Notes INTRODUCTION l. 2.

Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (London, 1949) p. 69. Memorandum by Sir Alexander Cadogan, 20 April 1949, FO 371/75341 E 5263.

CHAPTER ONE I.

2.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8. 9.

Very little has been written on Bernadotte's early life. Books and articles written in memoriam (minnesboks) are historically of little value. According to Mrs. Ekstrand, very little material has survived in family circles. Author's correspondence with Mrs. Ekstrand and Count Bertil Bernadotte, April 1980 and November 1983. Bernadotte's autobiography, I stallet for Vapen (Instead of Arms) Stockholm, 1948 and R. Hewins's, Count Folke Bernadotte, His Life and Work (Minneapolis, 1951) are useful but understandably uncritical. Of particular value to the author were two manuscripts written at his request by the late Mrs. Ekstrand, formerly Countess Bernadotte, and by Dr. Ragnar Svanstrom, Bernadotte's ghost-writer. They will be referred to as 'Ekstrand' and 'Svanstrom'. For the period after 1928 the American press contains a good deal of current news and after 1943 there is more in the Swedish Red Cross Archives (now part of the Swedish Riksarkivet), British PRO, US National Archives, UN Archives, and so on. The Observer, London, 4 July 1948. Ekstrand, op. cit. Ibid. F. D. Scott, Sweden, The Nation's History (Minneapolis, 1977) p. 49l. Interview given by Bernadotte to the American Swedish Monthly (referred to as ASM), February 1945; Instead of Arms, pp. 8-11; Ekstrand. op. cit. Instead of Arms, p. 12; F. Bernadotte, To Jerusalem (London, 1950) p. 79; NYT, Supplement, 14 July 1948; interview with Dr. Svanstrom at the Sallskapet Club, Stockholm, August 1980. Ekstrand, op. cit. and in her draft reply to Gustafson of Life Magazine, July 1948. Among the thousands of documents written during Bernadotte's mission in the summer of 1948, only a few scribbles in Bernadotte's handwriting or with his signature were found.

258 10. II. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

31. 32.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Ekstrand, op. cit.; interview with John Reedman, Tunbridge Wells, November 1980; and with Barbro Jerring (formerly Wessel), Stockholm, August 1985. Ekstrand, op. cit. Slutet (Stockholm, 1945); the author used the English edition, The Curtain Falls published in New York, 1945. Miinniskor jag mott (People whom I Met) Stockholm, 1947: I Stallet for Vapen (Instead of Arms) Stockholm, 1948 and Till Jerusalem (To Jerusalem) Stockholm, 1950. Interview with Svanstrom, op. cit. Ekstrand, op. cit.; Instead of Arms, p. II; Hewins, p. 25. Ekstrand, op. cit. Dr. J. Smithline to Bernadotte, the Folke Bernadotte Papers (FBP), Swedish Red Cross Archives, Riksarkivet, Stockholm; Ekstrand, op. cit.; the last two severe attacks of internal bleeding occurred in 1944 and 1947. Interview with Mrs. Jerring. Ekstrand, op. cit.; the anecdote, repeatedly told, indicates the general family habit of poking fun at Bernadotte's lack of interest in reading. ASM, February 1945; NYT, 2 December 1928 and 18 June 1944. Cf. F. L. Allen, Only Yesterday (New York, 1931) in particular p. 161; see also NYT, II November 1926. NYT,2 December 1928. Ibid, 28, 29 November 1928. NYT, 2 December 1928, also 4 November 1940 [sic] where the Manvilles' wealth is assessed. Ekstrand, op. cit. Ibid. Ibid; see also Hewins, pp. 65-8. Ekstrand; for the 'King of the Baltic States' affair see also NYT, 4 January 1929; ASM, January 1938; on Estelle's intervention with Gustav see a NYTreport from the French Riviera, 17 March 1932. Ekstrand, op. cit.; ASM, December 1945. Hewins, pp. 52-6; ASM, January 1938 and September 1939. Interview with Dr. Svanstrom, op. cit; Ekstrand, op. cit. W. M. Carlgren, Swedish Foreign Policy during the Second World War (London, 1977) pp. 28-36; Instead of Arms, pp. 15-22. Instead of Arms, ibid. Hewins, pp. 88-9, notes that the creation of the post and nomination of Folke were the initiatives of regulars on the Red Cross Board of Directors, namely, Axel Hultkrantz, formerly a General, and Sigfrid Edstrom, a manufacturer. Indeed, the two are on record as supporting the appointment. In addition, Baron Stjernstedt, the outgoing Red Cross Secretary-General had long been a friend of the Bernadottes as had Edtsrom, who befriended Folke during their joint mission to the Delaware celebrations of 1938 and their vacation in Pleasantville. But Mrs. Ekstrand pointed out honestly that Bernadotte's appointment was pre-arranged according to King Gustav's wish and with the keen support of Prince Karl. Ekstrand op. cit.; Minutes of the Governing Board of the Red Cross, 1 and 18 June 1943, the Swedish Red Cross Archives, Stockholm; see also the Swedish Red Cross Year Book 1943, pp. 83, 84.

Notes 33.

34. 35. 36.

37. 38. 39. 40.

41. 42.

259

Swedish Red Cross Yearbook, ibid. Also Instead of" Arms, pp. 28-34. In corespondence with other Red Cross organisations Bernadotte often signed 'Vice President', and later 'President', since that was the title of his counterparts in most other organisations. FBP, Box 32, contains both drafts, the actual plan dated 14 September 1943, and its'subsequent deliberation by the Board. A. A. Stomberg, A History (~f"Sweden (New York, 1931) p. 789. Instead of" Arms, pp. 35-9; Hewins, pp. 91-\03; The London Times, 22, 25,26 October 1943,19 January 1944. Instead of Arms, pp. 8, 39, 224 and passim; ASM, February 1945. Instead 01 Arms, pp. 44-57; FO 371/43457, N 4202; F. Furnworth, Alexandra Kolontai (Stanford, 1980) p. 388. Instead of Arms, p. 53. FO 371/43510, E 5252. On Sweden's relations with the Allies while the former was waiting for the Axis's defeat, see Carlgren, pp. 147-68. For the operation of the second round of exchange between Germany and Britain in the authumn of 1944, and details of Bernadotte's official meetings in London see the London Times, 8 January, 4 19, 22, 25 February and II, 12,15,16 September 1944. 'Rapport fran reisa till London och Paris', 29 October and 14 November 1944, FBP, Box 32. 'Rapport fran', ibid; The Curtain Falls, pp. 3-6 and 7-15; Instead of Arms, pp. 66-70. CHAPTER TWO

I.

2.

3.

The main sources of the description of the background to the Swedish Red Cross Expedition of 1945 are the Swedish Foreign Office documents of series HP39.VII to XIV (the old archive system); FO 371/4806-7, 51192-3, and 48026. The most valuable account of that mission is the Swedish Foreign Office publication 1945 ars Svenska hjiilpexpedition till Tyskland (Stockholm, 1956). See also L. Rotkirchen, The final solution at its last stage', Yad Vashem, vol. 8 (1971), pp. 7-27; L. Yahil, 'Scandinavian help and rescue of concentration camp inmates', Yad Vashem, vol. 6 (1969) pp. 155-89; D. S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, America and the Holocaust 1941-1945 (New York, 1984) pp. 229-31 and passim. I am also indebted to Prof. Koblick of Pomona College, California. The leading publications on the Bernadotte-Kersten controversy which is in the centre of that dispute, are: H. Trevor-Roper, 'Kersten, Himmler and Count Bernadotte', Atlantic Monthly, February (1953) p. 44; idem, Introduction to The Kersten Memoirs, 1940-1945, (London, 1956); L. de Jong, 'Hat Kersten Das Niederlandische Volk GerrettedT, Vierteljahrshelte fiir Zeitgeschichte, Schriftenreihe, vol. 28 (1974); and J. Fleming, 'Die Herkunft des "Bernadotte Brief' an Himmler von Marz 1945', Zeitgeschichte, no. 4 (1978). See for insance B. Nadel, Retzah Bernadotte (Tel Aviv, 1968) and idem, Bernadotte Affaren (Copenhagen, 1970); Gali-Zahal, Radio interview with LHI man, Yehoshua Cohen, 1977.

260 4. 5. 6.

7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

16. 17.

18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23.

Bernadotte in Palestine. 1948 Carlgren, pp. 200-15. Mallet to FO, 12 February 1945, FO 371/48046, N 1446. Y. Bauer, The Holocaust in Historical Retrospect (Seattle, (1978) pp. 153-5; idem. 'The Negotiation Between Sally Mayer and the SS Representatives, 1944--1945', (Hebrew), Rescue during the Holocaust (Jerusalem, 1976) pp. 31-5 and 'The Death March - January-May 1945, (Hebrew), Yahadut Zmanenu, vol. I (1984). Mallet to Eden, 27 March 1945, FO 371/51194 WR 931 and 932G; Minutes by Warner and Cadogan, 28-29 March; Eden to Churchill, I April 1945, FO 371/51194, WR 961, FO 371/51194, WR 961 and Minutes by Henderson, 4 April, FO 371/51194, WR 897G. Carlgren to the author, September 1985, correcting an inaccurate English translation of his book. FO 371/48026, N 1479. Trevor-Roper, Introduction, p. 12. FO 371/48026, N 2017; the author's interview with Storch, Stockholm, August 1980. Richert-von Post exchange; Brandel to von Post and von Post to Soderblom (Moscow), all between 10 and 14 February 1945, UD.HP39. XIV, 1945. The Curtain Falls, p. 29; A. Bullock, Introduction to W. Schellenberg, The Labyrinth, (London, 1960). Bullock, op. cit. A telephone call from the Berlin Legation on 3 March 1945 put the number of Scandinavians who could be reached at 6,996. UD HP39, XIV 1945. With the addition of 700 who had been in Neuengamme in the first place and 600 who were brought there by the Germans the total number within reach was around 9,000, FO 371/48047, N 3957. Summary of meeting on 19 February, signed by Bernadotte; various cables from the Swedish Legation in London and Berlin, 22, 24 February, UD39, XIV, 1945. Reports by Colonel Sutton-Prut. British Military Attache, Stockholm, 27 February, FO 371/48046, N 2556 and N 2414; cf. G. Bjorck, 'Hur Svenska rodakorsexpeditionen varen 1945 organiserades'; G. Rundberg, 'Nagra intryck fran Svenska roda korset och greve Bernadotte Action i Tyskland varen 1945', Roda Korset arang 1945 (Stockholm, 1945). Ibid. Trevor-Roper, 'Kersten, Himmler'; Introduction, pp. 14--15. Bjorck, op. cit.; interview with Mrs. Jerring; also S. Frykman, Roda korsexpedition till Tyskland (Stockholm, 1945). Captain Frykman's image had been somewhat marred by black marketeering during the operation. However, he remained a respectable member of the veterans order of the Expedition, a social group where Bernadotte is still venerated. Bjorck, Rundberg, ibid. Bernadotte to Red Cross headquarters, 15 March 1945, UD, op. cit. Record of telephone calls from officers on the move; Folke, Melin, Almquist, through Swedish Legation during March 1945, UD.HP op. cit.

Notes 24. 25. 26. 27.

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

34. 35. 36. 37.

261

1945 ars Svenska, p. 26; Rundberg, op. cit.; various reports by Mallet, FO 371/48047, passim. Richert to FO, 22 March 1945; 'Rapport' 27 March 1945, both in UD.HP op. cit. Memorandum by von Post, 27 March, UN.HP op. cit: 1945 ars Svenska, pp. 26-7; Mallet to FO, 27 March 1945, FO 371/51194. WR 961. On 27 March Mallet requested Eden's advice because, as he put it: 'Count Bernadotte to-day departed to negotiate ... and the Swedish Government is prepared to permit to Sweden about 8000 Jews aiming for Palestine' [sic]. Mallet reported the contacts between Storch and Himmler. On 1 April Eden passed on the following to Churchill: 'Himmler apparently agreed to let 10,000 Jews go to Sweden and wishes Sporborch [Storch] to go to Berlin to arrange the matter'. The British were requested to pass that information on to the the World Jewish Congress and the Jewish Agency in Britain. Taking it as an opening for separate peace negotiations by Himmler, Eden proposed not to pass on the message and in order 'to avoid accusation ... that we were blocking the saving' of Jews-not to reply at all. Churchill agreed: 'No track to Himmler!'. Gunther interpreted it as 'British disapproval of sending a Jewish leader to Himmler. It took another week or so until he decided to go ahead with Storch's mission. Kersten to Storch, 24 March 1945, Storch to the WJC 27 March; Storch Papers; FO 371/51194, passim; Prem 52/5 p. 786; the author's interview with Storch, op. cit. Masur's report, 23 April 1945, FO 371/51194, WR 1242; also N. Masur, En Jude taler med Himmler (Stockholm, 1945). Storch to Fleming, 14 March 1977, Storch's Papers. Masur, op. cit. Carlgren, p. 217; 1945 ars Svenska, p. 30. Ibid. Reports by Mallet 22 April 1945 and following; FO 371/48047, passim; reports from Malmo in FO 371/48047, passim. The Red Cross record of those arriving in Sweden made no distinction between survivors who arrived before or after 8 May. It is hard to say exactly how many Jews were saved 'during the war'. FBP, Box 33. A German official put on record his estimate of the Jewish inmates saved by the Bernadotte mission as follows: 450 Danish Jews from Theresienstedt 3000 Women from Ravensbruck Prisoners from other camps 1400 (Yad Vashem b/29--4) The exact number of Jews saved from Theresienstedt was 425. L. Yahil, The Rescue of the Danish Jews (Philadelphia, 1969) pp. 315-6. Carlgren, p. 221. Interview with Svanstrom, op. cit. Bullock, Introduction, op. cit; interview with Svanstrom, ibid; Fleming, pp.587-8. Kersten's fabrication of historical 'evidence' began years later, whereas

262

38.

39. 40. 41. 42. 43.

44. 45.

46. 47. 48.

49. 50.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 his complaint against Bernadotte was recorded immediately (by Baron van Nagell). Bernadotte gave character-evidence in 1948 in Schellenberg's defence, after which Schellenberg was sentenced to six years imprisonment and was released in 1951. He died a year later, contributing little to the solution of the riddle. Fleming, op. cit. The successful refutation of that theory is in de Jong's 'Hat Felix Kersten', op. cit. Lord Dacre of Glanton (Trevor-Roper) to the author, 26 May 1983. Enquetecommissie Regiringsbeleid 1940-1945, vol. 6 (The Hague, 1952) pp. 132-45; De Jong to the author 4 April 1980; 24 December 1982; 28 March and 21 April 1983. Enquetecommissie Bd.6b p. 183; De Jong, 'Hat Felix Kersten', p. 141; De Jong to the author, ibid. Trevor-Roper, Introduction, p. 19. In contrast to his earlier views about the authenticity of Kersten's claims, Trevor-Roper, on 7 March 1980 admitted that 'Professor Posthumus was ... somewhat naive and took Kersten's claims too literally'. Upon further questioning in 1983, Trevor-Roper wrote: 'I received a great deal of documents from Kersten and Posthumus ... I suspect some were brought by Kersten ... between 1946 and 1948 .. . Dr. de Jong afterwards told me that he regarded those documents as retrospective fabrications ... while I was content to suspend judgement I found myself willing to entertain this interpretation'. H.R. Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler (London, 1947). Fleming, pp. 589-90. European literature had already been glutted with Kersten's memoirs published in several languages over the years. In every period and language these memoirs took a somewhat different form. In Swedish in 1947, Sam tal med Himmler; in English also in 1947, The Memoirs of Doctor Felix Kersten; in Dutch in 1948, Beul Himmler Van Nabei and in German in 1952, Aus den Tagbuchblattern des Finnischen Medicinalart Felix Kersten. 1945 ars Svenska. The author's interview with Dr. Carlgren, August 1980. Lord Dacre wrote to the author in May 1983 that the 'copy' was sent to him by Posthumus in June 1953; he could not tell when Posthumus received it 'presuming' that it came from Kersten. Translation is from the original German. The 'Copy' read: Honourable Mr. Himmler! The Jews are not wanted in Sweden just as they are not wanted in Germany. This is why I fully understand your approach to the Jewish question. I hear from the medical practitioner Kersten, that you have freed 5000 Jews to go to Sweden. I do not like it, because I do not want to take any Jews. But since officially I cannot refuse to transport them, I ask you, M r Himmler, do it yourself! The medical practitioner Kersten has no authority to negotiate the release of Jews, and has done it privately.

Notes

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.

263

This is also my attitude about transportation of French, Dutch and Belgians to Sweden. I would be glad if, as long as possible, I could take to Sweden Norwegians, Danes and even Poles in the Red Cross's White Buses. As the medical practitioner Kersten said, you, Mr. Himmler, are ready to release all the Scandinavians in a place called Neuengamme. Your 'V' weapon is not hitting London well. I leave you a sketch with English military targets. General Schellenberg was kind enough and agreed to pass this letter to you personally, so that it would not fall into undesirable hands. Yours, with honour F. Bernadotte Fleming, pp. 590-1. Ibid, following the inquiry with Riksdag Member Dickson in 1976. Report on Kersten's interrogation 19 March 1956, Storch Papers. See also Fleming, pp. 593-4. Hypothesis offered to the author in 1983 by Trevor-Roper. Cf. A. Besgen, Der Stille Befehl (Miinchen, 1960). See for instance FO 371/43525, N 4202 and UD/39 1944-5; see also Wyman, pp. 240-4. Interview with Storch, op. cit. Bernadotte to the Red Cross and the Foreign Office, 15 March 1945, UD.HP39, VI 1945. CHAPTER THREE

I. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13.

