii) A statistical analysis of location and distribution of persons in rural/rem ote areas speaking non-English languages at home

iv) A series of focused interviews and discussions to obtain inform ation or the experiences of migrants living in rem ote/rural regions. These interviews were conducted with members of NESB migrant communities and with members of the anglo-celtic com m unity who were involved in particular econom ic or social interaction with the ethnic communities.

These four components of the study are described below. For the purposes of this study immigrants from NESB countries are defined as persons born in non-English speaking countries who have migrated to Australia and who speak a language other than English at home. Persons under 5 years old are excluded from the analysis.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 9

For the purposes of mapping and analysing the location and distribution of NESB im m igrants, ru ral/rem ote areas are defined as those areas which fall outside the capital cities and W ollongong, Newcastle, Queenbeyan, the Gold Coast, including Tweed Heads, and Geelong. Several additional areas which hold high population densities or which service metropolitan areas rather than ru ral/rem ote regions, are also excluded (e.g. Townsville).

This definition is based upon that used by the Commonwealth Department of Primary Industries and Energy, and equates rural/rem oteness with non-metropolitan status (Department of Primary Industries and Energy, 1988). As there is some variability am ongst the definitions of rural/rem oteness between different State and Federal agencies, this definition has been chosen for its broad coverage and because if readily coincides with the categorisation of ABS data which we have employed in the study.

10 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The research literature on recent im m igrant settlement is com paratively sparse in Australia relative to that in the United States and Canada. The main reason for this is that the immigrant population in Australia has become increasingly urbanised, and more m etropolitanised in particular. Despite early Italian settlem ent on the Queensland cane fields (Borrie, 1954) and in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation area of New South W ales and Ovens V alley in Victoria (Price, 1963), lim ited im m igration settlement has taken place in rural areas, because of the cost of land, and limited experience of extensive pastoralism , with the exception of Basque settlers spread thinly through the pastoral industry in Queensland, small groups o f Sikhs at W oolgoolga in specific agricultural industries (Gilhotra, 1984), Spanish and Greek settlers in the M.I.A, and east and north European settlement in the brown coal towns of the Ovens Valley in Victoria (Zubrzycki, 1964).

Some of the small ethnic communities which have formed in towns in country districts are related to, or have contributed to the chain migrations of southern Europeans in the m etropolitan cities, for exam ple, the Calabrians in Sicily and W estern Sydney (Thomson, 1980), the Sicilians in the M.I.A. and in Leichhardt, Sydney (Huber, 1980; Cronin, 1975) and the Greeks in Renmark, South Australia (Hugo, 1975, 1980). Others have developed considerable sex imbalances, as with the Filipino women married to Australian-born and other settlers in Mt Isa, Queensland, or the male dominated Greek community in Goulburn, NSW, some of whom have been illegal immigrants (Malotras, 1980). Over time the dispersed Greek communities in country towns connected with the restaurant and catering trades (Price, 1963) have been replaced by Chinese restaurants and the Chinese (from Hong Kong, Malaysia and more latterly from Vietnam) have not clustered but instead have comprised at most, a handful of families in most towns and have prospered economically. Not enough research has been done on the adjustment and social networks of non-metropolitan immigrant communities, but there is evidence (Victorian Ethnic Affairs Commission, 1984) that dispersion, such as that undertaken via the Community Settlement Scheme with Indo Chinese settlers, has not worked because local communities in small towns have not been viable. Groups have often not been viable because of their small size in particular towns and the absence of wider social networks outside nuclear families. Internal migration of Indo Chinese settlers from country town to metropolitan cities offering supportive community structures took

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

11

place through a process of 'gravitation group m igration' in much the same way as former Displaced Persons settled in country districts migrated to Sydney and Melbourne in the post war years (Price, 1960).

In general, true 'rural' communities of immigrant ethnic groups preserve their cultural, historical heritage longer than metropolitan communities (Price, 1963; Tamis, 1985). M ore research is now needed in the rural southern European settlements whose first generation populations are ageing (Hugo, 1980) and where many second generation persons who could potentially provide day to day care have migrated to the large cities.

12 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

3. THE LOCATION OF NESB IMMIGRANTS IN RURAL REMOTE REGIONS

Approach Taken In the first part of this study, the researchers used ABS 1986 Census of Population and Housing to identify the location of NESB immigrants in Australia. In this analysis, the researchers identified the total numbers and percentages of NESB immigrants in each rural/rem ote Statistical Local Area (SLA) in each State and the NT in comparison to the local population of the SLA.

The SLA unit of analysis was chosen because it represents the most comprehensive statistical unit for which the required data was available on a state by state basis. The SLA unit is a purely statistical designation, in contrast to the LGA unit, which is an administrative unit for which ABS also publishes statistical information.

It was not possible to use LGA designations in the analysis (except for the NT) as ABS does not provide a comprehensive national set of the required data for 1986 for LGAs with small populations on the computer-based CD ROM data set which was used in this study.. Thus many rural areas with low populations would be excluded if the LGA data set was used. The required information is available at the SLA level and SLA boundaries correspond with the LGA boundaries, with a few SLAs being formed from aggregation of two or three LGAs. SLAs are generally named the same as the LGA(s) they encompass. LGA data has been used for the NT where SLA data is not available. These data are equally comparable for the purposes of the present study.

Thus, to obtain the set of rural/rem ote areas, as stated above, the analysis took all areas outside the capital cities, Wollongong, Newcastle, Queenbeyan, The Gold Coast including Tweed Heads, Geelong and any remaining areas defined in the 1986 Census as m etropolitan SLAs. A number of other areas were excluded on the basis o f high population density, their role as satellites of metropolitan areas, or their overall size (e.g. Townsville). The remaining SLAs constituted the set of rural/rem ote SLAs for the purposes of the analysis.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 13

In order to obtain data on the number of NESB immigrants in rural/rem ote SLAs the researchers employed table CIO from the ABS CD ROM dataset as an indicator of NES8 background, and for each rural/rem ote SLA calculated total persons aged 5 years and over, born in NES countries, using languages other than English (as shown in Figure 1 below)

FIGURE 1 PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH BY AGE (PERSONS AGED 5 YEARS AND OVER, BORN IN NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES) 5-14 years Speaks English only

15-64 years

65+years

1

7

13

Very well

2

8

14

N ot well

3

9

15

N ot at all

4

10

16

N ot stated (proficiency)

5

11

17

Not stated (Question)

6

12

18

Uses other languages and speaks English:

(N.B. Numbers are reference codes, not actual data)

These computations were then expressed on a table showing the num ber o f NESB immigrants in each rural/rem ote SLAs according to the definition: 'persons proficient in languages other than English and born in a non-English speaking country, aged 5 years and over for 1986.

Calculations were also carried out to show the percentage of NESB immigrants per rural/rem ote SLA to total SLA population.

This information is shown fully in Appendix I.

Also in Appendix I is a table derived from Table CIO, for 4 selected SLAs, showing that figures can also be derived indicating the percentage of people in an SLA, who were bom in NES countries and who don't speak English at all, or who don't speak it well.

Figures 2 -7 represent an edited version of this analysis, and shows rural/rem ote SLAs in each state with 200 plus NESB immigrants. The figure of 200 is arbitrary, but does

14

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

serve to show the differences between the populous eastern states of NSW , Qld and Victoria and SA, WA, Tas. and NT.

Percentage of NESB immigrants to total SLA population is also shown.

Figures 2 -7 and Appendix I show the variability between total numbers of NESB immigrants and the percentage of migrants in rural/rem ote SLAs; high numbers do not alw ays coincide with high percentages. E.g. in N SW , Yarralum la Shire has a relatively high percentage of 3.15% with a relatively low total number of 20% NESB immigrants, whilst Wagga Wagga has nearly four times as many NESB immigrants, but they constitute only half of the percentage that they constitute in Yarralumla.

