NIETZSCHE’S GREEK ETHICS: HIS EARLY ETHICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY RECONSTRUCTED ƒ”–‹‡‡ƴ Žƒ†ȋCollège Édouard-Montpetit/Centre canadien d’études allemandes et européennes) This paper seeks to circumscribe the concepts, sources, and limits of Nietzsche’s early ethical thought through a reconstruction of his ‡–Š‹…ƒŽDz•›’–‘ƒ–‘Ž‘‰›Ǥdz –Š‡ͣͪͩ͢•ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡•–”‡••‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ Greeks understood the true nature of the political phenomenon, and that this could correct fundamental errors that were responsi„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡•• ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ …—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‹• †‡ϔ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ethos radically challenges modern democratic politics through a reassertion of aristocratic, heroic, and agonistic values. But because Nietzsche did not systematically describe his early ethics, a reconstruction is necessary. His metaphor of the philosopher as a “physician of culture” is a guide for this reconstruction. Using con…‡’–• ‘ˆ ™‡ŽŽ‡•• ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡••ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‹†‡–‹ϔ‹‡† †‹fferent symptoms and possible remedies, and hoped to cure German culture through a therapeutic transvaluation of modernity. To reconstruct this symptomatology I turn to The Greek State, Homer’s Contest, and Š‡ ‹”–Š ‘ˆ ”ƒ‰‡†›Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ †‡ϔ‹‡–Š‡‘–‹‘• of “agon” and “eris” that are central to his reading of Greek ethics. I then describe four ethical symptoms and their remedies. I conclude with interpretative hypotheses that address issues that were left unanswered by Nietzsche. This symptomatology shows that his reading of Greek ethics functions as a radical—albeit fragmentary—normative critique of his time, and of our democratic age.

”‹‡†•ǡ –Š‡ •…Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” ‹• ƒ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽǤ Š‡ ›‘—Ž‡ƒ˜‡ǡ›‘—•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ǡ‘–‡Œ‘›‡†›‘—”•‡ŽˆǤ — E’‹…–‡–—•

ͧͦ͟͞ǡ•‹š–››‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ϐ‹”•–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„‘‘„—–•–‹ŽŽ‘”‡–Šƒ ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹• Žƒ•– ‘‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘Ž‹ϐ‹… ‡”ƒ ‡••ƒ›‹•– ”•–

͟͢͢ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

—Dž ‰‡”—a Ž‘‰-–‹‡‹‡–œ•…Š‡”‡ƒ†‡” 1—ƒ†‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘ˆ‡s•‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡…Š Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› …”‹–‹… ”‡ƴ †‡ƴ ”‹… †‡ o™ƒ”‹…‹Ǥ‘™ƒ”‹…‹“—‡•–‹‘‡† —Dž ‰‡””‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡–Š‹…• –Šƒ–…‘—Ž†…‘””‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ϐ‹‰—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ††‡’‹…t‡†‹Š‹•ͧ͟͡͠‡’‘›‘—•‡••ƒ›ǡDer ArbeiterǤ —Dž ‰‡” ƒ•™‡”‡†–Šƒ– ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•‡–Š‹…•™‡”‡…‘…‡”‡†ǡDz‹–‹•„‡––‡”–‘”‡ƒ‹•‹Ž‡–Ǥ” 2 This …‘ˆ‡••‹‘ …‘—Ž† ™‡ŽŽ †‡•…”‹„‡ ”‹‡†”‹…Š ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ‡–Š‹…•Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ Š‹• ƒ•‡Ž ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž› …‘’ƒ”‡†–Š‡ ”‡‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†–Š‡…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡ •–”‡••‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡‡• Šƒ† —†‡”•–‘‘† –Š‡ –”—‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ™‹•Š‡† ˆ‘” –Š‹• —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –‘ „‡ ‘…‡ ‘”‡ ˜ƒŽ‘”‹œ‡† •‘ ƒ• –‘ …‘””‡…– ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‡””‘”• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ™Šƒ– Š‡ †‡‡‡† –Š‡ Dz‹ŽŽ‡••dz ‘ˆ ͧ͟th-…‡–—”› ‡rman—ƒ† ‘”‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ› —”‘’‡ƒ—…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‹• †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Greek ethos ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽŽ› …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘†‡” †‡o…”ƒ–‹… ’‘Ž‹–‹…• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ”‡ƒ••‡”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹…ǡ Š‡”‘‹…ǡ ƒ† ƒ‰o‹•–‹… ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ • Š‹• ϐ‹”•– ”‡ƒ†‡”• ‘–‹…‡†ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• –Š‘—‰Š– …ƒ –Š—• „‡ †‡ϐ‹‡† ƒ• Dz”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹•Ǥdz  ƒ ͦͦͥ͟ Ž‡––‡” –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› …”‹–‹… ƒ† ‹‡”‡‰ƒƒ”† •…Š‘Žƒ” ‡‘”‰ ”ƒ†‡•ǡ ™Š‘ …‘‹‡† –Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‹–Ž‡ –‘ Š‹• ϐ‹˜‡ ‘’‡Šƒ‰‡ –ƒŽ• ‘ ‹e–œ•…Š‡ 3ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ™”‘–‡ –Šƒ– Š‡ ƒ’’”‘˜‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ǣ DzŠ‡ ‡šǦ ’”‡••‹‘Ǯƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹…”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ‹•ǡǯ™Š‹…Š›‘——•‡ǡ‹•˜‡”›‰‘‘†Ǥ ˆ›‘— ’‡”‹– ‡ –‘ •ƒ› •‘ǡ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ …Ž‡˜‡”‡•– ™‘”†  Šƒ˜‡ ›‡– ”‡ƒ† ƒ„‘—– ›•‡ŽˆǤ” 4 ‡‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡‹…Š‡Žƒ‘‘•–Š—›•‡ǡFascisme et littérature pure: La fabrique d’Ernst Jünger ȋƒ”•‡‹ŽŽ‡ǣ ‰‘‡ǡ ͣ͠͞͞Ȍǡ ͟͟͡–͟͢Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡‹Šƒ”† ‹Ž…œ‡ǡ Nihilistische Lektüre des Zeitalters: Ernst Jüngers Nietzsche-Rezeption ȋ”‹‡”ǣ ‹••‡•…Šƒˆ–Ž‹…Š‡”‡”Žƒ‰”‹‡”ǡͧͧͧ͟ȌǤ 2 ”•– —Dž ‰‡”ǡDz‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽŽ‡—”’Žƒ‡ƴ –ƒ‹”‡ǣ–”‡–‹‡ƒ˜‡…”•– —Dž ‰‡”ǡdzin Cahier de l’Herne Martin Heideggerǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ ƒƒ”ȋƒ”‹•ǣǯ‡”‡ǡͧͦ͟͡Ȍǡͦ͟͢Ǥ 3 Š‡•‡ …‘ˆ‡”‡…‡• Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ› ϐ‹”•– ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ͦͧ͟͞ ‹ –Š‡ Deutsche RundschauǤ ‡‘”‰”ƒ†‡•’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ•Dz–Š‡‘•–‹–‡”‡•–‹‰™”‹–‡” ‹ ‡”ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– –‹‡ǡdz ƒ† Š‡ ™‹•Š‡† –‘ •Š‘™ Š‘™ Dz–Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡”’ƒ”–ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‘”‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽdz‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•™‘”•™‡”‡Dz…‘…‡”‡† ™‹–Š‘”ƒŽ’”‡Œ—†‹…‡•Ǥdz ‡‘”‰”ƒ†‡•ǡFriedrich Nietzsche ȋ‡™‘”Ȁ‘†‘ǣ ƒ…‹ŽŽƒȀǤ ‡‹‡ƒǡ ͧͣ͟͟Ȍǡ ͡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ-•’‡ƒ‹‰ ™‘”Ž†ǡ •‡‡ Žƒ—• ‘Š‡ǯ• ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‡”ƒ”‡‹••—‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‡•ǯ•‡••ƒ›ǡNietzsche ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ‡”‡n„‡”‰ǡ ͢͠͞͞Ȍǡ ͠͞–͠͡ǡ ƒ† †”‹ƒ ‡Ž ƒ”‘ǡ Dz‡…‡’–‹‘ ƒ† ’ƒ…–ǣ Š‡ ‹”•– ‡…ƒ†‡‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡‹ ‡”ƒ›ǡdzOrbis Litterarumǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͥ͡ȋͧͦ͟͠Ȍǣ͡͠–ͤ͢Ǥ 4 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡–‘”ƒ†‡•ǡ͠‡…Ǥͦͦͥ͟ǡͦǡͤ͠͞ǤŽŽ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ™”‹–‹‰• ȋ‡š…‡’– Encyclopædie der klassische Philologie) are taken from KSA ȋ™‘”•Ȍ‘”KSB ȋŽ‡––‡”•ȌǤ‘”•ƒ”‡…‹–‡†„›–‹–Ž‡ǡKSA ˜‘Ž—‡—„‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡ ’ƒ‰‡‘”’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š—„‡”Ǥ‡––‡”•ƒ”‡…‹–‡†„›KSB ˜‘Ž—‡—„‡”ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† 1

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͣ͟͢

‹‡–œ•…Š‡ †‹† ‘– •›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› †‡•…”‹„‡ Š‹• ‡–Š‹…• ‹ Š‹• ‡ƒ”Ž› ™‘”•Ǥ ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” –Š‹• •—”‡Ž› Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ „—– ‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•ͦͥ͟͞•‡••ƒ›•‘–Š‡ ”‡‡•™‡”‡Ž‡ˆ–—ϐ‹‹•Š‡†‹’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ™‘”•‘–‹–‡†‡†ˆ‘”’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ…‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‘—–‘ˆDz”‡…‘•–”—…Ǧ tion” 5 ‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–œ•…Š‡•…Š‘Žƒ”‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥ—– ƒŽ•‘ǡ ‘‡ •‡•‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Dz”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ‹–›dz ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–Š‡•‡•…‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡’”‘’–‡†Š‹–‘Dz”‡ƒ‹•‹Ž‡–ǡdzƒ• —Dž ‰‡” Žƒ–‡”’”‘’‘•‡†ǡƒ•–‘–Š‡‹”’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› ’—–ǣ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ’”‡•‡–• ‹–—‹–‹‘• ‘ ‡–Š‹…• ‹ Š‹• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡••ƒ›•‘–Š‡ ”‡‡•ǡ„—–Š‡†‘‡•‘–†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ•›•–‡‘” †‘‡•Š‡†‡•…”‹„‡’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹…•Ǥ Š‡ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ –Š‘—‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘‰ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† •…Š‘Žƒ”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‡‘”‹•–•ǤŠ‡‹••—‡™ƒ•”‡…‡–Ž›„”‘—‰Š–—’‹ –Š‡•‡–‡”•ǣ ˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•––™‡–››‡ƒ”•‘”•‘‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ••‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹t‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– Šƒ•„‡…‘‡ –Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ ‘•– Š‘–Ž› …‘–‡•–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š-•’‡ƒ‹‰™‘”Ž†ǣ …is Š‡ ƒ ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹… ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‹‡” ™Š‘ †ƒ• †‡‘…”ƒ…› ƒ• ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ‘†‡”‹Š‹Ž‹•—‘”…ƒŠ‹•–Š‘—‰Š–ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›Š‹• –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ –Š‡ ”‡‡ agonǡ „‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› †‡‘…”ƒ–‹…–Š‡‘”›ǫdz6

Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ •Š‘™•–Šƒ– –™‘ ‹••—‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ– •–ƒ‡ Š‡”‡ǣ ‘‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†• –Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•–Š‘—‰Š–™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘–Š‡”…‘…‡”• –Š‡ •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‡‘”›Ǥ  ”‡…‡– ›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Šƒ•„‡‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•—•‡ˆ‘” †‡‘…”ƒ–‹… –Š‡‘”›ǡ ƒ• ™Š‡ ƒ™”‡…‡ ƒ–ƒ„ ƒ•• ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹e–œ•…Š‡ǯ• …”‹–‹“—‡• ‘ˆ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ †‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ‹†‡ƒŽ• ȋ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ •—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡“—ƒŽ”‡•’‡…–ǡŠ—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ȌDz’”‡•—‡ƒ”‡ˆ—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹†‡ƒŽ•‘” ȏ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›Ȑ‘’‡—’–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”‡†‡•…”‹„‹‰–Š‡•‡‹†‡ƒŽ•‹