ASM, February, December 1945; Instead of Arms, p. 175. Instead of Arms, p. 87; Mrs. Ekstrand to the author, November 1982. For plans and frustration see FBP, Boxes 5, 8; The Swedish Red Cross Yearbook, 1946 [SRCYB] pp. 144-5, and SRCYB 1947, pp. 142-54; Instead of Arms, pp. 80-90,98-112, 186-7. N. Andren, Power-Balance and Non-alignment. A Perspective on Swedish Foreign Policy (Stockholm, 1967) pp. 35-44; FBP, Box 8. Instead of Arms, pp. 135, 150, 156 and passim. Hewins, p. 132 and passim; Photographs, FBP, Box 5; DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16; General Lugan to the author, April 1980. Instead of Arms, passim; NYT, 12 June 1946. SRCYB 1946, pp. 137-9, and SRCYB 1947, pp. 134-6. Interview with Countess Bernadotte by Madeleine Hamilton, December 1945, A SM; Instead of Arms, pp. 135, 150 156. SRCYB 1948, pp. 71-3. E. Luard, A History of the United Nations, vol. I (New York, 1982) pp. 73-5; J. Barros, 'Trygve Lie De mortuis nil nisi bonum', International Journal, (1969-70) pp. 403-13. Instead of Arms, pp. 205-16; SRCYB 1948, pp. 61-2. Ekstrand, op. cit; NYT, 28 June and 7 July (1944); ASM, February (1945) p. 5; S. O. Persson Mediation and Assassination (London, 1979) p. 226.

264 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19.

20.

21.

22.

23. 24. 25. 26.

27. 28. 29. 30.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Interview with Svanstrom, op. cit; the Jewish philosopher S.H. Bergman noted that the book reminded him of old-fashioned moral stories for children. 'Count Bernadotte as author', Ha'aretz, I August 1948. To Jerusalem, p. 2; Instead of Arms, pp. 224-5; Ekstrand, op. cit. In Secretary of State Marshall's opinion, by that time the USA had 'hit an all time low' at the UN. Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. V/2 (1948) p. 1008. Towards the end of the mandate all heads of the Arab Higher Committee were out of Palestine, many at Lake Success. The latest abortive efforts by the British High Commissioner to arrange a truce was made through the Arab League between 5 and 9 May. Leaders of the Yishuv seemed determined to proclaim the Jewish state while Zionist leaders in the USA were not at one on that issue. Lie to Arce, 7 May 1948, United Nations Archives (UNA) New York, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3; FRUS, p. 899; FO 371/68547, E 5647 and Minutes by Balfour,:5 May 1948, FO 371/68549, E 5985. Cordier's talk with Cadogan, 7 May 1948, DAG, FO 371 68549, E 5985; UK UN Delegation to Fa, 8 May 1948, Fa 371/68549, E 5955; 'The Last Days of the Palestine Mandate at Lake Success', the Creech-Jones Papers, Rhodes House, Oxford, Box 31/4. 'The Last Days of the Palestine Mandate at Lake Success', ibid; Cordier-Cadogan, ibid; Sir Robert Jackson to the author, 2 September 1983; Beer to Bernadotte, 11 June 1948 (courtesy of Dr. Persson) and Hiigg16ffto FO, 18 May, UD.HP.12 VI, 1948; See also FRUS, p. 982 fn. Truman's disapproval of the manner in which the US statement of 19 March had been prepared, and his own independent action on the issue of recognising Israel combined with the approaching presidential election led to a routine procedure whereby Truman was consulted on any major step taken on the Palestinian issue. See below, chapter 10. FRUS, 1948, pp. 970, 978-81; note by Wilkins, II May 1948, the US National Archives (USNA) RG 59.HH.867N.OI/5-1148; 'Summary of the 10th Meeting of Sub-committee 9', A/Cl/SC9; GAOR, (II/55) Annex, p. 42; Main Committees, pp. 242-6 and 262; compare the two sets of terms, FRUS, pp. 978-80 and 994-5. GAOR (II/ss) Resolutions, p. 5. Ekstrand, op. cit; To Jerusalem, pp. 3-4; various papers of Cordier, UNA, DAG 1/2.104., Box 4. FRUS, 1948, VI (Indonesia), pp. 60, 78. Hiiggloff to FO (2 telegrams) 20 May 1948, UD.HP 12/23 1948; Cadogan to FO, 17 May 1948, FO 371/68698, E 6342: 'Cordier's Talks in Washington, 15-17 May', DAG 1/2.104 Box 3; 'Discussion with Dr. Goldmann' memo by Bunche, 26 May 1948; Paul A. Mohn Papers (PAMP), Uppsala University, Box 431/KI; the author's interview with Abba Eban, Jerusalem, March 1982; SCOR, 1948, no. 71, pp. 4-5. NYT, 21 May 1948. Cables, 13-22 May 1948, DAG 1/2.1.4, Boxes 3 and 4; FRUS, p. 917, fn. Persson, p. 118, fn. 3; record of a telephone conversation, Cordier Papers, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4. Instead of Arms, p. 225.

Notes 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

36. 37. 38. 39.

40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

52. 53.

265

Elvins to Cordier, 21 May 1948 and other notes, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3 'Informal Lecture Delivered by Dr. Bunche', New York, 16 June (1949) DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 9. Bunche's impression recorded by Greene, USNA, RG 84, Box 57. Mrs Jerring's Diary, 21-23 May 1948; a resume of the talk with Sandstrom (courtesy of Dr. Persson). Jerring's diary; the author's interview with her, Stockholm August 1985; DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 9; Price to Malania, DAG 13/3.3.1 Box 2; interview with Storch; Epstein to the author, June 1983. His UN annual salary was $26000 plus $18000 allowance. In comparison, Bunche received $15 500 plus $12000. A typist in the Mediator's service was paid $3000 per annum; DAG 1/2.1.4 Box 5; Ross to Powel, USNA RG 84, Box 87. Interview with Mrs Jerring; M. Harrington-Hale, 'Conversation with Ralph Bunche', Psychology Today, April (1969). Telephone conversation: 'Bunche called the attention of Mr Lie to a promise that he would stay in the field only five, perhaps ten days ... then return to Lake Success.' DAG 1/2.1.4 Box 4. Interview with Fraser Wilkins Washington DC, April 1978. No critical biography of Bunche has yet been written. But see P. Mann, Ralph Bunche. United Nations Peacemaker (New York, 1975); J. Haskins, Ralph Bunche: A Most Reluctant Hero (New York, 1974) and Colliers, July 1949. Bunche to Gerrig, 23 July 1947, Bunche Papers, UCLA, Box 127; Greene, 'A Talk with Bunche' USNA, RG. 84, Box 57. S. de Madariaga, Don Quixote. An Introductory Essay in Psychology (London, 1934); the author's interview with John Reedman, Tunbridge Wells, October 1980. A Note By Bunche, DAG 13/3.1.0, Box 5; Mann, pp. 217-18. 'Contacts by Mr. Cordier' and Bunche's telephone calls from Cairo, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; interview with Mills, New York, November 1984; V. Mills to the author, August and February 1948. FO 371/68556, E 6939 and 68557 E 7026; A report, FBP, Box 40. 'Discussion with Dr. Goldmann' op. cit.; Goldmann to Shertok, 26 May 1948, Documents of Israel's Foreign Policy (DIFP), vol. I (Jerusalem, 1981) pp. 84-5; Campbell to Bevin, FO 141/1246/1/66. To Jerusalem, p. 12. To Jerusalem, p. 18; Mann, p. 220; Norton to FO, 14 June 1948. FO 371/68564, E 7935; interview with Reedman. Bernadotte's talk to staff in Haifa, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2. NYT, 27 April 1948,2 August 1974; Washington Post, I July 1976; L.S. Witter, American Intervention in Greece. 1943-1949, (New York, 1982). Ibid, and note from Norton to FO, FO 371/68564, E 79351. On the military developments in Palestine between 14 May and II June see chapter 4. SCOR, no. 66, pp. 2-3; no. 68, p. 1; no. 72, pp. 6-16, 42; Supplement May, pp. 83, 90-6; FRUSpp. 1000 II; UNWB, vol. 4, pp. 437-48. SCOR, no. 71, pp. 41; Year Book of the United Nations, (YBUN) (1947-48) pp. 420-6.

266 54. 55. 56. 57.

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

64. 65.

66. 67. 68.

69. 70.

Bernadotte in Palestine. 1948 Austin to Marshall, 21 May 1948, FRUS, pp. 1024-6; SCOR, nos. 67, 68; Supplement 1948 p. 90; for the replies see nos. 72, 96. YBUN, pp. 420-6; Cadogan to Bevin 22 May 1948, FO 371/68555 E 6717. SCOR, 1948, mainly no. 72 and Resolutions, p. 19. SCOR, Resolutions, p. 17; USNA RG 84 Box 916, WNRC; Luard, pp. 137-9. Wasson's reports, 25 April to 22 May 1948, FRUS; also see FO 371/68507, E 6798; NYT, 5 June. FO 371/68556, passim. Bevin to Cadogan, 17 May 1948, FO 371/68553, E 6324; FRUS, 1948, p. 1025. FO 371/68558, E 7166. 'Mediation in Palestine', 26 May 1948, FO 371/68558, E 7208. See Harold Beeley's talk with Lewis Jones and Clayton on a 'need of a short war' after which 'if left alone the Arabs and Jews would tire ... and a Jewish state in defensible boundaries would emerge', USNA RG 59, 768N.OI/I-248; and Cab. 128/12, p. 167. Minutes of the British Cabinet, 22 March 1948, Cab. 128/12. On 17 May 1948, the State Department's UN Desk Officer, Dean Rusk, warned Cordier that 'if the British do not end arms shipment to the Arabs, the US would have to lift the embargo on shipment of arms to the Jews'. DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; for US embargo see Department of State Bulletin, 14 December (1947) p. 1197. Douglas to Marshall (2 cables) 22 May 1948, FRUS, pp. 1031-3. Bevin to Cadogan, 18 and 19 May 1948, FO 800/487; FRUS, pp. 1047-50. Douglas to Marshall, 29 May 1948, FRUS, p. 1072, fn. 3; Lovett to Douglas, 28 May 1948, pp. 1070-2; Cab. 128/12, 33(48)7; minute by Burrows, 27 May 1948, FO 371/68558, E 7192 and FO 800/487, pp. 155-83. SCOR, 1948, nos. 75, 76, 77 and Resolutions, p. 20. DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4, passim. CHAPTER FOUR

1.

2.

3. 4.

NYT, I June 1948. P. de Azcarate, Mission in Palestine. 1948-1952 (Washington, 1966) p. 94. The rest of the quotation is: 'I got the impression of a man preoccupied with the idea of speed and activity, anxious to appear as someone who came to the point at once and knew his own mind. There was too much activity, too much coming and going, counting minutes, taking rapid decisions and carrying them out without time for proper reflection all in a somewhat confused and chaotic manner.' Cordier-Bunche exchanges and telephone conversations, May-June, DAG 1/2.1.5, Boxes 3, 5; 'Informal Lecture by Bunche to members of UN Secretariat', 16 June 1949, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 9. FO 371/68561, E 7551.

Notes

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. II. 12. J3.

14. 15.

16. 17.

18. 19.

20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25.

267

Appreciation by Galily and Yadin, 12 May 1948, Minhelet Ha'am, Protokolim (Jerusalem, 1982). DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3; 'Meetings on Palestine', June-July, cables Cordier-Bunche, 2-9 June, Box 5; R. Bunche-B. Alexander exchange, June 1948, Bunche's Papers, UCLA, Box 91. Appreciation of the UN involvement in Palestine, 1947-1949 by Cadogan, 20 April, 1949, FO 371/75341, E 5263. Kirkbride to FO, 2 May; Cadogan to FO, 10 May and minutes by Rees-Williams, 13 May, FO 371/68547 E 5608, 68550 E 6033, 68505 E 637]; Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel (DFPI) December (1947) and May (1948) fn p. 770; UNA, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3. Sir Hugh was not given a title 'so as not to prejudice whatever de facto or dejure situation', FO 371/68551 E 6147; also FO 371/68558, E 7208. Minutes, J. Agency Executive US Branch, 3 May, Silver Archives, Cleveland, Ohio; DFPI, May-September (1948) pp. 726-7. FRUS (1948) pp. 896-7; Report, Central Zionist Archives (CZA) Jerusalem, S-25/1553 and 1559. Evans File DAG 1/2.1.4 Box 3; a pencilled note, 20 May, DAG 1/1.3.1, Box I; Cadogan (1949) op. cit.; FO 371/68554, passim. DFPI (1947-48), pp. 744-5; FRUS, pp. 907, 944; Memo by ReesWilliams, FO 371/68505 E 6371 and E 6398; J. de Reynier, A Jerusalem un drapeaujiottait sur la linage de feu (Neuchiitel, 1950) pp. 83-100. Sir Guy Campbell to the author, 4 July and 10 August 1983. FRUS, p. 1122; BMEO to FO, 6 and 22 June, FO 371/68563, E 7803 and 68566, E 8494; interview with Mrs Jerring. Minutes, DAG 13/3.3.0 Box 50. Based on the following memos by Bunche; 'Interview with Ahmed Mohamed Khachaba', 'Meeting with Nokrashi Pasha' and 'Discussion with Azzam Pasha' DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4, FO 371/68561, E 7554; To Jerusalem, pp. 17-34. To Jerusalem and the author's interview with Reedman. Cordier-Bunche telephone conversation, 10 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; Bunche-Alexander exchange; Jan Cebe-Hbersky, although on the slate of Czechoslovakia, was in fact a political emigre. 'Manning Tables' and 'UN Secretariat in Palestine', June-August, PAMP, Box43lK/l and DAG 13/3.3.1, Box I. Interviews with Reedman and Fraser-Wilkins. Interview with Reedman; Azcarate returned to the centre of the arena only at the end of Bunche's mission. Stoneman to Lie, USNA, RG 84, Box 87. On II June the assignment of the mediator's representatives was: Cairo and the Arab League - Azcarate; Tel-Aviv - Reedman; AmmanMcCabe (soon replaced by the Pakistani Ali Shamsie); Beirut - Hbersky; Fayid - Cremona; British Haifa enclave - Mashler; somewhat later Servoise was appointed to Damascus and Begley to Jerusalem; telephone conversation, Bunche - Cordier, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4, and 'UN Secretariat'. The UN Secretariat first refused to reimburse Sweden because 'Bernadotte exceeded his authority.' DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 8.

268 26.

27. 28. 29. 30.

31. 32.

33.

34.

35. 36. 37.

38. 39.

40.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Grafstrom to Hiiggl6ff 31 May, UD.HP 12/23 1948; 'Deployment of Military Observers', memo by Major Campbell, Campbell Papers and Campbell to the author. The US Embassy in Cairo was deficient due to the recent resignation of Ambassador Tuck in protest against Truman's recognition of Israel. His successor (Griffis) had not yet arrived. A permanent US Military Attache was also absent. The Soviet Legation included only a designate Minister (Schiborin) and a Counsellor (Sultanov). Patterson to Marshall, 30 May, USNA RG 59 50l.BB Palestine/5-3058; WNRC RG 84 file 800; interview with Fraser-Wilkins. Campbell to FO following discussion with the US Charge, Patterson, FO 371/68561, E 7573; Marshall to Patterson, 3 June, FRUS, p. 1095; Misc. in RG 59 50l.BB Palestine/6-148, 6-348. Interview with Reedman; FO to various capitals, 4 June. FO 371/68560, E 7487; telephone conversation, Cordier-Bunche, 8 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; To Jerusalem, p. 57. Campbell to FO with various other minutes, 3-6 June, FO 371/68560, E 7487; 68561, E 7573; 68562, E 7637; also FO 371/68563, E 7894; DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2; FO 141/1246/1/616. There were other reasons to dispose of Lund; he wanted to be a full chief of staff and was said to be too much inclined to the Zionist side. Telephone conversation, Bunche-Cordier, 15 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; Stoneman to Lie, 14 June, USNA RG 84, Box 87, DFPl(l947-1948) pp. 433-9 and 778-9; the author's interview with Haim Herzog, Jerusalem, February 1982. SCOR (1948) nos. 80, 84; telephone conversations, 9 and II June, Jessup-Rusk exchange, USNA RG 84, Box 87; Jessup to Marshall, 10 June, RG 59, 501 BB Palestine/6-1048. To Jerusalem, pp. 36-9; Marriott to FO, 3 June, FO 371/86565, E 8075; Ha 'aretz, 1-2 June; Jerring's Diary, May 31. 'Discussion with Ben Gurion', memo by Bunche, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 6; Bunche to Cordier, I June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Shertok to Eban 31 May and 2 June, DFPl pp. 104, 112; Ha'aretz, 1, 2, 3, June; D. Ben Gurion's Diaries (DBGD), 31 May. To Jerusalem, pp. 39-40; Pinkerton (from Stabler) to Secretary of State 3 June, USNA RG 59/501 BB Palestine/6-348; Ha'aretz, 2 June; FO 371/68557, E 7106 and E 7166. 'Discussion with Fawzi Mulki', I June, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 6; Bunche to Lie (2 cables), 2 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. SCOR, no. 78 (1948) pp. 16,23-4; Bunche to Cordier, 1 June. Reedman to Lie, 2 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; DBGD, I June; Ha'aretz, 3 June; NYT, 3 June. Bunche to Lie, 6 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Austin to Marshall 3 June, RG 59 HH BB Palestine/6-348. To Jerusalem, pp. 47-8; Bernadotte finally gave up British coastal supervision (never agreed in London) only on 7 June when the US Acting Attache in Cairo, Colonel Wyman assured him of American naval aid. Telephone conversation, Bunche-Cordier, 8 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4. Stabler to Secretary of State, 8 June, FRUS, pp. 1105-6; To Jerusalem,

Notes

41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

55.

56.