The most striking contrast between total numbers and percentages in probably seen in South Australia in Coober Pedy, which by a very large margin, has the highest percentage of NESB im m igrants to total population of any ru ral/rem ote SLA in Australia, at 24.37% of its population. However, in numerical terms this constitutes a relatively low 523 persons in a SLA of only 2103 individuals.

Although both total numbers and percentages were examined in the early stages of the analysis, it is felt that total numbers provide much more useful contribution to analysis than percentages. In particular, the existence of numerical thresholds for service provision for public bodies makes numerically based information of more practical value. Thus the study has emphasised numbers of NESB immigrants in the states more than their percentage.

The Broad Picture Map 1 provides a generalised overview of the location of NESB im m igrants in Australia, based on areas with 150 plus NESB immigrants. (Areas which are too small to map are omitted.) Starting with Victoria and proceeding on the basis of descending total number of NESB immigrants, the prominent feature o f Map 1 is the pattern of clusters around seaboard areas in the eastern states with isolated inland presence. This is also noticeable in the south of South Australia and the south west of W estern Australia. The very large areas of 150 plus NESB immigrants shown for W estern Australia, South Australia and the N orthern Territory are a consequence of the extensive statistical units on which these maps are based. The presence o f NESB immigrants in these large areas is associated with isolated mining towns in Western

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 15

Australia and South Australia, and in the N orthern Territory with the relatively high number of immigrants in the unincorporated area of the Northern Territory, albeit distributed over an extremely large area.

The position for each state is discussed in turn. For ease of display, number of migrants per state have been divided into different class intervals, e.g. 0-75 persons, 7 5 150 persons, 150-325 persons.

16 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

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\o

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w 2 cs «cO o2c «co 5 O ® (fl !o w ® t . l_l J_r *-H jy s but not any buses. To many of the women the advent of supermarkets was a marked improvement to their lives. They could shop without having to say a word in English. As long as you had enough money it was alright.

60 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Of all the six groups interviewed, only the Polish people rated their economic status as being low to average compared to the general population. The older immigrant^ felt that they never did have equal opportunity to 'get ahead'. They said that they had to work much harder just to be kept on, and their wives were always treated like second class citizens and could only get jobs as domestics. They were uneducated and felt awkward about going to night-classes because of their poor English. Now, they say, things are much easier with pamphlets in many languages and with immigrants being taught English. The pamphlets aren't much use to many of them, though, because is was such a long time ago that they learnt to read in Polish and even then, they didn't have much schooling. More than any other group in this study it would appear that a large section of the Polish community have stayed working-class and have continued to live in working-class areas, and, therefore, are more likely to come up against working-class Australian values.

The Polish immigrants said that Australians who travelled more were more tolerant and understanding of immigrants, but it was their experience that not too many SECV workers in the Latrobe Valley had trips overseas.

However, it was their experience, that once they themselves appeared to have enough money to, for example, buy a new car, they were met with: You wogs took our jobs.

One older woman migrant related that she has lived in the same house for 12 years and while her Australian neighbours socialise with each other, they have never included her; they say hello in the street, but that is all.

Yet their children, while growing up, and those who have stayed on as adults, have merged and integrated into the general community. They join local sporting clubs and social clubs and marry people who are not Polish. To them, it is the Asians who now bear the brunt of the racism. Four Cambodian families had to move back to Melbourne, it was so bad/

During the height of the Polish migration in the 1950s there was an active Polish Association, but it died out in the mid-seventies. In 1984 a Polish ethnic access worker came to the valley, and revived the Polish Association and Polish language school for the children, introduced Polish films, an annual ball and a children's Christmas party. There are now about 40 members of the Association, most of them middle aged and

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 61

older, and they m eet monthly for coffee and videos. There are now Polish language classes 2 hours a week at a local TAFE, funded by the Com m onwealth Schools Commission.

The older Polish immigrants and the more recent arrivals said that it is very important for them to retain their feeling of being Polish. They say their moral code is different to that of Australians. They like to eat Polish food, play Polish music and support the Polish dance group.

One older Polish man said when he visited Poland after 40 years he felt at home immediately. It took him months to get used to being back in Australia.

The M igrant resource Centre in Morwell, which is funded by DILEGE, has three members of staff, two of whom coincidentally, are recently arrived, well-educated young Polish women. They appear to have a high level of understanding, compassion and personal energy which is directed to helping immigrants of all cultures in the M orwell district. But their presence has also created a new focus for the Polish community and a new range of services which was previously denied to them. They now have someone to turn to for family, financial and housing problems, someone who understands them and who understands their language.

The Polish grant-in-aid worker described how many of the Polish people could not seek help from their own family or cultural group because they place a very high value on privacy, and had lived with unresolved problems for decades, as they did not feel comfortable or did not know how no use the few services available. To some of the women, it was reported, dom estic violence was not a problem , it was 'norm al' behaviour.

To the M igrant Resource Centre workers, their presence in town has, on the whole, served to uncover the tip of an iceberg of bureaucratic neglect.

In the Latrobe Valley, they say, 20% of the people come from non-English speaking backgrounds. In the 32km from Moe to Traralgon, there are 57 different nationalities amongst the 60,000 residents. This area is primarily working-class, it has some isolated settlements, it is two and a half hours from Melbourne where the services are located, and it has an ageing migrant population. It has one grant-in-aid worker who happens to be of non-English speaking background, and apparently, her job is under threat.

62

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

The M altese in M oelM orwell My family is here so Australia is my home.

Like most other European immigrants to the La Trobe Valley, most of the Maltese came to Australia in the post-war period and chose Moe or Morwell because there was labouring work for the men with the State Electricity Commission. They now have a thriving Maltese community with a grand community centre which they have built, and where they gather with their families every Sunday. There is a very successful national dance group, a monthly newsletter, Maltese entertainers who visit Melbourne also come to Morwell, there is a Maltese hour on the local FM radio station and formal language classes are soon to resume for the children.

But things have not always been so well organised in the Maltese community. There had been a Maltese Club, which had flowered and floundered over the years, and the presence of a Maltese priest in the valley since 1983 has helped morale. The priest conducts mass in the Maltese language once a month, and is an important focus for the Maltese people. Over the years most of the post-war immigrants worked long and hard hours, have tended to stay with the SECV and have helped each other to build their own houses, which most of them now own. Many of the older immigrants now own a second home.

Those interviewed said they tended to live simply and carefully. Every 10 years they get extra holidays from the SECV, and most families can save up enough money to go back to Malta for a few months to see their families.

As with the other European groups studied, it has been harder for the women to find work and to improve their English. Most of them tended to get jobs as cleaners in hotels or other commercial properties. Now the older women enjoy going to bingo while the men play bocci (a ball game).

They do not see themselves as being particularly well-off, just somewhere between the Italians whom they describe as 'posh' and the Polish whom they describe as 'not posh'. Most of them come from poor and uneducated families in Malta, have tended to mix with their own group, and have concentrated on raising their large families.

Some of their children have stayed, the young men being employed as more educated or skilled workers by the SECV. Two second generation Maltese women were interviewed

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

63

who had jobs locally in the Public Service. But many have left home, especially those who have gone on to higher education. A high moral standard within the family was spoken about by both older and younger Maltese people, with respect for elders, for religion and with a strong attachment to children. Those interviewed did speak of experiencing racism, but there did not appear to be a deep level of sadness or distress.

'Just the old stir - being a wog', was reported by a woman in her twenties recalling her school days in M orwell. The priest said that he believes that A ustralians have always quite liked the Maltese. The Maltese are a jolly and happy lot. We have big families and our children look so beautiful with their big brown eyes and dark curly hair. Australians like th a t.

The older Maltese did not mix much in the general community, except there was one 'local hero' who had grown up in Australia and, prior to his retirement, had been Shire President for years, had instigated the building of a large facility for the elderly and had been on numerous local and even national, committees. He said that he thought that he was exceptional, for a Maltese, and that although the second generation was joining in sporting and social activities more in the town, they were not taking on positions of office. However, he said that he thought the Maltese were well respected in the area. There were a lot of British people in the valley and they knew Malta and had been familiar with the Maltese for centuries.