„›’ƒ‰‡—„‡”ǤŽŽ‹–ƒŽ‹…•ƒ”‡‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•Ǥ‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘KSAǣ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡKritische Studienausgabeǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‹ ƒ† Ǥ ‘–‹ƒ”‹ ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ ‡ ”—›–‡”Ȁǡ ͧͧͧ͟ǡ ͣ͟˜‘ŽǤȌǤ‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘KSBǣ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡSämtliche Briefe. Kritische Studienausgabeǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ‘ŽŽ‹ƒ†Ǥ ‘–‹ƒ”‹ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ‡ ”—›–‡”Ȁǡ͠͞͞͡ǡͦ˜‘ŽǤȌǤ 5 „‘””‘™–Š‹•–‡”ˆ”‘—‡–‹ƒ›Ž‘”ǡThe Republic of Genius: A Reconstruction of Nietzsche’s Early Thought ȋ‘…Š‡•–‡”ǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‘…Š‡•–‡” ”‡••ǡ ͧͧͥ͟ȌǤ 6 ‡”ƒ‹‡‡•ƒ† ƒ”›Šƒ’‹”‘ǡDzŠƒ–‘‡•‹‡–œ•…Š‡‡ƒˆ‘”‘–‡’o”ƒ”›‘Ž‹–‹…•ƒ†‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽŠ‘—‰Š–ǫǡdzThe Journal of Nietzsche Studiesǡ‘Ǥͣ͡–ͤ͡ ȋͦ͠͞͞Ȍǣ ͡Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Ǥ †‡ǡ Friedrich Nietzsche and the Politics of History ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͦ͠͞͞Ȍǡ͟–͡Ǥ

ͤ͟͢ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

“—ƒ•‹-‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ–‡”•Ǥ” 7 •ƒ–ƒ„”‡…‘‰‹œ‡•ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•–Š‘—‰Š– ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽŽ› …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ †‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ’‘Ži–‹…•ǣDz™‡…ƒ‘–ƒ••—‡–Š‡–”—–Š‘ˆ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ•—ˆˆ”ƒ‰‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ† Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–• „› ‹‰‘”‹‰ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• –”‡…Šƒ– ƒ––ƒ…•Ǥ” 8 ‘‰ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡•…Š‘Žƒ”•™Š‘†‘‡„”ƒ…‡–Š‹•…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡˜‡”› —…Š…‘–”ƒ•–‡†Ǥ‘‡—•—…Šƒ•ƒ–ƒ„—•‡‡–‘Dz”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†‡o…”ƒ–‹…‹†‡ƒŽ•‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ •—•’‹…‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ””ƒ–•dz ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ –Š‡‘”‹œ‡ ƒ †‡‘…”ƒ–‹… agon ƒ† –Š—•Dz–‘ •—’Ǧ ’‘”–ƒ†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡Ǥdz 9 –Š‡”•—•—…Šƒ•‘ ‘„‘™•› ‹ Nietzsche’s Machiavellian Politics——†‡”Ž‹‡ ‹e–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ȋ‡š‘–‡”‹… ƒ† ‡•‘–‡”‹…Ȍ Dz‘˜‡”– ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ †‡o…”ƒ–‹…’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ǡdz 10 ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡Š‹•–Š‘—‰Š–Dz‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹–i…ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǡ…”‹–‹“—‡•ƒ†‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆŠ‹•‘™’‡”‹‘†ǡdz 11 ‹‘”†‡”–‘ •Š‘™–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡”ƒ†‹…ƒŽŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…”‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡dzˆƒ‹Ž• –‘ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡Dz–Šƒ–Š‹•™‘”…‘–ƒ‹•ƒŽƒ–‡–’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡdzƒ†–Š‡”e„› ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†• Dz–Š‡ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ” 12 • ‘m„‘™•›•Š‘™•ǡ‹–‹•’‡”Šƒ’•†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž––‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡„‘–Š‹••—‡•ƒ–Šƒ†ǣ –‘†‡„ƒ–‡‘˜‡”–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•–Š‘—‰Š–‹•–‘ „”‹‰ ˆ‘”–Š‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‡Ž‡‡–•–‘™ƒ”†•†‡…‹†‹‰‘‹–••‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡ˆ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›Ǥ‘™ǡ ƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ†‡Šƒ••Š‘™‹Š‹•…‘–‡š–—Ǧ ƒŽ •–—†› ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘†‡” ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ Dz—…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ ‘rientation of Nie–œ•…Š‡ǯ•’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•‹•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š”‡…‡–’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ˆƒ—Ž–Ž‹‡•–‡†–‘‘˜‡”•Šƒ†‘™–Š‡…‘–‡š–™‹–Š‹™Š‹…Š‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‘™ ‹†‡ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥdz 13 †‡‡†ǡ ƒ• ƒ”–‹ —‡ŠŽ ”‹‰Š–Ž› ’‘‹–• ‘—–ǡ Dz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ‹–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆŠ‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ

ƒ™”‡…‡ Ǥ ƒ–ƒ„ǡ Dz”‘•’‡…–• ˆ‘” ƒ ‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ‰‘ǣ Š› ™‡ …ƒ –‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ•ǡdzJournal of Nietzsche Studiesǡ‘Ǥ͢͠ȋ͠͞͞͠Ȍǣͦ͟͡Ǥ 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid.ǡ͟͢͠Ǥ 10 ‘ ‘„‘™•›ǡ Nietzsche’s Machiavellian Politics ȋ‘—†‹ŽŽ•ǣ ƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ ƒ…‹ŽŽƒǡ͢͠͞͞Ȍǡͥ͞Ǥ 11 Ibid.ǡ͟Ǥ 12 Ibid.ǡ ͡Ǥ ‘„‘™•› ƒ‰”‡‡• ™‹–Š ͧ͟͠͞• ”‡…Š •…Š‘Žƒ” Šƒ”Ž‡• †Ž‡” ‹ •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ †‹•…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ…Š‹ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹ǣ DzCe sera la faiblesse ou la force de Nietzsche, à tout jamais, d’avoir été un disciple de Machiavel.… Il faut ici évaluer avec précision la dette de Nietzsche. Il a tenu le machiavélisme pour la politique parfaite.dz Šƒ”Ž‡• †Ž‡”ǡ Nietzsche, sa vie et sa pensée ȋƒ”‹•ǣ ƒŽŽiƒ”†ǡ ͧͣͦ͟Ȍǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͠ǡ ͣͦ͡Ǥ —– ‘„‘™•› ˆ—”–Š‡” •Š‘™• Š‘™ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆͧ͟th-…‡–—”›ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹…Ž‹„‡”ƒŽǦ ‹•ȋ–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ‹‡ǡ‘…“—‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ†—”…Šƒ”†–ȌǤ 13 †‡ǡNietzsche and the Politics of Historyǡ͡Ǥ 7

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͥ͟͢

…‘•‹•–‡–Ž› —’Š‡Ž† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‡‡’Ž› ƒ–‹-‡‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”‹ƒǡ ‹ŽŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ ˜‹‡™•Ǥdz 14 – ‹• ‘– › ƒ‹ Š‡”‡ –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” …‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• –Š‘—‰Š–—ƒ• †‡ ƒ† ‘„‘™•›ǡ ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ Šƒ˜‡ •—……‡•sˆ—ŽŽ› †‘‡Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”  ™‹•Š –‘ –—” –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •–ƒ†Ǧ ’‘‹– ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –‘‘ ‘ˆ–‡ ‡‰Ž‡…–‡† „› •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡–Š‹…• ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ –Š‘”‘—‰Š ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡••ƒ›•Ǥ ‘•– •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ ‘” ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ …ƒ””‹‡†‘—–†‹•…—••‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘•that Š‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†“—‹–‡ƒ••‹†—Ǧ ‘—•Ž› ƒ• ‘ˆ ͦͥͦ͟ǯ• Human, all too HumanǤ †‡‡†ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ –Š‡‘”› •‡‡• –‘ …—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ ™‡ƒ ‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ™”‹–‹‰•Ǥ 15 Š‹•…‘—Ž†„‡†—‡ǡ‹’ƒ”–ǡ–‘ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‹ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ǣ•‘‡‘f these ‡••ƒ›•™‡”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Žƒ–‡”–Šƒ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‘–Š‡”™‘”•ƒ†™‡”‡ ‘– –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ƒ• “—‹…Ž›ǤŠ‡› ™‡”‡ –Š—• Ž‡ˆ– ƒ•‹†‡ǡ ƒ• –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡› ™‡”‡‘–’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‘‡—˜”‡Ǥ—–ƒ• ƒ‡•‘”–‡”’‘‹–•‘—–ǡ Dz ‡™–Š‹‰•…ƒ„‡‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹‡–œ•…Š‡–Šƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Š‹•˜‹‡™•‘ˆ…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽƒ–‹“—‹–›Ǥdz 16 –‹•–Š—•‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘…‘””‡…––Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘‡ƒ”Ž›‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– per seǡ ƒ† –‘ …‘—–‡”ƒ…– –Š‡ –”‡† –‘ ‘˜‡”Ž‘‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹e–œ•…Š‡ƒ –Š‘—‰Š– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ–‡” ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ‡••ƒ›• 17—a ten†‡…›’”‘’‡”–‘…‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…–Š‡‘”‹•–•™Š‘ seek –‘ƒ‡™ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹…•‘ˆƒ—–Š‡–‹…‹–›ƒ†‡‰ƒŽ‹–ƒ”iƒ‹• ȋ–Š”‘—‰Š ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‹•ǡ ‘’‡‡•• ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ† •‡Žˆ-…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ȌǤ•–—†›‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›™”‹–‹‰•‘–Š‡ ”‡‡• …ƒ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹•‘”‡ –‘ Š‹• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ agonǡ 14 ƒ”–‹ Ǥ —‡ŠŽǡ DzPoliteia ͦͥ͟͟ǣ ‘—‰ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡‡ –ƒ–‡ǡdz in Nietzsche and Antiquity: His Reaction and Response to the Classical Traditionǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌǤ ‹•Š‘’ȋ‘…Š‡•–‡”ǣƒ†‡‘—•‡ǡ͢͠͞͞Ȍǡͦ͠Ǥ 15 ‡‡ǡ e.g.ǡƒ˜‹†™‡ǡDz“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡‘…”ƒ…›ǡƒ†‡Žˆ-‡•’‡…–ǣ‡ϐŽ‡…–‹‘•‘ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‰‘ƒŽ ‡”ˆ‡…–‹‘‹•ǡdz Journal of Nietzsche Studiesǡ ‘Ǥ ͢͠ ȋ͠͞͞͠Ȍǣ ͟͟͡–͟͡Ǣƒ†”—…‡‡–™‹Ž‡”ǡNietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism ȋŠ‹…ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹…ƒ‰‘”‡••ǡͧͧ͟͞ȌǤ 16 ƒ‡• Ǥ‘”–‡”ǡDzǮƒ”‡ ’”‡••‹‘•Ǥǯ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•Philologicaǣ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‹-‘–‹ƒ”‹ ”‹–‹…ƒŽ †‹–‹‘ǡdz International Journal of the Classical Traditionǡ ˜‘ŽǤͤǡ‘Ǥ͡ȋ‹–‡”͠͞͞͞Ȍǣͧ͢͞Ǥ 17 ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡƒ”ƒ””‡–—”•–‘‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›‡••ƒ›•‹ƒ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹• Žƒ–‡” –Š‡‡•Ǥ ‡‡ ƒ” ƒ””‡ǡ Nietzsche and Political Thought ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ ǣ   ”‡••ǡ ͧͦͦ͟Ȍǡ š‹˜Ǥ ƒ‡• ‘”–‡” •—‡† —’ –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǣ Dz–Š‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’—––‹‰ –Š‡‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡” †‡…Ǧ ƒ†‡•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ͦͦ͟͞•ǡ „ƒ… ‹–‘ –‘—…Š ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡† ƒ† –Š‘—‰Š– ‹ „”‘ƒ† ƒ† ƒ„‹–‹‘—• ™ƒ›• ’”‹‘” –‘ The Birth of Tragedydz ȋ‘”–‡”ǡ Dzƒ”‡ ’”‡••‹‘•ǡdz͢͡͞ȌǤƒ–ƒ„‹•’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ‡š…‡’–‹‘‹ –Š‹•”‡•’‡…–ǡƒ•Š‹• Dz”‘•’‡…–•ˆ‘”ƒ‡‘…”ƒ–‹…‰‘dzƒ‡•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•The Greek State ƒ†Homer’s ContestǤ

