Notes Introduction 1. Richard Overy, Why the Allies won (New York: Norton, 1995), p. 1. 2. Cf. Niall Ferguson (ed.), Virtual History. Alternatives and Counterfactuals (London: Papermac, 1998). 3. W.J. Hancock, Smuts, the Sanguine Years, 1870–1919, p. 107. 4. Cf. the excellent analyses of Bakkes in ‘Die Militêre Situasie aan die BenedeTugela op die Vooraand van die Britse Deurbraak by Pietershoogte’ [The Military Situation on the Lower Tugela on the Eve of the British Breakthrough at Pieters Heights] (Archives Yearbook for South African History, 1967(I), and Die Britse Deurbraak aan die Benede-Tugela op Majubadag 1900 [The British Breakthrough at the Lower Tugela on Majuba Day 1900].

Chapter 1 1 C. Headlam (ed.), The Milner Papers, I, p. 526 (Chamberlain – Milner, 2 September 1899). 2 G.D. Scholtz, Die Oorsake van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [The Causes of the Second Anglo-Boer War], I, p. 12. 3 G.D. Scholtz, Suid-Afrika en die Wêreldpolitiek, 1652–1952 [South Africa and World Politics, 1652–1952], p. 77. 4 Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers – Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, p. 226. 5 J.H. Bird (ed.), The Annals of Natal, 1495–1845, II, p. 665 (Napier – Russell, 6 December 1841). 6 G.D. Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner [The Development of the Political Thought of the Afrikaner], II, p. 29. 7 Scholtz, Suid-Afrika en die Wêreldpolitiek [South Africa and World Politics], p. 159. 8 J.S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger’s Republic, p. 159. 9 The Milner Papers, I, p. 359 (Milner – Hely-Hutchinson, 8 May 1899). 10 Scholtz, Suid-Afrika en die Wêreldpolitiek [South Africa and World Politics], p. 116. 11 Arthur J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, I, p. 41 12 A.J.P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, pp. 363 and 364. 13 Marais, The Fall of Kruger’s Republic, p. 325. 14 Quoted in G.D. Scholtz, Die Afrikaner en die See [The Afrikaner and the Sea], pp. 97–98 from E. Waldschmidt et seq, Geschichte Asiens, p. 271 15 G.D. Scholtz, ‘Die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Wêreldverband’, [The AngloBoer War in International Context], I, Historia 20(1), May 1975, p. 39. 161

162 Notes

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Iain Smith, The Origins of the South African War 1899–1902, p. 376. F.A. van Jaarsveld, Lewende Verlede [Living Past], p. 248 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, VIII/3, pp. 582–583. The Milner Papers, I, p. 401 (Milner – Selborne, 24 May 1899). Scholtz, Suid-Afrika en die Wêreldpolitiek [South Africa and World Politics], pp. 226–228. Jay Luvaas, The Education of an Army – British Military Thought 1815–1940, pp. 102–103 and 113–114. This aspect is further discussed on pp. ??? Luvaas, The Education of an Army, pp. 141, 143, 145, 149 and 150–151. A.J. Trythall, ‘Boney’ Fuller, the Intellectual General 1878–1966, p. 11. Rayne Kruger, Good-bye Dolly Gray – the History of the Boer War, p. 62. Denis Judd and Keith Surridge, The Boer War, pp. 62 and 64. G.D. Scholtz, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Staatsartillerie’ [The History of the State Artillery] Commando, 5(6), June 1954, p. 7. W.K Hancock and J. van der Poel (eds), Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 324 (memorandum from Smuts, 4 September 1899). F.A. Steytler, ‘General Hertzog as Krygsman’ [General Hertzog as Warrior], Hertzog-Annale, 9(13), December 1960, p. 16. Cf. Also C.M. van den Heever, Generaal J.B.M. Hertzog, p. 106.

Chapter 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10 11 12 13

Cf. WO 32/847, file 8501 (microfilm A353, TA). Ibid., memorandum by Major E.A. Altham, 3 June 1899. J.L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, III, pp. 463–464. British official History of the War in South Africa 1899–1902, I, p. 2. This source will henceforth be referred to as the Official History. Ibid., p. 42 L.S. Amery (ed.), The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899–1902, II, p. 120. This source will henceforth be referred to as the Times History. See Transvaal Green Paper Traktaten gesloten tusschen de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek en den Oranje-Vrijstaat [Treaties concluded between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State], p. 5. Cf. OFS Parliamentary Minutes, 1897, Act No 13 of 1897, and Locale Wetten der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek [Local Acts of the South African Republic], pp. 169–170, Act No. 16 of 1898. GS 1659(2), pp. 935–936, Steyn – Magistrate of Boshof, 2 October 1899. Office correspondence file TA 14/4/35, Smuts – Dr C. Beyers, 19 October 1948. GS 1659(2), pp. 935–936, Steyn – Magistrate of Boshof, 2 October 1899. Dr W.J. Leyds Archive 738, pp. 234–242, telegraphic conversation between Kruger and Steyn, 20 September 1899 (TA). W.J. Leyds (ed.): Tweede Verzameling (Correspondentie 1899–1900) [Second Collection (Correspondence 1899–1900)], I/I, pp. 31–32 (Reitz – Leyds, 1 October 1899).

Notes 163

14 Leyds Archive 738, p. 296, telegraphic conversation between Kruger and Steyn, 7 October 1899. 15 Ibid., pp. 314–316. 16 Cd. 9530: Further Correspondence relating to the Political Affairs of the South African Republic, No. 16. 17 Official History, I, p. 2. 18 Frederik Rompel, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, p. 66. 19 General J.B.M. Hertzog Collection 95, incomplete memoirs of Hertzog, p. 19. 20 KG 346(1), p. 31, Joubert – Under State Secretary, 6 October 1899. 21 Cf. J.H. Breytenbach, Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in SuidAfrika [The History of the Second War of Freedom in South Africa], I, annex F, p. 479, where the complete Proclamation of Occupation is reproduced. 22 Rompel, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, p. 66; Leyds:. Tweede Verzameling [Second Collection], I/1, p. 32 (Reitz – Leyds, 1 October 1899). 23 A182 (TA). 24 Office correspondence file TA 14/4/35, Smuts – Dr C. Beyers, 19 October 1948. 25 H.J.C. Pieterse, My Tweede Vryheidstryd [My Second Freedom Struggle]. 26 Carl von Clausewitz, On War, VIII/6, p. 607. 27 Ibid., I/1, p. 75. 28 Ibid., I/2, p. 94. 29 Cf. J.F.C. Fuller, The Conduct of War 1789–1961, pp. 92–93 and 118. 30 Cd. 457: South African Despatches, I, p. 5 (Roberts – Lansdowne, 6 February 1900). 31 WO 2/847, file 8234 (microfiche A353, TA), memorandum by Sir John Ardagh, October 1896. 32 Cd. 1790: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence, p. 384. 33 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 36. 34 W.L. von R. and I.M.E. Scholtz (eds), ‘Dagboek van C.J. Asselbergs’ [Diary of C.J. Asselbergs], 19 March 1900 (Christiaan de Wet-Annale, 5 October 1978), p. 56. 35 Cf. WO 32/847, file 8501 (microfiche A353, TA), memoranda by Sir John Ardagh and Major E.A. Altham, 6 September 1898 and 11 June 1896 respectively. 36 G.N. van den Bergh, ‘Secret Service in the South African Republic, 1895–1900’. (Military History Journal, 3(2), December 1974), p. 63. The author unfortunately does not state what the results of this investigation were. 37 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 326 (memorandum by Smuts, 4 September 1899). 38 Hertzog Collection 95, Memoirs of Hertzog, p. 19 39 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 562 (reminiscences of Smuts). 40 UR 17, p. 42 Minutes of the OFS Executive Council, Art. 2357, 11 October 1899.

164 Notes

41 KG 332(7), p. 64, Prinsloo – Joubert, 11 October 1899. 42 Marais, The Fall of Kruger’s Republic, p. 321. 43 Cd. 1791: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence, p. 503.

Chapter 3 1 P.A. Nierstrasz, Der Südafrikanische Krieg, II/2, p. 538. This unpublished source is in the Leyds Collection. 2 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 182. 3 Times History, II, p. 153. 4 Leyds archives 709(a), p. 42 Steyn – Kruger, 14 October 1899 (containing Prinsloo – Steyn, 14 October 1899). 5 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, pp. 217–230. 6 KG 333(1), p. 62, Prinsloo – Joubert, 16 October 1899; KG 333(2), p. 195, Prinsloo – Joubert, 19 October 1899. 7 Official History, I, p. 154. 8 N. Hofmeyr, Zes Maanden bij de Commando’s [Six Months with the Commandos], p. 93. 9 Cd. 457: South African Despatches, I, p. 63 (report by White, 2 December 1899). 10 Cf. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, pp. 316–328. 11 Scholtz, Generaal. Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 35–37. 12 J.C.G. Kemp, Vir Vryheid en Reg [For Freedom and Justice], p. 213. Cf. also J.F. Naudé: Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp ‘bôkant’ de Wet [The Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers and Kemp above de Wet], p. 45. 13 Times History, II, p. 235. 14 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 328. 15 Deneys Reitz, Commando. A Boer Journal of the Boer War, pp. 42–43. 16 Hofmeyr, Zes Maanden bij de Commandos [Six Months with the Commandos], pp. 119–120. 17 Written report by G.D. Scholtz, 30 June 1970, in the author’s possession. The Times History, II, pp. 232–233 and the Official History, I, p. 185, also refer to the disorderly retreat. 18 Cd. 457: South African Despatches, I, p. 63 (report by White, 2 December 1899). 19 Kemp, Vir Vryheid en Reg [For Freedom and Justice], p. 210. 20 C.G.S. Sandberg, Twintig Jaren onder Krugers Boeren in Voor-en Tegenspoed [Twenty Years among Kruger’s Boers in Good and Bad Times], pp. 227–228. 21 Reitz, Commando, p. 43.