During the last three years there has been a revival in the Maltese community. Three years ago a man in his thirties came to Morwell and brought with him a tremendous enthusiasm and drive to reunite the Maltese community. This happened at a time when the older Maltese immigrants were getting tired, when the second generation Maltese were mixing in more with the general community and when the flow o f more recent Maltese immigrants had slowed to a dribble.

So now there is a lot of pride and Maltese nationalism in Morwell. Thirteen bus loads of Maltese from Melbourne are expected for the Feast of St. Joseph celebrations. And it was reported that other cultural groups in the La Trobe Valley are looking at the revival of the Maltese community as a model for themselves.

The community centre has become more than just a meeting place. The children are beginning to speak more Maltese. The priest reported that whereas people used to

64

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

consult him about family and personal problems, they are now looking more to other people in the community for help.

Some M altese people who were interviewed were not interested in the community centre. They focussed more on their family and their Maltese and non-Maltese friends. One woman reported how when her father was on strike for 11 weeks, it was hard, but she and her brothers and sisters all helped out with food and with the bills and they got by. For some, the family is all they feel they need.

One offshoot from the establishment of the new community centre was the realisation that there could (or should!) now be some services to the community. The feelings expressed in the discussion group were along the lines of: Now that we have raised the money, worked so hard and have achieved this $ 100,000 centre, what is the government going to do for us?

They want a Maltese lawyer, social worker and doctor to visit Morwell regularly; they want Maltese reading books for the children; and they want the government to pay.

To the researcher, the recent changes in the Maltese community in Morwell were very interesting as they were a more dram atic example of what can happen with the arrival of the right person at the right time into a community which was probably ready for change, but didn't seem to be changing.

To a lesser extent, the arrival of Sr. Josephine in Toowoomba had revived the Italian com m unity, but the changes were not lasting. The Polish worker at the Migrant Resource Centre in Morwell was having an impact on the Polish community. The young Greek priest in Albury was keeping the church attendances high, which many Greeks believed to be essential for the continuance of the culture. The young Chinese doctor in Toowoomba was trying to revitalise the Chinese community through organising formal learning for the Australian born children, and it was primarily through the energy of one person that the Dutch club kept going in Albury.

But the m aintaining of the culture seems to be far more com plex than just the enthusiastic waves of revival. It seems to depend, too, on how strongly the customs are kept up in the home, what happens to the children's feelings of cultural identity as they marry into or out of their cultural group, and whether there are enough young people staying or coming into the district to keep the continuity of the culture.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 65

The people interviewed for this study seemed to think that while they chose to stay in a country town for all sorts of positive reasons, it was more difficult to keep up their customs and their cultural identity in the social environment of a country town.

Conclusions The post-war m igration from Europe to Australia solved some of the problems for Europe and some industrial problems for Australia. However, it also caused problems for the vast numbers of people who arrived in Australia and who settled in country towns. There was, in m any of these immigrants, a desire and a necessity to retain their language, their food, and their lifestyle from the old country. But doing so made them different, and it appears that Australians in country towns were not, on the whole, ready to accept the differences.

It was hard for the men who worked at labouring jobs and succeeded, only to be told they were taking jobs from Australians; it was hard for the women who had less opportunity to learn English, or to find work or friends; and it was hard for the children who had to pick up their English in the school room and taunts in the playground.

With relatively small language groups, the immigrants in country towns lacked the community support which was available in the major cities, as with, for example, the larger Italian communities in Leichhardt and Carlton.

Now, as they say, it is easier to be foreign. For some it is easier to be European because, as they say, the Vietnam ese or the aborigines receive the brunt of the racism. It appears that now, among some first and second generation immigrants, it is easier to be open about being European in country towns, or even about being Chinese in Toowoomba, than it was a few decades ago.

W hile some choose to let go their ethnicity and slip happily into the 'melting pot', some others want to retain the culture and the language of the old country and they want some government support to do this.

There is a dilemm a for them as to what the governm ent actually m eans by a 'commitment to multiculturalism'. Does that commitment include funding so that the descendants of immigrants can maintain their language and cultural heritage? Or does

66

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

that commitment only go as far as saying that if you want to maintain your differences we won't let people discriminate against you because of those differences?

They want to know if they can expect services in the country to break down the isolation for immigrants, if they will get SBS television, and if they will get some health or welfare workers who are also from non-English speaking backgrounds.

They want to know if there is a big plan and if there is, how can they become part of it?

This is a real dilemma for some of the people interviewed in the three country towns.

The second main issue which arises is the problem of ageing people from non-English speaking backgrounds and this was raised by each of the six groups. The table in Appendix I shows that in each of the areas under study there are significant numbers of people aged over 65 who do not speak English at all, or who do not speak it well. While most groups still prefer to look after their own on a family or community level, most of them realise that some sort of government funded services are going to be necessary for the full range of aged care, to a whole host of aged immigrants scattered in small language groups around the countryside. For those who are nearing this age group, or who have parents who are in this age group, there is a feeling that such services are their right. Most of them feel they suffered in their country of origin, they suffered poverty, deprivation and discrimination in Australia, that they have given an adult life-time of hard work to this country, and that they have the right to receive services in their old age.

Areas for Further Consideration There are a number of issues arising from this report which may be considered further by the Office of M ulticultural Affairs. It appears that there are the following needs among people of small language groups in country towns. i) The need for precise information as to the practical implications of the Government's policy on multiculturalism e.g. access to SBS, funding for cultural groups etc.

ii) The need for access to government services which are concentrated in major centres and not available in country towns, e.g. DILGE services.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 67

iii) The need for community transport as a practical solution to the problem of isolation of elderly people who do not drive and who live in or around country towns.

iv) The need for advocacy for people who are not proficient in English, and who are isolated from larger groups of people of the same ethnic background.

v) The need for home and out-of-home care for elderly immigrants in and around country towns.

vi) The need for research into the presence of ethnic community organisations in rural areas and into their effectiveness in providing a wide range of social and welfare services to the people from non-English speaking backgrounds who are living outside the major capital cities.

68 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

REFERENCES

Borrie, W. D., 1954: Italians and Germans in Australia, Melbourne, Cheshire. Buchanan, M., 1974: 'Italian Tobacco Farmers in N orthern New South W ales'. Unpublished PhD dissertation in Geography, U niversity of New England, Armidale, NSW. Cronin, C , 1975: The Sting o f Change. The Sicilian Family in Sicilian and Australia, University of Chicago Press. Department of Primary Industries and Energy (1988): Education in Rural Australia, Canberra, AGPS. Gilhotra, M. S., 1984: 'Language Maintenance Among the Sikhs at W oolgoola', Journal of Intercultural Studies, 5 (1), pp 33-54. Huber, R., 1980: From Pasta to Pavlova, St Lucia, University of Queensland Press. Hugo, G., 1975: 'Postwar Settlement OL Southern Europeans in Australian Rural Areas', Australian Geographical Studies, 13 (2) October, pp 16 9 -1 8 1 . Hugo, G., 1980: 'Greek Immigrants in the South Australian Upper M urray', in I. Burnley, D. Rowland and R.J. Pryor (eds) M obility and Community Change in Australia St. Lucia, University of Queensland Press. Jupp, J., (ed) 1988: The Australian People, North Ryde, Angus and Robertson. M alotras, C., 1980: 'The Greek Com m unity o f Goulburn, New, South W ales', unpublished B.A. (Hons) dissertation in Geography, University o f New South W ales. Price, C.A., 1960: 'Immigration and Group Settlement' in W.D. Borrie (ed) The Cultural Integration o f Immigrants, Paris. U.N.E.S.C.O. Price, C. A., 1963 Southern Europeans in Australia, Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Tam is, A., 1985: 'Cultural, H istorical and Socialeconom ic Factors A ffecting the Language Loyalty of Greek Immigrants in Victoria'. Journal o f Intercultural Studies 6 ( 2 ) pp 22 - 58. Thomson, S.L., 1980: Australia Through Italian Eves: A Study o f Settlers Returning From Australia to Italy, Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Victorian Ethnic Affairs Commission, 1984: 'Indochinese Refugees in Victoria: An Analysis of Informal Social Support Networks', East Melbourne, Victorian Ethnic Affairs Commission. Zubrzycki, J., 1960: Settlers o f the Latrobe Valley, Canberra, A ustralian N ational University Press.