ͦ͟͢ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

ƒ† –Šƒ– •‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘• ȋ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‡…‘‘‹… •Žƒ˜‡”› ‘” –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡Ȍƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ž›…‘•‹†‡”‡†„›ƒ†˜‘…ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒ †‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ ™Šƒ– †‹† ‹e–œ•…Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›•ƒ›ƒ„‘—–agonǫŠƒ–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡ Greek age ȋƒ†‘ˆ™Š‹…Š ”‡‡ƒ‰‡Ȍ™ƒ•Š‡†‡ϐ‹‹‰ƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ–‘ Š‹•–‹‡ǫ†™Šƒ–™‡”‡–Š‡Ž‹‹–•‘ˆŠ‹•‹–‡–‹‘• ‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǫ —– ϐ‹”•–ǡ ‘‡ ‡‡†• –‘ †‡…‹†‡ Š‘™ –‘ Dz”‡…‘•–”—…–dz ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž›‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ‡–ƒ’Š‘”‘ˆ–‡—•‡†„›‹‡–œ•…Š‡Š‹•‡Žˆ‹ Š‹• ͦͥ͟͞• ™”‹–‹‰• ’”‘˜‡• ‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‹• –ƒ•ǣ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒ•ƒDz’Š›•‹…‹ƒ‘ˆ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥdz‹‡–œ•…Š‡‡…Š‘‡†’‹…–‡–—•ǯ• •ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǯ••…Š‘‘Ž‹•ƒŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ 18ǡ ™Š‡Š‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‹•‡–ƒ’Š‘”ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• …‘…‡’–•ƒ†–‡”•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡†‹…‹‡ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ”‡”‡…—””‡–‹ Š‹• ™”‹–‹‰•Ǥ19  Š‹• ‘–‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‹–‡” ‘ˆ ͦͥ͟͠–ͦͥ͟͡ǡ –Š‡ •‡n–‡…‡DzDer Philosoph als Arzt der Culturdzƒ’’‡ƒ”•…‡–”‡† ƒ†—†‡rŽ‹‡†ǡƒ•™‘—Ž†ƒ–‹–Ž‡‹†‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ—’…‘‹‰„‘‘Ǥ 20 ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ‘‰›‹• ƒ……—”ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǯ• ‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ –‘ „‡ ‡–ƒ’Š‘”‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ –‘ ƒ ’Š›•‹…‹ƒǯ•Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ ’Š›•‹…‹ƒǯ• ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• …‘•‹•– ‹ ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ ƒ ’ƒ–‹‡–ǯ• •›’–‘•ǡ †‡…‹†‹‰‘ƒ–Š‡”ƒ’›ǡƒ†ˆ‘”‡…ƒ•–‹‰ ƒ’”‘‰‘•‹•‘–Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹…‡••Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›•’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ–Šƒ–‹•™Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡†‹†ǣ—•‹‰ …‘…‡’–• ‘ˆ ™‡ŽŽ‡•• ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡••ǡ Š‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† Š‹• ƒ‰‡ ‹ ”‡•’‡…– –‘ ’ƒ•– –‹‡• ‘ˆDz‰”‡ƒ– Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ” 21 • Š‘ƒ•‘‰ ™”‘–‡ ‹ ƒ •–—†› ‘ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ ‡†‹…‹‡ǡ –Š‡ Dz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‹•ǥƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆƒ…–Ǥ” 22 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ Š‘’‡† –‘ …—”‡ ‡”ƒ …—Ž–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡”ƒ’‡—–‹… ˆ‘”…‡• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ƒ‘—––‘ƒ–”ƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘†‡”‡–Š‹…•Ǥ‹•‡†‹…ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› Ž‡† Š‹ –‘ …‘•‹†‡” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ •›’–‘• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡‹” ’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡‡†‹‡•Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘”‡…‘•–”—…––Š‹•‡–Š‹…ƒŽ•›’–‘ƒ–‘ŽǦ ‘‰› ƒ† –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡–Š‹…• ‹ƒ•—…Š ƒ• –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡– ‹ Š‹• ‡••ƒ›•ǡ  •’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ› –—” –‘ –™‘ •Š‘”– ’‘•–Š—‘—• ‡••ƒ›•ǡ The Greek State ƒ†Homer’s Contest23ǡ ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Five Forewords to Five Books that have not been Written that Nie18 ’‹…–‡–—•ǡ Discourses and Selected Writingsǡ ȋ‡†Ǥ ƒ† –”ǤȌ Ǥ ‘„„‹ ȋ‘†‘ǣ ‡‰—‹Žƒ••‹…•ǡͦ͠͞͞Ȍǡͥ͟͠Ǥ 19 ‡‡ƒŽ…‘Žƒ•Ž‡›ǡDz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•—•‡‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽ‡”•ǡdz‹Nietzsche: Imagery and Thought ȋ‡”‡Ž‡›ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡••ǡͧͥͦ͟Ȍǡ͟͠͡–ͣͦǤ 20 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡNachlaßǡͥǡȚ͠͡ȏͣ͟ȐǤ 21 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡThe Gay Scienceǡ͡ǡȚͦ͡͠Ǥ 22 Š‘ƒ•‘‰ǡDz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ‡†‹…‹‡ǡdzNietzsche-Studienǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͧ͟ ȋͧͧ͟͞Ȍǣͦ͟͟Ǥ 23 The Greek State stems from notes taken for The Birth of TragedyǤ ‡‡  ͥǡ Ț͟͞ȏ͟Ȑȋ ƒǤͦͥ͟͟ȌǤ

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͧ͟͢

–œ•…Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‹ˆ––‘‘•‹ƒƒ‰‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡ ͦͥ͟͠ Christmas Š‘Ž‹†ƒ›—–Š‡›‡ƒ”ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ™Š‹…Š–Š‡›‘—‰’”‘ˆ‡••‘”Šƒ† ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Š‹•ϐ‹”•–‡••ƒ›ǡThe Birth of Tragedy ȋ™Š‹…Š™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‡ Š‡Ž’ˆ—ŽŠ‡”‡ȌǤŠ‡ͦͥ͟͠Forewords ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‹••—‡•‹‡–œ•…Š‡™ƒ• –Š‡™‘”‹‰‘ǡ„—–ˆ”‘ƒ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘”‡‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–Šƒƒ‡•–Š‡–‹… ȋƒ•‹The Birth of TragedyȌǤ ›†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘ in –Š‹•’ƒ’‡” has three stagesǤ ‹”•–ǡ …‹”…—m•…”‹„‡–Š‡‘–‹‘•‘ˆDzagondzƒ†Dzerisdz–Šƒ–ƒ”‡…‡–”ƒŽ–‘‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž›”‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ ”‡‡‡–Š‹…•Ǥ –Š‡†‡•…”‹„‡ˆ‘—”‡–Š‹…ƒŽ•›’–‘• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡‡†‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ™Š‹Ž‡ …‘’ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ethos ƒ† ‘†‡” ‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ 24 Š‹• •›’–oƒ–‘Ž‘‰›†‹•…Ž‘•‡•‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†•Š‘™•–Šƒ– Š‹• ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡‡ ‡–Š‹…• ˆ—…–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ—ƒŽ„‡‹– ˆ”ƒ‰‡n–ƒ”›—‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ his timeǤ  …‘…Ž—†‡ ™‹–Š ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹˜e Š›’‘–Š‡•‡• –Šƒ– ƒ††”‡•• •‘‡ ‹••—‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ Ž‡ˆ– —ƒ•™‡”‡† „› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• Dz”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹•ǡdz •‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ”‡ƒ‹ ‘•– ƒ„‹‰—‘—•‹Š‹•‡••ƒ›•Ǥ –—•–„‡…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹• ‘– –‘ „—‹Ž† ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ‡–Š‹…•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” †‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ‘” ‘–ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” –‘ …‹”…—•…”‹„‡ –Š‡ …‘…‡’–•ǡ •‘—”…‡•ǡ ƒ† Ž‹‹–• of Nie–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š––Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‡…‘•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•‡–Š‹…ƒŽ •›’–‘ƒ–‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

Eris and Agon Ž–Š‘—‰Š Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† Š‹• …ƒŽŽ‹‰ –‘ „‡ ‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ  ƒ ƒ—ƒ”› ͦͥ͟͟ Ž‡––‡” –‘ ‹ŽŠ‡Ž ‹•…Š‡”-‹Žϐ‹‰‡”ǡ –Š‡ †‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ•‡Žǡ –Š‡ ›‘—‰ ’Š‹Ž‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ …Šƒ‹” ‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› „› ƒ”‰—‹‰ –Šƒ– Š‹• Dz”‡ƒŽ –ƒ•ǡdz –‘ ™Š‹…Š Š‡ Dz•Š‘—Ž† •ƒ…”‹ϐ‹…‡ ƒ› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡdz ™ƒ• Š‹• Dz–ƒ• ƒ• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”Ǥ” 25 ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ƒ• Š‹• ͦͤͧ͟ ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒŽ ƒ•‡Ž Ž‡…–—”‡Homer and Classical Philology ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›‡š’‘•‡†ǡŠ‹•‡ƒ”Ž› ™”‹–‹‰• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ Š‹• …‘—”•‡-™‘” …‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ”‡‡• ‘•–Ž› ˆ‘” ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ  ƒ „‘‘ ‘ Nietzsche and the GreeksǡƒŽ‡‹Ž‡”•‘™”‹–‡•–Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•Dz’”‹ƒ”›‰‘ƒŽdz™Š‡ •–—†›‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡‡• Dz‹• ƒ›–Š‹‰ „—– „‘‘‹•Š ƒ† ’‡†ƒ–‹…Ǥ – ‹• ‘–Š‹‰ •Š‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡•ƒŽ‡ –”ƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‡”‹–›Ǥ” 26  –Š‹• •‡…–‹‘ǡ  †”ƒ™ ‘ ‹†‡ƒ• –Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ– •‘‡ Žength in the •‡…‘† ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ› ”‡…‡– „‘‘ Kulturkritik et philosophie thérapeutique chez le jeune Nietzsche ȋ‘–”‡ƒŽǣ”‡••‡•†‡Žǯ‹˜‡”•‹–‡ƴ †‡‘–”‡ƴ ƒŽǡ͟͠͞͠Ȍ 25 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡–‘‹•…Š‡”-‹Žϐ‹‰‡”ǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ͦͥ͟͟ǡ͡ǡͥ͟͢–ͥͦǤ 26 ƒŽ‡ ‹Ž‡”•‘ǡ Nietzsche and the Greeks ȋ‘†‘Ȁ‡™ ‘”ǣ ‘–‹——ǡ ͤ͠͞͞Ȍǡ͠͞Ǥ 24