Notes 165

22 KG 352(2), pp. 93–94, Joubert – all Commandants and officers, 3 November 1899. 23 Ibid., p. 133, Joubert – Prinsloo, 11 November 1899. 24 Cf. Naudé, Vechten en Vluchten [Fighting and Fleeing], p. 50, C.J. Barnard: Generaal Louis Botha aan die Natalse Front, 1899–1900 [General Louis Botha on the Natal Front 1899–1900], p. 33. 25 Cf. ‘Dagboek van C.J. Asselbergs’ (Diary of C.J. Asselbergs), 21 February 1900. Christiaan de Wet-annale [Christiaan de Wet Annals], 5 October 1978, p. 24. 26 F.V. Engelenburg, General Louis Botha, pp. 28–29. 27 Dr S.P. Engelbrecht Collection 17, p. 58, Joubert – Kruger, 28 November 1899 (TA). 28 Barnard, General Louis Botha op die Natalse Front [General Louis Botha on the Natal Front], pp. 41–42. 29 KG 336(1), p. 65, HTD – Joubert, 2 December 1899 (containing Erasmus – Kruger, 2 December 1899). 30 Cd. 1791: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, p. 427. 31 Cf. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 153. 32 A313, General J.H. de la Rey Collection 17, p. 3, reminiscences of General de la Rey. 33 Cf. Official History, II, p. 409. 34 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 396 35 Cd. 457: South Africa Despatches, I, pp. 207–209 (‘Weekly States of the Garrison of Kimberley’). 36 Cf. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 153. 37 Leyds Archives 709(a), p. 86, Steyn – Kruger, 17 October 1899. 38 Leyds Archives 709(c ), p. 205, Cronjé – Government, 22 October 1899. Cf. also Leyds Archives 709(b), p. 112, Kruger – Steyn, 18 October 1899 (containing Kruger – Cronjé, 18 October 1899). 39 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], II, p. 371. 40 Leyds Archives 709(a), p. 86, Steyn – Kruger, 17 October 1899. Cf. also SS 8267, p. 96, R 881/99, Steyn – Kruger, 18 October 1899. 41 Leyds Archives 709(a), p. 62, Steyn – Kruger, 16 October 1899. 42 Cf. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 153 and the Official History , I, pp. 42–43 and 495. 43 Rompel, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, p. 67. 44 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], II, pp. 2 and 457–463. 45 Leyds, Tweede Verzameling [Second Collection], I/1, pp. 150–151 (Reitz – Leyds, 20 October 1899). 46 SS 8267, pp. 84–86, R 878/99, Steyn – Kruger, 27 October 1899.

166 Notes

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

56 57

Leyds Archives 709(f), p. 477, Kruger – Steyn, 28 October 1899. Leyds Archives 710(a), p. 108, Schoeman – Reitz, 5 November 1899. SS 8739, BB 3485/99, Reitz – Schoeman, 28 October 1899. Leyds Archives 710(a), p. 35, Steyn – HTD, 2 November 1899. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I, p. 441. Leyds Archives 710(a), p. 423, Steyn – Kruger, 13 November 1899 (containing Olivier – Steyn, 13 November 1899). Ibid. Leyds Archives 745(a), HTD – Joubert, 17 November 1899 (containing Schoeman – Kruger, 17 November 1899). Cape Blue Book A.5-1900: Magisterial Reports having Reference to the Occupation by the Enemy of, and the Attitude of the Population in, the Districts now or recently under Martial Law, pp. 23, 35, 74 and 144. Official History, I, pp. 471–476. Cd. 1791: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence, pp. 172–173.

Chapter 4 1 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], II, p. 3. 2 Ibid., pp. 2–6. 3 Ibid., chapters II–VI. 4 Ibid., chapters IX–X; ibid., III, chapters III–VII. 5 Ibid., II, chapter VIII. 6 Although de la Rey was not personally present at the battle, he was responsible for the brilliant choice of the tactical positions in front of Magersfontein Hill. 7 C.R. de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 29. Although this book was translated into English as The Three Years War (Reprinted by Galago, Alberton, 1986), the translation is not always accurate. The original source was, therefore, used for this work. 8 Ibid., pp. 29–30; de la Rey collection 17, pp. 3–4, reminiscences of de la Rey. 9 de la Rey Collection 17, p. 4, reminiscences of de la Rey. 10 Steyn proposed something in this vein on 14 December. Because it is known that de Wet was in Bloemfontein on that day, one could pose the question whether de Wet did not in fact take up the matter with Steyn. Vide Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 22. 11 Cf. Leyds Archives 713(c ), No. 26, Reitz – Steyn, 18 December 1899. 12 Ibid., No. 27, Government – Cronjé, 18 December 1899. 13 Leyds Archives 713(e), No.25, Cronjé – Reitz, 19 December 1899. 14 de Wet: de Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], pp. 29–30.

Notes 167

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

33

34 35 36 37 38

Leyds Archives 713(e), No. 20, Kruger – Cronjé, 28 December 1899. Leyds Archives 760, p. 126, Cronjé – de Wet and de la Rey, 3 January 1900. de la Rey Collection 17, p. 14, reminiscences of de la Rey. Leyds Archives 714(a), No. 21, Steyn – Kruger, 4 January 1900 (containing Capt. Fichardt – Steyn, 4 January 1900). Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 24. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 89–91. Leyds Archives 714(b), No. 21, Jooste and de Wet – Kruger, 10 January 1900. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 89–91. F.R.M. Cleaver, A Young South African – a Memoir of Ferrar Reginald Mostyn Cleaver; advocate and veldkornet, p. 50 (Cleaver – his mother, 26 January 1900). J.H. Meyer, Kommandojare – ‘n Oudstryder se persoonlike Relaas van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [Commando Years: A Veteran’s personal Renditon of the Second War of Freedom], pp. 135 and 145. Cleaver, A Young South African, p. 50 (Cleaver – his mother, 26 January 1900). Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], I pp. 192–193. Leyds Archives 709(b), p. 112, Kruger – Steyn, 18 October 1899 (containing Kruger – Cronjé 18 October 1899). UR 17, p. 75, Minutes of the Free State Executive Council, Art. 2446, 4 November 1899 (VA). Leyds Archives 710(e), p. 453, Kruger – Steyn, 14 November 1899. Ibid., p. 481, Steyn – Kruger, 15 November 1899 (containing Olivier – Steyn, 15 November 1899). Ibid., p. 489, Kruger – Steyn, 15 November 1899. Cf. Official History, I, p. 382, where a translated version of a telegram, dated 20 December 1899, from Kruger to Steyn is contained. Although this telegram could not be traced in the archives there is nevertheless no reason to doubt its authenticity. J.H. Snyman, ‘Die Afrikaner in Kaapland, 1899–1902’ [The Afrikaner in the Cape, 1899–1902] Unpublished D Phil dissertation, Potchefstroom University, 1973, pp. 162–163. Official History, II, p. 282. Cf. also Cape Blue Paper A5–1900: Magisterial Reports, quoting literally dozens of such cases. Cf. Hofmeyr, Zes Maanden bij de Commandos (‘Six Months with the Commandos’), pp. 225–228. Snyman, ‘Die Afrikaner in Kaapland, 1899–1902’ [The Afrikaner in the Cape, 1899–1902], p. 165. Ibid., p. 158. Di Patriot, de Rebellie en hare Gevolgen, voor het Nageslacht bewaard [The Rebellion and its Consequences, preserved for Posterity], Paarl, 1901.

168 Notes

39 Cleaver, A Young South African, pp. 51–52. 40 Cf. Official History, I, p. 382 where the above mentioned telegram of 20 December 1899 (vide footnote 32) from Kruger to Steyn was quoted. 41 Leyds Archives 711(c ), No. 30, Steyn – Kruger, 27 November 1899. 42 Ibid., No. 39, Kruger – Steyn, 27 November 1899. 43 Engelbrecht Collection 19, p. 231, Steyn – Kruger, 29 November 1899. 44 KG 349(1), Joubert – Kruger, 17 January 1900. 45 Cf. KG 365(1), Reitz – Gen. Du Toit, 27 November 1899; UR 17, p. 133, Minutes of the Free State Executive Council, Art. 2595, 12 January 1900. 46 Vide the Engelbrecht Collection 22/55, p. 38, Steyn – Kruger, 19 January 1900; Leyds Archives 715(b), No. 44, Kruger – Steyn, 19 January 1900; Engelbrecht Collection 22/55, p. 126, Steyn – Kruger, 21 January 1900; Cd. 261: Further Correspondence relating to Affairs in South Africa, No. 5. 47 Engelbrecht Collection 23/57, p. 89, Salisbury – Kruger and Steyn, 5 February 1900. 48 Rompel, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, p. 66. 49 Vide p. 60 ???.