APPENDIX

I

NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES OF NESB IMMIGRANTS IN RURAL/REMOTE REGIONS

1. Victoria: Persons who were born in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Rem ote SLAs Morwell (S)—Pt A Shepparton (C) Moe (C) Mildura (S) Wodonga (RC) Traralgon (C) Ballarat (C) Wangaratta (C) Mildura (C) Swan Hill (S) Rodney S—Pt B Packenham S—Pt B Bellarine (S)—Pt B Sale (C) Shepparton S—Pt A Myrtleford (S) Upper Yarra (S) Narracan (S) Bright (S) Bendigo (C) Morwell S—Pt B Cobram (S) Ballarat (S)—Pt A Strathfieldsaye (S)—Pt A Gisborne (S) Seymour (S) Woorayl (S) Oxley (S) Buln Buln (S) Benalla (C) Warrnambool (C) Wonthagi (B) Korumburra (S) Warragul (S) Cranboume (S)—Pt B Bacchus Marsh (S) Horsham (C) Bairnsdale (T) South Gippsland (S)

Immigrants from NES Countries 1922 1371 1341 1302 1225 918 874 812 785 620 611 570 549 503 4% 489 460 451 445 426 388 374 368 322 315 296 294 278 272 269 251 243 242 240 232 232 232 231 222

Total Population 16337 24744 16999 19373 22693 19233 34806 16598 18382 12062 7678 16132 18504 13559 5320 4285 13637 10761 8505 30704 10356 6157 18086 12072 8474 11412 10644 4916 10210 8490 22706 5931 6894 11748 3948 9342 12174 10328 5967

70 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Immigrants from NES Countries 11.73 554 7.89 6.72 5.40 4.77 251 4.89 4 27 5.14 7.96 353 2.97 3.71 9.32 11.41 3.37 4.19 5.23 1.39 3.75 6.07 2.03 2.67 3.72 259 2.76 5.66 2.66 3.17 1.11 4.10 351 2.04 5.88 2.48 1.91 224 3.72

Sebastopol (B) Kyabram (T) Daylesford & Glenlyon (S) Portland (C) Rodney (S) Kilmore (S) Tambo (S) Maffra (S) Swan Hill (C) Suninyong (S)—Pt A Mansfield (S) Traralgon (S) Kyneton (S) Beechworth (S) Rosedale (S) Ararat (C) Bass (C) Barrabool (S)—Pt B Romsey (S) Newham & Woodend (S) Phillip Island (S) Grenville (S)—Pt A Heytesbury (S) Colac (C) Rochester (S) Marong (S)—Pt A Hamilton (C) Mirboo (S) Deakin (S) Orbost (S) Numurkah (S) Creswick (S) Otway (S) Bainsdale (S) Castlemaine (C) Alberton (S) Ballan (S) Corio (S)—Pt B Alexandra (S) Yea (S) South Barwon (C)—Pt B Broadford (S) Echuca (C) Maryborough (C) Portland (S) Bungaree (S)—Pt A Colac (S) Waranga (S) Buninyong (S)—Pt B Healesville (S)—Pt B Avon (S) Tallangatta (S)—Pt A Wangaratta (S) Winchelsea (S) Bannockburn (S)—Pt B Mclvor (S) Yackandandah (S)—Pt A Hampden (S) Chiltern (S) Euroa (S) Metcalfe (S) Benalla (S)

213 211 210 208 207 202 199 195 193 185 183 182 177 176 170 162 148 146 141 139 127 125 123 123 117 116 115 114 112 112 111 110 109 107 104 100 98 94 94 92 92 88 88 86 84 80 80 75 72 68 65 63 63 62 61 60 60 60 53 53 51 51

7011 5342 4988 10934 7022 6724 8941 9564 8831 7416 6430 4228 7657 48831 7591 8015 4010 6239 5992 4346 4101 4433 7487 9532 6988 9229 9969 2458 5590 6131 6074 4482 3541 6481 6603 5972 3338 1905 5353 4200 4578 3230 8409 7705 7211 3458 6429 4196 2543 1186 3859 2151 3039 4078 3287 2555 3635 7072 2215 4265 2665 5002

3.04 3.95 421 1.90 2.95 3.00 2.23 2.04 2.19 2.49 2.85 4.30 2.31 3.60 2.24 2.02 3.69 2.34 2.35 3.20 3.10 2.82 1.64 129 1.67 1.26 1.15 4.64 2.00 1.83 1.83 2.45 3.08 1.65 158 1.67 2.94 4.93 1.76 2.19 2.01 2.72 1.05 1.12 1.16 2.31 124 1.79 2.83 5.73 1.68 2.93 2.07 152 1.86 2.35 1.65 0.85 2.39 1.24 1.91 1.02

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Warrnambool (S) Leigh (S) Queenscliffe (B) Kowree (S) Kerang (S) Korong (S) Yarrawonga (S) Eaglehawk (B) Talbot & Clunes (S) Nathalia (S) Grenville (S)—Pt B Goulburn (S) Newstead (S) Ararat (S) Tullaroop (S) Shepparton (S)—Pt B Strathfieldsaye (S)—Pt B Huntly (S)—Pt B Kerang (B) Cohuna (S) Stawell (T) Omeo (S) Mount Rouse (S) Tungamah (S) Ripon (S) Stawell (S) Wimmera (S) Upper Murray (S) Rutherglen (S) Camperdown (T) Bet Bet (S) Avoca (S) Dimboola (S) Donald (S) Maldon (S) Wannon (S) Dundas (S) Walpeup (S) Charlton (S) Mortlake (S) Morong (S)—Pt B Warracknabeal (S) Glenelg (S) Ballarat (S)—Pt B Huntly (S)—Pt A Gordon (S) Lowan (S) Port Fairy (B) Dunmunkle (S) St Arnaud (T) Wycheproof (S) Arapiles (S) Pyalong (S) Lexton (S) Yackandandah (S)—Pt B Tallangatta (S)—Pt B Bungaree (S)— Pt B Koroit (B) Minhamite (S) Violet Town (S) East Loddon (S) Belfast (S)

48 47 46 43 43 42 42 42 41 39 38 37 37 37 35 34 34 33 33 32 32 30 29 29 27 26 24 23 23 23 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 19 19 18 18 18 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 10 9 9 7 7 6 6 6 5 3 2

6571 1791 3229 3682 4316 3347 4667 8184 2091 3159 1962 2205 2303 4230 2092 2595 2939 1705 4031 4332 6252 1628 2263 2691 3317 2552 2911 2428 2980 3458 1905 2144 4187 2357 2563 2856 3469 3496 1968 3125 2515 3754 4237 1024 2191 2607 3131 2504 2878 2692 3322 1835 602 1295 354 1757 629 1459 1950 1393 1341 1435

72 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

0.73 2.62 1.42 1.17 1.00 125 0.90 051 1.96 123 1.94 1.68 1.61 0.87 1.67 1.31 1.16 1.94 0.82 0.74 051 1.84 1.28 1.08 0.81 1.02 0.82 0.95 0.77 0.67 1.10 0.98 050 0.85 0.78 0.70 058 057 0.97 0.61 0.72 0.48 0.42 156 0.73 058 0.48 056 0.49 0.48 0.39 054 150 0.69 1.98 0.40 0.95 0.41 031 036 022 0.14

Kaniva French Island Birchup (S) Yallourn Works Area Lady Julia Percy & Towerhill Karkarooc (S) Kara Kara (S) Bass Straight Islands COLUM N TO TA LS