ͣ͟͞ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

‹Ž‡”•‘‹•”‹‰Š–‹•ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡•‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ– –Š‡…‘”‡‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•–Š‘—‰Š–‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͦͥ͟͞•Ǥ Š‹•ͦͥ͟͠‡••ƒ› on Homer’s Contestǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ™”‹–‡• –Šƒ– Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡• ƒ Dzƒ„›••dz „‡–™‡‡ ”‡‡ ƒ† ‘†‡” ‘”ƒŽ Œ—†‰‡–•ǡ ƒ† Š‡ stresses that Dz‘–Š‹‰ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡• ‘”‡ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ™‘”Ž† ˆ”‘ ‘—” ‘™ –Šƒ –Š‡ …‘Žor ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ …‘…‡’–• –Šƒ– †‡”‹˜‡ ˆ”‘ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ …‘„ƒ– ƒ† ˜‹…–‘”›Ǥ” 27 ‹• ’‘•–Š—‘—• Five Forewords ’‹’‘‹– ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †‹•–‹…–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡ ‡–Š‹…• ƒ†‘†‡”‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‡…ƒƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͦͥ͟͞•ǡ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ƒ‰‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘†‡” ™‘”Ž† ‹• ‡–Š‹…ƒŽǤ ‡– ‘‡ —•– ‡‡’ ‹ ‹† –Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡• ‹• ‹–•‡Žˆ Dz…‘Ž‘”‡†dz „› Š‹• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ†’‘‹–ǣ–Šƒ–‘ˆ’‡••‹‹•ǡƒ…‹‡–ƒ†‘†‡”Ǥ– –Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•…ƒ”‡‡”ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•Dz‘†‡”dz’‡••‹‹•‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› –Šƒ– ‘ˆ …Š‘’‡Šƒ—‡”ǡ ™Š‘ Š‡ …‘‡–• —’‘ ƒ† ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž› “—‘–‡• ‹ The Birth of Tragedy an† ‘–Š‡” ͦͥ͟͞• ‡••ƒ›•Ǥ 28 • ˆ‘” Š‹• Dzƒ…‹‡–dz ’‡••‹‹•ǡ ‹– ‡…Š‘‡• Ž—–ƒ”…Šǯ• ”‡†‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ‰‹… ™‹•†‘ ‘ˆ ‹Ž‡—• ‹ Š‹• Letter of Condolence to Apollonius 29 ƒ† ‹†ƒ”ǯ• ’‘‡–”›Ǥ 30 In The Birth of Tragedyǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡• –Šƒ– the ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡• Dz‡™ ƒ† ˆ‡Ž– –Š‡ –‡””‘”• ƒ† Š‘””‘”• ‘ˆ ‡š‹•t‡…‡” ȋǡȚ͡Ȍǡ ƒ†Ž‹˜‡† ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•–”ƒ‰‹…™‹•†‘Ǥ ‘”†‡”ˆ‘” Ž‹ˆ‡–‘”‡ƒ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ†–‘ϐŽ‘—”‹•Š†‡•’‹–‡–Š‹•–”ƒ‰‹…‘—–Ž‘‘ǡ–Š‡ Greeks ha†–‘‹˜‡–ƒ•‡•‡–‘Ž‹ˆ‡—Š‡…‡–Š‡‹”–Š”‹˜‹‰…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‰‘†•ƒ†›–Š•Ǥ—–‹–‹•‹ˆƒ…–ƒ–—”‡ǯ•‘™‹‘›•‹ƒƒ†’‘ŽŽo‹ƒ ‹’—Ž•‡•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ƒ– ™‘” ‹ –Š‹• …”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹’‡–—•Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡’s —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹• –Š—• —––‡”Ž› ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…ǡ ƒ• Š‹• …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”‹‡•†‹†‘–ˆƒ‹Ž–‘”‡ƒ”Ǥ 31 The Birth of Tragedy †‡’‹…–• ƒ–—”‡ ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹… ‹’—Ž•‡• ™Š‘•‡ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘• ”‡•—Ž– ‹ …”‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹…‡DzŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰s are ™Š‘ŽŽ›ƒ–—”ƒŽdz ȋǡͥͦ͡Ȍǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡHomer’s Contestǡ͟ǡͥͦͤǤ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹ –Š‡–‡š–ƒ•Ǥ 28 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡…‘•–ƒ–Ž›”‡ƒ†…Š‘’‡Šƒ—‡”„‡–™‡‡ͦͤͣ͟ƒ†ͦͥͦ͟Ǥ‡‡Š‘ƒ• ”‘„Œ‡”ǡ Nietzsche’s Philosophical Context: An Intellectual Biography ȋ”„aƒȀŠ‹…ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ŽŽ‹‘‹•”‡••ǡͦ͠͞͞Ȍǡͣ͢͠–ͣͣǤ 29 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡†‡•…”‹„‡•‹–‹The Birth of Tragedyǡ͟ǡȚ͡Ǥ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡–‡š–ƒ•Ǥ 30 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ “—‘–‡• Š‹ ‹ The Greek Stateǡ  ͟ǡ ͥͤͣǤ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡–‡š–ƒ• Ǥ 31 ˆ–‡””‡ƒ†‹‰The Birth of Tragedyǡ’Š‹Ž‘Ž‘‰‹•–––‘‹„„‡…™”‘–‡–‘’Š‹Ž‘•o’Š‡”‹ŽŠ‡Ž‹Ž–Š‡› ‘’”‹Žͧ͠ǡͦͥ͟͠ǣDz–Š‡„‘‘‹•ƒ†‹–Š›”ƒ„‘ˆƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›—…Š‹–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ…Š‘’‡Šƒ—‡”ƒ†ƒ‰‡”ǥ„—–ˆ‘”–Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ ‹–ȋ™Š‹…Šǡ‹ˆƒ…–ǡ‹•‘––Šƒ–‡™Ȍǡ‹–‹•’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–Ǥdz —‘–‡† ‹ Querelle autour de La naissance de la tragédieǡ ȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ Cohen-ƒŽ‹‹ǡ Ǥ ‘‹–‡˜‹ǡƒ†Ǥ ƒ”…—œœ‹ȋƒ”‹•ǣ”‹ǡͧͧͣ͟Ȍǡͥͣ Ǥ 27

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͣ͟͟

‹’—Ž•‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ– ™‘” ™‹–Š‹ them ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹’—Ž•‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ”–‹•–‹… ”‡•—Ž–•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”• ”ƒ–Š‡” Šƒ˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ˆ—…–‹‘•Ǥ Homer’s Contest …‹”…—•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‹’—Ž•‡ ƒ• agon—ƒ ‹’—Ž•‡ –Šƒ– —•– ƒ‹ˆ‡•– ‹–•‡Žˆ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ Dz‰‘‘†dz erisǤ ‘–Š –Š‡•‡ …‘…‡’–• †‡–‡”‹‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ

”‡‡‡–Š‹…•Ǥ •”‡‰ƒ”†•‡–Š‹…ƒŽ…‘…‡’–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡‹ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡…‡ „—––Šƒ–ƒ”‡’”‘•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‡‘†‡”†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…ƒ‰‡ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ϐ‹”•– mentions erisǤŠ‡ …ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹›‡†ǡ Eris ‹•–Š‡ ”‡‡ ‰‘††‡•• ‘ˆ •–”‹ˆ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”‘‹ƒ—Š‡…‡ –Š‡ ‘—ǯ• —•‡ –‘ ƒ‡ †‹•…‘”†ǡ ƒ„‹–‹‘ǡ ‘” ‡˜›ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ‹ ”‹•–‘–Ž‡ǯ• RhetoricǤ 32 In Homer’s Contestǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡”‡ˆ‡”•–‘Erisǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ—‰Š–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Š–ǡƒ••Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‹–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ‡•‹‘†ǯ•Works and DaysǤ•Š‡”‡…ƒŽŽ•ǡ–Š‡ Greek ’‘‡– ƒ‘—…‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ –›’‡• ‘ˆ †‹•…‘”†ǣ DzŠ‡”‡ ™ƒ•‘–‘Ž›‘‡”ƒ…‡‘ˆ–”‹ˆ‡•ǡ„—–‘˜‡”–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘ǤŠ‡ ‘‡ ƒ ƒ ™Š‡ Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† Š‡” ™‘—Ž† ’”ƒ‹•‡Ǣ „—– –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• „Žƒ‡™‘”–Š›ǤdzŠ‹••‡…‘†Eris …ƒ—•‡•™ƒ”•ƒ†…‘ϐŽ‹…–•—it sh‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡˜‡” „‡ •‘—‰Š–Ǥ DzŠ‡ ‘‡ •—’’‘”–• ‡˜‹Ž ™ƒ” ƒ† …‘–‡n–‹‘ǣ•Š‡‹•…”—‡ŽǢ‘‘”–ƒŽ‹•ˆ‘†‘ˆŠ‡”Ǥdz‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ Dz‰‘‘†dz–”‹ˆ‡ǣ–Š‹•‘‡Dz”‘—•‡•ƒƒ–‘™‘”‡˜‡‹ˆŠ‡‹••Š‹ˆ–Ž‡••Ǥ” 33 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• Dz–Š‹• ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ŽŽ‡‹•–‹… –Š‘—‰Š–•ǡƒ†‹–‹•™‘”–Š„‡‹‰‹•…”‹„‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡˜‹•‹–‘”–‘•‡‡ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ †‘‘”™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ‡‹•–‹… ‡–Š‹…•Ǥdz ȋǡ ͥͦͤȌ  ˆƒ…–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡•‹‘† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡• –™‘ divinitiesǡ –™‘ ‰‘††‡••‡• ‘ˆ †‹•…‘”†ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡• „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ethical conceptsǡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ‘Ž› ‘‡ ‹• —•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”ƒ‹†Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡•‹‘† ™ƒ• …‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‹•’‹”‡† „› –Šƒ– ‘ˆ Š‹• …‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ ƒ…‘„ —”…Šƒ”†–Ǥ 34  Š‹• ͦͥ͟͞ ƒ•‡Ž Ž‡…–—”‡• on The Greeks and Greek Civilizationǡ —”…Šƒ”†– •–”‡••‡† –Š‡ ‹m’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘‘† eris ‹ ‡•‹‘†ǯ• ˜‹‡™ǣ DzŠ‡ ‰‘‘† Eris ™ƒ• –Š‡ ϐ‹”•––‘„‡„‘”ȋ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡„ƒ†™ƒ•‘Ž›ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰™ƒ” ƒ†…‘ϐŽ‹…–Ȍƒ†‡•‹‘†•‡‡•–‘ϐ‹†Š‡”‘–‘Ž›‹Š—ƒŽ‹ˆ‡„—– ƒŽ•‘‹‡Ž‡‡–ƒŽƒ–—”‡ǡˆ‘””‘‘•Šƒ†’Žƒ…‡†Š‡”ƒ‘‰–Š‡˜‡”›

”‹•–‘–Ž‡ǡ On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourseǡ ȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ Ǥ ‡‡†› ȋšǦ ˆ‘”†Ȁ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͥ͠͞͞Ȍǡͦͥ͟͡„–ͦͦ͟͡ƒǤ‡‡ǡͥͦͥǤ 33 ‡•‹‘†ǡ Theogony. Works and Days. Shieldǡ ȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ –Šƒƒ••ƒ‹• ȋƒŽ–i‘”‡Ȁ‘†‘ǣ ‘Š•‘’‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ͢͠͞͞Ȍǡͣ͟–ͣ͡Ǥ 34 ‡‡ —‡ŠŽǡ DzPoliteia ͦͥ͟͟ǡdz ͦͦ–ͧ͠Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Š”‹•–ƒ ƒ˜‹• …ƒ’‘”ƒǡ Dz‹e–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡”ǡdz Nietzscheforschung: Jahrbuch der NietzscheGesellschaftǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͣȀͤȋ͠͞͞͞Ȍǣͣͣͤǡƒ† ‹—Ž‹ƒ‘ƒ’‹‘‹ǡ Les lectures françaises de Nietzscheǡȋ–”ǤȌǤ ƒ˜‹‰‡-‘—‹ŽŽ‡”‘ȋƒ”‹•ǣǤǤ Ǥǡ͟͠͞͞Ȍǡͤ͟͡–͢͞Ǥ 32