Chapter 5 1 Vide pp. 25–26. 2 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 24–25; Official History, I, pp. 410–411; Times History, III, p. 340. 3 David James, Lord Roberts, pp. 264 and 278–279. 4 Ibid., p. 80; Times History, III, p. 338. 5 South African Telegrams and Letters sent by Field-Marshal Lord Roberts, I, p. 3 (Roberts – Buller, 23 December 1899). 6 Times History, III, p. 341n. 7 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 24–25. 8 Luvaas, The Education of an Army, p. 231. 9 Ibid., p. 237. 10 Cf. John Selby, Stonewall Jackson as Military Commander, pp. 74–75 and 99. 11 Times History, III, p. 342. Cf. also James, Lord Roberts, p. 279. 12 Telegrams and Letters, I, p. 4 (Roberts – Methuen, 11 January 1900). 13 Official History, I, p. 411. 14 Vide footnotes 33 and 34. 15 Official History, I, pp. 411–412; Times History, III, pp. 341–342. 16 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 102–103; Official History, I, p. 412. 17 Cd. 1790: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence, p. 460. 18 Ibid., p. 467. 19 Telegrams and Letters, I, p. 19 (Roberts – Milner, 5 February 1900).

Notes 169

20 Keith Terrance Surridge, Managing the South African War, 1899–1902. Politicians v. Generals, p. 79. 21 Official History, II, p. 16; Times History, III, p. 344. 22 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, p. 129; OfficialHistory, I, p. 439; Times History, III, p. 344. 23 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 27. 24 Liddell Hart, Strategy, p. 339. The sentence in italics is Liddell Hart’s own. 25 Times History, III, p. 347. 26 Breytenbach, Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [The History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 124–125. 27 Ibid., pp. 80–81. 28 Vide pp. 36–37. 29 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom, IV, pp. 105–107; Official History, I, pp. 416–418; Times History, III, pp. 349–354. 30 Vide p. [???] 31 KG 337(1), p. 32, Kruger – Joubert, 25 December 1899. 32 KG 338(2), p. 2, Government – Joubert, 3 January 1900. 33 Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], pp. 50–54; Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 27 and 69. 34 Official History, I, p. 435. 35 Leyds Archives 714 (a), Nos. 32 and 33, Cronjé – Kruger, 3 January 1900 and 5 January 1900; Engelbrecht Collection 21/52, p. 89, Steyn – Kruger, 3 January 1900 (containing Cronjé – Steyn, 22 January 1900). 36 Leyds Archives. 715(g), No. 25, Kruger – Steyn, 31 January 1900. 37 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 110–111. Cf. also p. 126. 38 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 42. 39 Ibid., p. 31. 40 Jack Hindon, ‘Herinneringen van genl. Piet Cronjé’ (Reminiscences of Gen. Piet Cronjé). Die Brandwag magazine, 15 October 1913, p. 297. 41 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 31–32. 42 Unless stated otherwise, all the information in this section is derived from the following sources: Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, Chapters IX–XVII; Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], Chapter 2; and J.L. Basson, ‘Die Slag van Paardeberg’ [The Battle of Paardeberg], unpublished MA thesis, University of Pretoria, 1971. 43 Count Adalbert Sternberg, My Experiences of the Boer War, pp. 158–159.

170 Notes

44 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 34. 45 The True History of the War, being the Official Despatches from the General Commanding-in-Chief of the Forces in South Africa, III, p. 54 (Report by Lord Roberts, 16 February 1900). 46 Times History, III, pp. 400–401. 47 In his memoirs de Wet stated that he managed to fight his way through to the beleaguered camp (De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 56) but more recent research indicated that this was not the case. Cf. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], IV, pp. 324–332. 48 Leyds Archives 716(b), No. 25, Steyn – Kruger, 13 February 1900; Ibid., 717(a), No. 27, Steyn – Kruger, 16 February 1900. 49 Ibid., 717(a), No. 9, Kruger – Steyn, 16 February 1900. 50 KG 350(1), p. 178, Joubert – de la Rey, 17 February 1900. 51 Leyds Archives 717(b), No. 15, de la Rey – Joubert, 17 February 1900. 52 Ibid., 717(f), No. No.19, Steyn – Kruger, 24 February 1900. 53 Engelbrecht Collection 24/62, pp. 53–68, telegraphic conversation between Presidents Steyn and Kruger, 24 February 1900. 54 de la Rey Collection 17, p. 19, unpiblished memoirs General de la Rey. 55 Official History, II, pp. 249 and 255. 56 For a detailed description cf. Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], Chapters XI–XVI; C.J. Barnard, Generaal Louis Botha op die Natalse Front [General Louis Botha on the Natal Front], Chapter 6; C.M. Bakkes, Die Britse Deurbraak aan die Benede-Tugela op Majubadag 1900 [The British Breakthrough at the Lower Tugela on Majuba Day 1900], passim. 57 Cf. Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 57. 58 Leyds Archives 717(d), No. 43, Steyn – Kruger, 22 February 1900. Cf. also KG 341(4), Kruger – Joubert, 22 February 1900; and OfficialHistory, II, pp. 166–167. 59 Cd.1790: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence, pp. 466–467. 60 Official History, II, p. 258. 61 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], pp. 78–80. 62 Asselbergs, ‘Dagboek’ [Diary], 17 March 1900, pp. 47–53. 63 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 55–74. 64 Ibid., pp. 74–83. 65 Leyds Archives 720(a), No. 32, de Wet – Joubert, 22 March 1900. 66 Cf. Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 74–83. 67 Journal of the Principal Events connected with South Africa, III, p. 59 (telegram by Roberts, 3 April 1900).

Notes 171

68 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 122. 69 Official History, II, p. 314. It was not possible to trace the original of this telegram in the archives. 70 Leyds Archives 721(e), No. 24, Steyn – Kruger,16 April 1900 (containing de Wet – Steyn, 14 April 1900). 71 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], V, chapter XVII. 72 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 130. 73 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], V, chapters XIV–XVI. 74 Official History, III, p. 309. 75 The True History of the War, III, p. 76 (report by Lord Roberts, 14 August 1900). 76 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander), pp. 102–118. 77 Telegrams and Letters, II, pp. 111–112 (Roberts – Kelly-Kenny, 16 June 1900). 78 Official History , III, chapters XVI–XVII; Times History, IV, chapters VII, XI and XIII. 79 Leyds Archives 734, p. 117, Government Gazette Extraordinary No. 1145, 3 September 1900. 80 Ibid., 739, pp. 155–159, telegraphic conversation between Kruger and Botha, 27 August 1900. 81 Ibid., 726(g), No. 20, SKC – Kruger, 10 June 1900 (containing de Wet – Steyn, 8 June 1900). 82 Ibid., 727(b), No. 26, Botha – Kruger, 16 June 1900 (containing Botha – Steyn, 16 June 1900). 83 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 135–139. 84 Ibid., pp. 138–139. Cf. also J.A.J. de Villiers, ‘The Diaries and Recollections of Jacob Abraham Jeremias de Villiers’ (Christiaan de Wet-Annale, no. 8, Nov. 1990, p. 39.) 85 Ibid., pp. 225–252. 86 Cd. 426: Proclamations issued by Field-Marshal Lord Roberts in South Africa, p. 2 (Proclamation dated February 1900). 87 Ibid., p. 3 (Proclamation of 15 February 1900). 88 Ibid., p. 5 (Proclamation of 31 May 1900). 89 S.B. Spies, Methods of Barbarism? – Roberts and Kitchener in the Boer Republics, January 1900–May 1902, p. 318n. 90 de Wet, De Strijd tusscen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 118. 91 Cd. 426: Proclamations issued by Lord Roberts, p. 6 (Proclamation of 24 May 1900). 92 Ibid., p. 8 (Proclamation of 1 June 1900). 93 Ibid., p. 10 (Proclamation of 16 June 1900).

172 Notes

94 95 96 97 98 99

100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113

Journal of the Principal Events, IV, p. 82. Telegrams and Letters, II, (Roberts – Kitchener, 16 June 1900). Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 51. Ibid., pp. 120–127. The quotation appears on p. 120. Cf. Telegrams and Letters, III, pp. 135–136 (Roberts – Botha, 5 August 1900). Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 573 (reminiscences of General Smuts). Cf. also Naudé, Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp (‘Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers and Kemp’), pp. 126–127. N.J. van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 65; Oskar Hintrager, ‘Dagboek’ [Diary], 5 September 1900 (Christiaan de Wet-Annale, No. 2, October 1973, pp. 138–140). Leyds Archives 734, p. 6, war report, 1 June 1900. Cf. Leyds Archives 739, pp. 127–128, telegraphic conversation between Kruger and Botha, 7 June 1900. Telegrams and Letters, II, p. 98 (Roberts – Botha, 12 June 1900). Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 177–179. Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], pp. 124–134 and 139–145. Times History, V, p. 43. Jehuda Wallach, Das Dogma der Vernichtungsschlacht, pp. 62–108. Aus dem Südafrikanischen Kriege 1899 bis 1902 (Kriegsgeschichtliche Einzelschriften, Heft 32– 35), Berlin, 1903–1906. Field Marshal Count Alfred von Schlieffen, Cannae (Berlin, 1936). Aus dem Südafrikanischen Kriege, III, pp. 170–172. Rayne Kruger, Good-bye Dolly Gray, p. 369. James, Lord Roberts, p. 350. Vide Bond, Liddell Hart, chapters 8 and 9; Alex Danchev, Alchemist of War. The Life of Basil Liddell Hart, pp. 227–228 and 235–239.