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31045

1732 69 1339 0 6 2822 1142 0 1046791

0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Source: ABS 1986 Population Census—Summary File CSLASF on CD-Rom. Note: Urban has been defined as the M elbourne SD and Geelong SD. Rural is remainder of the State.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

2. New South Wales: Persons who were bom in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Rem ote SLAs Griffith (S) Albuiy (C) Shoalhaven (C) Coff's Harbour (S) Orange (C) Wagga Wagga (C) Wingecarribee (S) Armidale (C) Lismore (C) Eurobodalla (S) Cooma-Monaro (S) Bathurst (C) Hastings (M) Greater Lithgow (C) Snowy River (S) Leeton (S) Dubbo (C) Bega Valley (S) Tweed (S)—Pt A Broken Hill (C) Tweed (S)—Pt B Tam worth (Q Muswellbrook (S) Byron (S) Greater Taree (C) Goulburn (C) Great Lakes (S) Walgett (S) Ballina (S) Tumut (S) Moree Plains (S) Wentworth (S) Mudgee (S) Yarrowlumla (S) Singleton (S) Kempsey (S) Narrabri (S) Inverell (S)—Pt B Nambucca (S) Cowra (S) Parkes (S) Gunnedah (S) Grafton (C) Ryl stone (S) Deniliquin (M) Berrigan (S) Yass (S) Kyogle (S) Balranald (S) Parry (S) Wakool (S) Casino (M) Mulwaree (S) Maclean (S) Tenterfield (S) Corowa (S)

Immigrants from Total Population Im migrants from NES Countries NES Countries 2495 20888 11.94 1462 38704 3.73 1114 55980 1.99 972 43010 2.26 951 31710 3.00 825 49401 1.67 774 28187 2.75 772 19525 3.95 689 37053 1.86 598 21519 2.78 558 9589 5.82 543 24460 2.22 493 41804 1.18 490 19785 2.48 462 8876 521 438 10989 3.99 417 30918 1.35 403 23758 1.70 396 26075 152 392 24460 1.60 387 19615 1.97 376 33321 1.18 361 14892 2.42 346 18342 1.89 332 35921 0.92 306 21552 1.42 293 20440 1.43 291 7621 3.82 283 24416 1.16 253 11507 2.20 253 17018 1.49 243 7380 3.29 223 14845 150 201 3.15 6373 181 17277 1.05 179 22900 0.78 151 155321 0.97 143 10836 132 143 14588 0.98 142 11569 123 142 14057 1.01 132 13426 0.98 132 16647 0.79 128 3.34 3832 127 1.68 7566 110 7644 1.44 110 137 8034 109 1.18 9210 102 3.45 2956 100 11284 0.89 98 2.07 4724 97 10618 0.91 96 4923 1.95 95 12023 0.79 90 6567 1.37 89 1.23 7240

74 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Coonamble (S) Hay (S) Richmond River (S) Young (S) Cobar (S) Scone (S) Bellingen (S) Uralla (S) Forbes (S) Hume (S) Coonabarabran (S) Oberon (S) Cootamundra (S) Narrandera (S) Wellington (S) Glen Innes (M) Blayney S—Pt A Tumbarumba (S) Tallaganda (S) Dungog (S) Culcairn (S) Ulmarra (S) Cabonne (S)—Pt C Narromine (S) Inverell (S)—Pt A Temora (S) Murray (S) Coolah (S) Bland (S) Copmanhurst (S) Jerilderie (S) Guyra (S) Severn (S) Evans (S)—Pt B Crookwell (S) Quirindi (S) Lachlan (S) Holbrook (S) Gloucester (S) Brewarrina (S) Bourke (S) Central Darling (S) Gilgandra (S) Junee (S) Cabonne (S)—Pt A Bombala (S) Dumaresq (S) Weddin (S) Coolamon (S) Walcha (S) Harden (S) Carrathool (S) Murrumbidgee (S) Merriwa (S) Barraba (S) Conargo (S) Bogan (S) Nymboida (S) Lockhart (S) Nundle (S) Warren (S) Gundagai (S)

86 85 84 82 81 78 77 76 76 75 75 73 72 69 67 66 64 63 61 58 56 55 55 53 51 49 48 47 47 41 39 39 38 37 36 36 36 35 35 32 32 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 29 28 28 27 25 22 22 20 20 19 19 18 18 18

5701 3896 7680 10652 5635 9298 10118 5527 10736 5519 7362 3845 7928 7386 8881 5971 4179 3893 2385 6614 4308 4739 8974 6462 4750 6241 4522 4230 7638 3549 2146 4786 3093 3594 4262 5215 8049 2580 4513 2427 4255 3304 4959 5220 1716 3026 3657 4092 3884 3388 3954 3309 2319 2353 2687 1691 3647 3035 3612 1348 3638 3940

151 2.18 1.09 0.77 1.44 0.84 0.76 1.38 0.71 1.36 1.02 1.90 0.91 0.91 0.75 1.11 153 1.62 256 0.88 1.30 1.16 0.61 0.82 1.07 0.79 1.06 1.11 0.62 1.16 1.82 0.81 123 1.03 0.84 0.69 0.45 1.36 0.78 1.32 0.75 0.94 0.63 059 1.75 0.99 0.82 0.73 0.75 0.83 0.71 0.82 1.08 0.93 0.82 1.18 055 0.63 053 1.34 0.49 0.46

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Evans (S)—Pt A Manilla (S) Cabonne (S)—Pt B Bingara (S) Murrurundi (S) Gunning (S) Urana (S) Blayney (S)—Pt B Boorowa (S) YaUaroi (S) Unicorp Far West Lord Howe Island Windouran (S) COLUMN TOTALS

17 17 16 15 15 14 12 10 9 9 8 4 2 28283

977 3267 693 2290 2299 1989 1762 1691 2520 3821 1398 320 475 1406756

1.74 052 2.31 0.66 0.65 0.70 0.68 059 0.36 024 057 125 0.42

Source: ABS 1986 Population Census—Summary Files CSLASF on CD-ROM. Note: Urban has been defined as Sydney SD, Newcastle SSD and Wollongong SSD. Rural is the remainder of the State.

76

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

3. Queensland: Persons who were bom in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Remote SLAs Mareeba (S) Hinchinbrook (S) Johnstone (S) Mount Isa (C) Burdekin (S) Toowoomba (C) Maroochy (S)—Pt A Albert (S)—Pt B Balance Stanthorpe (S) Landsborough (S)—Pt A Mermaid Waters Pioneer (S)—Pt A Beaudesert (S)—Pt B Mackay (C) Gladstone (C) Bundaberg (C) Hervey Bay (C) Caboolture (S)—Pt B Noosa (S)—Pt A Atherton (S) Cardwell (S) Broadbeach Waters Proserpine (S) Mulgrave (S)—Pt B Maroochy (S)—Pt B Landsborough (S)—Pt B Bowen (S) Albert (S)—Pt C Douglas (S) Nerang Widgee (S) Woongarra (S)—Pt A Kirwan Burleigh Waters Livingstone (S) Banana (S) Thuringowa (C)—Pt B Pioneer (S)—Pt B Esk (S) Emerald (S) Calliope (S)—Pt A Maryborough (C) Torres (S) Gatton (S) Belyando (S) Kingaroy (S) Sarina (S) Thuringowa (C)—Pt A Balance Eacham (S) Duaringa (S) Broadsound (S) Laidley (S) Gympie (C) Herberton (S) Helensvale Dalby (T)