269

p. 50; on the shortage of ammunition in the Legion, see Kirkbride to FO 7 July, FO 371/68572, E 9447; report by Kirkbride, FO 141/1246/1/796. Only on 12 June Bunche noted: 'The Jews have a Burma Road'. A pencil notation following a discussion with Brunsson, DAG 1/2.104, Box 4. Interview with Reedman; Cab. 128/12, 34(48)1; Lippincott to Secretary of State 3 June, WNRC RG 84 File 800; Shertok to Bernadotte and to Eban (2 cables) 3 June, DFPI, pp. 117, 120-1. Bunche to Lie, 4 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; To Jerusalem, pp. 51-2; D. Ben Gurion, Medinat Ysrael Hamechudeshet, (Tel Aviv, 1969) pp. 146-9; Shertok to Eban, op. cit. 'Kenya Detainees', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 6; FO 371/68563, E 7752. IZL and LHI detainees were due to be released during the first truce but their release was delayed until mid-July. SCOR, no. 79 (1948) p. 29 and Supplement for June (1948) p. 77; Austin to Marshall, 5 June, FRUS, pp. 1098-9. Reconstruction from 'Communication & Instructions', DAG 13.3.0, Box 6; Bunche to Lie, 4 June, DAG 1.204, Box 5; To Jerusalem, pp. 55-6. Among Secretariat officials already drafted but still in New York were Vigier, Stavropoulos, Stoneman, Hbersky, Mashler, Begley, Cremona, Shamsie and Epstein. Lie to Bunche, op. cit. Bunche to Lie, 6 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; To Jerusalem, pp. 56-7. To Jerusalem, pp. 57-8; Ha'aretz, 9 June; FO 371/68561, E 7754 E 7573, and 68563, E 7744; 'Iraqi Inquiry Commission on the War in Palestine', (1954); M. Khadouri, Independent Iraq (London, 1960) pp. 272-3. Report to Mapai Party Centre, July 1948, Israel Labour Party Archives; Shertok to Eban, DFPI, p. 132. Shertok to Eban, pp. 129-30; telephone conversation, Bunche-Cordier, 8 June; To Jerusalem, pp. 59-60; interview with Reedman. Exchange with FO; FO 371/6859, E 7582, E 7277; 68560, E 7497; 68561, E 7554 and E 7582; also FRUS (1948) pp. 1099-1100. To Jerusalem, p. 63; interview with Mrs Jerring; in his own book Bernadotte said he suffered from dysentry (p. 72). SCOR, Supplement June (1948), p. 81; interview with Reedman. Because of the lack of their own network, the telegram was sent through a series of cumbersome channels. Cr., 'Communication Instructions', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 6; 'To the Egypt Foreign Ministry by hand. To Iraq via British Legation. To Lebanon via Egypt's Foreign Ministry. To Saudi Arabia through British Embassy. To Syria through Egypt's Foreign Ministry. To Transjordan through Egyptian Foreign Ministry [sic], To the Yemen via British Embassy. To Israel via British ... Haifa, etc.'; see FO 141/1246/1/616. Bernadotte was put out by Farouk's arrogant teasing, such as why the Swedes were keen to save Jews during the war. Bernadotte replied that he would have acted similarly if Arabs were the victims of Nazism. The King said that there must have been Jewish blood in Bernadotte's veins, and so on. Interview with Mrs Jerring; To Jerusalem, pp. 69-72; Persson, p. 131. Bunche-Cordier telephone conversation, 6 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4;

270

57.

58.

59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.

65.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Reedman-Shertok talk, DAG 13/3.3.3, Box 1; the Israeli message, accepted the terms 'unconditionally', but insisted on the implementation of the supply arrangements and on thorough inspection of Arab ports and border crossings. DFPI, pp. 76-8. Telephone conversations, Cordier-Ross, 10 June and Jessup-Beeley, USNA, RG 84, Box 87; 'A scheme for Truce Supervision' (mimeographed); Sir Guy to the author; Marshall-Forrestall exchange, 6-8 June (notes by Ohly) USNA RG 59, 501 BB Palestine/6-748, 6-848; 'Progress Report of the UN Mediator on Palestine', GAOR, 3rd session Supplement 7-12 p. 32. Bunche to Cordier, 12 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Price-Malania 15 September [sic] Box 8; the Swedish Colonels were Thord Bonde, Carl Bonde, George Gardin, Nils Brunsson and Eric de Laval, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2. Bunche to Cordier, 12 June; Bunche's Lecture. Bunche to Cordier, 12 June; interview with Dr Walter Eytan, Jerusalem, July 1980; To Jerusalem, p. 82. Stoneman to Lie, 14 June, USNA, RG 84, Box 87; Lippincott to Patterson, 12 June, WNRC File 870 RG 84; interview with Reedman; Bunche's Lecture, op. cit. Interview with Mills; Report by Willingham, 10-18 June, USNA RG 59, 867.01/6-2048. 'Operational Journal' (a diary kept by Lt Colonel Hamilton Hunter, Bonde's Chief of Operations) 10-13 June, PAMP. 'Orders to UN Observers' file, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2. 'A Talk with Jamil Mardam', 12 June, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 17; Meminger to the Secretary of State, 12 June, USNA, RG 59 501 BB Palestine/6-1248; 'The First truce' unsigned, undated memo, PAMP Box 431/KI; Ha'aretz, 12 June. FRUS,p. 1107; UNWB, vol. 4, no. 12,p.469;A. W.CordierandW. Foote, Public Papers of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, vol. I (New York, 1969) pp. 13, 131-5; Persson, p. 132. CHAPTER FIVE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bernadotte to Lie 19 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; 'Notes on Procedure' by Bunche, 14 June, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16. 'The First Truce', undated memorandum oflate July related to Colonel Bonde, PAMP, Box 43IK/1. But on 4 July Lebanon notified Bernadotte's representative, Hbersky, that it was responsible for Kaukji's forces. Report of 6 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4.1. Kaukji himself never admitted this. Those 'irregulars' were responsible for blowing up Jewish synagogues in the abandoned Old Jewish Quarter. Beaumont to FO, 2 August, FO 371/68507, E 7043. See chapter 9. From now on summaries of the military movements are based on US, British and Israeli archives [most documents from Archion Zahal (lDF Archives) are not quotable]. They are also based on published accounts,

Notes

7. 8. 9.

10.

II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25. 26.

27. 28.

271

the most recent of which is M. Pail, in Y. Ben Aryeh (ed.), Hahistoria shel Eretz Ysrael, vol. 10 (Jerusalem, 1983) pp. 172-209. See also N. Lorch, The Edge of the Sword (New York, 1961). Wherever a discrepancy between sources was found, the judgement of the author prevailed. J. B. Glubb, A Soldier With the Arabs (New York, 1957) p. 125. DBGD, 5 and 6 June; T.N. Dupuy, Elusive Victory (New York, 1978) p. 19. Sir Guy to the author, July and August, 1983; 'Disposition of Observers', Sir Guy's Private Papers, Padbury, Buckingham; 'A system of Truce Supervision', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16; Hunter Diary, 12 and 13 June. Hunter, passim; FRUS, p. 1094; 'The First Truce'; Rusk to Cordier, 15 June, USNA RG 59 501 BB Palestine/6-1548; telephone conversation, Cordier-Bunche, 15, 16 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; Progress Report, pp. 32-3. FRUS, p. 1094; DAG 13/3.3.1, Boxes I, 2, passim. Hunter, op. cit, 12, 13, 14and 15 June. Hunter, 20 June; Mack to FO, 12 June, FO 371/68567, E 8727; Bonde to Wimberley, 15 June, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2 and Box 29. However, Azcarate is not accurate in saying that there was no inspection at Egyptian ports at all. See DAG 13/3.3.5, Box I. Bunche, 'Lecture'; Hunter, op. cit, 14 June; for a discussion of the application of the British embargo, see chapter 7. Bunche-Cordier telephone conversation; interview with Reedman. P. Vasse, Hamesima Rechesh (Tel Aviv, 1966) pp. 236-46. Vasse, passim; M. Mardur, Shlichut Aluma (Tel Aviv, 1959) pp. 293-6; BMEO to FO, 17 June, FO 371/68661, E 9198, E 8216. Hunter, passim; 'UN Guard' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16 and DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5 and DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2. Stoneman to Lie, 14 June, USNA, RG 84, Box 87. Exchange FO-Norton mid-June, FO 371/68566, E 8431; 68568, E 8431; 68568, E 8970, E 6876, E 10107; 'British Consul at Rhodes' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5. To Jerusalem, p. 92. Ekstrand, NYT, 7 and II July; interview with Mrs Jerring. Interviews with Mills and Reedman; Mashler to the author, August 1983; Mann, p. 231. Hunter, 19 June; Bonde to RAF Squadron 651, 12 July, 'TruceWithdrawal' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16; meeting with General Kirkman, 18 June, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box IS. Draft, RG 84 Box 178; Forrestall to Marshall, 18 June, USNA, RG 84 Box 87; Seaward to Bunche, 12 September, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16 and DAG 13/3.3.1, Box I; 'Headquarters Callender' by Captain Daniel T. Eddy, various entries, DAG 1/13.3.1, Box 2. Bunche, 'Lecture'; 'Meetings of Palestine' file, (Cordier's office) 7-12 June; also Lie to Austin 12 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3. 'UN Signals Orders', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box IS; telephone conversation Cordier-Bunche, 9-20 June; Communications file, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; McClintock to Satterthwaite, 24 June, USNA, RG 84 Box 87.

272 29. 30.

31. 32.

33. 34.

35. 36. 37. 38.

39.

40. 41.

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 FRUS, p. 1122.

'Organization and Procedure adopted by UN Mediator and Acting Mediator', 6 June 1949 [sic], DAG 13/3.3.0. Box 24 pp. 21, 27; 'Truce-Withdrawal' file; 'Missions', DAG 1/13.3.1, Box 2. DAG 1/2.104, Box 4; interview with Reedman. Various papers, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4 and DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 15; FRUS, p. 1119; in the interview with Reedman, Reedman called Brunsson 'a great diplomat', but Brunsson had weak points. He was imprudent with money and secrecy, taking into his confidence two Swedes, Theo and Johan Larsson, whom the Israelis suspected of espionage (and actually expelled). Bunche did not trust Brunsson very much. Subsequent UN investigation discovered 'financial mismanagement'. SCOR, Supplement for July 1949, p. 54. DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5; FRUS, p. 1177; FO 371/68561, E 9198 and E 8216; a US diplomat, Lewis Jones, one of the better-informed American experts (who defined himself as 'an Arab lover') admitted: 'We should have known better about Jewish envigoration and Arab stagnation'. An appreciation of August 1948, USNA, RG 84 Box 87. 'The First Truce', and Progress Report. Glubb, op. cit, pp. 144-5. Progress Report, p. 33; SCOR, Supplement for July, pp. 64-73. Two exhaustive researches on the Altalena affair which appeared in Israel 30 years later, are still strongly coloured with the emotional and ideological schism prevailing in 1948: S. Nakdimon, Altalena (Jerusalem, 1978) and U. Brener, Altalena (Tel Aviv, 1978). Report by Cremona and other papers, DAG 13/3.3.3, Box 1. The Israelis were worried about their own clandestine ships, namely SS In co and Mistrella with, respectively, 200 and 750 tons of war materials due to arrive at about the same time; Vasse, op. cit; DBGD, 21 June; also Medinat Yisrael Hamechudeshet, pp. 179-80. 'Altalena' files, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 7 and 13/3.3.3, Box I; SCOR, Supplement for July, pp. 13-18; Bernadotte to Lie 23 June. Shertok to Bonde 21 June; Shertok's exchange with Cremona 26 June, DFPl, pp. 197, 222, SCOR, Supplement: To Jerusalem, p. 116; 'Altalena' file; Shiloah to Shertok 22 June, DFPl, pp. 204-6; 'Headquarters Callender', 21 June. Yadin to Ben Gurion, 16 June, DFPl, pp. 174 and 195-6; 'Food Convoy to Negev' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 7; Exchange with Azcarate, 19-30 June, DAG 13/3.3.5, Box 1. 'Azcarate Exchange; Hunter, 24 and 25 June; Reports by Queru, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 2; SCOR, Supplement for July, pp. 7-11. Reedman to Bernadotte, 4 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Ha'aretz, 25, 26, 27 June and 2 July; UNWB, vol. 5, p. 564. The number of Jews in Jerusalem, quoted in DBGD of 25 June, was 112,000. Reports by Brunsson and Begley, DAG 13/3.3.1, Boxes 5 and 12; D. Joseph, The Faithful City (New York, 1960) pp. 230-3. DBGD, 25 June; undated note, 'Jerusalem' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 7; To Jerusalem, p. 140; Joseph, op. cit.

Notes 48. 49. 50.

51. 52.

273

McCabe correspondence with de Reynier, DAG 13/3.3.1, Box 15; Ha'aretz, 13 June; Ma'ariv, 21 June; Bernadotte to Rugger, FBP Box 40; Bunche to Cordier, 15 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. Sir Hugh Dow to FO, 20 June, FO 371/68566, E 8502; also Patterson to Secretary of State, 23 June, USNA, RG 59 BB Palestine/6-2348. Reports by Brunsson and Begley; Burdett to the Secretary of State, 24 June, WNRC RG 84 Box 915; Ha'aretz, 16, 17, 1820,22,24, and 28 June; FRUS, 1948, p. 1112; Hunter, 18, 19,20,21,23 June; 'Manning Tables'. The 'Burma Road' had two parts: one in the lower hills bypassing Latrun and another, very steep, bypassing Bab el Wad. The first was under Israel's full control and suitable for all vehicles. On the second road, vehicles had to be towed and were threatened by Legion fire. To maximise its options, Israel needed UN auspices for a safe conduct through Latrun and the use of Bab el Wad. Ha'aretz, op. cit; Ma'ariv, 20 and 27 June; To Jerusalem, p. 140. DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; seo R, Supplement for July 1948, p. 89. CHAPTER SIX

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Interview with Mrs Jerring. Tentative Programme of ... Action Next Week', memo by H. Vigier, 14 June, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16. 'Notes on Procedure' and 'Mediation Procedure' of 14 June, signed RJB, DAG, op. cit. 'Questions Put by the United Nations Mediator to the Jews (the Arabs) ... Representatives', 14 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4. Ibid, and entries in Mrs Jerring's diary, 14-23 June. The following memoranda, traced to the preparations of the first Bernadotte plan will henceforth be referred to by their abridged title only: Title Author Date Citation (Untitled) 14 June Bernadotte DAG/13.3.0 14 June DAG/I3.3.0 Notes on Procedure Bunche Bernadotte unknown DAG/13.3.0 A Statement Vigier Tentative Pro14 June DAG/I3.3.0 gramme Stavropoulos Good Offices and 14 June DAG/I3.3.0 Mediation 14 June FBP Questions Put by Bunche the UN Mediator Bunche 14 June FBP Memorandum Bernadotte 21 June FBP Memorandum 24 June FBP Memorandum Re- Bernadotte garding the Future Construction of Palestine Comments on Re- Reedman 19 June DAG/13.3.0 cent Developments in Palestine

274

7. 8. 9.

10.

II.

12. 13.

14.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Title

Author

Date

Citation

Outline Proposals for a Compromise Solution Notes on Jerusalem Outlines of Suggestions Communication from the Foreign Office A Real Union of Palestine Union of Palestine Demilitarization of Jerusalem Special Arrangements for the Port of Haifa and the Airport of Lydda Draft Suggestions for Presentation by the Mediator to the Parties Outlines of Compromise Suggestions

Reedman

24 June

PAMP

Mohn Bunche

24 June 24 June

DAG/I3.3.0 DAG/l3.3.0

Stavropoulos

24 June

DAG/13.3.0

Stavropoulos

Undated

DAG/I3.3.0

Mohn (1) Mohn (1)

Undated 25 June

DAG/I3.3.0 DAG/I3.3.0

Stavropoulos

26 June

DAG/I3.3.0

Bunche

26 June

DAG/I3.3.0

Bunche

26 June

DAG/13.3.0

Interviews with Reedman and Mills; Epstein to the author and Mills to the author. Untitled memo, 14 June, and 'Memorandum Regarding the Future Construction', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 45. Bunche to Cordier, 15 and 16 June, DAG 1/2.104, Box 5; HoustounBoswell to FO, 16 June, FO 371/68565, E 8137; Report of meeting with the negotiation committee, 16 June, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 43; Persson, p. 239; the Egyptian Mail, 17 June; To Jerusalem, pp. 99-100; Mrs.Jerring's Diary. Mrs Jerring's Diary and author's interview with her. Shertok to Goldmann, 15 June, DFPI, p. 163. 'Discussion with Bernadotte and his Men' 17 and 18 June, DFP1, pp. 181-5; FO 371/68565, E 8141; Bunche to Cordier, 19 June, DAG 1/2.104, Box 4; To Jerusalem, p. 105. Exchange between the Israeli delegation to Rhodes and Sharett, 22, 24 and 25 June, DFPI, pp. 204-6, 212-18; author's interview with Elkana Gali, Tel Aviv, June 1980; A. Shouqairi, arbaina yawman ft'l hayat al arabiya wa'l dawliya (Beirut, 1972), pp. 290-300; Persson, pp. 141-4 where Cattan's Diary is quoted. To Jerusalem, p. 215. There is no record of any Israeli 'refusal' to talk to the Arabs. But note Sharett's condition that Israel will meet the Arabs 'if it was preliminary to peace', DFPI, p. 182.

Notes 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

30.

31. 32. 33. 34.

275

Blinche to Lie, 19, 26 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; Shiloah and Kohn to Shertok, 25 June, DFPl, p. 182. Azcarate-Bunche exchange, March 1948, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4. T. Lie, In the Cause of Peace (New York, 1954) pp. 98-9,166-71; R. B. Russell, United Nations Experience with Military Forces (Washington, 1964) pp. 3, 12, 18,47-8; Luard, pp. 102-105; Position File 867N.01(7747, USNA. Jackson to Lie, 'Most Secret and persona!!', 10 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3; Cordier's exchange with Bunche, 7 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Sir Robert Jackson to the author, 5 October 1983. Stoneman to Lie, 18 June and Bunche to Lie, 21 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; Bernadotte to Lie, 19 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Exchange Bunche-Cordier, 19-23 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3. Marshall to Jessup, 23 June, FRUS, pp. 1138--40. Lie to Bernadotte, 21 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. Record of a telephone conversation, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4. To Jerusalem, p. 133; for Jackson's visit and the UN Force see DAG 1/2.1.4, Boxes 4, 5; papers in that regard shown to Bernadotte were marked: 'Read and Destroy' (some survived). Interview with Reedman. 'Outlines of Proposals', 'Comments on Recent' and 'Demilitarization of Jerusalem', see fn. 6 above. Weizmann to Ben Gurion, 12 June, 1948, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, vol. xiii (Jerusalem, 1980) p. 136; 'Palestine, Possible Frontiers Revision', FO 371/68567, E 8764. McClintock to Rusk, I July and a memo by Jessup, 30 June, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1172 fn. and 1161-1171. Douglas to Marshall, 3 July, USNA, RG 59. BB Palestine 7/348 and 'Outline of Compromise Suggestions'. 'A Real Union of Palestine'; Mohn's opposition to Bunche's ruling is contained in: 'The future of Jerusalem', II November 1948, PAMP, Box 431/KI, and in his memoirs (1966) quoted by Persson. Also in Bernadotte to Magnes, 27 July, FBP Box 40. 'Memorandum Regarding' and 'Draft of Suggestions'. The text shows a shallow understanding of some of the issues under discussion: the potential fertility of the Negev was a basic Zionist claim whereas Western Galilee had never been agriculturally 'attractive'. Transjordan always had 'access to the Red Sea' at Aqaba, and Jaffa (deserted by almost all its Arab inhabitants) was no longer 'an isolated Arab port'. This was not surprising, for it was only on 25 June that a map of truce-frontiers became available. Diary of Captain Eddy. Consultation on 16 June between Bevin, Wright and Burrows, FO 371/68566, E 8443 and FO 141/1246/1(796. 'The Haifa oil refineries', Palestine Affairs, August (1948); Cab. 129/29, CP (48)208, pp. 133-5; see also: FRUS, 1948, pp. 1122-3; 'Draft Suggestions'; interview with Reedman. 'Draft Suggestions' and 'Outlines of Compromise'; To Jerusalem, pp. 126-31. Minutes, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16; To Jerusalem, pp. 131-2; SCOR,

276

3S. 36. 37.