Chapter 6 1 A787, Preller Collection 1, p. 61, de Wet – Botha, 7 November 1900. Cf. also Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 168–172. 2 W. van Everdingen, De Oorlog in Zuid-Afrika, Tweede Tijdvak [The War in South Africa, Second Phase], II, p. 182; B.J. Viljoen, My Reminiscences of the Anglo-Boer War, p. 244; Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 339–340 (Executive Council Resolution, Art. 117, 16 July 1900); G.D. Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan Frederik Beyers, 1869–1914, p. 29. 3 A787, Preller Collection 60, p. 227, diary of G.S. Preller, 15 March 1901. The date has been arrived at through a reconstruction from the account of P.S. la G. Lombard, Uit die Dagboek van ‘n Wildeboer [From the Diary of a Wild Boer], p. 88; Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 620 (reminis-

Notes 173

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27

28 29

cences of Smuts). Cf. Also de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 226. Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 66. The Times, 21 September 1900. Surridge, Managing the South African War, p. 91. Cd. 426: Army Proclamations issued by Lord Roberts, pp. 6 and 16 (Proclamations of 24 June 1900 and 1 September 1900). S. Hofmeyr, Die Boere-Republieke en die Volkereg [The Boer Republics and the Law of Nations], p. 62. Telegrams and Letters, IV, p. 108 (Roberts – Botha, 2 September 1900). Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 66; de Wet: De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 321 (Steyn – Kitchener, 15 Augustus 1901). Hofmeyr, Die Boere-Republieke en die Volkereg [The Boer Republics and the Law of Nations], pp. 62–68.Cf. also Spies: Methods of Barbarism?, pp. 62–63. Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 626 (reminiscences of General Smuts); Naudé, Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp (‘Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers and Kemp’), p. 185; Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 66. Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 626 (reminiscences of Gen. Smuts). A787, Preller Collection 49, p. 387 (war report, including Badenhorst – Smuts, 14 February 1901). Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 371–372 (Smuts – de Wet, 10 February 1901). Vide pp. 77 and 100 ??? Cf. Official History, III, pp. 35–42; Times History, V, pp. 122–125. LRP 58, p. 98, Col. Western – Roberts, 26 November 1900. Telegrams and Letters, IV, p. 45 (Roberts – Milner, 18 August 1900). Cf. Walter Laqueur, Guerrilla. A Historical and Critical Study, pp. 121–122. Times History, V, p. 67. Ibid., V, p. 5. Leopold Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 168–172; G.D. Scholtz, Christiaan Frederik Beyers, pp. 31–40. The True History of the War, IV, p. 100 (report by Lord Roberts, 15 November 1900). Spies: Methods of Barbarism?, p. 81. Cf. Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 659 (reminiscences of General Smuts). Cf. Cd.1789: Report of the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence, p. 46 (evidence by Lord Roberts); E.S. May, A Retrospect of the South African War, p. 44; Kruger, Dolly Gray, p. 62; Judd and Surridge, The Boer War, p. 60. Geoffrey Fairbairn, Revolutionary Guerrilla Warfare – the Countryside Version, p. 99. Preller Collection 2, pp. 289–290, Kritzinger – de Wet, 22 December 1900.

174 Notes

30 Snyman, ‘Die Afrikaner in Kaapland’ [The Afrikaner in the Cape Colony], pp. 178–181. 31 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 303 32 Surridge, Managing the South African War, p. 78. 33 Laqueur, Guerrilla, pp. 254–255. 34 Cf. Fairbairn, Revolutionary Guerrilla Warfare, pp. 344–345. 35 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 626 (reminiscences of General Smuts). 36 Lombard, Uit die Dagboek van ‘n Wildeboer [From the Diary of a Wild Boer], pp. 89–90; P.J. du Toit, The Diary of a National Scout, p. 21, 1 November 1900; Preller Collection 14(a), p. 20, Botha – C. Botha, 15 November 1900. 37 A313, de la Rey Collection 17, p. 91, reminiscences of General de la Rey; de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 226; Lombard, Uit die Dagboek van ‘n Wildeboer [From the Diary of a Wild Boer], p. 90; Du Toit, The Diary of a National Scout, p. 21, 1 November 1900; Preller Collection 149(a), p. 35, Botha – Steyn, 24 November 1900; Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 66. 38 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 626 (reminiscences of General Smuts.) 39 Cf. Naudé, Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp [Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers and Kemp], p. 185. 40 A787, Preller Collection 1, p. 224, Beyers – Alberts, 5 December 1900. 41 Cf. C.J. Barnard, ‘Grepe uit die Krygskuns van die Boeregeneraals’ [Aspects of the Military Prowess of the Boer Generals] (Historia 19(1), May 1974). 42 A787, Preller Collection 14(b), p. 31, Botha – Burger, 18 December 1900. 43 J.D. Kestell and D.E. van Velden (eds), De Vredesonderhandelingen tusschen de Regeeringen der twee Zuid-Afrikaansche Republieken en de Vertegenwoordigers der Britsche Regeering, welke uitliepen op den Vrede, op 31 Mei 1902 te Vereeniging gesloten [The Peace Negotiations between the Governments of the two South African Republics and Delegates of the British Government that culminated in the Peace, concluded on 31 May 1902 at Vereeniging], p. 92. 44 Cf. Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], pp. 124–134; 139–145 and 175–186. 45 Cf. Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 193–194. 46 Lombard, Uit die Dagboek van’n Wildeboer [From the Diary of a Wild Boer], p. 92. Cf. also Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 66. 47 A787, Preller Collection 2, pp. 276–282, Hertzog – Steyn, 28 November 1900. 48 Ibid., 1, pp. 276–282, de Wet – Botha, 7 November 1900. 49 Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 66.

Notes 175

50 A787, Preller Collection 14(a), p. 35, Botha – Steyn, 24 November 1900. Cf. also ibid., p. 30, Botha – de la Rey, 26 November 1900; A787, Preller Collection 60, p. 228, diary of G.S. Preller, 15 March 1900. 51 General J.C. Smuts Archive 96, No. 183, Steyn – Burger 30 November 1900; A787, Preller Collection 1, p. 202, Philip Botha – Louis Botha, 9 December 1900; Lombard, Uit die Dagboek van ‘n Wildeboer [From the Diary of a Wild Boer], pp. 102–103. (Although Steyn’s letter is dated 30 November, it is clear that he subsequently added some undated parts to the original.) 52 A787, Preller Collection 1, p. 212, de Wet – Botha, 10 December 1900. 53 A787, Preller Collection 2, pp. 34–35, de Wet – Botha, 6 March 1901. 54 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 293–309. 55 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], pp. 246–248. 56 Cf. A787, Preller Collection 1, pp. 218–221, Scheepers – de Wet, 20 December 1900; Ibid., 2, pp. 289–290, Kritzinger – de Wet, 22 December 1900; de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 262. 57 Edgar Wallace, Unofficial Dispatches, p. 98. 58 FK 1621, p. 62, Kitchener – Brodrick, 1 February 1901 (TA). 59 A787, Preller Collection 14(c ), p. 45, Botha – all Transvaal officers, 15 January 1901. 60 A313, de la Rey Collection 17, p. 103, reminiscences of General de la Rey. 61 G.D. Scholtz, Christiaan Frederik Beyers, p. 55; Preller Collection 11(c ), p. 15, Botha – Burger, 29 January 1901; Naudé, Vechthen en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp, p. 214. 62 A787, Preller Collection 11(c ), p. 84, Botha – Smuts 14 February 1901; Ibid., p. 18, Botha – Burger, 29 January 1901; Ibid., p. 334, Burger – Botha, 2 February 1901; Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 359 (Smuts – Botha, 23 January 1901). 63 A787, Preller Collection 11(c ), pp. 78–79, Botha – Smuts, 14 February 1901. 64 Ibid., pp. 45 and 84, Botha – Smuts, 3 February 1901and 14 February 1901. 65 A787, Preller Collection 1, pp. 218–221, Scheepers – de Wet, 20 December 1900; Ibid., 2, pp. 289–290, Kritzinger – de Wet, 22 December 1900; de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 262. 66 Cd.903: Further Correspondence relating to Affairs in South Africa, p. 70 (de Wet – Steyn, 10 January 1901); C.C.J. Badenhorst, Uit den Boerenoorlog [From the Boer War], p. 85 (de Wet – Badenhorst, 13 January 1901; A787, Preller Collection 1, p. 323, de Wet – Smuts, 16 January 1901. 67 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 383, (Smuts – Botha, 27 February 1901). 68 Ibid., p. 626 (reminiscences of General Smuts).