Immigrants from Total Population Immigrants from NES Countries NES 1598 15563 10.27 1264 13476 9.38 1113 17457 6.38 1105 4.62 23927 1076 5.87 18337 961 73390 131 1.90 948 49847 3.40 920 27036 7.48 684 9143 630 26530 2.37 574 6.37 9004 561 26526 2.11 540 2.46 21958 539 22199 2.43 527 22792 2.31 1.48 464 31421 459 20660 222 441 18835 2.34 434 13719 3.16 430 8518 5.05 423 4.88 8666 5.17 382 7393 3.09 358 11581 3.68 353 9580 2.60 306 11782 3.06 305 9956 305 14364 2.12 298 3.32 8983 3.65 293 7750 3.10 274 8846 1.85 259 13998 255 255 9985 2.22 247 11143 4.05 232 5734 136 216 15886 129 216 16888 207 6497 3.19 202 9558 2.11 2.14 195 9109 2.03 9462 192 2.47 175 7079 0.74 22430 166 2.38 162 6821 1.36 11734 160 1.35 153 11362 1.47 9902 146 1.88 142 7537 1.80 7780 140 2.61 134 5135 126 132 10499 156 131 8419 1.73 118 6812 1.09 10772 117 2.71 4210 114 3.30 103 3119 1.09 102 9316

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 77

Warwick (C) Moreton (S)—Pt B Weipa (T) Woongarra (S)—Pt B Gooburrum (S)—Pt B Charters Towers (C) Mirani (S) Noosa (S)—Pt B Kelso Rosalie (S) Cook (S) Calliope (S)—Pt B Inglewood (S) Nanango (S) Crows Nest (S) Isis (S) Dalrymple (S) Tara (S) Jondaryan (S) Tiaro (S) Wambo (S) Boonah (S) Peak Downs (S) Roma (T) Kolan (S) Carpentaria (S) Rosenthal (S) Cambooya (S) Kilkivan (S) Longreach (S) Oxenford Chinchilla (S) Kilcoy (S) Murilla (S) Hope Island 29 Wondai (S) Winton (S) Allora (S) Murgon (S) Goondiwindi (T) Gayndah (S) Quilpie (S) Glengallan (S) Murweh (S) Balonne (S) Nebo (S) Woocoo (S) Mundubbera (S) Pine Rivers (S)—Pt B Mount Morgan (S) Flinders (S) Etheridge (S) Clifton (S) Paroo (S) Cloncurry (S) Miriam Vale (S) Monto (S) Millmerran (S) Burke (S) Pittsworth (S) Bauhinia (S) Fitzroy (S)—Pt B

101 100 99 98 92 92 87 87 76 76 74 70 69 67 60 58 58 51 51 48 46 44 42 40 37 37 36 36 36 36 35 34 32 32 29 29 28 28 28 27 26 25 25 24 23 22 22 21 20 20 18 17 17 17 17 16 16 15 14 14 13 12

9435 11034 2406 1930 5287 7208 4854 6609 4684 6615 4776 2641 2999 5326 5308 4082 4252 3656 9457 2518 5497 5991 3209 6462 2649 3287 1963 2477 2718 3871 1140 5534 2577 3212 807 3785 1986 2041 4560 4103 2887 1490 3688 5287 5056 2352 2700 2355 2441 3108 2804 1210 2354 2733 3194 2017 3266 3115 1433 3880 2654 4092

78 NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

1.07 0.91 4.11 5.08 1.74 128 1.79 132 1.62 1.15 155 2.65 2.30 126 1.13 1.42 1.36 1.39 054 1.91 0.84 0.73 1.31 0.62 1.40 1.13 1.83 1.45 1.32 0.93 3.07 0.61 124 1.00 359 0.77 1.41 1.37 0.61 0.66 0.90 1.68 0.68 0.45 0.45 0.94 0.81 0.89 0.82 0.64 0.64 1.40 0.72 0.62 053 0.79 0.49 0.48 0.98 0.36 0.49 029

Waggamba (S) Biggenden (S) Barcaldine (S) Gooburrum (S)—Pt A Blackall (S) Taroom (S) Unicorp Islands Diamentina (S) McKinlay (S) Isisford (S) Bulloo (S) Mornington (S) Aurukun (S) Aramac (S) Jericho (S) Eidsvold (S) Bungil (S) Barcoo (S) Booringa (S) Perry (S) Croydon (S) Boulia (S) Tambo (S) Bendemere (S) Richmond (S) Ilfracombe (S) Warroo (S) COLUM N TO TA LS

11 9 9 7 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 26140

2757 1553 1779 630 2070 3297 74 302 1446 465 675 872 937 1097 1105 1212 2127 566 2239 310 324 583 704 1099 1198 327 1322 1091387

0.40 038 051 1.11 0.34 0.18 6.76 1.66 035 0.86 059 0.46 0.43 0.36 036 0.33 0.19 053 0.13 0.65 0.62 0.34 0.28 0.18 0.17 0.00 0.00

Sources: ABS 1986 Population Census—Summary File CSLAF on CD-ROM Note: Urban has been defined as Brisbane SD, Rockhampton, Townsville and Cairns SSDs. Rural is the remainder of the State.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

79

4: Western Australia. Persons who were bom in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Rem ote SLAs Port Hedland (S) Bunbury (C) Roebourne (S) East Pilbara (S) Geraldton (T) Albany (T) Harvey (S) West Pilbara (S) Carnarvon (S) Northam (T) Collie (S) Manjimup (S) Kalgoorlie (T) Boulder (S) Katanning (S) Mandurah (S) Coolgardie (S) Albany (S) Greenough (S) Wyndham-East Kimberley (S) Narrogin (T) Donnybrook-Balingup (S) Busselton (S) Waroona (S) Derby-West Kimberley (S) Broome (S) Murray (S) Merredin (S) Exmouth (S) Leonora (S) Esperance (S) Capel (S) Dardanup (S) Augusta-Margaret River (S) Northampton (S) Bridgetown-Greenbushes (S) Laverton (S) Northam (S) Dundas (S) Yilgarn (S) Plantagenet (S) Denmark (S) Gingin (S) Shark Bay (S) Kojonup (S) Halls Creek (S) Mount Magnet (S) Nannup (S) Boyup Brook (S) Wagin (S) Dandaragan (S) Chittering (S) York Bruce Rock (S) Kulin (S) Meekatharra (S)

80

Immigrants from NES Countries 1126 1042 822 756 679 567 484 482 452 429 420 416 416 355 340 295 223 217 202 201 200 190 186 165 144 135 133 125 120 110 110 96 91 86 84 82 81 75 69 62 61 55 54 53 45 43 41 40 39 38 31 29 29 27 26 25

Total Population 13241 23031 16704 9187 18801 13258 9609 9297 10259 6377 9077 9073 10087 13317 4325 18872 4866 8746 5853 6963 4266 3491 12411 2488 7289 7932 6634 3797 4336 2416 9556 3740 4159 5333 5357 3293 13% 2486 2425 2058 3923 2778 2919 2470 2374 2886 1152 1205 1747 2095 2411 1371 2277 1280 1117 1431

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Immigrants from NES Countries 850 452 4.92 8.23 3.61 4.28 5.04 5.18 4.41 6.73 4.63 459 4.12 2.67 7.86 156 458 2.48 3.45 2.89 4.69 5.44 150 6.63 1.98 1.70 2.00 329 2.77 455 1.15 257 2.19 1.61 157 2.49 5.80 3.02 2.85 3.01 155 1.98 1.85 2.15 1.90 1.49 356 3.32 223 1.81 129 2.12 127 2.11 2.33 1.75

Irwin (S) Narembeen (S) Pingelly (S) Boddington (S) Coorow (S) Victoria Plains (S) Lake Grace (S) Westonia (S) Beverley (S) Moora (S) Dalwallinu (S) Corrigin (S) Jerramungup (S) Toodyay (S) Mullewa (S) Carnamah (S) Cranbrook (S) Kellerberrin (S) Gnowangerup (S) Cuballing (S) Wiluna (S) Cue (S) Tambellup (S) Ravensthorpe (S) Wongan-Ballidu (S) Menzies (S) Dumbleyung (S) Trayning (S) Dowerin (S) West Arthur (S) Makinbudin (S) Goomalling (S) Kondinin (S) Cunderdin (S) Tammin (S) Broomehill (S) Wyalkatchem (S) Morawa (S) Brookton (S) Chapman Valley (S) Three Springs (S) Upper Gascoyne (S) Nungarin (S) Wandering (S) Perenjori (S) Wickepin (S) Quairading (S) Yalgoo (S) Koorda (S) Mingenew (S) Mount Marshall (S) Williams (S) Sandstone (S) Murchison (S) Woodanilling (S) Narrogin (S) Kent (S) COLUM N TO TA LS