ͣ͟͠ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

roots of the earthǤ” 35 ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—”…Šƒ”†–ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡‘–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‰‘‘† eris ‡–‹…‡• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” –Š”‘—‰Š …‘m’‡–‹–‹‘•ǣDz–Š”‘—‰Š…‘˜‡–‘—•‡••ǡŒƒŽ‘—•‹‡ǡƒ†‡˜›ǡdz‹–Dz‹…‹–‡•‡ –‘ ƒ…–Ǥdz ȋǡ ͥͦͥȌ • —”…Šƒ”†– ’—–• ‹–ǣ Dz – ‹• –Š‡ ‰‘‘† Eris ™Š‘ ƒ™ƒ‡• ‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‹†‘Ž‡– ƒ† —•‹ŽŽ‡† –‘ ‹†—•–”›Ǣ •‡‡‹‰ ‘–Š‡”• ”‹…Šǡ–Š‡›–‘‘„‡•–‹”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘’Ž‘—‰Šƒ†’Žƒ–ƒ†‘”†‡”–Š‡‹” Š‘—•‡•ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– ‡‹‰Š„‘—” ˜‹‡• ™‹–Š ‡‹‰Š„‘—” ‹ •–”‹˜‹‰ ˆ‘” ™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ” 36 Š‡ ™‹•• Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ …‘…Ž—†‡• ˆ”‘ Š‹• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡•‹‘†ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡ƒ—–Š‘”•–Šƒ––Š‡‰‘‘†Eris ’‡”‡ƒ–‡• ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ”‡‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ǣ ‹– ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡• –Š‡ ”‡‡ ƒ –‘ ™‘”ǡ –‘ •—……‡‡†ǡ ƒ† –‘ •—”’ƒ•• Š‹•‡Žˆ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘‘† Eris ‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡•–Š‡ ”‡‡•–‘•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”˜‹…–‘”›—„—–‘–„›ƒ‹Š‹Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡™‡ƒ‡•–Ǥ—”…Šƒ”†–ƒ†‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ‰”‡‡‘–Š‹•’‘‹–ǤŠ‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ ™”‹–‡•ǣ Dz˜‹…–‘”› ‹ –Š‡ agonǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘„Ž‡ ˜‹…–‘”› ™‹–Š‘—– ‡‹–›ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ƒ…‹‡–‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒ…‡ˆ—Ž ˜‹…–‘”› ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ” 37 †‡‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘‘† eris Šƒ• ƒ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǣ Dz„‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”‡‡ ƒ ‹• ‡˜‹‘—•ǡ ƒ– ‡ƒ…Š ‰ƒ‹ ‘ˆ Š‘‘”ǡ ”‹…Š‡••ǡ•’Ž‡†‘”ǡƒ†„Ž‹••ǡŠ‡ˆ‡‡Ž•–Š‡‡˜‹‘—•‡›‡‘ˆƒ‰‘†—’‘ Š‹ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ”• –Š‹• †‹˜‹‡ ‡˜›Ǥ – ”‡‹†• Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—–‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Š—ƒ †‡•–‹›Ǣ Š‹• Šƒ’’‹‡•• •…ƒ”‡• Š‹ǡ Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‹–• „‡•– ’ƒ”– ‹ •ƒ…”‹ϐ‹…‡ǡƒ†Š‡„‘™•–‘–Š‡‡˜›‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘†ǤdzȋǡͥͦͥȌ ……‘”†‹‰–‘ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ –Š‡ Dz‰‘‘† ‡˜›dz –Š—• Šƒ• –Š”‡‡ „‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ „‘–Š ƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘”…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǣ‹–‡–‹…‡•ƒ…–‹‘Ǣ‹–„‘—†•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ȋ‘” ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ ‹ ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž …‘’‡–‹–‹‘•Ǣ ƒ† ‹– Ž‹‹–• ƒ„‹–‹‘ ƒ† …‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡•• „› ”‡‹†‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ȋ‘” ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ‡š…‡••‹˜‡‡•• ‘” ‹‘†‡”ƒ–‡‡••—‹ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† hubrisǤ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ •–”‡••‡• –Šƒ– Š—„”‹• …ƒ …ƒ—•‡ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• †‡ƒ–Š ƒ† ƒ ƒ–‹‘ǯ•”—‹ǡƒ•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ„‘–Š’ƒ”–ƒƒ†–Š‡••Š‘™•Ǥ 38 ••–”‹ˆ‡‘”‡˜›ǡ–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆeris ‹•ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›„‘—†–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ agonǤ Š‡ ”‡‡ ™‘”† Dzagondz ȋDzWettkampfdz ‹ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡••ƒ›Ȍ ”‡†‡”• ‹†‡ƒ• ‘ˆ …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ …‘–‡•–ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ †—‡ŽǤ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „eŽ‹‡˜‡•agon ™ƒ•†‡…‹•‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡Ž‹ˆ‡ǡƒ• Š‡ ™”‹–‡• ‹ Homer’s Contestǣ Dzƒ‡ ƒ™ƒ› …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ”‡‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ƒ† ›‘—” ‡›‡• ™‹ŽŽ ’Ž—‰‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› ‹–‘ ƒ ’”‡-‘‡”‹… ƒ„›•• ‘ˆ •ƒ˜ƒ‰‡ …”—‡Ž–› …‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ Šƒ–‡ ƒ† ‘ˆ Ž—•– ˆ‘” †‡•–”—…–‹‘Ǥdz ȋǡ

ƒ…‘„ —”…Šƒ”†–ǡ The Greeks and Greek Civilizationǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ —””ƒ›ǡ ȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ –‡”ȋ‡™‘”ǣ–Ǥƒ”–‹ǯ•”‡••ǡͧͧͦ͟Ȍǡͤͣ͟Ǥ 36 IbidǤ 37 Ibid.ǡͤͤ͟Ǥ 38 ‡‡–Š‡‡†‘ˆHomer’s Wettkampfǣ–Š‡•ƒ†’ƒ”–ƒDzhaben auch, nach dem Beispiele des Miltiades, durch Thaten der Hybris ihren Untergang herbeigeführt, zum Beweise dafür, daß ohne Neid Eifersucht und wettkämpfenden Ehrgeiz der hellenische Staat wie der hellenische Mensch entartet.” ȋǡͥͧ͠Ȍ 35

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͣ͟͡

ͥͧ͟Ȍ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡagon Šƒ•’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡ŽǦ ‘’‡– ‘ˆ …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ ȋi.e.ǡ ’‘•–-‘‡”‹… 39) Greek …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ as a ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‹•’‘‹t is again akin to that of —”…Šƒ”†–ǯ•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ƒǡagon—†‡ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡—”‰‡ DzƒŽ™ƒ›• –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ƒ† ‘—–†‘ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”•dz 40—™ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘” …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘” ‹ ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡…‡ǣ DzŠ‹Ž‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†–Š‡polis ™ƒ•–Š‡†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”…‡‹–Š‡”‹•‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ –Š‡ agon ™ƒ• ƒ ‘–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ‘™ –‘ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡—–Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ˜‡‹‰ ‡Ž‡‡– –Šƒ–ǡ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ …‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ ’”‘˜‡† …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”‹‰ —’‘–Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ† –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‡˜‡”›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ –Š‹•”‡•’‡…––Š‡ ”‡‡••–‘‘† ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ” 41 ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ —”…Šƒ”†–ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• agon •Šƒ’‡† ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡Ž‹ˆ‡‹‹–•’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǡ‡–Š‹…ƒŽǡ•‘…‹ƒŽǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ”›ǡ ƒ”–‹•–‹…ǡ ƒ† •’‘”–‹˜‡ †‹‡•‹‘•Ǥ  •Š‘”–ǡ ƒ• —”…Šƒ”†– •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz–Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡™ƒ•†‹”‡…–‡†–‘–Š‹•ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ” 42 Š‡•‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘••Š‘™–Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡•–™‘’‘Ž‹–i…ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡…‡–”ƒŽ–‘’”‡-‘…”ƒ–‹…‡–Š‹…•ǣagon ƒ†eris are ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•–Šƒ–•Šƒ’‡Š—ƒ…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š‡Ž’ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ •–”—…–—”‡† •‘…‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡”Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ™”‹–‡• ‹ Š‹• ‘–‡„‘‘• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆƒ…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‹•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—„‡–™‡‡ƒŽŽ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•Ǥ43 Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’—Ž•‡•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ˜‡ˆ—†ƒ‡n–ƒŽ ˆ—…–‹‘• ˆ‘” Š—ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ǣ ™‹–Š‘—– …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‰‘‘† ‡˜›ǡ Š—ƒ …—Ž–—”‡ ”—• –Š‡ ”‹• ‘ˆ „‡…‘‹‰ uncivilized ƒ• ™ƒ• ’”‡‘‡”‹… ‘” ’”‡-…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ –‹“—‹–›Ǥ44 DzȏȐ‹–Š‘—– ‡˜›ǡ ŒƒŽ‘—•‹‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ„‹–‹‘—•…‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ”‡‡polis †‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ†•‘†‘‡•–Š‡

”‡‡ ƒǤ ‡ „‡…‘‡• ƒŽ‹…‹‘—• ƒ† …”—‡Žǡ ˜‹†‹…–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹’i‘—•—‹•Š‘”–ǡŠ‡„‡…‘‡•Ǯ”‡Š‘‡”‹…Ǥ’dzȋǡͥͧ͠Ȍ ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ‘‡ …ƒƒ‹–ƒ‹–Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡‘’’‘•‡•–‘‘†‡”…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ–Š”‡‡’ƒ”– ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡‡ ‡–Š‹…•ǣ ƒ…‹‡– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ’‡••‹‹• ˜‡”•—• –Š‡ ‘†‡” •…‹‡–‹ϐ‹… ‘’–‹‹•Ǣ –”ƒ‰‹… ƒ”– ƒ† ‹‘›•‹ƒ —•‹… ƒ• ‡‡ ƒ‡• Ǥ ‘”–‡”ǡ Dz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ ‘‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡdz ‹ Nietzsche and Antiquity: His Reaction and Response to the Classical Traditionǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ ‹•Š‘’ȋ‘…Š‡•–‡”ǣƒ†‡‘—•‡ǡ͢͠͞͞Ȍǡͤ͟Ǥ‡‡ƒŽ•‘‘–‡͢͢„‡Ž‘™Ǥ 40 —”…Šƒ”†–ǡThe Greeks and Greek Civilizationǡͤ͟͠Ǥ 41 Ibid.ǡͤ͟͢Ǥ 42 Ibid.ǡͤͣ͟Ǥ 43 ‡‡‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡNachlaßǡͥǡ‘–‡„‘‘ͧ͟Ǣƒ†ǡȚȚͦ͟ƒ†͟͠Ǥ 44 Žƒ••‹…‹•– ƒ‡• ‘”–‡” Šƒ• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‘‡” Dz’”‡•‡–• ƒ ™‹†‘™‘–‘–Š‡’”‡…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽ‡”ƒ‘ˆ…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽƒ–‹“—‹–›dzȋDz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ‘‡”ǡdzͦȌǣ Dz–Š‡”‡…‡‹˜‡†‘‡”™ƒ•–‘‘–ƒ‡ˆ‘”Š‹•–ƒ•–‡•ǡ–‘‘’‘ŽŽ‘‹ƒƒ†Ǯ…Š‡‡”ˆ—Žǡǯ ƒ† ‹•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–Ž› •–”ƒ‰‡ǡ „”—–ƒŽǡ ƒ† –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰dz ȋIbid.ǡ ͣ͟ȌǤ  ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• –—” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”…Šƒ‹… ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡•ǡ •‡‡ —„‡”– ƒ…‹ǡ Nietzsches Antike ȋ–—––‰ƒ”–ǣ‡–œŽ‡”ǡͧͧͣ͟ȌǡŠƒ’–‡” ͡Ǥ 39

ͣ͟͢ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

‡–ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…‘ˆ‘”––‘‡ƒ•‡–Š‡’ƒ‹ˆ—Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‹•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ’‡••‹‹•45Ǣ ƒ†ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‰‘‘†‡˜›ƒ†…‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‹’—Ž•‡ǡƒŽŽ‘™Ǧ ‹‰ ˆ‘” •–”‹˜‹‰ ›‡– Ž‹‹–‡† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ† …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ •‡‡ Š‘™ –Š‹• ”‡‡ Dz‹†‡ƒŽ-–›’‡dz 46 ˆ—…–‹‘•ǡ ‘‡ —•–‘™ –—”–‘‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ••›’–‘ƒ–‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