38. 39.

40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. SO. 51.

52.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Supplement July 1948, pp. 18-21; 'Plebiscite', in PAMP, Box 431K/1. Two days later copies were sent to Hbersky in Beirut and Servoise in Damascus, but not to Shamsie in Amman and the Syrian President of the Security Council [sic]. 'Check List on Palestine', I July, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1171-9. 'Checklist', Marshall to Jessup, 23 June; Bunche to Mohn, I July. PAMP, Box 431K/I; Bunche to Azcarate, 2 July, DAG 13/3.3.0. Box 5; To Jerusalem, pp. 137-42. Cab. 128/13, CM 47(48)2; FO 371/68961, E 8969. On the state of ammunition in the Arab armies see Kirkbride to FO, 12 July, FO 371/68572, E 9447; Campbell to FO, 16 July, FO 371/68574. E 9647; and FO 141/1246 passim. Report by Pinkerton, USNA, RG 59, BB. Palestine/6-1848; a CIA report, 7 July, FRUS, 1948 p. 1200. Medinat Yisrael Hamechudeshet, p. 211; FO 371/68570, E 9285. Bunche to Lie, 8 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; King Abdullah of Jordan, My Memories Completed (Washington, 1954) pp. 24-5; DFPI, pp. 189, 310; BMEO Reports FO 371/68566. E 8627 and 68568, E 8937. Shertok-Bernadotte talk, 5 July, DFPI, pp. 262-4; Medinat Yisrael. p. 126; Reedman to Bunche, 'Replies on Suggestions' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16. DBGD, 2, 11 July; the author's interview with Chaim Herzog, February 1982. Beeley's talk with Lynton, 1 July, DFPI, p. 271; Bevin's report in Cabinet, Cab. 128/13,46(48)2; Cadogan to FO, 2 July, FO 371/68568, E 8937. Eban to Gromyko, 30 June, Israeli State Archives (ISA), 93.03/73/3/; the author's interview with Eban, Jerusalem, December 1983; SCOR, 1948, no. 93, pp. 1-13. TASS, Novai Vermia and Moscow Radio (DDWBvol. I) 2 July. Reports in 'Prolongation of the Truce', file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16; Ha'aretz, Ma'ariv, Yediot Acharonot, 4, 5, 6 July; Egyptian Mail, 3, 4 July. Shertok to Bernadotte, 5 July, DFPI, pp. 262-4; Medinat Yisrael, pp. 212-5. Bernadotte to the President of the Security Council, 5 July, SCOR, Supplement for July 1948, pp. 24-5; exchange FO-Cadogan, 5,6,7 July, FO 371/68569, E 9117, E 9123, E 9177. Drafts and final form in 'Prolongation of Truce' file. On the development of the question of intern at ion ali sation, see chapter 8. 'Demilitarization of the City of Jerusalem', 5 July, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16; DFPI, p. 266; To Jerusalem, pp. 147-8. Minutes of 6, 7 July meetings in Tel Aviv and exchange with Bernadotte on those dates, DFPI, pp. 279-90 and 29S-7. SCOR, Supplement, April 1953 [sic] Annex pp. 30-1; Brunsson-Lash Exchange, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5 and DFPI, p. 257; Beaumont and others to FO, FO 371/68607, E 670S, 68509, E 7324, E 8780. FO 371/68568, E 8882; 'Line to be Taken by HMG in Dealing with Arab States in the Closing Stage of the Truce'; Bevin to various Legations 2 and 3 July, FO 371/68568, E 8969; Cab. 128/13, CM 47(48)2: 68; see also DFPI, pp. 303-4 and 310.

Notes 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

60.

61.

277

Kirkbride to FO, 8 July, FO 371/68569, E 9173; FRUS, 1948, pp. 163-5; cf. The Memoirs of Abdulla al Tel (Hebrew Translation, Tel Aviv, 1960) pp. 195-203. Cables in DAG 1/2.1.4, Box5; FO 371, E 9174. Report on the interrogation of an Egyptian officer and an operations order, captured by Israel in the Negev, SCOR, Supplement, July 1948, pp.37-40. Kirkbride to FO, 9 July, FO 371/68570, E 9295; Bunche's correspondence with Countess Bernadotte and Svanstrom, 1949, Bunche's Private Papers, UCLA, Box 99; Persson, pp. 158-60. Malania's report, September 1948, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. Bevin to various legations, FO 371/68569, E 9071; Douglas to Marshall, II July and Jessup to Marshall, 10 July, FRUS, pp. 1210-11 and 1205-8. 'Ajax' and 'Express' orders signed by Colonel Hunter, DAG 13(3.3.1, Box 15 and 13/3.3.0, Box 16; record of telephone conversation Bunche-Cordier, 6 June, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 4; notes in 'TruceWithdrawal' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16. Telephone conversation Cordier-Bunche, 6 June and also 8 June; Telephone conversation Bernadotte-Shertok, 8 July, SCOR, SCOR Supplement for July 1948, pp. 37-9; various notes in 'Truce Withdrawal' file. SCOR Supplement for July 1948, pp. 33-4, 37-9. CHAPTER SEVEN

I.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12.

Mrs Jerring's Diary, 12-16 July; To Jerusalem, pp. 166-7. Ekstrand, op. cit; NYT, 13 July; UNWB, vol. 5, no. 3. Bunche to Bernadotte, retrospectively, 19 August; 'Bunche: New York Trip' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5; NYT, 13 July and 11 August. Reedman to Lie, 13 July, 'Demilitarization' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 6; 'Working Plan as from 19 July', a memo by Bunche, Box 16; To Jerusalem, pp. 166-7; exchange FO-Cadogan, 12-14 July, FO 371/68572, E 9437, E 9476, E 9514-5. Ibid. Notes by Jackson, 14 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Douglas to Marshall, 12 July, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1214-15; DFPI, pp. 324-7. 'Report of the UN Mediator on Palestine to the Security Council', SCOR, Supplement for July 1948, pp. 47-63. And it makes little difference that practically Bunche authored these lines. Keeley to Marshall, 12 July, RG 59, 50l.BB Palestinef7-1248. Houstoun-Boswell to FO, 16 July, FO 371/68574, E 9645. Exchange Bevin-Cadogan, op. cit. Lawford to Beeley, 16 July, FO 371/68575, E 9836; UNWB, vol. 5, pp. 592-3; see also Eban to Weizmann, 10 July, DFPI, pp. 312-17. FRUS, 1948, pp. 1223-4 and fn.; Cadogan's reports 12-15 July, FO 371/68572-3, E 9473, E 9514, E 9515; SCOR, 1948, nos. 95,96,98. SCOR, 1948, 'Resolutions', p. 22; Bernadotte: exchange with governments, Supplement for July 1948, pp. 80-1; UNWB, 1948, vol. 5, p. 598; DFPI, pp. 338-9; DBGD, 16, 17 July.

278 13.

14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Hbersky to Bunche, 17 July, 'Replies on Demilitarization' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 6; reports by Mack and others, FO 371/68574, E 9645, E 9573, E 9652; FRUS, 1948, pp. 1229-30, and fn, p. 1234. Note Sir John Glubb's Psalm epigramma to the Chapter dealing with the ten-day war: 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills from whence cometh my help', Glubb, p. 155 and Abdullah Tel, pp. 224-30. Kunniholm and Patterson to the Secretary of State, 20, 22 July, RG 59, CS/v 501.BB Palestine/2048, 2248; SCaR, Supplement for July 1948, pp.79-82. DFPl, p. 364. Minutes, 24 July, Israel Labour Party Archives; DBGD, 2, 11, 12, 15, 16,17,18 July; Medinat Yisrael, pp. 247-8. 90,000 acording to CIA sources. The above appreciation is based on the following sources: (a) CIA Report for 27 July, FRUS, 1948, and Appendices 'A', 'B', 'C' (courtesy of CIA, Freedom of Information Division); (b) entries in DBGD, particularly 22 August, 18 September; (c) Pail, op cit. When discrepancies appear between sources, the choice is the author's. 'Meeting on Palestine', 15 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 3. Pencilled note dictated to Bunche by Bernadotte, 4 August, 'Bunche NY Trip' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5. Bernadotte to Colonel Hamilton Hunter, 27 July, FBP, Box 39. Rusk to Marshall via General Carter, 4 August, RG 59, CS/v, 501.BB Palestine/8-448; on Jackson's efforts, see his exchange with Adrian Pelt, 23 July-3 August DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 7. Bernadotte to Marshall, 20 July; Jessup to Marshall, 21 July; and Marshall to J. J. Macdonald, 28 July and fn., FRUS, pp. 1231, 1235, 1251-2; Commander Jackson to Bernadotte, 22 July, FBP, Box 39; Sir Robert Jackson to the author, October 1983. FRUS, 1948, p. 1235. W. Millis, The Forrestal Diaries (New York, 1951) p. 411; J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, The Presidency of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1977) pp. 284, 370-1. The thesis of Truman's awareness of his dependence on the Jewish vote and his consequent political conduct has been widely elaborated upon in many places, but see particularly Z. Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, 1945-1948 (New York, 1979); less known is the fact that the more popular FDR, for whom American Jews overwhelmingly voted, beat Dewey in 1944 in the heavily Jewish-populated states by a rather narrow margin which was absolutely due to the Jewish vote. Note what it amounts to: State Conn. Del. III. Md. Mass.

Electors in the Electoral College

Roosevelt Margin Over Dewey

8 3 26

44619 11660 140165 22541 113946

8

16

Notes

22476 62448 46182 26874 316591 105431 51869 (out of 227 needed to be elected) In Ohio Dewey won by a margin of 11 530 votes. These figures were put before Truman by Max Lowenthal, a special presidential adviser. Contacts: Sack~Lowenthal, September 1947. Sack to Shapiro, JA Drawer, SA. For Truman's nomination torments see Donovan, pp. 402-47; on the agreement between the presidential candidates, see Rusk to Marshall, FRUS, 1948, p. 1463 and Epstein to Silver, 8 August SA, 'Jewish Agency 1948~9' drawer. Noted in the margin of a telegram from Douglas, RG 59, CS/v 501.BB Palestine/8~248; 'Instruction to Senior US Military Observer', DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 8. See in particular 'Assistance to Count Bernadotte' of 4 August, an interdepartmental inquiry about the delay, RG 59, FW 501.BB Palestine/8-448, USNA. 'Assistance'; UNPR/Pal/234 of 2 August. Ha'aretz, 8 August, quoting a recent press conference with the mediator's spokesman; J. J. Macdonald to Marshall, I August, where the figures are slightly different: 30 Americans, 50 French and 47 Belgians, FRUS, 1948, p. 1265. 'Assistance'; Macdonald to Marshall, 1 August, FRUS, pp. 1265~6; the record of Macdonald's visit has been eliminated by Bunche from the text of To Jerusalem. UNPR, op. cit; for lists of men and equipment, see Lie to Jessup, 16 July and Malania to Brown, 17 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 8. FRUS, p. 1243. 'Assistance'; Forrestal to Marshall 3 August, RG 59, VL 501.BB Palestine/8~348; Bunche to Bernadotte, 11 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 9. Pelt to Jackson, 30 July, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 7. Macdonald to Marshall, I August, FRUS, pp. 1264-5. From the beginning of the truce until checks in Israeli ports were resumed, arms ships were unloaded in Israeli ports on 25 July, 6 and 10 August. Typically, not much had changed later, as more ships unloaded on 20, 30 August, I September and so on. Vasse, pp. 184-5, 198~9; on Iraqi reinforcements, see Iraqi Inquiry Commission (the author used the Hebrew translation of 1954) pp. 106-8; DBGD, 6 September. Cables exchange Jackson~Pelt, and information from Colonel Simonin, the 1st Section, French Army, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 7. Progress Report, p. 38; Report on arrival of French, Belgian and Swedish observers, DAG 1/2.1.4, Boxes 7 and 5. Papers in 'System of Truce Supervision' file, including exchange between Mich. Minn. Mo. N.J. N.Y. Pa. R.I. Total

25.

26. 27. 28. 29.

30. 31. 32. 33.

34. 35. 36.

37. 38.

39.

279

19 11 15 16 47 35 4 208

280

40.

41. 42. 43.

44.

45. 46. 47. 48.

49.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Bernadotte and Colonel Mom, 26, 27 July and notes in margins of British reports on aeroplane smuggling, DAG 13/3.3.0, Boxes 6,16. US 81 Congress, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearing to Amend the United Nations Participation Act of 1945, pp. 7-8; Report by Malania, 12 January 1949 and Wilkins-Ohly exchange on the subject of equipment, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 8. Interviews with Reedman and Mills; J. G. McDonald, My Mission in Israel, 1948-1951 (New York, 1951) pp. 65-6; also Azcarate, p. 100. Minutes on a talk in Beirut, 16 September, PAMP, Box 431 K/ I. 'The Second Truce', PAMP, op. cit; Progress Report, p. 38; Shertok's talk with Bernadotte, DFPI, p. 414; SCaR, Supplement October 1948, pp. 51, 57-8; Ha'aretz, 11 August; Lundstrom's Haifa press conference, 15 September, Davar, Al Hamishmar, 16 September; see also Azcarate, p. 101. Reports in 'Aircrafts' and other files, DAG 1/2.1.4, Boxes 5, 7, 8, 9 and 'Truce-Supervision' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 16. In October the size of the mediator's forces reached its all-time peak. The number of men and their distribution by nationality and rank are as follows: Officers

NCOs

Total

USA France Belgium Civ. Air crews

90 89 34

144 16 41

234 105 75 16

Total

213

201

430

His air fleet included 22 aircraft: 9 Rapids, 5 Consuls, 4 Austers, 3 C-47, 1 personal Dakota. Report by Malania, 2 January 1949, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 7. UNWB, vol. 3, pp. 505-6; YBUN, 1948/9, pp. 172,876-9. Report to the Security Council, 12 August and its discussion in FO 371/68584, E 11361; Progress Report, pp. 38--40. Vasse, op. cit. Hansard, Commons, vol. 459, col. 838. Israel's attempt to disprove the statement actually helps to corroborate it. In an Israeli release, counting instances of British breach of the embargo the following cases stand out: (a) An unexplained mooring of 3 British ships, SS Bardistan, Carintos and Derryheen in the port of Basra during the first truce (no explicit accusation was made); (b) a supply of several thousand artillery and AA shells to the Egyptian army during the October campaign; (c) repair work on some 12 Iraqi 'Fury' fighter-bombers given to Iraq before the embargo but remaining out of operation at the Rashid and Mosul airfields. In fact, they remained non-operational. See 'Britain Violates UN Ban on Arms Shipment in the Palestine War', 14 December, J.A. Drawer, SA. Surely, there were other instances of British arms gifts, but it is safe to conclude that British clandestine support to the Arabs never matched Soviet aid to Israel. Stabler to Marshall, 8 September, Box 915, file 800, RG 84, WRNC; M. Pail, pp. 120, 122--4; Dupuy, pp. 91-2.

Notes 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.

63.

64. 65. 66.

67. 68.

281

Campbell to FO 16 July, FO 371/68574, E 9645. CIA, Appendix C, p. 17; reports by Campbell and Kirkbride, FO 371/68572-4, mentioned above and FO 141/1246 passim. Note also Ben Gurion's remark, based on intelligence appreciation, DBGD, 12 August. M. Naguib, Egypt's Destiny (London, 1955) pp. 16-17; DBGD of 12 August; also Iraqi Inquiry Commission, pp. 106-8. For Israel's date see DBGD, 20 August, 15, 17 September. For the Arabs see CIA, and Appendix C, 'Arab Arms Supply'. Ibid, Appendix B, 'Israeli Arms Supply' and fn. 19 above. But some of Israel's acquisitions also proved unusable. CIA Report, FRUS, pp. 1244, 1279-84; DBGD, 22 August, 9 September and so on. According to CIA sources of July, of the 12 Syrian tanks, only 3 were operational and of the 50 Egyptian tanks 25 were, CIA, Appendix C, ibid. Pail, pp. 122-33; DBGD, 15,20 September. On the development ofIDF operational strength during the summer, the best summary is Y. Gelber, Garin Letzava Ivri Sadir (Jerusalem, 1986) chapter 5. Progress report, p. 41; DBGD, 22 July, 11 November, 1 December; DFPI, p. 284; Pail, pp. 210-16. Medinat Yisrael, p. 249. DBGD, 28 July, 1,2,3,12 August. DBGD, 12,26 August, 8, 9 September. See below pp. 173-4. DFPI, pp. 453, 463, 486,492 and fns; SCOR, Supplement August 1948, pp. 145-6; R. Gabbay, Political Study of the Arab-Jewish Conflict: The Arab Refugee Problem (Geneve, 1959) p. 152 fn. 'Working Plan ... to be Established from July 19', DAG 13/3.3, Box 16; 'Notes on the Approach to the Jews' and 'Notes to be Emphasized in Talks with the Arabs', 23, 25 July; 'Notes on Armistice as a Goal' and 'Points to be Discussed with Shertok' both of23 July, PAMP, op. cit. Pencilled notes, see fn. 20 above. Ibid. Still, due to Bernadotte, Israel's Magen David Adorn entered the conference as an 'observer', a gesture which he balanced by putting relief to the Arab refugees on the agenda and appointing the Swedish Major H. Brunes special emissary connected with that issue. 'Internationell verksameht', SRCYB, 1948, pp. 2,17-18; DFPI, p. 487. 'Internationell verksameht', SRCYB, 1946 [sic] pp. 138-9 and 1947, pp. 134-6. Bernadotte's instructions to Bunche late in July are given in mental shorthand: 'significance of Latrun pump to the truce: Mt. Scopus, Augusta Victoria, Latrun; UN prestige. 40 guards for Latrun, 100 to Mt. Scopus. Demilitarization of Jerusalem impossible unless the previous agreement is carried out. Views of the US, UK, France on the nature of a settlement: boundaries, split ... Arab states; merge with Transjordan; Jerusalem; political importance of solving Arab refugees; procedure in the GA. Factors disturbing the Mediator; slowness of US reequipment; US Marines (Marshall, Sherman, Macdonald); Swedish govt. veto of Count's request for troops; his position undermined if UN

282

69. 70. 71. 72. 73.