23 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 17 16 15 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 13973

1919 1168 1247 885 1532 1168 2020 538 1495 2633 1712 1397 1397 1798 1389 1408 1286 1355 2110 623 1832 586 909 1453 1823 355 961 596 928 1067 786 1189 1199 1342 543 583 777 1052 10% 809 1014 262 317 430 857 921 1165 288 670 689 916 1090 157 183 428 707 985 412457

120 1.71 1.60 2.15 124 154 0.89 3.16 1.14 0.65 0.93 1.07 1.07 0.83 1.01 0.99 1.01 0.96 0.62 1.93 0.66 1.88 121 0.76 0.60 2.82 1.04 1.34 0.86 0.75 0.89 059 058 052 1.10 1.03 0.77 057 055 0.62 0.49 153 126 0.93 0.47 0.43 0.34 0.69 0.30 029 0.22 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sources: ABS 1986 Population Census—Summary File CSLAF on CD-ROM Note: Urban has been defined as Perth SD. Rural is the remainder of the State.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

5: South Australia. Persons who were born in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Rem ote SLAs Whyalla (C) Mount Gambier (C) Renmark (M) Coober Pedy (DC) Berri (DC) Port Lincoln (C) Port Pirie (C) Murray Bridge (DC) Port Augusta (C) Mount Barker (DC) Unicorp Far North Barmera (DC) Loxton (DC) Millicent (DC) Mallala (DC) Port Elliot & Goolwa (DC) Onkaparinga (DC) Mount Gambier (DC) Waikerie (DC) Light (DC) Angaston (DC) Victor Harbor (DC) Gumeracha (DC) Naracoorte (M) Meningie (DC) Tanunda (DC) Penola (DC) Murat Bay (DC) Tatiara (DC) Pirie (DC) Strathalbyn (DC) Barossa (DC) Wakefield Plains (DC) Yankalilla (DC) Northern Yorke Peninsular (DC) Paringa (DC) Mannum (DC) Ridley (DC) Unicorp Flinders Range Mount Remarkable (DC) Peterborough (M) Kapunda (DC) Clare (DC) Kingscote (DC) Central Yorke Peninsular (DC) Beachport (DC) Lincoln (DC) Unicorp Lake Gillies Morgan (DC) Laura (DC) Port MacDonnell (DC) Coonalpyn Downs (DC) Wallaroo (M) Lacepede (DC) Truro (DC) Burra Burra (DC)

82

Immigrants from NES Countries 1640 783 674 523 474 444 436 424 416 362 307 265 261 242 228 199 176 170 144 137 132 127 118 95 94 93 85 84 84 83 72 71 71 69 66 61 61 59 59 49 40 39 39 36 36 29 29 28 27 24 24 23 23 22 21 21

Total Population 27102 18729 7213 2103 6351 11943 14597 14634 15621 15021 7612 4103 6830 7984 4370 5491 6694 7129 4542 4777 6546 6538 5125 4636 3812 3451 3635 3832 7046 1456 5203 4373 4373 2978 6869 1386 3020 1939 3094 3161 2239 2735 3982 3275 4032 1721 3849 644 1392 706 2248 1766 2100 2377 688 2200

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

Immigrants from NES Countries 6.05 4.18 934 24.87 7.46 3.72 2.99 2.90 2.66 2.41 4.03 6.45 3.82 3.03 5.22 3.62 2.63 2.38 3.17 2.87 2.02 1.94 2.30 2.05 2.47 2.69 2.34 2.19 1.19 5.70 1.38 1.62 1.62 2.32 0.96 4.40 2.02 3.04 1.91 155 1.79 1.43 0.98 1.10 0.89 1.69 0.75 4.35 1.94 3.40 1.07 130 1.10 0.93 3.05 0.95

Naracoorte (DC) Saddleworth & Auburn (DC) Dudley (DC) Crystal Brook (DC) Streaky Bay (DC) Yorketown (DC) Mount Pleasant (DC) Tumby Bay (DC) Kanyaka-Quorn (IX!) Warooka (DC) Robe (DC) Riverton (DC) Kimba (DC) Le Hunte (DC) Franklin Harbor (DC) Robertstown (DC) Gladstone (DC) Minlaton (DC) Clinton (DC) Elliston (DC) Jamestown (DC) Eudunda (DC Lucindale (DC) Hallett (DC) Bute (DC) Pinnaroo (DC) Georgetown (DC) Orroroo (DC) Port Broughton (DC) Snowtown (DC) Karoonda-East Murray (DC) Peterborough (DC) Unicorp Pirie Peake (DC) Jamestown (M) Lameroo (DC) Cleve (DC) Unicorp Riverland Hawker (DC) Redhill (DC) Spalding (DC) Unicorp West Coast Blyth (DC) Unicorp Murray Mallee Unicorp York Unicorp Lincoln Carrietown (DC) Browns Well (DC) COLUM N TO TA LS

18 18 17 17 17 17 16 16 14 13 12 12 12 11 10 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 10851

1985 2011 648 1636 2199 2994 1904 2669 1386 972 1206 1457 1541 1992 1298 756 923 2326 1126 1199 947 1309 1555 687 1154 1304 6 77 980 1257 1367 1459 340 485 969 1247 1371 2422 234 490 511 540 678 805 0 0 22 195 352 368223

0.91 0.90 2.62 1.04 0.77 057 0.84 0.60 1.01 1.34 1.00 0.82 0.78 055 0.77 1.19 0.98 039 0.71 0.67 0.74 053 0.45 0.87 052 0.46 0.74 051 0.40 037 0.34 1.18 0.92 0.41 0.32 022 0.12 0.85 0.41 0.39 0.37 029 025 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sources: ABS 1986 Population Census—Summary File CSLAF on CD-ROM Note: Urban has been defined as Adelaide SD. Rural is the remainder of the State.

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

6. Northern Terrotiry. Persons who were born in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Rem ote SLAs Unincorporated Area NT LLGA Alice Springs (T) LLGA Katherine (T) LLGA Tennant Creek (T) LLGA Jabiru (T) LLGA COLUM N TO TA LS

Immigrants from NES Countries 1157 705 202 144 65 2273

Total Population 49648 22759 5691 3503 1410 83011

Immigrants from NES Countries 2.33 3.10 3 55 4.11 4.61 17.70

Sources: ABS 1986 Population Census—Summary File CSLAF on CD-ROM Note:

(1) Data Presented by LLGA. Not available by SLA. (2) Urban has been defined as Darwin City and Palmerstown Town. Rural is the remainder of the Territory.