176 Notes

69 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 235–248. 70 A787, Preller Collection 2, p. 34, de Wet – Botha 6 March 1901; de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 274; Wallace, Unofficial Dispatches. pp. 112–113. 71 A787, Preller Collection 11(c ), Botha – Smuts, 14 February 1901. 72 Ibid., 60, pp. 227–228, diary of G.S. Preller, 15 March 1901. 73 J.P.R. Wallis, Fitz. The Story of Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, p. 137. 74 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 369 (Smuts – Botha, 3 February 1901). 75 A787, Preller Collection 11 (c ), pp. 72–74, Botha–Beyers, 10 February 1901; Ibid., 1, p. 309, Beyers – Botha, 28 January 1901; Ibid., 2, p. 16, Beyers – Botha, 14 February 1901; A313 de la Rey Collection 17, p. 104, reminiscences of de la Rey. 76 Cf. Naudé. Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp [Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers and Kemp], pp. 210–211; Reitz, Commando, pp. 147–149; A787, Preller Collection 11(c ), p. 43, Botha – Smuts, 3 February 1901. 77 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 419 (Smuts – Botha, 27 February 1901); A275f, de la Rey – Botha, 27 February 1901. 78 Rompel, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, p. 126. Cf. Kuit, ‘n Kommandoprediker [A Commando Chaplain], p. 45, 2 March 1901; A313, de la Rey Collection 10, p. 24, Hertzog – de la Rey, 4 March 1901. 79 Naudé, Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp [Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers and Kemp], p. 228.Cf. also A313, de la Rey Collection 17, p. 104, reminiscences of de la Rey. 80 G.D.Scholtz, Christiaan Frederik Beyers, p. 61. 81 WO32/869, file 7782, Botha – Burger, 17 March 1901 (microfilm A371, TA). 82 A787, Preller Collection 2, p. 42, Steyn – Botha, 1 April 1901. 83 Official History, IV, p. 577, attachment 3 (de Wet – Smuts, 8 February 1902). 84 FK1621, p. 119, Kitchener – Brodrick, 22 March 1901. 85 Times History, V, pp. 78–79. 86 Cf. G.S. Preller, Kapt. Hindon: Oorlogsavonture van’n baasverkenner [Captain Hindon: War Adventures of an Ace Recce]; Dirk Mostert, Slegtkamp van Spioenkop [Slegtkamp of Spion Kop]. 87 Times History, V, p. 257. 88 G. Arthur: Life of Lord Kitchener, II, p. 6. 89 FK1631, p. 62, Kitchener – Brodrick, 1 February 1901. 90 This system should not be confused with the first drive against General de Wet during July and August 1900. The object and modus operandi were different. Vide the Times History. V, pp. 262–263. 91 Field Marshal Lord Carver, The National Army Museum Book of the Boer War, p. 202. 92 Times History, V, pp. 85–86. 93 FK1621, p. 62, Kitchener – Brodrick, 1 February 1901. 94 Official History, IV, p. 111.

Notes 177

95 Reitz, Commando, p. 148. 96 Scholtz, Christiaan Frederik Beyers, pp. 56–57; Naudé, Vechten en Vluchten van Beyers en Kemp, [Fighting and Fleeing of Beyers an Kemp], pp. 211–212. 97 Times History, V, p. 263. 98 Cd. 547: Further Correspondence relating to Affairs in South Africa, p. 28 (Milner – Chamberlain, 12 January 1901.) 99 Cape Times, 11 February 1901; Cf. A787, Preller Collection 2, pp. 5–11, open letter from the Burgher Peace Committee to all Transvaal officers, 13 February 1900; Viljoen, My Reminiscencesof the Anglo-Boer War, pp. 335–338; Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 219. 100 A787, Preller Collection 10, p. 18a, Botha – H.P.F. Janse van Rensburg, A.P.J. Cronjé et al, 30 January 1901. 101 O.T. de Villiers, Met de Wet en Steyn in de Veld [With de Wet and Steyn in the Field], p. 68. 102 FK1621, pp. 49–50, Kitchener – Brodrick, 25 January 1901. 103 A787, Preller Collection 16, pp. 44–61, minutes of the meeting, 28 January 1901.

Chapter 7 1 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 263. 2 Ibid., p. 258. 3 Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR. en die OVS’ [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], p. 162. 4 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], pp. 300–301 (Reitz – Steyn, 10 May 1901). 5 Cf. FK1622, p. 297, Kitchener – Brodrick, 19 July 1901, in which Kitchener refers to the contents of this letter. 6 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 389–391 (Steyn – Smuts, 15 May 1901). 7 Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ (The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State), pp. 179–183. 8 A313, de la Rey Collection 17, second handwriting, p. 40, reminiscences of General de la Rey 9 Cf. J.C. Smuts, Jan Christiaan Smuts, p. 65. 10 A313, de la Rey Collection 17, second handwriting, p. 40, reminiscences of General de la Rey. 11 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 298. 12 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 60. 13 Badenhorst, Uit den Boeren-Oorlog [From the Boer War], pp. 139–140 (Steyn – Kritzinger et al, undated).

178 Notes

14 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 60; de la Rey Collection 11, p. 35, de la Rey – Kemp, 10 July 1901; Official History, IV, p. 577, attachment 3 (de Wet – Smuts, 8 February 1901). 15 Snyman, ‘Die Afrikaner in Kaapland’ [The Afrikaner in the Cape Colony], p. 309. 16 Vide pp. 129–130 ??? 17 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 329, 354 and 387 (memorandum by Smuts, 4 September 1899; Smuts – de la Rey, 25 December 1900; and Smuts – N.J. de Wet, 28 February 1901); Official History, IV, p. 75. 18 G.D. Scholtz, Hertzog en Smuts en die Britse Ryk [Hertzog and Smuts and the British Empire], pp. 37–38; Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR. en die OVS [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State), pp. 167–168. 19 A787, Preller Collection 10, p. 27, Botha – de Wet, 14 October 1901. 20 Cf. D.M. Moore, General Louis Botha’s Second Expedition to Natal, passim. 21 Cf. Leopold Scholtz, ‘Die Slag van Bakenlaagte, 30 Oktober 1901’ [The Battle of Bakenlaagte, 30 October 1901]. (Historia, 19(1), May 1974). 22 A787, Preller Collection 10, p. 25, Botha – Viljoen, 14 October 1901. 23 Official History, IV, Chapter XVI. 24 A313, de la Rey Collection 11, pp. 48–49, de la Rey – Smuts, 15 July 1901. 25 Ibid., p. 51, de la Rey – Smuts, 15 July 1901. 26 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 362 and 372 (Smuts – Botha, 23 January 1901 and Smuts – de Wet, 10 February 1901). 27 Journal of Principal Events, XI, p. 17 (telegram by Kitchener, 14 July 1901). 28 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 407, diary of General Smuts, 1 August 1901. 29 A313, de la Rey Collection 17, second handwriting, pp. 42–43, reminiscences of General de la Rey. 30 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 430–437 (Report by General Smuts, 16 December 1901). 31 Ibid., pp. 443–444, ‘Report on the Position in the Cape Colony’ by Smuts, 16 December 1901. 32 Official History, IV, p. 576, attachment 3 (de Wet – Smuts, 8 February 1902). 33 Ibid., p. 367; Times History, V, p. 544. 34 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 441–442 and 500 (report by General Smuts, 16 December 1901 and Smuts – de la Rey, 26 January 1902); R.J. Constantine, ‘The Guerrilla War in the Cape Colony during the South African War of 1899–1902: A Case Study of the Republican and Rebel Commando Movement’, pp. 179–182. 35 Ibid., pp. 497–498 (Smuts – de la Rey, 26 January 1902). Cf. also Pieterse, Die Oorlogsavonture van genl. Wynand Malan, pp. 305–306. 36 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 443, report by Smuts, 16 December 1901. 37 Ibid., p. 498 (Smuts – de la Rey, 26 January 1902).

Notes 179

38 A313, de la Rey Collection 11, pp. 95–96, de la Rey – Botha, 18 October 1901. 39 Official History, IV, p. 461. 40 Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 441–442 and 443–444 (report by Smuts, 16 December 1901). 41 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], pp. 60–61. Cf. Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, p. 515, (notes by General Smuts). 42 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 196; Constantine, ‘The Guerrilla War in the Cape Colony’, p. 177. 43 Cf. Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 274–296; Times History, V, chapters XII–XIII. 44 FK 1622, pp. 277–278, Kitchener – Brodrick, 5 July 1901. 45 Times History, V, p. 468. 46 Cf. Scholtz, ‘Die Slag van Bakenlaagte’ [The Battle of Bakenlaagte] (Historia, 19(1), May 1974, p. 63). 47 Times History, V, pp. 451–453. 48 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 329. 49 Times History, V, pp. 467–472. 50 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander, pp. 295–300. 51 Ibid., pp. 300–309. 52 Official History, IV, pp. 475 and 480; Times History, V, pp. 491 and 554. 53 Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 175. 54 A.P.J. van Rensburg, ‘Die Ekonomiese Herstel van die Afrikaner in die Oranjerivier-Kolonie, 1902–1907’ [The Economic Recovery of the Afrikaner in the Orange River Colony, 1902–1907] (Archives Yearbook for South African History, 1967, II, p. 168). 55 Cf. Selections from the Smuts Papers, I, pp. 408 and 467 (diary of General Smuts 8 and 9 August 1901 and Smuts – W.T. Stead, 4 January 1902); Reitz, Commando, p. 189; Spies: Methods of Barbarism?, p. 177. 56 Van Rensburg, ‘Die Ekonomiese Herstel van die Afrikaner in die Oranjerivier-Kolonie’ [The Economic Recovery of the Afrikaner in the Orange River Colony], pp. 175–179; Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, pp. 118 and 176. 57 Van Rensburg, ‘Die Ekonomiese Herstel van die Afrikaner in die Oranjerivier-kolonie’ [The Economic Recovery of the Afrikaner in the Orange River Colony], p. 172. 58 Ambtelijke Verslagen van Generaal J.H. de la Rey en Generaal J.C. Smuts [Official Reports by General J.H. de la Rey and General J.C. Smuts], p. 3 (de la Rey – Kruger, dated December 1901). 59 Times History, V, p. 87. 60 J.E. Wrench, Alfred Lord Milner – the Man of no Illusions, 1854–1925, p. 231. 61 J.C. Otto, Die Konsentrasiekampe [The Concentration Camps], p. 42.