An Ethical Symptomatology  –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ Š‹• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡‡ ‡–Š‹…• ‹Š‹• ‡ƒ”Ž› ͦͥ͟͞• ‡••ƒ›•ǡ ‘‡ …ƒ ’‹’‘‹– ˆ‘—” •›’–‘•–Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ’”‡•‡–• ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ȋLageȌ ‘ˆ Š‹• ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹• •›’–oƒ–‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –‘ „‡ ’‘••‹„Že reme†‹‡• ‘” ’ƒŽŽ‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ •Š‘™ –Š‡ Dzƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹… ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ‹•dz ‘ˆ Š‹• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Ǥ ȋ͟Ȍ ϐ‹”•–•›’–‘ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡†„›‹‡–œ•…Š‡‹•the fundamental contradiction between the value of work and the value of artǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š‘†‡”•‘…‹‡–‹‡•…‘„‹‡–Š‡‹ƒDz—ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹š–—”‡dz ȋ ǡ ͥͤͣȌ –Š‡•‡ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ††”‡•• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡‡†•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ ƒ”– ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ –‘ Ž‹˜‡ ™‡ŽŽǣ ‹– ’”‘‘–‡• ƒ DzŠ‹‰Š‡” ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‡…‡dz ȋ ǡ ͥͤͤȌǡ ƒ† ‹– ‘’’‘•‡• ‹‘›•‹ƒƒ•…‡–‹…‹•™Š‡”‡„›Š—ƒ•„‡…‘‡Ž‘ƒ–Š–‘ƒ…–Ǥ ȋǡȚͥȌ ‘”ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ Ž‹˜‡ no matter whatǣ ‹– Žƒ„‘—rs –‘ …‘•‡”˜‡ ‘‡ǯ• ‘™ ‡š‹•–‡…‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ™‘”‡š’”‡••‡•ƒ„ƒƒŽ‡‡†ǣDz‘”‹•†‡‰”ƒ†‹‰„‡…ƒ—•‡‡š‹•–‡…‡ Šƒ•‘˜ƒŽ—‡‹‹–•‡Žˆdzȋ ǡͥͤͣȌǡƒ•ƒ…‹‡–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ’‡••‹‹• •Š‘™•Ǥ‡…ƒ—•‡™‘”‡–ƒ‹Ž•‡”‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡Š‘Ž†•–Šƒ–‹–‹• ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‹– Šƒ˜‡ †‹‰‹–›Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ƒ”– ‡š’”‡••‡• ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǣ–Šƒ–‘ˆ’‡••‹‹•ǡƒ…‹‡–‘” ‘†‡”Ǥ”–‹•–‹…ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Šƒ•†‹‰‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡—„—–ˆ‘”ƒ”––‘‡š‹•–ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– ƒ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ —•– „‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† –‘ ™‘”ǡƒ•™ƒ•–Š‡…ƒ•‡‹ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡…‡Ǥ‘”‹•ƒ’”‘…‡••™Š‡”‡„› ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡•—”‡•Š‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ™Š‹Ž‡ƒŽ•‘‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‹‰ –Š‡•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•™Š‘†‘‘–™‘”ǡƒ†™Š‘–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ˜‡–‹‡ ˆ‘” ƒ”–Ǥ ‹’Ž› ’—–ǡ –Š‹• is to Nietzs…Š‡ ƒ Dz…”—‡Ž –”—–Š”ǣ art depends upon slaveryǤ47 That ‹• ™Šƒ– ‡‹–Š •‡ŽŽ-‡ƒ”•‘ …ƒŽŽ• •‘…‹‡–›ǯ• •‹‡•…Š›Ž—•ǯ•–”ƒ‰‡†‹‡•ȋ•‡‡ȌǤ ƒ›Ž‘”ǡThe Republic of GeniusǡͧǤ 47 DzDemgemäß müssen wir uns dazu verstehen, als grausam klingende Wahrheit hinzustellen, daß zum Wesen einer Kultur das Sklaventhum gehöre: eine Wahrheit freilich, die über den absoluten Werth des Daseins keinen Zweifel übrig läßt.” ȋ ǡ ͥͤͥȌ 45 46

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͣͣ͟

Dz‡…‘‘‹… •Žƒ˜‡”› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ” 48 ……‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡ ™‘” ƒ† ƒ”– …ƒ‘–„‡ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ˜ƒŽ‘”‹œ‡†ǡ —Ž‡•• …‘–”ƒ†‹…Ǧ –‘”‹Ž›Ǥ ‘ ”‡’ƒ‹” –Š‹• …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ‡š’Žƒ‹s ™Š› •Žƒ˜‡”› ‹• ƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ–•Žƒ˜‡”›•–‹ŽŽ‡š‹•–•‹–Š‡‘†‡”™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‹••Š‘—Ž†ƒ…––‘…‘r”‡…– –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ’‡••‹‹•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ Š‡ —•– ‡š’Žƒ‹ Š‘™ •Žƒ˜‡”› …ƒ ”‡…‡‹˜‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› •‘…‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• •Š‘—Ž† ƒ…– –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™ǡ—-‘†‡”ˆ‘”‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹…•—„—––Š‹•Š‡†‘‡•‘–†‘Ǥ ȋ͠Ȍ •‡…‘†‡–Š‹…ƒŽ•›’–‘‹•the lie regarding the origins of the stateǤ‹‡–œ•…Š‡™”‹–‡•–Šƒ–Dz–Š‡‘†‡”•Šƒ˜‡˜‡‹Ž‡†–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•ƒ† •‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡dz ‹ ƒ Dz‹ŽŽ—•‘”› •’Ž‡†‘”Ǥdz ȋ ǡ ͥͤͧȌ It is ‘–‡™‘”–Š› –Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ Šƒ• ƒ ‘-Œ—”‹†‹…ƒŽ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ Dz•–ƒ–‡ǡdz ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™Š‹…Š–Š‡‘—„‡…‘‡••›‘›ˆ‘”Dz–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽǤdzŠƒ– ‡š’Žƒ‹•ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ Š‘™ Š‡ …ƒ •’‡ƒ ‘ˆ Dz–Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‡Žƒ–‘‹…•–ƒ–‡Ǥ” ȋ ǡͥͥͥȌ Š‡Dzgriechische Staatdz–Š—•‡ƒ•–Š‡ Greek polisǤ 49 ‘™ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ †‡ϐ‹‡• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ• ƒ–—”‡ǯ• Dz‹”‘ Šƒ†”ǣ ‹– ˆ‘”‰‡• •‘…‹‡–‹‡• ƒ• ƒ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” Š‡” –‘ ”‡ƒ…Š ‡™ ˆ‘”•Ǥ ȋ ǡ ͥͥ͞Ȍ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡDz•–ƒ–‡dz‹•ƒ–—”‡ǯ•‡ƒ•‘ˆ•–”—…–—”‹‰Š—ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡—„—– ˆ‘” her own ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ • •—…Šǡ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ Šƒ• –™‘ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‹• ƒ–—”‡ǯ• ‹–”‹•‹… ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡ ƒ† …”—‡Ž–›Ǥ • „‘–Š —„‡”– ƒ…‹ ƒ† ”•– ‡ŠŽ‡” Šƒ˜‡‘–‹…‡†ǡ Dz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ”‡˜i–ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒǡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† „› ”•– —”–‹—•ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž› ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡™‹•Š –Šƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‹–• ˜‹‘Ž‡– ƒ–—”‡Ǥdz 50 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• Dzƒ…‹‡–dz ’‡••‹‹• ‹• ‡˜‹†‡– ™Š‡ Š‡ ™”‹–‡• ‹ The Greek State –Šƒ–Dz‡˜‡”› „‹”–Š ‹• –Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ‹—‡”ƒ„Ž‡ „‡‹‰•ǡdz ƒ† –Šƒ– Dz”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†—”†‡”ƒ”‡‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š‹‰Ǥdzȋ ǡͥͤͦȌ ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡ bellum omnium contra omnes ȋ ǡ ͥͥ͠Ȍ –Šƒ– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡• ƒ–—”‡ is –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡ǡ Dz’‘™‡” ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž‡–dz ‡‹–Š •‡ŽŽ-‡ƒ”•‘ǡ Dz –”‘†—…–‹‘ǣ  ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡdz ‹ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ The Genealogy of Moralsǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ •‡ŽŽ-‡ƒ”•‘ǡ ȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ ‹‡–Š‡ ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧ͟͢Ȍǡšš‹Ǥ 49 ƒͧ͟͢͟ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ǡƒ”Ž…Š‹––Šƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Š‹•DzErhebung des Staatsbegriffes zum allgemeinen Normalbegriff der politischen Organisationsform aller Zeiten und Völker,dz ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ™Š‹…Š Dz†‹‡•‡” ‡‰”‹ˆˆ –ƒƒ–ǥ‹ ͣͫǤ Jahrhundert zu einem auf alle Zeiten und Völker übertragenen Allgemeinbegriff…gemacht werden konnte.” ƒ”Ž …Š‹––ǡ Dz–ƒƒ– ƒŽ• ‡‹ ‘”‡–‡”ǡ ƒ ‡‹‡ ‰‡•…Š‹…Š–Ž‹…Š‡ ’‘…Š‡ ‰‡„—†‡‡” ‡‰”‹ˆˆǡdz ‹ …Š‹––ǡ Verfassungsrechtliche Aufsätze aus den Jahren ͣͫͤͦ–ͣͫͧͦǣ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡ œ— ‡‹‡” ‡”ˆƒ••—‰•Ž‡Š”‡ ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ —…‡” Ƭ —„Ž‘–ǡ ͧͣ͟͢Ȍǡͥͤ͡Ǥ 50 ”•– ‡ŠŽ‡”ǡ Dz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• –‹“—‹–›ǡdz International Journal of the Classical Traditionǡ˜‘ŽǤ͢ǡ‘Ǥ͡ȋ‹–‡”ͧͧͦ͟Ȍǣ͢͠͠Ǥ 48

ͣͤ͟ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

ȋ ǡͥͤͦȌǡƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡”‡’”‡•‡–•‘Ž›–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‘‰‡•–Ǥ ȋ ǡ ͥͥ͞Ȍ Š‡•‡…‘†ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‘”†‡”‹•‰‡‹—•Ǥ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ †‘‡•‘–†‡ϐ‹‡…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›Š‹•…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ Dz‰‡‹—•ǡdz ƒ†‹–‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹•–”—…–‹˜‡–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ  The World as Will and Representationǡ …Š‘’‡Šƒ—‡” ™”‹–‡• –Šƒ– ‰‡‹—• ‹• –Š‡ Dz’‡”ˆ‡…–‹‘ ƒ† ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡dz ™Š‹…Š …‘•‹•–• ‹ ƒ Dz‡š…‡••‹˜‡dz Dz†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ…—Ž–› ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡dz ™Š‘•‡ ‘Ž› ’‘••‹„Ž‡ —•‡ ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Dz–‘ „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ –Šƒ–™Š‹…Š‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹„‡‹‰”ǣ Š‡…‡the ‰‡‹—•ǯs Dz†‡†‹…ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡”˜‹…‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›ƒ••—…ŠǤ” 51 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• Š‹• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ‰—‹†‡ǯ• †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ǡ „—– Š‡ ƒ††• ƒ ‹‰”‡†i‡–ǣƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Š‡’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‹—•–‘„‡ƒ–—”‡ǯ•‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹… ’”‘…‡••Ǥ  ‰‡‹—• ‹• –Š—• ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹ ™Š‘ ƒ–—”‡…Š‘‘•‡•–‘•—”’ƒ••Š‡”•‡Žˆ‹ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹……‘’Ž‡–‹‘—ƒ†–Š‹• is oŽ›’‘••‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡™Š‡”‡™‘”‹•un‡“—ƒŽŽ›†‹˜‹†‡†ǤŠ‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‹• –Š—• ƒ–—”‡ǯ• ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…‹‰ ‰‡‹—•ǡ ‹ƒ•—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ‘‡–• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ …ƒŽǡ …ƒ ’‡”‹– …‡”–ƒ‹ …Š‘•‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ˆ—”–Š‡rs his ƒƒŽ›•‹•„›•ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ–„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘†‡”ƒ‰‡…Š‘‘•‡•–‘‹‰‘”‡–Š‡ –™‘ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‘”†‡”ȋ˜‹‘Ž‡…‡‘–Š‡‘‡’ƒ”–ǡƒ† ‰‡‹—• ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”—‘” •‹’Ž› ’—–ǣ …”—‡Ž–› ƒ† ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”…—Ž–—”‡ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘—or Bildung—ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‰‘t–‡Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†•Bildung ƒ•ƒƒ—–Š‡–‹…Dz‡‡†ˆ‘” ƒ”–Ǥdz—Ž–—”‡ǡŠ‡™”‹–‡•ǡƒ••–Šƒ––Š‡Dz˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‹–›„‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘ •Žƒ˜‡”› ƒ† –‘ ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ …‘•–”ƒ‹– ˆ‘” –Š‡ •‡”˜‹…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹‘”‹–›ǡdz ‹ ‘”†‡” ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‹‘”‹–› –‘ Dz’”‘†—…‡ ƒ† •ƒ–‹•ˆ› ƒ ‡™ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ ‡‡†•dz—i.e.ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ȋ ǡ ͥͤͥȌ • •—…Šǡ …—Ž–—”‡ ”‡•–• —’‘–Š‡Dz–‡””‹ˆ›‹‰dzƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ–—”‡ǯ•‹Š‡”‡–‹‡“—ƒŽǦ ‹–›ƒ†…”—‡Ž–›Ǥ•‹‡–œ•…Š‡–‘Ž†Š‹••–—†‡–•‹Š‹•ͦͥ͟͟‹–”‘†—…–o”› …‘—”•‡ –‘ ’Š‹Ž‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•ǡ Dz‹†‡‡† ˜‡”› •ƒ† ˆƒ…–• ”‡•– ‹ –Š‡ ‡••‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹‰•Ǥ” 52 ‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ ƒ† …‘—–‡” –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ‘”‹‰‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ••ǡ ‘…‡ ‘”‡ǡ –‘ ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —•‡ ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥ—–‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡’”‘’Š›Ǧ Žƒ…–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ™ƒ”Ǥ The Greek StateǡŠ‡‹“—‹”‡•Š‘™™ƒ”…‘—Ž†„‡ Dzƒ–—”‡ǯ• ‹•–”—‡–dz –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ ‰‡‹—• –Š”‘—‰Š ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ › …Š‘’‡Šƒ—‡”ǡ The World as Will and Representationǡȋ–”ǤȌǤ Ǥ Ǥƒ›‡ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ‘˜‡”ǡͧͤͧ͟ȌǡŠƒ’–‡”͢͡Ǥ 52 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ « …›…Ž‘’§†‹‡ †‡” Žƒ••Ǥ Š‹Ž‘Ž‘‰‹‡ ǽǡ ‹ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabeǡȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‹ƒ†Ǥ ‘–‹ƒ”‹ǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͠ǡ’ƒ”– ͡ǣVorlesungsaufœ‡‹…Š—‰‡ȋͣͪͩ͢–ͣͪͩͣȌǡȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ ‘”ƒƒ†Ǥ ƒ”’‹–‡ŽŽƒȋ‡”Ž‹Ȁ‡™ ‘”ǣ‡ ”—›–‡”ǡͧͧ͟͡ȌǡȚͥǡͥ͟͡Ǥ 51