74. 75. 76.

77. 78. 79.

80. 81.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 loses prestige. Reasons for his decision to send (Bunche) to Washington ... Mediator bowed to US wishes re Russian participation - has never revealed this ... if the US cannot save the situation he will ... go again to the Security Council. Unless he can get a minimum essential support he will resign .. .' Pencilled notes, ibid. From interviews with Mrs Jerring and Mrs Ekstrand. Kohn's 'Notes' of27 July and Kohn to Shertok, 5 August, DFPl, p. 415, 463 and ISA, 93.01/2180/21,passim. Eban to Shertok, Eban to Ross, 10, 12 July, DFPl, pp. 312, 319-23. The author's interview with Eban, ibid. FO 371/68575, E 9893, E 10004. The Problem of Jerusalem', 16 July, and 'The Future of Jerusalem', 2 November, by Mohn, PAMP Box 431K/l; a memo by Sargent, 9 August, FO 371/68578, E 10451; Reedman, interview. Houston-Boswell to FO, 26 July, FO 371/68575, E 10075; DFPl, pp. 281, 296; To Jerusalem, p. 163, 186. Reedman to Shertok, 22 July, and Shertok to Bernadotte 25 July, DFPl, pp. 375-8 and fn., 402-7; Shertok to Eban, 22 July, ISA, 130.009/2329/1. Bernadotte's Meeting with Shertok, 26 July and Shertok to Reedman, DFPl, pp. 409-14, 424-5. Medinat Yisrael, pp. 246--7; Joseph, pp. 320-8; Shertok to Weizmann, 22 August, DFPl, pp. 369-70. Medinat Yisrael, pp. 281-8; DBGD, II August; Ha'aretz, 5 August. Marshall to Macdonald and to Douglas, 3 August, FRUS, pp. 1274-5; Minutes by Sargent, FO 371/68578, E 10451. Marshall believed the dissidents in Jerusalem numbered 4000, six times their real strength. See chapter 9. Bunche (from New York) to Bernadotte (in Stockholm), 19 August, 'Bunche NY Trip' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5. The writing of this book was completed before publicaton of the important book by B. Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949 (Cambridge, 1987). The author's view is based on reading of UN, British and Israeli Archives. Bernadotte's figures came from an August survey by his aide, R. Cilento. A British survey by Major Hacket-Pain in September produced different figures. The two sets show:

Arab Countries Syria Lebanon Transjordan Egypt Iraq

Palestine Under Iraq and Transjordan Under Egypt (Gaza) Under Israel Total

Cilento's estimate

British estimate

70000 50000 50000 12000 3000

80000 60000 50000 10000 3300

80000 65000 30000 360000

132000 65000 400300

Notes

283

FO 371/68677, E 11051; 68677, E 11504; 68679, E 12790. The further accumulation of refugees after October made the retrospective census of Bernadotte's period impossible. 82. The Economist, 15 May 1948; ANBL 13,29 August. 83. Intelligence reports, including tapping of Khalidi's line in DGBD, II, 22,26 December, 4,5, 11,21 January and 5 April 1948; The Economist, op. cit. 84. Azzam's statement is quoted from Gabbay, p. 88, who quotes Al Ahram; note Musa Alami's criticism of the 'massacre' and easy victory promises, UN S/663 and 'The Lesson of Palestine', Middle East Journal, vol. 3, no. 4, 1949; See also: J. Nevo, 'The Arabs of Palestine 1947~8; military and political activity', Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 4,1987. 85. DBGD, op. cit; a document unquotable in IDFA. 86. Marriot to FO, 26 April, FO 371/68505, E 6482; The Economist, 2 October 1948. 87. See my dissertation, 'The Origin and Development of America's Intervention in Britain's Palestine Policy, 1938~1947' (Oxford, 1974). 88. Weitz's Diary, p. 293; Sharett, DFPl, p. 163. 89. When the first Jewish settlement was set up outside the boundaries of the 29 November 1947 resolution, Sharett said to the settlement authorities: 'You do? so do. But I don't know how to justify it in international forum'. J. Weitz, Yomani (My Diary, Tel Aviv 1965) 28, 29 May, 3, 4, 27 June. 90. DBGD, 18 August; Shertok to Weizmann 22 August, DFPl, p. 369; information from ISA archivists. 91. Eytan to Shertok, 28 July, DFPl, pp. 423-4. 92. Shertok to Weizmann, op. cit. 93. The bill was initiated in 1946 when the immigration of 100,000 Jewish displaced persons to Palestine marred the Bevin~Truman relationship and Britain's Palestine policy. Congress dragged it on for over two years. 94. Douglas to Marshall, 27 July, FRUS, p. 1249; FO 371/68577. 95. Exchange Jessup-Lovett, 27~8 July, FRUS, pp. 1252~5. 96. SCOR, 1948, no. 100, pp. 4-6, nos. 100, 103, 106, passim; Eban to Shertok, 30 July, DFPl, p. 396; interview with Eban. 97. Minutes, Wilkinson, 9 August, FO 371/68578, E 10451. 98. Troutbeck to FO, 5 August, 68578, E 10456 and exchange Bevin~Dow 25,30 July, 2 August, E 10235, E 10440, ibid. 99. Dow to FO, 25 July, FO 371/68578, E 10440; Azzam to Lie, 18 July, SCOR, Supplement for July 1948, pp. 82~6; Azzam to Bernadotte, 25 July, 'Refugees' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 50; DFPl, p. 185; To Jerusalem, pp. 130, 185. 100. Bernadotte's exchange with Lie and Cordier 28 July~9 August DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. 101. BMEO Reports as from 11 August on, FO 371/68677, passim; UN Secretary-General's Report to the UN 4th Assembly, 4 November 1949, GAOR, and document A/1060. 102. DAG 1/2.1.4, passim; 'Outlines of a Project for an immediate Survey',

284

103.

104. 105. 106.

107.

108. 109. 110.

111.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 FBP, Box 41; Department of State Bulletin, 29 August 1948, pp. 266-7; Report by General Carl Hardig, 29 September, FO 371/68680, E13344 and 68682, E 14286; Progress Report, pp. 54-7; at the 3rd Assembly the DRP was transformed into UNRPR and at the 4th Assembly to the now familiar UN R WA. SeOR supplement, August 1948, p. 105; reports of Bernadotte's meeting with Sharett, DFPI, pp. 184-5, 412-3 and 473-4; exchange Shertok Comay Jessup, pp. 356,400; Reedman to Shertok, 28 July, pp. 425-6. Bernadotte's talk to Ireland, FRUS, pp. 1295-6; To Jerusalem, p. 202. DFPI, pp. 441-4. To Jerusalem, pp. 204, 206-10. Note Captain Mom's impression following a talk with observers in various sections: 'It is the opinion of the observers that the Arabs are ordinary, honest and willing to arbitrate, making their decisions on military basis ... [the Jews] argue for every foot of land ... believing that wherever their line is established will be Israel', DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 2. J. J. Macdonald to Marshall, 28, 31 July and 1,4,6 August, FRUS, pp. 1250, 1263-3, 1276-7, 1287-8; CTSB Reports of August, PAMP, Box 341K/l and 'Summary of Daily Operations and Activities', DAG 13(3.3.1, Box 2. Marriot to FO, 16 August, FO 371/68580, E 10824; Stavropoulos to Lie, 15 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. See also DFPI, pp. 505-6, fn. p. 518; el Tel, pp. 258-9. Lie to Bernadotte, 31 July; exchange between the two of 7 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; Bunche (Lake Success) to Bernadotte, 4 August; FO 371/68576, E 10022,68578, E 10451. To Jerusalem, pp. 217-8; seo R, Supplement August 1948, p. 154; Minutes by Sargent, 9 August, FO 371/68578, E 10451; Ha'aretz, 10 August; FO 371/68580, E 10752. FO 371/68580, E 10726, E 10736; 68581, E 10846, E 10853, E 10854; M. Dayan, Avney Derech (Tel Aviv, 1976) p. 76; Ha'aretz, 12, 13 August. CHAPTER EIGHT

I. 2.

3.

FRUS, 1948, p. 1289. For Bunche's mission see 'Representation on Behalf of Bernadotte', pencilled notes, and Bunche to Bernadotte, 19 August, both in 'Bunch NY Trip', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 5; minutes by Fraser-Wilkins, 9 August and various telephone conversations with Bunche during the rest of August, RG 59, CS/N 501.BB Palestine/8-948 and 'Mediator's Views on Submission', memo by McClintock, RG 84, Box 78, USNA; FO 371/68581, E 10892, E 10938-9; FRUS, 1948, pp. 1308-10; Bunche's correspondence with Estelle, RJBP Box 99; Bunche's correspondence with Vigier 4 and 6 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; interview with Fraser-Wilkins. Bunche to Bernadotte, 18 August, op. cit, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1308-10; DFPI, pp. 561-2.

Notes 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

20.

21. 22. 23.

285

FRUS, pp. 1308-10; Bunche to Bernadotte, 19 August, op. cit. Marshall-Matthews exchange, 24-6 August, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1340-1; telephone conversation, Bunche-McClintock, 27 August, RG 84, Box 87, USNA. To Jerusalem, p. 222; Bunche-Lie exchange, 28 August, FBP Box 41; Mrs Jerring's Diary for August; Ekstrand, op. cit; due to Bunche's censorship no rceord survived of the Paris meeting, see fn. 45 below. DFPl, p. 540. Douglas to Marshall, 6 and 17 August, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1292-3, 1319; DBGD, 12, 15, 18 August; cables from Ortiz, 18, 19,23 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; see fn. 116, chapter 7. Douglas to Marshall, 6 and 17 August, op. cit. and Rusk's note, 18 August, FRUS, p. 1320; The Economist, 7 July, pp. 100-1. SCOR, 1948, nos. 106, 107; Resolutions, p. 24; Supplement for August 1948, p. 162; DFPl, p. 535; Note, 20 August FBP, Box 41. Shertok to Lie, 22 August; Weissman's [sic] talk to Spaak, 9 September, DFPl, pp. 546-7, 581; DBGD, 7 October. 'Internationell verksmeht', SRCYB, 1948, pp. 43-73; NYT, 5,17,20-3, 31 August. Bernadotte to Bunche and to Vigier, 18, 19, 21 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5; DFPl, pp. 539,547-8,561-3; FBP, Box 41 passim. Sargent to Bevin, 9 August, FO 371/68578, E 10451; note Ben Gurion's sarcastic remark about the mediator's vacation, Medinat Yisrael Hamechudehet, p. 248. Bernadotte to Bunche and Vigier, 24 August, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. On the deterioration of the truce during Bernadotte's absence, see exchange of telegrams Lundstr6m-Bernadotte of August, FBP, Box 41 and 'Bernadotte~Stockholm' file, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 2; reports from Consul J. J. Macdonald, FRUS, 1948, throughout August and Sir Hugh Dow to FO, FO 371/68584, E 11625. To Jerusalem, p. 222; DFPl, pp. 568-9; Bunche to Lie, 28 August and Bunche to Hotel Des Roses [sic] 29, 30 August, FBP, Box 41. To Jerusalem, p. 222; Hoyland to FO, 6 September, FO 371/68585, E 11636; FRUS, 1948, pp. 1373, 1382. DFPl, pp. 568-9, 586, 591-2; To Jerusalem, p. 225-31; Mrs Jerring's Diary for September (although she was sick in bed); Ha'aretz, Al Hamishmar, 9 September; Hoyland to FO, 10 September, FO 371/68585, E 11892; Report on contacts in Alexandria, DAG 13/3.3.5, Box 9, and DAG 13;3.3.5, Box I. On Bernadotte and the observers' morale, see: RJBP Box 99 and Heuman Report, FO 371/82623, ER 1651/8; on the shooting at observers, see cables by Ortiz, Plante and Seward 16, 25, 28, 29, 30 August and 1,3, September, DAG 1/2.1.4, Box 5. Hoyland to FO, op. cit; Ekstrand, op. cit; interview with Mrs Jerring; UNWB, vol. V, pp. 760-2; R. Bunche, The Palestine Problem' N. Frye (ed.), The Near East and the Great Powers (New York, 1951). FO 371 /68584, E 11579, E 11580, E 11581. 'Palestine', Bevin to Cabinet, 24 August, and a cabinet debate, 26 August, Cab. 129/29, CP48(20) and 128/13,57(48)4.

286 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

32.

33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Ibid, and in particular Annexes 'A' and 'B'; Douglas to Marshall, 27 August, FRUS, 1948, pp. 1352-4. IIan dissertation, op. cit. For the development of these ideas, see Douglas's reports on talks with Bevin, 2, 6, 17,25,27 August, FRUS, pp. 1266-71, 1291-4, 1319-20, 1342-5,1352-9. NSC 27.1, FRUS, pp. 1360-3. FRUS, pp. 1373,1352-3; interview with Fraser-Wilkins. J. G. McDonald to Marshall, 16 August and to Truman, 24 August, FRUS, pp. 1316, 1337-8; see also, idem, My Mission in Israel, pp. 6-7, 50-2; interview with Fraser-Wilkins, March, 1978. Marshall to McDonald, 1 September, FRUS, pp. 1366-9 (note fn. p. 1369) and McDonald to Shertok, pp. 1377-8; see also DFPl, 570-1; DBGD, 8 September. Marshall to McDonald, FRUS, pp. 1363 and fn, 1366-9; exchange Roberta Barrose to Connally, undated, Box 12, Clifford Papers, H.S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.; note the reply to Truman by Lovett on 24 September, FRUS, p. 1420. Cadogan's exchange with FO, remainder of August, FO 371/68581, E 10892 and Bevin's talks with Douglas, FO 371/68583, E 11005, E 11046, 11333; Douglas-Marshall exchange, 1-3 September and memo by McClintock and Bliss, FRUS, pp. 1365-6, 1371-4, 1394-5. Bevin-Hoyland exchange, FO 371/68585, E 11890, E 11892; Davar, 10, 12 September. Bevin-Hoyland exchange, 10, 11 September, and Chapman-Andrews to FO 12 September, FO 371/68585, E 11892, E 12001 and 68586, E 11956. Marshall to McClintock, 10 September, FRUS, p. 1387. Chapman-Andrews to FO, 12 September, FO 371/68592, E 12001; Hpyland to FO (several telegrams) FO 371/68586, E 12017; Griffis to Marshall, 15 September, (2 cables) FRUS, pp. 1397-1400. Ross to Satterthwaite, 15 September, RG 59, 867.N/9-1548, USNA. W. Mashler to the author, August 1983; Mann, pp. 233-5. Griffis to Marshall, 15 September; Hoyland to FO, 14 September; other exchanges with Hoyland, FO 371/68586, E 12017, E 12050-2. Exchanges with Hoyland, FO 371/68586, E 12017, E 12050-2; interview with Mrs Jerring. Bunche's policy of destroying evidence of the preparation of the second Bernadotte plan is ascertainable only indirectly. Note: (a) the striking absence of archival material connected with the work of the Rhodes team for the period 3-16 September, compared with the existence of ample material on other subjects; (b) the strict secrecy imposed on the event in London, Washington and Rhodes is still vividly remembered by some of those who took part in it; Wilkins, Jerring, Reedman; (c) Bunche's incredible denial not only in 1948 but also in later years of 'any truth in the allegation' regarding the role played by Troutbeck and McClintock. See his article 'The Palestine Problem', op. cit; (d) Bunche is known to have censored sections of Svanstrom's book To Jerusalem, where the description ends on 9 September, as does Jerring's diary (interview with Svanstrom), Bunche's correspondence with Svanstrom

Notes

42.

43. 44. 45.

287

and Estelle, RJBP Box 99; minutes by Burrows, FO 371/75340, E 4121, (1949) and Bunche-Beer exchange of 1953, RJBP Box 127, where it is assumed that there will be no talk of the affair 'for ever'. Report of a talk at Mavris's dinner and other reports by Troutbeck, FO 371/68586, E 12017, E 12053, E 12066, E 12096-7. See also Bernadotte's talks with members of the Israeli delegation to the Red Cross Conference, 20, 21 August, DFPI, pp. 561-3. Bunche to Lie, I October, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 14. GAOR, 3rd session, Supplement no. II. Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, vol. II (London, 1966) p. 95. CHAPTER NINE

I. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II.