180 Notes

62 63 64 65 66 67 68

69 70 71 72 73 74 75

76

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

Times History, V, p. 252. Otto, Die Konsentrasiekampe [The Concentration Camps], p. 170. Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 266. The Milner Papers, II, p. 229 (Milner – Chamberlain, 7 December 1901). A787, Preller Collection 2, p. 92, (Kitchener – Burger, 1 December 1901). Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 260. Cd. 893: Concentration Camps Commission. Report on the Concentration Camps in South Africa by the Committee of Ladies appointed by the Secretary of State for War …, p. 20, dated 12 February 1901. Cf. Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], p. 340 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 57 (evidence of General Botha). Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 87. Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 186. Leyds Archives 741, pp. 17–20, Proclamation by Lord Kitchener, 7 August 1901. A412, S.W. Burger Collection 1, Steyn – Burger, 16 August 1901. Cf. Leyds Archives 94(1), pp. 46–51, Steyn – Kitchener, 15 August 1901; Ibid., 94(3), pp. 173–182, Burger – Kitchener, 5 September 1901; A787, Preller Collection 15, p. 48, Botha – Kitchener, 17 August 1901; A412, Burger Collection 1, de Wet – Kitchener, 15 August 1901. Cf. Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 78; de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 324; Badenhorst, Uit den Boeren–Oorlog [From the Boer War], p. 137. Cf. A313, de la Rey Collection 1, Brand – de Wet, undated. Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 230. Times History, V, pp. 406–408. Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 230. Ibid. Times History, V, p. 408. R.D. MacDonald, In die Skaduwee van die Dood [In the Shadow of Death], pp. 122–123. de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 329. G.D. Scholtz, Die Geskiedenis van die Nederduitse Hervormde of Gereformeerde Kerk [The History of the Dutch Reformed Church], II, pp. 129–137. Rand Daily Mail, 24 July 1904. Viljoen, My Reminiscences of the Anglo-Boer War, pp. 444–445. Journal of the Principal Events, XII, pp. 69–71. M.J. Grobler, Met die Vrystaters onder die Wapen [With the Free Staters under Arms], p. 122. de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 329. Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 85.

Notes 181

92 Cd. 820: South African Despatches, p. 3 (report by Lord Kitchener, 8 August 1901). 93 A787, Preller Collection 10, p. 50, Botha – Burger, 13 December 1901. 94 Ibid., p.77, Botha – Burger, 26 January 1902. 95 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 23. 96 Ibid., p. 81. 97 de Wet, De Strijd tusschen Boer en Brit [The Struggle between Boer and Briton], p. 326. 98 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 379–431. 99 Preller Collection 10, pp. 24–25, Botha – C. Brits and P.R. Viljoen, 12 February 1902; Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], p. 21 100 Cf. Fransjohan Pretorius, Kommandolewe tydens die Anglo-Boere Oorlog [Commando Life during the Anglo-Boer War], pp. 298–300; Peter Warwick, Black People and the South African War 1899–1902, pp. 21–22; Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War, pp. 498, 521. A fourth source on the role of persons of colour in the war – Bill Nasson, Abraham Esau’s War. A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902 – does not offer any useful insights for the purpose of this publication on the military influence by the blacks in the war. 101 G. Arthur, Life of Lord Kitchener, II, p. 57 (Kitchener – Roberts, 13 December 1901). During January 1902 he thought the war would be over in July. Vide Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 281 102 Judd and Surridge, The Boer War, p. 298.

Chapter 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Trythall, ‘Boney’ Fuller, p. 31. Ibid., p. 36. Ibid., p. 249. Cf. Harry G. Summers, On Strategy. The Vietnam War in Context. Cf. Harry G. Summers, A Critical Analysis of the Gulf War. Leyds Archives 718(d), No. 2, Joubert – Reitz, 5 March 1900. Leyds, Tweede Verzameling [Second Collection], II, pp. 176–177 (Kruger and Steyn – Salisbury, 5 March 1900). Ibid., pp. 180–181 (Salisbury – Kruger and Steyn, 11 March 1900). Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner [The Development of the Political Thought of the Afrikaner], IV, p. 388. Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, I, p. 273. Ibid., p. 179. Leyds: Vierde Verzameling (Correspondentie 1900–1902) [Fourth Collection (Correspondence 1900–19020], I/1, p. XLIX. Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR. en die OVS’. [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], pp. 41–43. Ibid., pp. 125–130.

182 Notes

15 Ibid., pp. 141–143. 16 Vide pp. 166–167. ??? 17 Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], pp. 193–197. 18 Vide pp. 143–144.??? Cf. also Scholtz, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ [The Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], pp. 193–197. 19 Cf. FK 1622, pp. 49–50, Kitchener – Brodrick, 25 January 1901. 20 Ibid., p. 297, Kitchener – Brodrick, 25 January 1901. 21 Scholtz, Suid-Afrika en die Wêreldpolitiek [South Africa and World Politics], p. 238. 22 Kestell and van Velden, De Vredesonderhandelingen [The Peace Negotiations], pp. 1–8 (Kitchener – Burger, 4 March 1902); Preller Collection 16, pp. 90–93, Kitchener – Botha, 4 March 1902. 23 Smith, The Origins of the South African War, pp. 365–366. 24 Ibid., p. 365. 25 Ibid., p. 375. 26 Leyds, Tweede Verzameling [Second Collection], II, pp. 180–181, (Salisbury – Kruger and Steyn, 11 March 1900). 27 A787, Preller Collection 16, pp. 44–61, minutes of the meeting, 18 February 1901. 28 Surridge, Managing the South African War, pp. 120–121. 29 G.H. le May, British Supremacy in South Africa, 1899–1907, p. 125. 30 Julian Amery, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, IV, p. 55. 31 Surridge, Managing the South African War, p. 139. 32 Van der Merwe, Marthinus Theunis Steyn, II, p. 88n; Leyds: Vierde Verzameling [Fourth Collection], II, p. 163, (memorandum of Dr W. Roosegaarde Bisschop, undated). 33 Arthur Davey, The British pro-Boers 1977–1902, chapter XI. 34 Stephen Koss (ed.), The Pro-Boers. The anatomy of an antiwar Movement, pp. xiii–xxxviii. 35 Locale Wetten der ZAR [Local Acts of the Transvaal], pp. 169–170 (Act No. 16 of 1898); Volksraadsnotule OVS [Parliamentary Minutes of the Free State], 1897 (Act No. 13). 36 Cf. Scholtz, ‘Betrekkinge tussen die ZAR en die OVS’ [Relations between the Transvaal and the Free State], chapter III. 37 Breytenbach, Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog [History of the Second War of Freedom], II, pp. 97–102. 38 Ibid., pp. 246–247. 39 Ibid., III, pp. 463–464. 40 Cf. Fred Bridgeland, The War for Africa – Twelve Months that transformed a Continent, p. 32. 41 Scholtz, Generaal Christiaan de Wet as Veldheer [General Christiaan de Wet as Military Commander], pp. 76 and 134. 42 A275f, Reitz – Botha, 8 March 1901. 43 Ibid., Reitz – Botha, 6 March 1901; UR 18, pp. 14, 28, 44–45 and 51, minutes of the Executive Council, Arts. 2, 8, 13 and 17, dated

Notes 183

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

66 67

68 69 70 71 72 73 74

11 December 1900, 11 February 1901, 4 March 1901 and 12 April 1901 respectively. Surridge, Managing the South African War, pp. 75–76. Ibid., p. 86. Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, pp. 234–237; Philip Magnus, Kitchener – Portrait of an Imperialist, pp. 185–187. Ibid., p. 274. Cf. Surridge, Managing the South African War, p. 112. Clausewitz, On War, VI/1, p. 358. Ibid. Cf. Summers, On Strategy, p. 79. G.D. Scholtz, ‘Die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Wêreldverband’ [The Second War of Freedom in World Perspective], I (Historia, 20(1), May 1975, p. 13). Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner [The Development of the Political Thought of the Afrikaner], IV, p. 22. Ibid., p. 21. Vide pp. 31 and 38. [ ??? ] Cd. 988: South African Despatches, p. 3 (report by Kitchener, 23 June 1902); Official History, IV, attachments 14 and 16. Summers, On Strategy, p. 79. Bond, Liddell Hart, p. 55. Summers, On Strategy, p. 93. Ibid., p. 97. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and the Fall of the Great Powers since 1500, p. 228. Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, p. 202. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers since 1500, p. 229. Ibid., p. 230. Smith, The Origins of the South African War 1899–1902, p. 44; F.A. van Jaarsveld, Van Van Riebeeck tot Vorster 1652–1974 [From Van Riebeeck to Vorster 1652–1974], p. 184. Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner [The Development of the Political Thought of the Afrikaner], IV, pp. 349–351. Cf. Scholtz, ‘Die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Wêreldverband’ [The Second War of Freedom in World Perspective], II (Historia, 20(2), September 1975, p. 129). Cf. Fuller, The Conduct of War, p. 140. Cf. E.S. May, A Retrospect on the South African War and T.D. Pilcher, Some Lessons from the Boer War. Cd. 1789: Report of his Majesty’s Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Military Preparations and other Matters concerned with the war in South Africa. Cf. F.A. Johnson, Defence by Committee. Luvaas, The Education of an Army, p. 151. Lord Wavell, ‘Armies’ in the chapter ‘Armed Forces and the Art of War’ (David Thompson (ed), The New Cambridge Modern History, XII, p. 256). Montgomery of Alamein: A History of Warfare, pp. 470–479.