84

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

7. Tasmania. Persons who were born in a non-English speaking country and who retain proficiency in languages other than English— 1986

Rural/Rem ote SLAs Devonport (C) Burnie (M)—Pt A Ulverstone (M)—Pt A Zeehan (M) Wynyard (M)—Pt A Circular Head (M) Huon (M) Latrobe (M)—Pt A Penguin (M)—Pt A Waratah (M) Launceston (C)—Pt C Kentish (M) Queenstown (M) King Island (M) Hamilton (M) Port Cygnet (M) Westbury (M)—Pt B Deloraine (M) Portland (M) Scottsdale (M) New Norfolk (M)—Pt B Kingborough (M)—Pt B Esperance (M) Strahan (M) Fingal (M) Spring Bay (M) Ulverstone (M)—Pt B Richmond (M) Beaconsfield (M)—Pt B Wynyard (M)—Pt B Longford (M)—Pt B Gormanston (M) Bruny (M) Penguin (M)—Pt B Glamorgan (M) Latrobe (M)—Pt B Campbell Town (M) Sorell (M>—Pt B George Town (M)—Pt B Brighton (M)—Pt B Burnie (M)—Pt B Flinders (M) Tasman (M) Oatlands (M) Ringarooma (M) Evandale (M)—Pt B Green Ponds (M) Ross (M) Bothwell (M) COLUM N TO TA LS

Immigrants from NES Countries 304 248 180 102 86 82 66 63 62 58 55 51 41 39 39 39 38 38 30 29 27 26 25 18 18 17 16 16 15 14 14 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 4 4 2 0 2137

Total Population 24417 18479 12015 5076 10395 7863 5028 5008 4270 1583 2646 4574 3596 2508 2508 2701 4349 5278 2832 4398 3067 1431 3125 536 2808 1992 1882 2053 1171 1877 2079 341 438 994 1723 1164 1437 1646 740 1301 2106 1010 1369 1836 2215 548 1087 493 802 172785

Immigrants from NES Countries 125 1.34 150 2.01 0.83 1.04 1.31 1.26 1.45 3.66 2.08 1.11 1.14 156 156 1.44 0.87 0.72 1.06 0.66 0.88 1.82 0.80 3.36 0.64 0.85 0.87 0.78 128 0.75 0,67 3.23 251 1.11 0.64 0.86 0.70 0.61 122 0.69 0.43 .0.79 058 0.44 0.36 0.73 0.37 0.41 0.00

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 85

APPENDIX II

PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH OF PERSONS AGED 5 YEARS AND OVER BORN IN NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES.

5-14 years

15-64 years

65 years

TOTAL

%*

Not well

12

147

37

196

8.8

No English

2

18

9

29

1.3

Not well

2

100

63

165

8.9

No English

2

8

14

24

1.3

N ot well

36

341

62.

439

14.3

No English

14

39

14

67

2.2

N ot well

4

59

29

92

4.9

No English

0

18

10

28

1.5

ALBURY

MOE

MORWELL

TOOW OOM BA

Source: Table CIO ABS Census 1986

*% of population over 4 years, adjusted for 'not stated' responses.

86

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS

APPENDIX III OTH ER LA N GU A GES TH A N EN G LISH SPO KEN A T HOM E RURAL /R E M O T E SLAs ( LLGAs ) W ITH 500 + N ESB IM M IGRAN TS, 1986 A RA BIC/ LEBANESE

19 Albury (C) 20 Armidale (C) 4 Coffs Harbour (S) 50 Bathurst (C ) 2 Erobodalla (S) 21 Griffith (S) 2 Lismore (C ) 3 Queanbeyan (C ) 11 Orange (C ) Shoalhaven (C ) 3 11 Wagga Wagga (C ) 3 Wingecarribee (S) 10 Cooma- Monaro (S) 0 Bellarine (S) - Pt B 3 Ballarat (C ) 6 Moe (C) 8 Morwell (S) - Pt A 0 Off-Shore & Migratory 2 Pakenham (S) - Pt B 0 Rodney (S) - Pt B 12 Sale (C) Shepparton ( C ) 9 0 Swan Hill (C) 6 Traralgon ( C ) 6 Wodonga (R C ) 0 Wangaratta (C ) 2 Mildura (C ) 4 Mildura (S) 8 Albert (S) - Pt B Balance 2 Beaudesert (S) - Pt B Burdekin (S) 3 Gladstone (C ) 0 Hichinbrook (S) 0 Johnstone (S) 2 Landsborough (S) - Pt A 0 2 Mackay (C ) 2 Maroochy (S) - Pt A Mareeba (S) 7 7 Mount Isa (C ) 4 Mermaid Waters 4 Pioneer (S) - Pt A 0 Stanthorpe (S) Toowoomba (C ) 26 Coober Pedy ( D C ) 2 0 Mount Gambier (C ) Renmark ( M ) 0 4 Whyalla ( C ) 0 Albany ( T ) 11 Bunbury (C ) 10 East Pilbara (S) 0 Geraldton ( T ) Off-Shore & Migratory 0 7 Port Hedland (S) 8 Roebourne (S) Unincorporated AreaNTucA6 By: Region:

CHINESE DUTCH FRENCH GERMAN GREEK

80 138 68 76 72 30 50 71 91 87 76 90 37 12 91 26 25 102 0 4 50 43 0 21 16 17 26 2 47 10 23 20 7 45 80 27 33 13 29 65 25 10 119 17 11 2 63 30 37 181 25 166 119 67 42

190 53 87 61 75 30 54 54 76 182 93 120 47 147 146 247 156 16 166 32 63 83 14 169 83 60 26 38 164 151 6 53 16 50 119 40 192 94 56 61 73 37 191 2 145 14 144 157 101 20 41 23 40 80 87

3 19 6 86 21 60 35 28 18 50 67

356 106 242 109 172 42 113 230 90 335 163 172 227 146 107 222 191 60 113 27 46 63 14 112 366 105 48 50 233 191 51 92 18 76 179 49 363 145 243 93 110 39 223 54 136 48 276 63 74 39 36 21 73 96

100

257

42 62 76 48 30 4 60 36 58 96 72 93 29 34 44 13 13 12 15 5 23 22 11 20 40 20 15 10 79 62 7 48 24 15 97 45 134 28 68 52 61 14 84

ITALIAN MALTESE POLISH

204 79 41 63 46 8 20 257 80 45 110 113 35

173 33 248 64 76 3944 607 853 222 282 144 111 142

5 2 14 6 12 8 2 94 6 51 4 6 5

43 116 116 276 5 36 8 49 130 163 208 19 56 244 257 52 9 174 105 16 162 15 17 25 34 72 73 17 7 98

109 192 148 975 28 289 743 100 1307 768 294 119 703 479 1426

46 395 142 310 235 743 37 317 14 44 67

49 4 314 199 2 5 6 4 2 2 9 4 0 2 0 16 3 0 8 23 123 7 156 16 17 10 16 235 0 3 2 5 0 27 0 0 4 0 2 2 0

117

9

276 92 547 323 7 80 17 35 5 39 39 108

119 30 1365 56 1993 1189 80 195 108 1730 159 121 106 905 112

OTHER SERHlW/ SPANISH VIET­ CRCKIPN NAMESE

139 24 16 21 20 2 13 278 122 58 45 70 30 34 65 189 134 9 15 3 66 27 4 71 63 37 33 14 25 14 4 21 3 6 21 7 39 6 39 35 6 31 63

53 9 13 17 70 2 7 439 25 25 15 18 8 42 130 70 66 3 42 0 38 17 9 36 206 13 27 71

78 18 9 19 29 156 13 51 19 27 31 18 6 8 2 26 63 17 7 12 48 28 2 115 27 3 3 0

58 4 0 21 4 23 14 2 8 82 13 41 5 17 17

9 79 18 91 116 169 19 45 37 22 48 31

77 69 29 207 3 30 69 5 9 31 42 48

49 16 77 37 72 44 13 9 16 113 89 19 24 5 37 2 7 9 202 5 43 51 20 9 42 33 92

0 6 14 6 13 0 7 11 0 9 40 12 4 2 2 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 5 0 15 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 46 0 0 34 59 4 7 3 119 0 0 0 2

NOT STATED

606 4 57 685 206 194 246 223 1514 546 328 408 295 146 132 324 335 498 528 136 162 191 432 113 215 591 194 340 468

78 28 78 46 40 112 37 110 70 71 58 60 28 31 145 79 105 34 35 49 31 102 35 41 74 32 75 98

339 227 129 295 117 247 230 227 384 431 821 195 260 101 4 34 311 155 233 497 160 264 1435 303 342 1135 1050 18545

49 32 68 26 70 72 62 50 101 143 81 30 66 38 107 58 79 48 82 30 66 51 77 21 64 71 312

DATAPROFILE, Canberra. Statistical Local Area Summary File C SLA SF Table C .l 1 "Languages Other Than English Spoken At Home" (Excluding Persons Aged 0-4 Years) Non-Urban SLA's for all states except Northern Territory where the LLGA's have been used

NESB IMMIGRANTS IN REMOTE/RURAL AREAS 87

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