Minutes by SMM J. Inbar, Israeli Police, 31 January 1951 based on the report of I October, 1950 of the Criminal Division of Jerusalem, Archives of Jerusalem Police, Criminal File (CF) 148/48. According to article 7 of the Israeli Criminal Law 1965 no person is to be tried on any offence if 20 years has elapsed from the date of the last legal proceeding taken; genocide was excluded as from 1966. The reward was IL 5000, (about US $ 15000 at 1948 value). But that offer was binding as a contract and expired when the legal grounds for putting the culprits on trial had expired. Interview with Chief Justice Cohen, Jerusalem, August 1982. A telephone conversation with Dr Israel Eldad, June 1986. The author's interview with Nathan Yelin-Mor, July 1978 and YelinMor to the author July 1978; interviews with Eldad, Jerusalem, February 1981, February 1982 and November 1982; Eldad to the author March 1981; and telephone conversation, op. cit; Y. and A. Eldad, Yerushalaim Etgar (Jerusalem, 1978) p. 230; Eldad on Israeli TV 1978, in Monitin, 13 September 1979, Yediot, 21 April 1981 and II September 1988; M. Naor (ed.) [dan, vol. 10, pp. 143-56; interviews with Y. Zetler in Tel Aviv, August 1978; a series of interviews with Yehoshua Cohen in Sde Boker during September 1981-December 1982 and diverse correspondence between Cohen and the author; two interview with Stanley Goldfoot, Jerusalem, March 1981 and December 1982 and with Meshulam Makover, Jerusalem, October 1981. Eldad in the margin of the author's draft, November 1981; interviews with Cohen, and Cohen's recorded interview with Almog, Gali-Zahal, tape undated. Report by Bunche, 27 September 1948, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 9; interview with Zetler. Interview with Isser Harel, Zahala, January 1981; Harel to the author, November 1981. DBGD, 15 July; note also the article of Israel's Chief of Police, Y. Sahar in Nordisk kriminalteknik tidskraji, Summer 1950. Shertok to members of the Cabinet, DFPI, p. 585. Tene, 28 May and 2 June, IDFA; DBGD, 26 June.

288 12. 13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

20. 21.

22.

23.

24.

25. 26.

27. 28.

29. 30. 31. 32.

33. 34. 35. 36.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Ha'aretz, 1,7 June. Interview with Dr Eytan. Headlines of some Yediot articles characterise its attitude: 'Bernadotte's Views are Close to the Arabs', 'The Front of Espionage' (6 June), 'Bernadotte is Blackmailing' (7 June); 'The Truce - a British Conspiracy', 'Bernadotte's attitude - a New White Paper' (9 June), and so on. Al Hamishmar, 6, 7, II June; Ma'ariv, 20 June. Ha'aretz, 20, 27 June; Yediot, IS, 16 June, (note 'An Open Letter to the Foreign Minister'). Svislutzky, 'The Monster in Rhodes', Yediot, 18 June. DBGD, 29 June; Al Hamishmar, 8 July; Ha'aretz, 4, 7 July; Davar, 9 September; Yediot, 7, 8 July. 'The Espionage Front', Yediot, 6, 9 June, and so on: on the acquittal of the five men see DFPI, p. 422 and a wider chronological documentation in FO 371/75266, E 1652. Ha'aretz, Davar, Al Hamishmar, 13 August; Palestine Post, 12, 13, 15,27 August. Al Hamishmar, IS August. DBGD, 2 August. Ha'aretz, 13, 14 September; Yediot, 14, 17 September. M. Sharett, Desha'ar Haumot (Tel Aviv, 1958) p. 289. Davar, Ha'aretz, Al Hamishmar, Palestine Post, IS, 16, 17 September. Mivrak, 6 September. cf., F. Gross, Violence in Politics (The Hague, 1972) pp. 9-92. There is as yet no critical, comprehensive history of LHI, part of the reason being the dearth of documentation, the surfeit of rhetoric and myth in everything they subsequently wrote, and their silence on matters which divided them. Otherwise the following memoirs are valuable, taken cum grana salis: Y. Banai, Chayalim Almonim (Tel Aviv, 1968), Y. Eldad, Ma'aser Rishon (Tel Aviv, 1960), N. Yelin-Mor, Lochamey Herut Ysrael (Jerusalem, 1974), M. Schumelevitch, Yamim Adumim and Y. Eliav, Mevukash (Jerusalem, 1983). An attempt to comprehend the entire LHI history in a critical monograph is Y.S. Brenner, 'The Stern Gang', Middle Eastern Studies, vo!. I (1965), but this was written under the influence ofYelin-Mor's interpretation, disputed by others. See Y. Shavit, Hamitologiot She! Hayamin (Tel Aviv, 1987); Dan Margalit in Kivumin, no. IS, May 1982; and Y. Heller in Yahadut Zmaneinu, nos. I and 2 (Jerusalem, 1984-5). cf., E. Yachin, Sipuro shel Elnakam (Tel Aviv, 1977). Yelin-Mor, op cit, pp. 432-3. Margalit, op. cit. and note Mivrak, 6 June. Eldad told the author that he 'had always wondered' why Yelin-Mor was never arrested when he arrived in Soviet Lithuania in 1940, as were other Revisionist leaders. But Isser Harel opined that he was 'never technically a Soviet agent'. Interviews with Eldad, Cohen, Makover, Zetler; Mivrak, 26 June 1948; Y. Eldad, Ma'aser Rishon, p. 373. Interview with Zetler; also with Ezra Yachin, August 1980. Interviews with Eldad and Cohen; DBGD, 5 October 1965. DBGD, II August; interviews with Zetler and Hare!'

Notes 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

42. 43. 44. 45.

46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.

55.

56.

289

Report, WNRC RG 84 File 800; Ha'aretz, 26 August; interviews with Stanley Goldfoot; Yelin-Mor, p. 473; Isser Hare!, Haemet Al Retzah Kasztner [sic] (Tel Aviv, 1985) p. 74. Interviews with Goldfoot, Makover, Eldad; M. Na'or (ed.), op. cit. Ibid; interview with Raphael Kotlovitch, Jerusalem, February 1983. Minutes by Thirkel, January 1949, FO 371/61735, E 677. Interview with Chaim Herzog, Jerusalem, February 1983; interview with Goldfoot; also FO 371/82623, ER 651/1; the story is quite fantastic: among contributors to that magazine were the French Consul Rene Neuville, the Egyptian Consul Abdul Moneim Mustafa, a Saudi Arabian diplomat, Naguib Abu-Shahar, the British District Commissioner H. Hillton, Abba Eban (sent by the Jewish Agency Intelligence), Hebrew University Professors like S. Goytein, A. Boneh and so on. Interviews with Cohen and Makover; Na'or, op. cit. no. 10, pp. 155-6; Yelin-Mor, pp. 85-94,189-95,218-9; Ma'ariv, 15 July 1983; Misambal Ad Gilgil (Tel Aviv, 1980); FO 371/68571, E 9451. Interview with Isser Hare!' DBGD, 27 June, 6 July, II August; Uri Brenner, pp. 262-76 and 281-3; the Griinbaum Committee included three Cabinet members and four members of the Provincial Legislature. The Prosecution in Yelin-Mor-Shmuelevitch Trial', ISA/93.03; DBGD, 15, 17, 25 August; Al Hamishmar, 26 August; 'Finding of the Examination of a Report ... on the Assassination of Count Bernadotte', Memo by Maths Heuman, Chief Prosecutor of the Realm, Stockholm, March 1950, FO 371/82623, ER 1651/8, henceforth referred to as 'Heuman'. DBGD, 26 June, 20 July; interview with Harel, and Harel to the author November 1981. DBGD, 27 June; Nadel, p. 97; interviews with Yosef Lunz (LHI officer, Brigade 8) and Yachin. DBGD, 7 July; Heuman. Jews and Arabs did not serve in the Mandatory Criminal Department of Police, Y. Sahar, op. cit. DBGD, II August; Heuman. 'The Prosecution in Ye!in-Mor-Shmuelevitch Trial', op. cit; Report by Reedman, DAG 13/3.3.3, Box I. Memo by Jackson, 27 July, DAG 1/3.1, Box I. Interviews with Yelin-Mor, Eldad, Makover; Kitvei LHI, II passim after June 1948; FO 371/68630, passim. Interviews with Goldfoot and Cohen; D. Joseph, p. 304; Nadel pp. 99-100; Mrs Jerring's Diary, 10 August. Davar, Ha'aretz, Yediot, 9 September. During Bernadotte's 9 September visit to Te! Aviv the police searched LHI offices in Sheikh Muanis, but that search concerned the production of false documt;nts, and had nothing to do with Bernadotte. Ha'aretz, 15 September; a series of telegrams, 'Mediator's 15 September Trip' File, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 9; 'The Prosecution in the YelinMor-Schmuelevitch Trial', op. cit. Until his last day Yelin-Mor stuck to a formula according to which he 'approved of the execution but did not participate in the decision',

290

57.

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.

71.

n.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Yelin-Mor to the author. The Tel Aviv meeting is reconstructed on the basis of interviews with Yelin-Mor, Eldad, Zetler and Goldfoot, and Yediot, 11 September 1988. The Secret Services helped by Romek Greenberg, a LHI man with criminal convictions, managed to get on the tracks of some of these contact women, e.g. Cathy Kaplan for Yelin-Mor, Drora Ben Ami for Eldad and Sonia Schatz for Zetler. Yelin-Mor was arrested but Zetler escaped and Eldad was released. Greenberg did not know exactly who the assassins were, but he reported to Harel that Gotlieb and Makover had managed to sneak out of the country. Interviews as in fn. 56 and also with Kotlovitch, Harel, Haemat, pp. 17,133-4. Heuman; To Jerusalem, pp. 207-8. Bunche to Lie, 10 October, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 9. Various papers in 'Mediator's 15 September Trip' file, DAG 13/3.3.0 Box 9; Memo by Lundstrom, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box I. Interview with Mrs Jerring; Egyptian Mail, 18 September; To Jerusalem, pp.245-51. Jerring; Heuman; To Jerusalem, pp. 250-1. Among the officers Bernadotte met was a young Swedish Major, Magnus Petersens whose diary was put to good use by the Heuman Committee. Lundstrom's report; Heuman; Joseph, pp. 304-5; CF 148/48; Bunche to Paul Heller, 15 May 1953, RJBP Box 127. Heuman and Lundstrom reports. Heuman; see also 'Eye witness Account', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 9. Heuman; CF 148/48. Interview with Goldfoot; Na'or, op. cit. Ibid.; for a discussion of the assassins' identity see chapter 10. Police file 148/48. The road setting is different today. The assassination site is now in the upper part of Pal mach Road. Zamir's 'Tnuva' (now an automatic laundrette) was absorbed by an apartment block. Recorded testimonies at the Jerusalem Police, 1948. Adult residents: W. Katz, Z. Barg, S. Gesner, S. Avilea, Rachel Lev, Mr and Mrs Zamir, I1ze Strauss. Home Guard troopers;: B. Smatman, E. Rosenfeld, Y. Grodsky. Breakdown car: Z. Avraham, Y. Meyuhas, N. Azzar. Children: Yoram Katz (12), Uri Sharf (II), David Kimche (12), Daliya Egra (11), Tamar Shawisha (15), File 148/48; the author's interviews with Genia Gorodetzky. Reconstruction of the act of the assassination is based on (a) CF 148/48; (b) written affidavits by members of the mediator's party, DAG 13/3.3.0; (c) Heuman; (d) interview with Goldfoot and Zetler. Lundstrom, who suffered from shock for a while, imagined and wrote that he saw the IDF sentry at the Greek Colony road block lift the barrier several times to alert the assassins and possibly to mark the car in which the Count was sitting. He also suspected that an IDF breakdown car parked near the Home Guard was part of the plot. That car, however, was there by accident but it obstructed the view of the Home Guard of the scene of the crime. Interview with Goldfoot.

Notes 73. 74. 75.

76. 77.

78. 79. 80.

81.

291

A post-mortem report by Dr B. Galay, Better Hospital, Haifa, 19 September, CF 148/48; interview with Zetler. Interview with Goldfoot. All LHI members interviewed by the author insisted that Serot was killed by mistake. Reports by 2nd Inspector E. Hofstedter, 21 September, 1st Inspector M. Egozi, Central Police Dept., Tel Aviv, 23 September, and Asst. District Inspector A. Regulsky, I March 1949, CF 148/48; interview with Goldfoot; 'Eye-Witnesses'. Heuman; Hofstedter's Report. Ibid.; Na'or, op. cit; interviews with Goldfoot and with Yachin, (who were engaged in distributing the handbills). The English text of Hazit Hamoledeth leaflets read: On September 17 we have executed Bernadotte. Count Bernadotte openly acted as an agent for the British enemy. His task was to carry out British plans to give our country to a foreign rule. He did not hesitate to suggest giving Jerusalem to Abdullah. Bernadotte acted intensively to thwart our military effort and he is responsible for the bloodshed. This will be the end of all the enemies of the Hebrew freedom in the Fatherland. There would be no foreign rule in the Fatherland. No more foreign Commissioners in Jerusalem. The Fatherland Front. Joseph, pp. 308-9; Shertok to Lourie, 18 September, ISA 93.03 126.1; Lundstrom's statement brought about an Israeli decision to re-enter the demilitarised zone at Government House, DFPl, p. 605. Interview with Mrs Jerring; Mrs Ekstrand to the author; UNWB, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 760-3; Jessup to Secretary of State, USNA RG 59 BB Palestine/9-1748; NYT, 18 September. UNWB, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 760-3; exchange of cables; Bunche with the Swedish Embassy in Rome, with Cordier, UN HQ Geneva; also Cordier-Seaward exchange of 18,19,20 September, DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 9; Ross to Rusk, 20 September, USNA RG 84 Box 87; a memo by Lie, 28 September, (S/656) GAOR, 3rd Session Annexes, pp. 6-15. For the Assembly proceedings on Palestine, see chapter 10. The author's interview with Eban; Mrs Ekstrand to the author, November 1983; Wolfsberg to Shertok, 19 September, DFPI, pp. 609-11; Clipping from Swedish press, FO 371/75266, E 6165. Hillel Storch said to the author: 'The Countess is a holy person'. CHAPTER TEN

I.

My learned friend Dr Sune Persson of Goteborg University, who is a pioneer in the research of the Bernadotte mission, holds that the assassination was the act which torpedoed the Bernadotte plan simply by 'removing his dynamic personality in favour of the pragmatic Bunche'. I think that as a pioneer, his conclusion is wrong because of the dearth of documentary material available to him when he carried out hi5 research. Talks and correspondence with Persson, August 1980-October 1981.

292 2.

3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12.

13.

14.

15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Lovett to certain diplomatic missions, 18 September, WNRC File 80. The US Consul in Haifa, Aubrey Lippincott, seems to have had access to the Czech consular files, for he provided Lovett with an up-to-date list of Czech visa applicants. However, the list consists mainly of Mapai and Mapam officials. In 1948 Czechoslovakia was a popular resort for travelling Israelis. Minutes by Burrows, 20 October 1949 [sic) FO 371(75266, E 13137 and in WNRC, file 800. A. Koestler, Promise and Fulfilment (London, 1949) pp. 281, 309; G. Kirk, The Middle East 1945-1950 (London, 1954) p. 285. L 'Humanite, Daily Worker, 20 September, No vi- Vremia, 29 September; FO 371(75335, E 667; and 75336, E 1013. Interview with Supreme Court Judge Chaim Cohen, August 1982. FO, 371/75335, E 677; and 75336, E 1013; interview with Harel, op. cit. Medinat Ysrael Hamechudeshet, p. 333; McDonald to Secretary of State, I December, USNA RG 5 867N.01/12-148; FRUS, p. 1644; Yediot, 6 October. UNWB, vol. 5, no. 7, passim; GAOR, 1948, Plenary, Part I, p. 1109. FRUS, p. 1413 fn. and pp. 1415-6. Hansard, Commons, vol. 456, col. 898. SCOR, 1948, nos. 110, III; UNWB, vol. 5, p. 713; in August the Security Council decided to recess until early October but had already broken its recession earlier to discuss Kashmir. For the Arab rejection see Reports from Cairo, Damascus, and Riyadh, 22, 24 September, USNA RG 59 867N.0Ij9-2448 and FRUS, p. 1401 fn.; for Israel's see 23 September, DFPI, pp. 626-7 and Ha'aretz, 24 September. Report by Ross, 21 September, USNA RG 84, Box 87; Yediot, 22 September; Marshall to Lovett, 23 September, RG 59 501 BB Palestine/92348; Eban accepted the internationalisation of Jerusalem but insisted on a corridor to the city. Khouri, pp. 198-200. McDonald to Secretary of State and Report by Ross, 21 September fn. 8 above; Marshall to Lovett, 23 September, UNA RG 59, 501 BB Palestinej9-2348; Eytan, The First Ten Years; Mapai Centre, minutes, 22 September. DBGD, 17 September and McDonald, pp. 74-5. Since Ben Gurion was not convinced that the army was ready, postponement of the attack was certainly discussed earlier. Exchange Shertok-Ben Gurion and Eban, DFPI, pp. 612, 621-2. ANBL, 24 September and 22 October; NYT, 3, 14 October. DBGD, 17, 18, 19, 20 September; 'Report on the Assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte and Colonel Andre Serot' submitted to the Security Council, and drafts, ISA 93.03j23aj72. Al Hamishmar, Yediot, Ha'aretz, Palestine Post, and so on, 19 September. DBGD, 18 September, Medinat Ysrael, pp. 284-5; cables 17, 19 September, DFPI, pp. 605,608; interview with Judge Cohen, op. cit. HiIIman's interview to Kol Ha'ir, 26 December 1986; the author's talk with Mrs Gorodetzky; oral information from ISA officials.

Notes 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

31.

32. 33. 34.

35. 36.

37. 38. 39.

40. 41. 42.

43.