184 Notes

75 Arthur E. Boak and William G. Sinnigen, A History of Rome to A.D. 565, pp. 138, 139 and 312. 76 Robert S. Hoyt, Europe in the Middle Ages, pp. 133 and 518. 77 R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World, pp. 130–131. 78 F.C. Spits, De Metamorfose van de Oorlog in de 18e en 19e Eeuw [The Metamorphosis of War during the 18th and 19th Century], pp. I–II. 79 Cf. Fuller, The Conduct of War, chapter V. 80 Quoted in Scholtz., ‘Die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Wêreldverband’ [The Second War of Freedom in World Perspective), II (Historia, 20(2), September 1975, p. 116). 81 Montgomery, A History of Warfare, p. 590. 82 Cf. Michael Howard, The Franco–Prussian War – the German Invasion of France 1870–1871, p. 378. 83 Spies, Methods of Barbarism?, p. 296. 84 Ibid., pp. 9–15.

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Index Abrahamskraal 66 Acton, R.F. 95 Afrikaner nationalism 74 Alberts, Commandant (later General) H.A. 95 Albrecht, Major F.W.R. 10 Aldeamentos 123 Alexander the Great 23 Alexandria 5 Aliwal North 37, 48 Allemansdrift 38 Altham, Major E.A. 13–14 America (USA) 8, 150, 157 American Civil War 8 Amiens, Peace of 3 Angola 90, 139 Anglo-Boer War, First (1880–1881) 11 Ardagh, Major-General Sir J.C. (John) 21 Artois 155 Arundel 65 Atlanta (Georgia, USA) 56 Australia 4 Austria-Hungary 7 Austro-Prussian War (1866) 8 Badenhorst, Commandant, later Assistant Chief Commandant C.C.J. 86, 99 Bakenlaagte 19, 115, 121, 129 Bakkes, C.M. xiii Baring, Sir Francis 1 Barkly East 99 Barkly West 47, 48 Beaconsfield, Lord 5 Beaufort West 96 Belmont 35, 43 Benson, Lieutenant-Colonel G.E. 115, 121, 129

Bester Station 29 Bethal 99, 115 Bethlehem 61, 71, 73 Bethulie 22 Beyers, Assistant CommandantGeneral C.F. (Christiaan) 83, 88, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 106 Biggars Mountains 66 Black people 129 Black Week 44 Blitzkrieg 79–80 Block houses 104, 121–123, 127–128, 147 Bloedrivierspoort 114 Bloemfontein 53, 55–58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 79, 80 Bossiespan 64 Botha, rev. J.F. 113 Botha, Commandant-General Louis 32, 33, 70, 76, 83, 86, 87, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 118, 121, 125, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 139, 146, 154 Bothaville 97 Branddrift 111 Brandfort 67, 69, 70 Brandwater Basin 73 Breytenbach, J.H. 30 British East India Company 1 Britain 149–151 Broadwood, Brigadier-General R.G. 69 Brodrick, St John 98, 103, 104, 107, 119, 135, 141 Buffels River 114 Buller, General Sir Redvers H. xi, 33, 36, 39, 41, 44, 50, 51, 53, 56, 59, 72, 139, 146, 148 Bulskop 95 195

196 Index

Burger, Acting President Schalk W. 96, 99, 134, 135 Burgher Peace Committee 106, 125, 126 Calvinia 118 Cannae 78 Cape, strategical importance of 1–7 Cape Peninsula 16 Cape rebels 15, 23, 43, 47–49, 58, 86–87, 92–93, 95, 97, 112–114, 117–119, 130, 133, 145 Cape Town 15, 53, 57, 112, 117 Carlyle, Thomas 11 Carnarvon 46, 117 Carthage 156 Ceylon 4 Chamberlain, Sir Joseph 1, 3, 6, 24, 136, 137, 141 Champagne (France) 155 Charles, Archduke of Austria 8 Chrissiesmeer 19, 106 Clausewitz, Carl von 7, 19–20, 132, 142, 154 Cleaver, R.M. 46 Clements, Major-General R.A.P. 95 Cold War 158, 159 Colenso 44, 77 Colesberg 37, 57, 61, 64, 65 Commando Act 16 Concentration camps 123–125, 147 Corinth 156 Councils of war Kroonstad 67–69 Syferfontein 85–87 Cronjé, Assistant CommandantGeneral P.A. (Piet) 35, 43, 45, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62–66, 78, 79, 139, 146, 147, 148 Crusaders 156 Cuba 123, 157 Currey, Cecil B. 151 Curzon, Lord 5 Cyprus 90 Dalmanutha 72, 134 Davey, Arthur 137

De Aar xii, 15, 37, 38, 45, 47, 53, 57, 61, 65, 87, 96 de Beer, Commandant J.F. (Tollie) 63 Dekiels Drift 63 de Kock, Meyer 106 Delagoa Bay railway line 70, 83, 87, 96, 127, 145 de la Rey, Assistant Commandant-General J.H. (Koos) 35, 43, 44–45, 50, 61, 65, 66, 67, 83, 85, 88, 95, 102, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 139, 146, 147, 148 de Villiers, Combat General Piet 115, 116 de Wet, Lieutenant Andries 46 de Wet, Chief Commandant C.R. (Christiaan) 30, 31, 44–45, 50, 56, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 95–103, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 121, 122, 126, 127, 128, 134, 135, 139, 142, 146, 147, 148 de Wet, Chief Commandant P.D. (Piet) 106, 126 Dewetsdorp 98 Discipline 87 Donkerhoek 72 Doornberg 100 Dover 5 Drives 105–106, 121–122, 143, 147 Dundee 29 Durban 77 East London 15 Economy (as factor in wars) 149–152 Economy of force (as military principle) 143–145 Enslin Station 58 Equipment, importance of 91 Erasmus, major P.E. 10 Ermelo 102, 109

Index 197

Fawcett, Mrs. M.G. (Millicent) 125 Ferreira, Chief Commandant I.S. (Ignatius) 48 Fiji Islands 142 Fischer, Abraham 17 Fisher, Admiral Lord J.A. (Jackie) 4, 150, 157 Fitzpatrick, Sir Percy 101 Fouché, Commandant W.D. (Willem) 117 Fouriesburg 73 Fourteen Streams 13, 35 France 7, 13, 150 Franco-Prussian War 8, 157 Fraser, Captain Hugh 97 Fraserburg 117 Frederick the Great 8, 11 Frederikstad 85 French, Lieutenant-General J.D.P. (John) 47, 58, 62, 63, 70 Froneman, Assistant Chief Commandant C.C. (Stoffel) 63 Fuller, Major-General J.F.C. 9, 131–132, 155 Gatacre, Lieutenant-General Sir W.F. 44, 146 German South West Africa 145 Germany 7, 150, 158 Giap, General Nguyen Vo 151 Gibraltar 5 Gladstone, Sir W.E. (William) 3 Gold & gold mines 1, 86–87 Gough, Major H. 114 Grant, General Ulysses S. 56 Graspan 43 Griqualand East 86 Griqualand West 115, 116, 118 Grobler, Chief Commandant E.R. 24, 37, 47 Grobler, Assistant Commandant-General F.A. 61 Groenkop 128, 130

Guerrilla war 88–93 Theoretical model of Mao Zedong 93–94 Gulf War 132 Hague Convention 158 Hamilton, Lieutenant-General Sir I.S.M. (Ian) 70 Hamley, General Sir Edward Bruce 8, 155 Hannibal 78 Harrismith 27, 29 Hay (district) 47 Heidelberg 61 Heilbron 122 Henderson, Lieutenant-Colonel G.F.R. 9, 55–56, 155 Herbert (district) 47 Herschel (district) 116 Hertzog, Assistant Chief Commandant J.B.M. 10–11, 23, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 114 Heuningsneskloof Station 53 Heuningspruit 71 Hindon, Captain O.J. (Jack) 104 Ho Chi Minh 152 Hofmeyr, N.J. (Nico) 30 Hopetown 35, 101 Howick 33 Hunter, Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald 43 India 4, 5 Indonesia 142 Intelligence Division 13, 21 International law 85 Itala (Fort) 115 Italy 150 Jackson, General Stonewall 56 Jacobsdal 53, 60 James, Lawrence 150 Jameson Raid 13 Jammerberg Drift 69 Jerusalem 156

55,

198 Index

Johannesburg 61, 70 Johnson, president Lyndon B. 139 Jomini, Henri 8 Jooste, Captain J.P. (Koos) 46, 50 Joubert, P.C. 19 Joubert, Commandant-General P.J. (Piet) 16, 24, 27, 32, 33, 46, 49, 65, 67, 70, 133, 138 Judd, Denis 10, 130 Kalkkrans 122 Kekewich, Lieutenant-Colonel R.G. 35 Kemp, Combat General J.C.G. (Jan) 32, 99, 102 Kenhardt 46 Kimberley 35, 38, 41, 46, 47, 50, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, 112, 116, 117 King William’s Town 99 Kitchener, Field Marshal Lord H.H. xii, 75, 77, 86, 90, 98, 102, 103–107, 109, 111, 119, 122–129, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148 Kleinfontein 115 Klerksdorp 128, 130 Knox, Major-General C.E. (Charles) 90 Koedoesberg 58, 62 Koffiefontein 59, 63 Kokstad 99 Komatipoort 72 Korean War 143 Koss, Stephen 137 Kretschmar van Veen, jonkheer J.A. 16 Kritzinger, Assistant Chief Commandant, P.H. 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 114, 117 Kroonstad 70, 71 122 Kroonstad, council of war at 67–69 Kruger, Rayne 9, 79 Kruger, President S.J.P. (Paul) 3, 6, 17, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 61, 65, 66, 70, 74, 77, 83, 111, 114, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140