293

Heuman Report and CF 148/48. Colonel Hotter-Yishai to Chief Inspector of the Police, 20 October 1948, memo by Inspector Ram Lustig, 14 October, CF 148/48; 'Eye Witness', op. cit. DBGD, 9 October, 8, 9, 11 November; Ha'aretz, Al Hamishmar, 10 October; interview with Goldfoot; Nadel, pp. 132-3. DBGD, 22 November; also 9, 11 October and 8, 9 November; interview with Hare\. DBGD, 30 September, 29 October; interview with Eldad. 'Eye Witness' and CF 148/48, op. cit. Interview with Harel; M. Bar Zohar, Hamemune (Tel Aviv, 1978) pp. 49, 53. Years later, when Harel headed the Israeli Intelligence (the Mossad), he recruited several former IZL and LHI to his service, among them Yitzhak Shamir. By contrast Eldad continued to encourage a right-wing underground movement within Israel and in consequence was persecuted by the Ben Gurion establishment, unable to get even a school teacher's position. Ma'ariv, 15 August 1986; interviews with Cohen, Makover and Harel; Na'or, op. cit. DBGD, 19 September, 1948. M. Bar Zohar, Ben Gurion, vol. II (Tel Aviv, 1977) pp. 834-7; interviews with Cohen and Harel. Yediot, 28 February 1977; Eytan Almog in Galey Zahal, op. cit; a broadcast in 'Ze Hazman', Israeli TV, September 1986; Naor, op. cit. and Yediot, II September 1988. Interview with Harel, op. cit; Cohen's correspondence with the author, September 1980 to January 1982. In August 1980, Hilel Storch elaborated at length to the author on '32 years of Swedish-Israeli relations', and continued to do so in his letter of October 1981. Also helpful were interviews and correspondence with Judge Chaim Cohen and Professor CarIgren, quoted below. A file 'Correspondence with the Government of Israel', DAG 13/3.3.0, Box 9; DFPl, pp. 606-8, 613-5. SCOR, 3rd Year, Resolutions, p. 26. Mohn's talk with Power of the US delegation, USNA, RG 84, Box 87; Documents on Swedish Foreign Policy, 1950-51 (DSFP, Stockholm, 1957) p. 121; various papers in ISA 93.03/72/23. Minutes by Chapman-Andrews, 8 February 1949, 371/75266, E 2246; also 68696, E 1248; ISA, ibid. DFPl, vol. 2, pp. 59-60; papers in ISA, ibid. Interview with Judge Cohen; DSFP, op. cit; Heuman; Farquhar to FO, correspondence between October 1949 and March 1950, FO 371/82623, passim. Attitudes in the israeli archives are often lenient with regard to inaccessible papers such as Judge Cohen's report on his talks in Stockholm. An ISA archivist volunteered to give a precis of- that document to the author. But he only found the covering letter, and the report itself was missing from the file. Heuman, op. cit.

294 44. 45. 46. 47.

48. 49. 50.

51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

56.

57. 58. 59.

60.

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948 Farquhar to FO, 23 and 30 March 1949, FO 371/82623, ER 1651/2; DSFP, pp. 128-30; UD.HP 22/6-50, passim. Interview with Chaim Cohen; FO 371/82623, ER 1651/4; on Agranat's courage, see DBGD, 9 November, 1948. The Agranat Committee files, 1949, ISA 93.03/64/11 and 64/10 are not accessible. But see UD.HP 22/6-1950 and DSFP, pp. 126-30. DSFP, pp. 130-1; UD.HP. ibid; UNWB 1950, vol. 9, p. 578; First Inspector Alon to his superiors, 1 October 1950, CF 148/48; Storch to the author, October 1980; ISA 93.03/70/12; interview with Eldad. Report by Price, DAG 13/3.3.0; ISA, ibid; RJBP, Box 99. Minutes and correspondence of the US delegation, October-November 1948, USNA, RG 84, Boxes 37, 55, 60; FRUS, pp. 1430-1. GAOR, 1948, 1st Committee, pp. 1-12; telephone conversation CliffordLovett, 29 September, FRUS, pp. 1430-1; Cadogan to FO 371/75341, E 5263. Medinat Yisrael, p. 294; DBGD, 23, 24 September, 7 October; S. Nakdimon, 'Bechia Ladoroth', Yediot, Supplement, 30 September, 1970. DBGD, 6 October. Bunche's reports of 18 and 26 October, SCOR, Supplement for October, 1948, pp. 55-61,70-2; FO 371/68593, E 1359; DBGD, day by day from 16 October until 10 November 1948. FRUS, p. 1511. FRUS, pp. 1507-11; interview with Wilkins; memo by Abe Touvim, 25 December, Jewish Agency Drawer, SA; Nation, 22 October 1948. Hints about the McClintock-Troutbeck mission were first reported two weeks earlier by the London Jewish Chronicle. Riley to Bunche, 3 November, FRUS, pp. 1541-2; on the dramatic change in the Security Council after 10 November, see memo by Falla, FO 371/75341, E 5262; also minutes in ISA 93.30/131/18; SCOR, Resolutions, p. 38. FRUS, pp. 1585-9; FO 371/68597, E 14823 and Falla, ibid. SCOR, 1948, no. 126 and Resolutions, p. 29; YBUN, 1948/9, pp. 179-83; FRUS, p. 1617; Cadogan, op. cit. GAOR, 3rd Session (part I), 1st Committee, Annexes, p. 61; Plenary, pp. 995-6; Resolutions, p. 21; FRUS, pp. 1636-8. DBGD, 10 November, 6, 8, 9 and 13 December; FRUS, p. 1617. CONCLUSION

1. 2.

3.

See A. lIan, 'The prophecy of the Jewish state and its "fulfilment", 1941-1949', The Jerusalem Quarterly, no. 33, (Fall 1984). See T.S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution (Chicago, 1962). Philosophers of science, I hope, will bear with me for borrowing this concept. Obviously Kuhn referred to the proper sciences and not to history. But despite differences that concept is in my opinion relevant. Frederick A. Hayek, The results of human action but not of human design', Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (London, 1967)

Notes

4.

295

and C. Nishiyama & Kurt L. Leube, The Essence of Hayek (Stanford, 1984) passim. Edward M. Glick, Latin America and the Palestine Problem (New York, 1958) particularly pp. 156-68.

Bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES For secondary sources, books, articles and so on, see footnotes, pp. 257-95. United Nations Sources

Archives, New York, the series: DAG DAG DAG DAG DAG

1/2.1.4 1/3.1.1 1/3.3.0 1/3.3.1 1/3.3.3

DAG 4/1.1 DAG 13/3.1.0 DAG 13/3.3.0 DAG 13/3.3.1 RAG I

Published sources The UN General Assembly, Official Record (GAOR), 3rd Year, 1948, and Supplements. The Security Council, Official Record (SCOR), 3rd Year, 1948 and Supplements. Various documents of Assembly sub-committees in the series A/S/C I. UN Weekly Bul/etin, (UNWB), 1948, 1949. Year Book of the United Nations (YBUN) 1947/48, and 1948/49. 'Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator on Palestine', GAOR, 3rd Session, Supplement. W. Cordier and W. Foote, Public Papers of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, vol. I (New York, 1969). United Nations Press Releases, (UNPR/Pal/234).

298

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948

Swedish Sources Archives Riksarkivet, Stockholm and the Swedish Foreign Office (papers were being moved from one location to the other during the period of research). Swedish Red Cross papers: Minutes of the Governing Body of the Red Cross, 1943-8. The Folke Bernadotte papers, (FBP) mainly Boxes 32-41. The Swedish Foreign Office papers, series (old catalogue) UD, HP39, VII up to XIV and UD, HPI2/23. Hilel Storch papers, Stockholm. The Paul A. Mohn papers, (PAMP) Uppsala University. Mrs. Jerring's diary. Published sources Documents on Swedish Foreign Policy (DSFP) 1950. The Swedish Foreign Office, '1945 ars Svenska hjalpexpedition till Tyskland' (Stockholm, 1956).

British Sources Archives The Public Record Office, Kew, London, Series: CAB 128 and CAB 129 C053? FO 141/1182 and 141/1246 FO 371, E, Nand WR FO 624/92 FO 624/128 FO 800 (Bevin's papers) F0816 PREM8 The Arthur Creech-Jones papers, Rhodes House, Oxford. The personal papers of Sir Guy Campbell, Padbury. Published papers Hansard, Commons, 1948, vols. 456-459.

Bibliography

299

American Sources Archives US National Archives, Washington DC (USNA) and their Annex at Sutland, MD (WNRC), the series: RG 59, 867N and 501.BB/Palestine RG 84, (same) and 883.801. US Central Intelligence Agency. (Freedom of Information release at the author's request) Appendices 'A', 'B', and '0' to a report of 27 July, 1948 on the Palestine truce situation. The Ralph J. Bunche private papers, UCLA (RJBP). The James G. McDonald papers, The Herbert Lehman papers, Columbia University. The Abba H. Silver papers, (SA) Temple, Cleveland, Ohio. The Harry S. Truman Library, Independence MO, Series: The Clark M. Clifford papers The R. L. Denison papers The Eban A. Eyers papers GF OH (typed Oral Interviews) OF 204 and 204D SV (Zionist Organisations) The Philleo Nash papers Published sources

Department of State Bulletins, 1948, 1949. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, (FRUS, Washington, 1976) vols. II, IV and V (1 and 2). Unless otherwise stated, the reference is to vo\. V /2. Congress of the USA, House of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 'Hearing on Palestine Refugees' Washington, 1953. US 81st Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearing to Amend the United Nations Participation Act of 1945. Israeli Sources Archives Israel's State Archives (ISA), the series 93.03, 93.01. D. Ben Gurion Archives, Sde Boker; Ben Gurion's diary (DBGD). The Central Zionist Archives, (CZA), Jerusalem, Series S-25 and Z-5. Israel Labour Party Archives, Beit Ber\. Israel Defence Forces Archives, (IDFA), Ramat Gan. Limited number

300

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948

of papers, photocopied upon request without access to other papers. The Israeli Police Archives, Jerusalem. Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. Published sources

Minhelet Ha'am, Protokolim, (Jerusalem, 1982). Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, December 1947-May 1948, (DFPI, Jerusalem 1980). Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vols. I, II, III, (Jerusalem, 1981-3). Unless stated otherwise, the reference is to volume I. The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, vols. xiii, xiv (Jerusalem, 1980-81). D. Ben Gurion, Medinat Yisrael Hamechudeshet, (Tel Aviv, 1969) (for regular Israeli Cabinet meetings).

Special Manuscripts and Affidavits by: Sir Guy Campbell, July 1983 Mrs Estelle Ekstrand (formerly Countess Bernadotte) November 1983 Victor Mills, May 1983 Dr. Ragnar Svanstrom, August 1980

Correspondence Count Berti1 Bernadotte, Apri11980 Sir Guy Campbell, July-August 1983 Yehoshua Cohen, numerous letters 1981-5 Professor Wilhelm Carlgren, August 1985 Mrs Ekstrand, summer and fall 1983 Dr. Israel Eldad, November 1981 William Epstein, September 1983 Isser Harel, November 1981 Mrs Barbro Jerring, May-June 1985 Dr. Sune O. Persson, August 1980-0ctober 1981 Hilel Storch, October 1981 John Reedman, spring 1980 Lord Dacre of Glanton (Trevor-Roper) 1982-3 Nathan Yelin-Mor, June-July 1978 Isser Harel, November 1982 Louis de Jong, Apri11980-Apri11982

Interviews Harold Beeley, London, January 1973 and February 1978

Bibliography

301

Wilhelm Carigren, Stockholm, August 1980 Clark M. Clifford, Washington DC, October 1980 Chaim Cohen, Jerusalem, August 1982 Yehoshua Cohen, Sde Boker, 4 meetings: September 1981-December 1982 Abba Eban, Jerusalem, March 1982 Dr. Israel Eldad, Jerusalem, February 1981, February 1982, November 1982. A telephone conversation, June 1986 Dr. Walter Eytan, Jerusalem, July 1980 Colonel Y. Gal, Criminal Department, Israeli Police, Jerusalem, 1983 Elkana Gali, Tel Aviv, June 1980 Stanley Goldfoot, Jerusalem, March 1981 and December 1982 Genia Gorodetsky, Jerusalem, April 1986 Isser Harel, Zahala, January 1981 Chaim Herzog, Jerusalem, February 1983 Barbro Jerring, Stockholm 1985 Raphael Kotlovitch, Jerusalem, February 1983 YosefLunz, Tel Av;v, January 1984 Meshulam Makover, Jerusalem, October 1981 John Reedman, Tunbridge Wells, November 1980 Hilel Storch, Stockholm, September 1980 Ragnar Svanstrom, Stockholm, September 1980 Hugh Trevor-Roper, Oxford, May 1978 Fraser Wilkins, Washington, March 1978 Ezra Yachin, August 1980 N. Yelin-Mor, Kibbutz Lahav, August 1973, Tel Aviv, July 1978 Yehoshua Zetler, Tel Aviv, August 1978 Special Publications

G. Bjorck, 'Hur svenska rodakorsexpeditionen till Tyskland varen 1945 organiserades'. The Dutch government, 'Enquetecommissie Regiringsbeleid 19401945', 6 volumes. S. Frykman, 'Rodakorsexpeditionen till Tyskland'. G. Rundberg, 'Nagra intryc fran Svenska Roda Korsets och greve Bernadottes aktion i Tyskland varen 1945'. Rundberg/Meyer, 'Rapport fran Neuengamme'. The Swedish Red Cross Year Books, 1943-8. A. Svenson, 'De vits bussarna'. Tass News, (DDWB) vol. I.

302

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948

Dissertations

F. J. Khouri, 'The Arab States at the United Nations, A Study of Political Relations, 1945-1950'. (Ph.D. thesis, 1953) Newspapers and Periodicals Al Hamishmar Al Misri American Swedish Monthly Atlantic Monthly Colliers Dagens Nyhter Daily Worker Davar Economist Egyptian Mail Ha'aretz Jewish Chronicle Journal of the Middle East Society (1947-8) L'Humanite Life Ma'ariv Middle East Journal Mivrak Monitin Nation New York Times Nordisk Kriminalteknik tidskraft Novai Vremia Palestine Post Psychology Today The Times (London) Yediot Acharonot

Index Abdullah, King of Transjordan, I, 61, 69-71, 74, 76, 88-9, 94, 101-5, 127, 139,142,162,165,172,198,223,226, 250 Abu I'Huda, Taufiq, 129, 142 Agranat Shimon and Agranat Committee, 240-1 al Alami, Musa, 147 Alfanage, Dean, 244 Al Misri, 140 Altalena, 115, 117-19,207,214 Alterman, Nathan, 199 Anderson, Captain Nyron, 175 Arab Liberation Army (Kaukji), 97, 100, 149,167,223,245 Arab Higher Committee, 77-8, 172, 178 Arab League, 68-9, 76--8, 80-2, 101-5, 125-6, 129, 135, 147, 167, 227, 229; political committee, 68, 87-8, 149, 167, 174, 182, 229; military and negotiation committees, 101, 129, 139, 143 Arab-Israeli armistice, 1949,246-7 Arce, Jose, 59 Atlantic Monthly,41-4 Attlee, Clement, 71 Auschwitz, 46 Austin, Warren, 55 Avigour, Shaul, 232 Azcarate, Pablo de, 77-80, 82, 110, 119, 128-9, 143 Azzam Pasha, 76--7, 80, 95, 121, 129, 139, 149,165,167,172-4 Azzaziat, 154 Baage, Vidar, 239 Baake, Ole, 109 Barazi,147 Badian, Gabriel, 208

Baruch, Colonel B., 118 Bartov, Hanoch, 234 Bar Zohar, Michael, 236--7 Beer, Henrik, 57 Begin, Menahem, 117, 166 Begley, Colonel Frank, 82-3, 122-3, 216-18,232 Beggrav, Bishop, 31 Ben Gurion, David, 86--7, 117-18, 140, 161, 168, 195, 197, 199,205,207,211, 228,231-8,243-4 Bernadotte, Count Folke, childhood, adolescence and health, 9, II, 12-14; military and early political career, 11-13, 18-19, 50-3; health, 12-13; marriage and family life, 14-17; 'King of the Baltic States', 17; death of children, 17, 222; literary career, 12, 38-40, 54; The Curtain/ails, 33, 38-40, 47, 54; alleged letter to Himmler, 43-7; Vice Chairman and Chairman, Swedish Red Cross, 51-3; salaries, 54, 61; appointed mediator in Palestine, 53-61; Paris and Athens, 61-6; establishing the first truce, 73-97; questions of Soviet observers, 83-5, 99; of Jewish immigration, 90-2; the first Bernadotte plan, 12538, 140; collapse of the first truce and at the Security Council, 142-4, 146--8; establishing the second truce, 162-3; terminating his office? 163-4; Arab refugees, 166, 172-5; Red Cross Conference, 175, 181-3; second Bernadotte Plan, 182-3, 188-91; image among Israelis, 87, 196--201; assassination of, 193-6, 221-42; funeral and memorial services to, 221-2, 226 Bernadotte family, the: brothers and sisters, 10; children of Folke, 17; Estelle

304

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948

Romain-Mannville, wife, see Ekstrand; Gustav Adolf, cousin, and wife Sybille, 18-19; Jean Baptist, 8; King Gustav V, 7-10, 13, 17; King Oscar II, 8-10; Prince Eugene, 13-15; Prince Karl, 19-21, 22, 27, 30; Prince Oscar, father, 8, 9, 12, 122; Queen Sophia, 10 Bernhard, Prince of the Netherlands, 41 Bernstein P., 140 Bevin, Ernest, I, 64-5, 69-72, 84-5, III, 136-40, 147-8, 164, 170, 180, 183-5, 187,190,197,200,212,226 Bidault, George, 65 Bir Asluj, 154, 243 Bjorck, Lt.-Col. Gottfrid, 32-4 Bohme, General, 37 Bonde, Colonel Thord, 96, 100, 107-11, 116, 143, 155 Briindstrom, Elsa, 20 Branting, Hjalmar, 21 British, Palestine policy, I, 2, 69-73, 845,101, 104; White Paper of 1939, 8990, 134-5, 170-2, 223, 242-7; AngloAmerican co-operation on Palestine, see USA, Middle East Office (BMEO), 64, 135, 171, 187-8,239; cabinet, 701,79, 183; navy, 66, 84, 89; army, 79; engineers arrested, Jerusalem, 199 Brunsson, Colonel Nils, 97, 114-15, 121, 141-3,174-5,211 Bunche, Dr. Ralph, Acting mediator, 6; meeting and relations with Bernadotte, 60-4, 72; position among staff, 80-3; first truce, 73-5, 86-95, 110; fourstage plan in the first Bernadotte plan, 125-35, 143-4; before Security Council, 148-9; mission to USA, 163-4, 174, 177-9; and second Bernadotte plan, 181-3,185,188-90; after the assassination, 221-2, 226, 229, 238, 241-6, 246, 250,255 'Burma Road' to Jerusalem, 121-3, 149, 207

Clark, Ashley, 64 Clark, Colonel A., 108-9 Clayton, Brigadier I. N., 188,225 Cohen, Chaim, 240-2 Cohen, Yehoshua, 209-10, 214, 218-221, 229-30,234-8 Cox, Commander William, 216 Coolidge, Calvin, 15 Cordier, Andrew, 60, 87, 107, 134, 153, 178 Crocker, General John, 108 Cosgrave, John, 109 Courday, Marquis, 15 Creech-Jones, Arthur, 56 Cremona, Paul, 109, 119 Cunningham, Alan, 56-7, 76-8 Czechoslovakia, arms supply to Israel, 103,115-16

Cadogan, Alexander, 77, 140-1, 171 Campbell, Guy, 78-9, 83-4, 85, 96, 106 Campbell, Sir Ronald, 79, 84,167 Carlgren, Willhelm, 43-4 Carmel 'pocket', 154-8 Cattan, Henry, 130-2, 172 Cedergren, Hugo, 18 Chiara, 109 Churchill, Winston S., 29, 38 Cilento, Raphael, 163, 173, 188, 215

Eban, Abba, 95, 163-4, 171, 180,222,226 Eckberg, Judge, 23 Eddy, Captain Daniel, 112, 118 Eden, Anthony, 22, 29 Efrat, David, 209, 238 Egyptian army, 69-72, 90, 102-3, 114-16, 143-4,159,177,223,243 Egyptian government, 112, 178, 245-6 Eichmann, Adolf, 28 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 23, 31, 35-7

Dachau,34 Dagania, 104 Dahlberg, Fridtjof, 222 Danielson, Otto, 239 Daughton, Doreen, 61-2, 216 Dayan, Colonel Moshe, 165, 195, 200, 211-13,228 de Greer, Jan, 215,218 Deir Yassin Massacre, 168, 206-7 de Jong, Louis, 46 de Laval, Colonel, 97, 108 de Reynier, Jacques, 78, 121 de Roses Hotel, Rhodes, I J 1,135, 182 Dewey, Thomas, 152,242-4 Dickson, 44 Ditleff, N. c., 26 Donitz, Field Marshal Karl, 38 Douglas, General, 60 Douglas, W., 71-2, 170, 183-6 Dow, Sir Hugh, 64, 76, 79, 110, 154, 166, 171,187,253 Drees, Willem, 41 Dutch post-war Inquiries, 40-6

Index Eisler, Solomon, 87 Ekstrand, Estelle, formerly Countess Bernadotte, 7-8, II, 13-18,53-4,61-2,65, 111,146,163,174,179,221-2,241 Ekstrand, Eric, 17,54 Eldad, Dr. Israel, 194,203-5,209,213-14, 231,241 Epstein, William, 60 Erlander, Tage, 239 Etzion region, 103 Evans, Harold, 59, 75-7,121 Eytan, Walter, 131-2, 170, 198,240-1 Fasel, Dr. Pierre, 217-19 Farouk, King of Egypt, 95 Finland,9, 18-19 Fleming, Gerald, 45 Franjieh, Hamid, 92 French government, 115-6 Forrestal, James, 107, 151-4 Friends Society (Quakers), 77 Frykman, Captain Sven, 33 Fuller, Major G., 97, 108 Gat Rimon, Hotel, 86 Gaza 69,183,190-1,244 Glubb, General John, 71-2, 88-9,115 Goldfoot, Stanley, 208-10, 212-13, 21821,225,229 Goldmann, Nahum, 64-5,128,166 Gotlieb, David, 206, 238 Grafstrom, Sven, 57, 60 Greenberg, Romek, 231,235 Gromyko, Andrey, 59, 67, 85, 109, 140, 148-9, 164 Griinbaum, Yitzhak, 210 Gunther, Christian, 27, 29, 35-6, 40, 46 Gustav Y, King of Sweden, see Bernadotte Gute Hartzwalde, 29, 45 Hiiggl6ff, Gunnar, 23, 57-9 Haifa: advanced headquarters, see Truce; port of and refineries in, 136-7, 188-90 Harel,Isser, 194,210,231-8 Hbersky, Cebe, 149,210 Hausner, Gideon, 241 Heuman, Maths and Heuman Committee, 239-42 Himmler, Heinrich, 27-31, 35-8,41,43-5 Hillman, Moshe, 216-20 Hitler, Adolf, 30, 36, 40, 42, 197-8,249 Hoover, Herbert, 21

305

Hotter-Yishai, Colonel, 231 Hoyland, Harold, III, 136, 187 Horthy, Miklos, 46 Hunter, Lt.-Col. Hamilton, 108-9, 155 Ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz, 169 Iraqi army, 104, 159, 177 Iraqi government, 92,143, 149, 161-4 Isdud (Ashdod), 102 Israeli government and Bernadotte, 64-5, 86-7,90-1,95,116-20,138-9,165-7, 169-80, 227-8, 241-2, 256; relations with Sweden after assassination, 23842; action against terrorism, 228-33; Law of Limitation, 193, 236, 256 Israeli army (IDF), 78, 87-90, 101-5, 10910, 117-22, 154, 158-61, I 65--{), 194, 201,205-7,230,242-7 Israeli Police, 193, 195,211,219-21,225, 228-33,241-2 Israeli press on Bernadotte, 195-20 I; Al Hamishmar, 198-200; Davar, 199,200; Ha'aretz, 198-9, 213; Haboker, 213; Journal of The Middle East Society, 208-9; Mivrak, 201, 212, 228; Palestine Post, 200; Yediot Acharonot, 198-9, 236 Israeli Secret Services, 194-5, 231-2 Iverson, Ralph, 96 IZL(lrgun),91, 101, 115, 117-19, 165-6, 168,180,199,203-7,209-12,228,233 Jabotinsky, Ze'ev, 202 Jackson, Robert, 133-4, 151, 175, 178,212 Jacobson, Rabbi Wolf, 51 Jaffa, 136-7 Jeanell, Pierre, 183 Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, 186 Jenin,104 Jerusalem, problem and plans for solution, 5, 14,65,68,76,89-90,94, 101-2, 115, 120-3, 134-7, 140, 154, 162-4, 187-91, 198-200, 223; plans for demilitarisation of, 5, 65, 123, 141, 1456, 164-6, 175, 185; supplies to, 119-23, 158, 174-5; Government House in, 78, 158-9,164,175-7,180-2,215-9,226 Jessup, Philip, 85, 133, 177 Jewish Agency, 5, 76-8 Jewish immigration, 170-2, 199; men of military age, 88-94; Cyprus detainees, 90,113; Gilgil detainees, 91,209 Joseph, Dr. Dov, 120-2, 165,207, 211,

306

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948

216-18,229 Kaete Dan, Hotel, 118 Kakun,104 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 28-9, 31 Karatiya, 154,243-4 Karlberg, military academy, 12 Kaukji, Fawzi, 97, 100, 105, 149-50,223 Karon, David, 207 Kersten, Felix, 29-30, 35-6, 39-47, 49,197 Kfar, Vitkin, II 7- I 9 Khashaba, Ahmed, 80 al Khouri, Bishara, 92 al Khouri, Faris, 67, 89 Kirkbride, Sir Alec, 87-8,94, 142 Kiwimaki, 29 KLM,64-5 Knesset, 196,232-3 Koestler, Arthur, 226 Kohn, Leo, 131 Kollontai, Alexandra, 22 Kromnow, Dr. 44 Kull, Johan, 61, 215 Labrier, F., 143 von Lagerfelt, Baron Kurt, 240 Lagerlof, Selma, 14 Larsson, Johan, 199 Lash, General Norman, 71, 122,216 Latrun, 103, 120-3, 149, 158, 174-5, 180, 199-200,216,225 League of Nations, 10 Lebanese army, 92, 100,227 Lebanese government, 59, 74, 149, 227, 246 Lee-Higginson, 16 LHI (Stern Gang), 91, 101, 166, 168, 218--22,228-9,238-41,255-6; Centre, 193-4, 197, 201, 209, 212-14; 'hard core' of, suspected assassins of Bernadotte, 193-6, 206-9, 228-38; Hazit Hamoledeth, 214, 221, 229, 232 Liberath, Ebbe, 18 Lie, Trygve, 26, 49, 53, 57, 60, 66-7, 77, 82,85,91,97,99, 109, 123, 126, 132-3, 143-6,148-9,153,166,172,175,179, 198,212,221,223-4,226,242 Lod, and airport, 136-7, 140, 149-50, 168-9, 189-91 Lustig, Ram, 230 Lovett, Robert, 152, 170, 245 Lundstrom, General Age, 156, 160, 163, 178,181-2,215-18,221-2,224-5,232,

238 Lundquist, Martin, 239 Macdonald, J. John, 153-4, 166 de Madariaga, Salvador, 63 Makover, Meshulam, 209, 237-8 Malakiyya, 105 Mallet, Victor, 35, 37 Manuilsky, Dimitry, 148 Mapaiparty, 150,227,233 Mapam party, 198,210,233 Mardam, JamiI, 92-3 Marlborough, House of, 15 Marriot, Cyril, 87 Marshall, George, 53, 71, 84-5, 97,151-4, 164,166,178-80,186-7,242-4 Martin, Lt.-Col., I 19-20 Masur, Norbert, 36-7, 39 Matthews, Freeman, 57, 179 Mauthausen, 34 Mavris, Dr. Nicholas, 66, I I I, 189 Mawawi, General, 102-3, II9, 159 McClintock, Robert, 178-9, 187-90, 213, 245 McDonald, James G., 186-7,227 McMichael, Sir Harold, 203, 209 McNeil, Hector, 65,159 Mannville, Edward and family, 15-17, 53-4 Mills, Victor, 64, 86 Mishmar Hayarden, 97, 105 Mom, Colonel Albert, 155-6 Mohn,Alfred,80-2,86, 134, 138, 146, 156 Moyne, Lord, assassination of, 203, 209, 212,234 Mount Scopus, 103, 141, 154, 162 Mufti of Jerusalem, 130-1, 167, 170 el Mulki, Fawzi, 88-9 Mustafa, Abdul Muneim, 130-1 Musy, J. M., 28, 30 Naguib, General Mohammad, I 19 Nansen, Fridtjof, 21 Nation magazine, 244-5 Nazareth, 249,168 Nazi Germany, foreign and Jewish policy, 3,19,25-6,27-9,40-2 Negev, 65, 69-70, 102, II3, II 8-20, 135, 143,149,154,157,189-91,242-4 Neuengamme, 33-4,47 Nieuwenhuys, Jean, 114,122-3,212 Nimri, Nahum, 208 Nobel Peace prize, 2 I, 42, 52,62

Index Nokrashi, Mahmud, 80, 89, 92~3, 95,142 Nordenfalk, Baron Johan Jr., 39 Nordling, Raul, 23--4 Nordwall, Dr. Ulf, 60---1, 94 Norton, C, III Norway, 10,51 O'Connor, Basil, 52 Oil and refineries in Palestine, 131 ~2, 136 Olson, Iver, 26, 46 Oranienburg,34 Palestine, Mandate, 63-4; Arab 'state' in Gaza, 178; UN Commisssioner proposed for, 54, 57~8, 77~8, 121; Airports in, 63; British enclaves in, 63 Palmach, 210, 228 Parodi, Alexander, 67, 97 Paul, King of Greece, 66 Paru, George, 208 plebiscite (proposed for Palestine), 138 Posthumus, N. W., 40, 42, 45 Prytz, Bjorn, 23 Queru, Colonel1oseph, 119, 183 Ramal, Rachel, 103 Ramie, 140, 149~50, 168 Radziwill, Prince, 17 Renville Agreement, example of, 59, 66 Ravensbruck,24,37 Reedman, John, 65, 81~2, 86-7, 90---1, 95~6, 107~9, 118, 131~2, 134, 138, 146, 212,216 Refugees, problem, 130---1, 166-74, 188~ 90,246; attitude of Arab League, 167, 171, 174; of the big powers, 170---2; combined flight and deportation, 168~ 9; Zionist 'transfer' idea 130---1, 169~ 70, 175, 181~3 Red Cross, 51~3, 58, 162~3, 171; International Committee of, 20, 21, 52, 64, 73, 75, 78, 121, 173, 212, 216-17, 253; Swedish, 19~20, 27, 30---3, 49; German, 22,47; League of Red Cross Societies, 52~3

von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 31 ~2 Riley, General William, 153-4, 156, 17,221,225-6,243~5

Richert, A., 29~30, 35 Riksdag, 8, 43-4

215~

307

Roderick, John, 215~ 16 Rhodes, headquarters and meetings in, 65--{i, 76, 110---1, 126-7, 130---2, 186-90, 199 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 26, 36, 169 Roscher-Lund, Colonel Alfred, 85, 96, 106,128 Rusk, Dean, 151~3, 187,244 Sachsenhausen,34 Salahi, Abdul Rahman, 130---1 Sandstrom, Emil, 60---1, 81,166 Satterthwaite, Joseph, 178~9 Schellenberg, General Walter, 28~31, 33, 35-40,44,47 Schiborin, N., 84 Schiff, Yeshurun, 211,220,229 Schomberg, 34 Scouts movement, 17~ 18 Sde Boker, 235~7 Seip, Rector of Oslo University, 31 Sejera, 97, 132, 143 Serot, Colonel Andre, 193, 211, 216-8, 220 Seward, Carey, 81~3, III Shaltiel, Colonel David, 207 Shamir, Yitzhak, 196, 203~5, 214, 233-4 Shamsie, Ali, 142 Sharett, Moshe" 89~91, 93, 118, 130---1, 138, 160, 164-5, 170, 172, 182~3, 197, 200,212,227,229 . Shepheard's Hotel, 78, 95 Sherman, Admiral F. P., 151~5, 253 Shmuelevitch, M., 231~3 Shiloah, Reuven, 90, 131~2 Shitrit, Bechor, 195 Shuqairi,Ahmed, 131~2, 172 Shultz, Lillie, 245 Silver, Rabbi A. H., 77 Sneh, Moshe, 198 Snouk-Hurgronje,41 Sobolev, Arkady, 221 Sonderman, Dr. Harry, 239 Stavropoulus, Constantin, 81~2, 136 Stoneman, William, 82,110---11 Stoner, General Frank, 82, 112 Storch, Hilel, 26, 35~6, 39,47,60 Suez Canal and British Zone, 78~9, 108~9 Svanstrom, Ragnar, 12,40,54 Swanson, Gloria, 15 Sweden, government and foreign policy, 9, 19~20, 22~23, 26-38, 43, 46-8; the appointment of and aid to Bernadotte, 57, 83; and the assassination, 194, 256; independent inquiry into, 238-42;

308

Bernadotte in Palestine, 1948

Committee for Foreign Aid, 23, 60; exhibition in the USA, 17-18 Syrian government, 92-3, 147-8 Tarrasenko, Vassily, 67 Terboven, Josef, 37 Theresienstadt, 28, 30, 35, 47 Thomsen, 29 Transjordan, government of 87-8, 103-4, 120, 226; Arab Legion at war, 87, 103-4,115,120--2,141-2,226; British support of, 67, 70--72, 184- 5 Touviansky, M., 199 Trevor-Roper, Hugh (Lord Dacre), 3, 323,41-4,234 . Troutbeck,John, 171-2, 187~91,213,245 Truce, establishment and supervision, 2, 64, 69-72, 83-5, 88-97, 100, 106-23, 143-4, 154-61, 174-5, 181-2; UN headquarters, 76-7, 82, 11 0--12; coastal patrols, 109, 112; observers: numbers and positions, 106-10, I 13, 154-7; radio communications, 12-13 Truman, Harry S., 57, 59, 70--1, 77, 84, 152-3,180,184-6,244-7 Tsiang, Tingfu, 59-60 Ullmark, Dr. Rudolf, 215-17 Unden, Osten, 40,50,241 United Nations: Conciliation Commission, 163, 189-91; General Assembly, 1-5, 251; Special Assembly of May 1948, 1-5, 54-8,66; Regular Assembly of 1948, 162-4, 171, 178-9, 182, 188, 216,221,233-4,226,239-40,242-7;29 November 1947 resolution, 2, 81, 101, 127-8, 134, 137, 190, 245; observers, see Truce supervision; Security Council, 2, 5, 6, 55-6, 66-72, 75-8, 83-5, 87-90,94-5,99,141,163,179-80,1835,216, 223-4, 226, 238-9, 243-5, 254; arms embargo, 70--2, 114-16, 120, 150-1, 160--1, 171, 180--1, 254; Committee of Good Offices, 59, 68; invoking sanctions, 67-72,132-3,145,148,181,186; Consular Commission (TC), 58, 68-9, 71-2, 75-8, 84-5, 91-123, 142, 145-7, 150--1, 165; Military Staff Committee, 133; UN guardsmen, 109-10; UN Force for Jerusalem, 132-3, 135, 146, 150-4, 162-6, 178-80; resolutions: 15 July, 147-8; 18 August, 179-81; 16 November, 245-6 UNRRA, 23, 50--3, 173 UNSCOP, 55, 59-60, 62, 65, 81-2,125

UNPAC, 55, 62-4,77,81,158 USA Palestine policy and co-operation with Britain, 5, 66, 69-72, 101, 115-16, 135, 139, 151-4, 170, 180--1, 183-91, 223-4,243-7; navy, 66,107,110,112, 225; CIA, 153; Presidential election of 1948,5, 152,228,242-7; War Refugee Board (1944), 26-7 USSR foreign and Palestine policy, 2, 5, 18,68,85,99, 115, 146-9, 180--1, 186, 246; and assassination of Bernadotte, 224-5 Vanderbilt, family, 15 Van Zeeland, Paul, 57-9 Vase, Pinhas, 154 Vigier,Henry,81, 110, 179, 181 Viruly, 64, 96-7 Von Nagell, Baron, 40 Von Post, Eric, 30, 36 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 146-7 Wallenberg, Raul, 46 Wasson, Thomas, 68 Weisler, Glen, 26 Weizmann, Dr. Chaim, 135, 169-70 Wessel (Jerring) Barbro, 54, 60, 79, 86, 127,213,215,217 Western Galilee, 65, 69-70,136-7,189-90 Westman, 60--1 Westrup, 30 Willingham, Captain, 96 Wimberley, Major, 108 World Jewish Congress, 26-7, 35-6 Yadin, General Yigael, 200 Yahav, Colonel Dan, 230 Yair (Stern), 203 Yelin-Mor, Nathan, 196, 203-6, 213-14, 231-4,238-9 YMCA, Sweden, 18 YMCA building, Jerusalem, 78, 121,216, 218 Zetler, Yehoshua, 206-10, 212-14 Zafrullah Khan, Mohammed, 164 Zamir, Michael, 219-20 Zhukov, General, 28 Zifroni, Gabriel, 213 Zion Hotel, 90, 94 Zionist pressure group in USA, 77, 115, 152-4,186,242-7