Krugersdorp 95 Kuyper, Dr. Abraham

135

Ladies’ Committee 125 Ladysmith 29–33, 38, 41, 50, 53, 55, 57, 66 Lange, one [De?] 121 Lansdowne, Lord H.C.K. 25, 58, 71, 141 Lategan, Combat General H.W. (Hans) 117 Law of war 75, 158 Le Gallais, Lieutenant-Colonel P.W. 97 Lee, General Robert Edward 56 Leeuspruit 71 Leyds, Dr. W.J. (Willem) 7, 85, 134 Liddell Hart, Sir B.H. (Basil) 59, 80, 146, 155 Liebenberg, Combat General P.J. 46 Liebenbergsvlei 122 Lindley 71, 122 Lloyd George, David 137 Local population, attitude of 92 London, Convention of (1884) 133 Long Tom (cannon) Louis Napoleon vide Napoleon III Lourenco Marques 73 Lubbe, Commandant David 63 Luvaas, Jay 9, 56, 155 MacDonald, rev. R.D. 126 MacDougall, Major-General Sir Patrick 8 Mack, General Karl Mack von Leiberich 59 Madagascar 142 Mafeking 22, 35, 38, 41, 43, 57, 116 Magersfontein 43, 45, 53, 57, 58, 60, 77, 153 Majuba 64 Malan, Combat General W.C. (Wynand) 117

Index 199

Manoeuvre (as military principle) 146–147 Mao Zedong 92, 93 Marais, J.S. 5 Maritz, Combat General S.G. (Manie) 117 Mass (as military principle) 143–145 Mauritius 3 McWhinnie, Captain W.J. 69 Mediterranean Melrose House 130 Methuen, Lieutenant-General Lord 36, 37, 38, 39, 43 46, 53, 55, 56, 154 Middelburg (Transvaal) 76, 102, 107, 115, 137, 140 Milner, Lord Alfred 1, 3, 6, 7, 58, 93, 106, 124, 136, 141, 142 Mobility 91, 103, 127–128 Modder river 35, 37, 43, 53, 57, 64, 139 Modderspruit and Nicholson’s Nek, Battle of 29–33 Moedwil 115 Montgomery, Field Marshal Lord Bernard 157 Morale 91 Morgendaal, J.J. 106 Morley, Lord 137 Mostershoek 69 Mozambique 73, 136 Muller, Dr. H.P.N. 85 Murray, Rev. C. 113 Namaqualand 117 Namibia 90 Napier, Sir G.T. (George) 3 Napier, Major-General Sir William 8 Napoleon Bonaparte 8, 23, 59, 145 Napoleon III 3 National Scouts 126, 127 Nationalism 157 Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM) 16

Netherlands 3, 135 New Model Drive 121–122, 125, 127, 128 Newcastle 27 Nicholson’s Nek 29–33 Nieuwoudtville 118 Nooitgedacht 95 Norvalspont 37, 70 Noupoort xii, 15, 37, 38, 57, 65, 96 Numbers Boer republics 22, 144–145 Britain 16, 144–145 Nuremberg trials 158 Objective (as military principle) 132–137 Odendaalstroom 98 Offensive (as military principle) 142–143 O’Kiep 118 Olifantshoek 73 Olivier, Chief Commandant J.H. 24, 37, 48 Operation Modular 139 Operational plans Original British 13–16 Original Boer 16–19, 148 Buller’s amended plan 41–44 Roberts’ amended plan 53–62 Kitchener’s plans 103–107, 119–127 Kroonstad war council plan 67–69 Syferfontein plan 83–87, 94, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 114, 135, 143, 146, 148 Waterval plans 111–114, 119, 130, 133, 148 Orange River 15, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 55, 57, 58, 60, 65, 66, 98, 100, 117 Orange River Station 57 Orange River Colony Volunteers 126, 127 Organisation and co-ordination 87, 91

200 Index

Otto, J.C. 124 Overy, Richard xi Paardeberg 64, 78, 80, 146, 148 Palestine 156 Philippines 157 Philipstown 117 Pietermaritzburg 33 Pietersburg 83, 95 Pieter’s Heights 57 Plumer, Brigadier-General H.C.O. 102 Political Alliance (1896) 16, 116 Police, Johannesburg 30, 61 Pondoland 86 Poplar Grove 66 Port Elizabeth 15 Portugal 136 Pretoria 53, 70 Pretorius, M.W. 107 Prieska 46 Prinsloo, Combat General Jacobus 43 Prinsloo, Chief-Commandant Marthinus 24, 29, 73 Prospect (Fort) 115 Psywar 74 Queenstown 37 Railways, strategical importance of 20–21, 153 Ramdam 59, 62 Rand Daily Mail 127 Rebellion (1914) 91 Reitz, Deneys 106 Reitz, F.W. 17 Renoster River 70 Rhodesia 6, 90, 94, 123 Richmond Road 46 Rietfontein 29 Riet River 64 Rimington, Colonel M.F. 121, 129 Roberts, Field Marshal Lord F.S. xi, 9, 21, 25, 36, 39, 43, 45, 53, 56–62, 62–67, 67–74, 74–77, 78,

79, 80, 81, 85, 87, 89, 106, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148 Rome 156 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin 24 Rompel, Frederik 17, 36, 102 Rooiwal 71, 72, 73, 87 Russia see also Soviet Union 5, 7, 13, 79, 150 Rustenburg 73 Salisbury, Lord 49, 123, 136, 141 Sand River 70 Sannaspos 69 Saxons 167 Scheepers, Commandant G.J. (Gideon) 92, 93, 98, 99, 100, 114 Schlieffen, General Alfred von 78 Schlieffen plan 13, 78 Schoeman, Combat General H.J. (Hendrik) 37, 47, 50, 51 Scholtz, Dr. G.D. 3, 6, 30 Schreiner, W.P. 48 Scorched earth policy 75–76, 122–123, 147 Security (as military principle) 147 Selborne, Lord 93 Simplicity (as military principle) 148–149 Singapore 4, 5 Shenandoah valley 157 Sherman, General W.T. 157 Slabberts Nek 73 Slegtkamp, Captain H.F. (Henri) 104 Smuts, Assistant CommandantGeneral J.C. (Jan) xii, 10–11, 18, 19, 22, 76, 85, 86, 87, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102, 103, 111–119, 130 Snyman, J.H. 48 Somme, The (France) 155 Soutpansberg 61 Soviet Union see also Russia 79 Space versus force 88–89, 105 Spies, S.B. 75 Spion Kop 44, 56, 77

Index 201

Spits, F.C. 156 ‘Splendid isolation’ 6 Springbok 118 Springfontein 57 Spruyt, Combat General C.J. 61 Standerton 111 Steenkamp, Commandant L.P. (Lucas) 46 Sternberg, Count Adalbert 63 Steyn, President M.T. 16, 17, 23, 35, 45, 46, 48, 49, 61, 65, 66, 70, 73–74, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 125, 133–137, 138–140 Steynsburg 65 Stormberg xii, 15, 37, 38, 44, 47, 57, 60, 65, 77 Strategy Suez Canal 5, 79 Summers, Colonel Harry 132 Surprise (as military principle) 147 Surridge, Keith 10, 130, 141 Syferfontein: see Operational plans, Syferfontein Talana Hill, Battle of 27–28 Taylor, A.J.P. 5 Thaba ’Nchu 69, 70 Thirty Years’ War 156 Thoughts on War 55 Three stages of Mao Zedong 93–94 Training 91 Transkei 129 see also Pondoland. Trichardt, Colonel S.P.E. 10 Truman, President Harry 143 Tugela 33, 38, 44, 60, 66, 72, 139 Ulm 59 Ultimatum 17 Unita 139 Unity of command (as military principle) 137 Upington 117

Utrecht

114, 129

Vaalkrans 56 Vaal River 70, 73, 95 Van Dam, Commandant G.M.J. 30, 61 Van Deventer, Combat General J.L. (Jaap) 117 Van Jaarsveld, F.A. 6 Vandisie Drift 64 Van Reenen’s Pass 27 Ventersdorp 85, 95 Verdun 155 Vereeniging, Peace of 86, 96, 112, 118, 119, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 152 Vet River 72 Victoria, Queen 85 Victoria West 46, 117 Vietnam 90, 123, 132, 139, 151 Viljoen, Assistant CommandantGeneral B.J. (Ben) 83, 111, 115, 127 Viljoen, Combat General Piet Virginia, USA 56 Visser, Dr. T.C. 30 Volksrust 27 Vrede 109 Vryburg 47 Vryheid 22, 27, 114, 129 Washington DC 56 Waterberg 61 Waterval See operational plans, Waterval Waterval Drift 63, 54 Wavell, Field Marshal Lord A.P. 155 Wellington 8 Wepener 69, 70 Winterhoek 63 Wessels, Chief Commandant, C.J. 24 Weyler, General, Valeriano 123, 157 White, Lieutenant-General Sir G.S. (George) 29–33, 43 Wilhelm I, Emperor 3

202 Index

Willem Pretorius Nature Reserve 100 William V, Stadtholder 3 Willowgrange 33 Wolseley, Field Marshal Lord G.S. (Garnet) 21

Woolls-Sampson, colonel W.F. 121 Worcester 117 Yom Kippur War Ypres 155

80