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͣͥ͟

–—”‹‰ –‘ ›…—”‰—•ǯs ’ƒ”–ƒ ƒ• Dz–Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •–ƒ–‡ǡdz ‹e–œ•…Š‡ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡• ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› •‘…‹‡–› ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‘”†‡”Ǥ ȋ ǡ ͥͥͣȌ —– ˆ‘” …‘„ƒ– ƒ† …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ –‘ ”‡‰ƒ‹ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’—”’‘•‡ǡeris —•–‘…‡ƒ‰ƒ‹„‡˜ƒŽ—‡†Ǥ Š‹• •‡– ‘ˆ –™‘ •›’–‘• •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š–…‘•‹†‡”•Dz—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆƒŽŽ‡ǡdzDz”‹‰Š–•‘ˆƒŽŽ‡ǡdz Dz˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠ—ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǡdzƒ†Dz†‹‰‹–›‘ˆ™‘”dzƒ•‹”ƒ‰‡•”‘‘–‡†‹–Š‡ ‘†‡” ‹…ƒ’ƒ…‹–› –‘ ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡ ‘–‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ’‡••‹‹•ǡ ƒ…‹‡–ƒ†‘†‡”ǤŠ‡•‡–™‘•›’–‘•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡˜‡ƒŽƒˆ—†a‡–ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰’”‘’‡”–‘‘†‡”—”‘’‡ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ …—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘™ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •‡– ‘ˆ •›’–‘• ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• ƒ Žƒ…‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡…ƒŽŽ•DzStaatstendenzǤdzȋ ǡͥͥ͢Ȍ ȋ͡Ȍ  –Š‹”† •›’–‘ ‹• –Šƒ––Š‡ “Staatstendenz” is being replaced by a “Geldtendenz” that amounts to “ethical egoism.” –Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– ‹‘”‹–› ‡Ž‹–‡• •–ƒ† ‘—– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› „‡…ƒ—•‡ Dz–Š‡› ‘™ ™Šƒ– they ™ƒ– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† –Š‡› ‘™ ™Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡—•–‰”ƒ––Š‡Ǥdzȋ ǡͥͥ͡Ȍ—–„‡…ƒ—•‡‡Ž‹–‡•Žƒ…ƒ Staatstendenz—™Š‹…Š …‘—Ž† –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡ ƒ• ƒ Dz‹–‹ƒ–‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ sense”—–Š‡‹” ‡‰‘‹•–‹… ™‹ŽŽ –‘ •Šƒ’‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”‡•–• ‹• ‘– Šƒ”‡••‡†ǣ ‰—‹†‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› „› –Š‡‹” Geldtendenz—‘” Dzϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ‹•–‹…–dz—–Š‡› •–”‹˜‡ –‘ ‹•–ƒŽŽ ’‡ƒ…‡ ‹ƒ•—…Š ƒ• •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› …ƒ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‹–‡”‡•–•Ǥ Š‡› –Š—• …‘•‹†‡”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Dzƒ•ƒinstrumentǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡•—„‹t–‡†–‘–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•—…‘•…‹‘—•‹–‡–‹‘•ˆ‘”™Š‹…Š–Š‡› ƒ”‡ „—– ‡ƒ• –‘ ƒ ‡†•Ǥdz ȋ ǡ ͥͥ͡Ȍ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ •–”‡••‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ Žƒ… ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ •‡•‡— ƒ†–Š‹•‹•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š…—Ž–—”ƒŽ—–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Ǥ‹‡–œ•…Š‡‹–‡r’”‡–• –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡‡†•ƒ†‰‘‘†•ǡƒ†•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”’”‘ϐ‹–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ‘”…‘ˆ‘”– ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••ǡƒ•’”‘‘ˆ–Šƒ–Š‡…‡ˆ‘”–Š–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•–’‘••‹„Ž‡’”‘ϐ‹–‹• –Š‡ƒŒ‘”Œ—•–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ 53 That is a ”‡‰”‡––ƒ„Ž‡ …‘–‡’o”ƒ”›ˆƒ…–ǣBildung ‘™‘™‡•‹–••—”˜‹˜ƒŽ–‘ƒϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‹•–‹…–Ǥ‘”e‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”‹•‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡”—••‹ƒKulturstaatǡ–Š‡Dz…—ŽǦ –—”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡Ǥdz ‘” ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ •—”‡ •‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ•‡•‡‹–‘ϐ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ•‡•‡Ǥdzȋ ǡͥͥ͢Ȍ ‡ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡ —•–‘–‘ˆˆ‡”’”‘–‡…–‹‘ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡‰‘‹••ǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ—•– „‡ •—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡† –‘ …—Ž–—”‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ ƒ† ’”‘–‡…– –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‘‘†•ǡƒ•–Š‡Kulturstaat †‘‡•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡Šƒ•ƒ —…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”ˆ—…–‹‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ—Žϐ‹ŽŽDzƒŽŽ–‘‘Š—ƒdz‡‡†•Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ‹ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•˜‹‡™–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǯ•‰”‡ƒ–‡••‹•‹–•Dzelevation to the dignity of 53

See Nie–œ•…Š‡ǡOn the Future of our Educational Institutionsǡ͟ǡȚ͡Ǥ

ͣͦ͟ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

serving as an instrument for genius”—–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ƒ ‹•–”—‡– ˆ‘” ƒ–—”‡ǯ•ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ȋ ǡͥͥͤȌ‘…‘—–‡”–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆϐ‹ƒn…‹ƒŽ‹•–‹…–ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡•—‰‰‡•–•–‘˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘…‡‘”‡–Š‡Dz‰‘‘†dzˆ‘” ‘ˆ‡˜›ǡƒ•ƒƒ–‹†‘–‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡‰‘‹•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ—–‹Ž‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‹•Ǥ• Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‹†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Š‡‰‘‘†eris …ƒ„‡„‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǣ ‹– ‡–‹…‡• ƒ…–‹‘ǡ ‹– –—”• ’‘Ž‹–‹…• –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ’‡r’‡–—ƒŽ …‘’‡–‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ”‹˜ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡•ǡ ‹– Ž‹‹–• •—’‡”„ ƒ„‹–‹‘ ȋhubrisȌǡ ƒ† ‹– ƒ…–• ƒ• ƒ ”‡‹†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ‰‹… —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘‘†‡˜›–Š—•‘”‹‡–•Š—ƒ‡š‹•–‡…‡–‘™ƒ”†•™Šƒ–‹• ‡š–‡”‹‘”–‘ǡƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒǡ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡƒ†‹––Š‡”‡„›”‡‹–‡”ƒ–es –Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‘†‡•–›Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡeris …ƒ”‡‡™–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–• ‹– …ƒ ˆ‘—† ‡–Š‹…•ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‡…Ša‹•• ˆ‘” ‹–‡”‹‘” ƒ† ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ ƒ† ƒˆϐ‹” ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ•–ƒ†’‘‹–Ǥ ȋ͢Ȍ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š •›’–om is the loss of the “mythical homelandǡ” ™Š‹…Š ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ …‘‡–• —’‘ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‹ Ț ͠͡ ‘ˆ The Birth of TragedyǤ‹‡Š‹•‡–‘”‹…Šƒ”†ƒ‰‡”ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡Žƒ‡–• –Šƒ–‹ ‡”ƒ›‘‡Dz™ƒ†‡”•™‹–Š‘—–Š‘‡Žƒ†ǡ‘‡’”‡••‡•‘e•‡Žˆ –‘ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ –ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ‘‡ ˆ”‹˜‘Ž‘—•Ž› †‹˜‹‡• –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– –‹‡ ‘” Žƒœ‹Ž› ”‡Œ‡…–• ‹–—ƒ† ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹• †‘‡ •—„ •’‡…‹‡ •§…—Ž‹ǡ ˆ”‘ the ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ‘™Ǥǯdz‡ƒ††•ǣDzŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ•›’–‘• –Šƒ–’‡”‹–—•–‘†‡…‹’Š‡”‘‡•ƒ‡Žƒ…ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•…‹˜‹Ž‹œa–‹‘ǣ–Š‡†‡•–”—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡›–ŠǤdzȋǡ Ț͠͡Ȍ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ– ‘Ž› ƒ DzŠ‘”‹œ‘ …‹”…—•…”‹„‡† „› ›–Š …ƒ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ …Ž‘•—”‡ ƒ† —‹–› ‡‡†‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥdz Šƒ– ‹• ™Š› Š‡ Š‘Ž†• –Š‡ ›–Š –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž Dz—™”‹––‡ Žƒ™dzǣ ‹– •ƒ…–‹‘• the •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘”‹‰‹•Ǥ ȋǡ Ț͠͡Ȍ‹–Š‘—– ‹–ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ Šƒ• „—– Š‘ŽŽ‘™ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ Žƒ™•Ǥ ›–Š• ‰‹˜‡ …‘–‡––‘•—…Šƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘•ǣ‹‡–œ•…Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡”eˆ‘”‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•‘—”…‡‘ˆƒ…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•ͦͥ͟͢•‡…‘†Untimely Meditationǡ Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• •›’–‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š…‡•• ‘ˆ …”‹–‹…ƒŽǡ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ•’‹”‹–‘……—”•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ‡†‹ƒ‰‘•‡•–Šƒ– ‡”ƒ›‹• •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘™Šƒ–Š‡…ƒŽŽ•ƒDzŠ‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ•‹…‡••dz 54ǣ…”‹–‹…ƒŽǡŠ‹•–‘”i…ƒŽ•’‹”‹–‹•–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘ƒ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š— –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‰‡–ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘ǡ ƒ Dz’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡ ˜‡‹ŽǤ” 55  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ Š‹•–‘”› ‹• –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ‘ˆ ›–ŠǤ ‘ …‘—–‡” –Š‹•›–Š‹…ƒŽ†‡ϐ‹…‹‡…›ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡„ƒ––Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡rman ›–ŠǤ Šƒ– Š‡ …ƒŽŽ• –Š‡ Dzrebirth of the German mythdz ‹ Ț ͠͡ ‘ˆ The Birth of Tragedy ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒ”‡‡†›–‘”‡‡™ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡ •–”‡••‡• –Šƒ– ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ”‡Œ‡…– ˆ‘”‡‹‰ 54 55

‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡOn the Use and Disadvantage of History for Lifeǡ͟ǡȚ͟͞Ǥ See Ibid.ǡȚͥǤ

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͣͧ͟

‹ϐŽ—‡…‡•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘•– ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ †‘ •‘ —†‡” Dz–Š‡ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‘‡•–‹…‰‘†•ǡdz‹Dz’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆƒ›–Š‹…ƒŽŠ‘‡Žƒ†ǡdzƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‡•–‹–—–‹‘Dz‘ˆƒŽŽ ‡”ƒ–Š‹‰•Ǥdzȋǡ Ț͠͡Ȍ ––Š‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘ †‘—„–ˆ‘”Š‹–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡”ƒ›–Š‹…ƒŽ”‡‡™ƒŽ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š‡˜‘‹…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡”‹ƒ —•‹…Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ͦͣ͟͞•ǡ ‹…Šƒ”† ƒ‰‡”ǡ ™Š‘ ƒŽ•‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† in the artis–ǯ•…—”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡ǡ stresse† –Šƒ–ƒ”–ˆ‡‡†•ˆ”‘ƒ Dzˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ’‘’—Žƒ” ‡Ž‡‡–dz ™Š‡”‡„› ‹– Šƒ• ƒ „‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡Kunstwerk der Zukunft —•–„‡ƒDz…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡ ™‘”Ǥ” 56 Š‡”‡„‹”–Š‘ˆ–”ƒ‰‹…ƒ”–ǡƒ•ƒ re-‡ƒ…–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•—‹–‘ˆ Greek artǡ ‹•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘Dz’—”‹ˆ›dz ‡”ƒƒ”–ǡ–‘‘”‹‡–‡–Š‹…•ǡƒ†–‘ ’‡”‹– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ† ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…• –‘ Dz•‡”‹‘—•Ž› –Š‹ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ƒ””‘™ƒ†‡…‡••ƒ”›‡–ƒ‰Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆƒ”–ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘ˆ ›–Š ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆ –”ƒ‰‡†› ƒ† •–ƒ–‡Ǥdz ȋǡ Ț͠͡Ȍ  „‘–Š ‹e–œ•…Š‡ǯ•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”ǯ•˜‹‡™•ǡ–”ƒ‰‹…ƒ”–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡–Š‹…ƒŽ…—”‡ of ‡”ƒ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ

Fragmentary Ethics Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‹• •›’–‘ƒ–‘Ž‘‰› –Šƒ– †‡•…”‹„‡• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ‡–Š‹…•ǡ ‘‡ …ƒ‘– „—– ‘–‹…‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹… ›ƒ”†•–‹…ǣ ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‡ƒ•—”‡ –‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ …‘m’ƒ”‡• •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡••Ǥ —‡–‹ ƒ›Ž‘” ‹• ”‹‰Š– ‹ •–ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ–Dzƒ–—”‡ǡ‹„‘–Š‹–•ȋ“—ƒ•‹Ȍ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†‡’‹”‹…ƒŽˆ‘”•‹• –Š‡ ’”‹…‹’ƒŽ ȋƒ† ‘Ž› —‹˜‡”•ƒŽȌ •ƒ…–‹‘ ‹ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ” 57 This orients ‹‡–œ•…Š‡’s Dzunzeitgemäßdz …‘…Ž—•‹‘ǣ –Š‡ ”—••‹ƒ Kulturstaat †‘‡• ‘– ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ– ƒ …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ’ƒ–Š–‘™ƒ”†•‰‡‹—•ǡƒ†‹–‹‰‘”‡•–Š‡ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰i…ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ”–—–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡”ƒ…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›’‡”‹•Šǡƒ•—”‡•‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‡…Ž‹‡‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‡ ”‡ƒ†• ‹ The Greek Stateǣ Dz‹ˆ ‹– ™‡”‡ –‘ „‡ –”—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡‡• ’‡”‹•Š‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›ǡ–Š‡‹–‹•—…Š‘”‡…‡”–ƒ‹–Šƒ–™‡™‹ŽŽ ’‡”‹•Šˆ”‘ƒlack ‘ˆ•Žƒ˜‡”›Ǥdzȋ ǡͥͤͧȌ Ž–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡™ƒ•…‡”–ƒ‹‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ…—–‡‡••‘ˆŠ‹•˜‹‡™ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‹•”ƒ†‹…ƒŽƒ”‰—‡– ‹ ƒ –‡š– Š‡ ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ‡‡’ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ǥ 58 —– ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘‡ ϐ‹†• –Š‡ †‹•–‹…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‡•‘–‡”‹… ƒ† ‡š‘–‡”‹… –‡š–• –‘ „‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘” ‹…Šƒ”†ƒ‰‡”ǡOpéra et drameǡ‹ƒ‰‡”ǡŒuvres en proseǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͢–ͣǡȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ Ǥ”‘†ǯŠ‘‡ ȋŽƒ-†‡-Žƒ-‘—”ǣ—Œ‘—”†ǯŠ—‹ǡͧͦ͟͠Ȍǡͤ͟͟ȋˆƒ…•‹‹Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ͧ͟͟͞ ”‡…Š ‡†ǤȌǤ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‰‡”ǡ L’œuvre d’art de l’avenirǡ ȋ–”ǤȌ Ǥ- Ǥ ”‘†ǯŠ‘‡ ƒ† Ǥ ‘ŽŽ ȋŽƒ-†‡-Žƒ-‘—”ǣ —Œ‘—”†ǯŠ—‹ǡ ͧͦ͟͠Ȍǡ ͠͡͠ ȋˆƒ…•‹‹Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͧ͟͟͞ ”‡…Š‡†ǤȌǤ 57 ƒ›Ž‘”ǡThe Republic of GeniusǡͧǤ 58 The Five Forewords ™‡”‡ϐ‹”•–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͧͣͤ͟„›ƒ”Ž…ŠŽ‡…Š–ƒǤ 56

ͤ͟͞ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

‘–…Šƒ‰‡•Ž‹––Ž‡–‘–Š‡…‘‡–ƒ–‘”ǯ•™‘”ǣ™Šƒ–…ƒ‘‡…‘…Ž—†‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›‡–Š‹…•ǫ The Five Forewords †‘•—‰‰‡•–™Šƒ–ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž† „‡ǡ‹‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•˜‹‡™Ǥ ”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘Š‹•ͦͥ͟͞•‡–Š‹…ƒŽ•›’–‘ƒ–‘ŽǦ ‘‰›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‘—„– ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǣ ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ‰‹˜‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‘‹•–‹… ‹’—Ž•‡Ǣ ‹– ™‘—Ž†•‡‡–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‘‰‡•–ȋ ǡͥͥ͞ȌǢ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡ …‘•…‹‘—•Ž› ‘”‹‡–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹… ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”‡Ǣƒ†‹–™‘—Ž†”‡•–‘–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‘”›™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǤŠ‹• …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› contest, force, and art—ƒ•™ƒ•–Š‡…ƒ•‡‹—”…Šƒ”†–ǯ•ƒ†‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•ƒ…‹‡– ”‡‡…‡Ǥ •‡‹‰––ƒŠƒ•‘–‡†ǡƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›…‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ˜‹‡™ǡ™‘—Ž†„‡aristocratic, heroic, and agonisticǤ59 —–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘‡ …ƒ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‘ˆ •—…Š ƒ …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ one ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡•• ˆƒ…‡• †‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–‹‡•—ƒ† •‹Ž‡…‡——’‘ “—‡•–‹‘‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ‡–Š‹…•Ǥ ‹”•– ƒ† ˆ‘”‡‘•–ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ †‘‡• ‘– †‡ϐ‹‡ Š‹• …‘…‡’–•Ǥ ‡ —•––Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‡˜‡”– –‘ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ‘” …—Ž–—”ƒŽ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ Š‹• †‹•…‘—”•‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ —†‡”Ž‹‡ǡ ˆor in•–ƒ…‡ǡ ™Šƒ– Š‡ ‡ƒ– „› Dz•–ƒ–‡dz ‘” Dz‰‡‹—•ǡdz ƒ•  †‹† —•‹‰ ƒ”Ž …Š‹–– –‘ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ‘-Œ—”‹†‹…ƒŽ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz•–ƒ–‡ǡdz ƒ† …Š‘’‡Šƒ—‡” –‘ •’‡…‹ˆ› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹… …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ Dz‰‡‹—•Ǥdz—–ƒŽ•‘ǡ—…ŠŽ‹‡‘–Š‡” ‡ƒ”Ž›™”‹–‹‰•‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•other than The Birth of Tragedyǡ–Š‡ Five Forewords ƒ”‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ”›ǣ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ• –‘ ’—”•—‡ …‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ Šƒ† Šƒ† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‰‡”•Ǥ ‘‡• –Šƒ– ‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› •‘‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ”‡ Ž‡ˆ– —ƒ•™‡”‡†ǫ‘ϐ‹‹•Š–Š‹••–—†›ǡ ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡–‘raise ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‹••—‡•Ǥ ȋ͟Ȍ ‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ Five Forewords ƒ”‡ ‘– ’”‘‰”ƒƒ–‹…ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– …Ž‡ƒ” Š‘™ ƒ† ™Š‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š– Œ—†‹…‹‘—• –‘ ’”‘…‡‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ••‡”– –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”› ƒ† –‘ ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘‡…ƒ‹ƒ‰‹‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡•–‡”™‘”Ž†…‘—Ž†…‘‡ –‘”‡…‘‰‹œ‡–Šƒ–ƒˆ‘”‘ˆDz‡…‘‘‹…•Žƒ˜‡”›dz†‘‡•‡š‹•–ƒ†that it •—’’‘”–• –Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•‹‘•–‡•–‡”…‘—–”‹‡•–‘†ƒ›ȋ‘‡ —•– ‘Ž› –Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘†‹–‹‘• —†‡” ™Š‹…Š ‘•– ’”‘†—…–• …‘n•—‡†ƒ††‡‡‡† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡‡•–ƒ”‡’”‘†—…‡†‹–Š‡ƒ•–Ȍǡ ‘‡ —•– ‡‡’ ‹‹† –Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ™‡–—…Š ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‹• „›ƒ”‰—‹‰–Šƒ–‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•‘…‹‡–›–‘•–”‹˜‡ƒ†…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ …—Ž–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‰‡‹—•ǡ •Žƒ˜‡”› —•– „‡ institutionalized ƒ† regulatedǡ‘–…‘–‡•–‡†Ǥ‘™…‘—Ž†–Š‡†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…ƒ‰‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ˆƒ…‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ Dz‡™ǡdz Dz‘†‡”dz ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”›ǫ Šƒ– …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‡‹‰––ƒǡPhilosophie und Politik bei Nietzsche ȋ‡”Ž‹Ȁ‡™‘”ǣ‡

”—›–‡”ǡͧͧͧ͟ǡ͠† ‡†ǤȌǡͦ͢Ǥ

59

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͤ͟͟

Dz‰‘‘†dz ‘” Dz’”‘’‡”Ž›-ƒƒ‰‡†dz ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •Žƒ˜‡”›ǫ  –Š‡•‡ ‹••—‡•ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡”‡ƒ‹‡†•‹Ž‡–Ǥ ȋ͠Ȍ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡ ™ƒ” ‘” „ƒ––Ž‡ ‹• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ agon or …‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‹––‘„‡Dzƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ••Žƒ˜‡”› –‘•‘…‹‡–›Ǥdzȋ ǡͥͥ͢Ȍ ––Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡagon ‹•–Š‡Dz‡–‡”ƒŽˆ‘—n†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡dz ȋǡ ͥͦͦȌ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ’‡”‹–• –Š‡ ”‡‡™ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” –Š”‘—‰Š …‘’‡–‹–‹‘•ǣ DzŠ‡ ™Š‘ •—”’ƒ••‡• –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”•‹••‡–ƒ•‹†‡•‘–Šƒ––Š‡’Žƒ›‘ˆ”‹˜ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•…ƒ”‡‰ƒ‹‹–•˜‹‰‘”Ǥdz ȋǡͥͦͦ–ͦͧȌ –‹•‹–Š‹•ˆƒ•Š‹‘–Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†•ƒ…‹‡–

”‡‡‘•–”ƒ…‹•ǣagon ‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‡ƒ•‘ˆ ’”‘–‡…–‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•––he •—’”‡ƒ…› ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ —– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ƒ‡• ‘ †‹•–‹…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ †‘‡•–‹… ƒ† ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’‘Ž‹–‹…•Ǥ ‡ •‡‡• –‘ ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡ –™‘ …‘…‡’–•—†‡”‘‡ƒ‡ǣ‘–Š‡‘‡•‹†‡ǡ„ƒ––Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•ˆ‘” ‹–‡”‹‘”’‘Ž‹–‹…•ȋ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ…‘–‡•–‘”agon „‡–™‡‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ‹†‹˜‹†—Ǧ ƒŽ•Ȍǡƒ†‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡ǡ„ƒ––Ž‡ƒ•ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”‡š–‡”‹‘”’‘Ž‹–‹…• ȋ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ™ƒ” ‘” ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹• „‡–™‡‡ ”‡‡ …‹–›-states or „‡–™‡‡ —”‘’‡ƒƒ–‹‘•ȌǤ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡†‘‡•‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ†‡š–‡”‹‘”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘”•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹‘Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‹•‹••—‡ǡŠ‹•‡ƒ”Ž›‡••ƒ›• •—”‡Ž›Žƒ… †‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ ȋ͡Ȍ –‹•‘–‡™‘”–Š›–Šƒ–‹‡–œ•…Š‡™”‘–‡Š‹•ƒ’‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ™ƒ”Œ—•– ƒˆ–‡” ‡”ƒ› Šƒ† ˜‹…–‘”‹‘—•Ž› ‡†‡† ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ͦͥ͟͞–ͦͥ͟͟ ”ƒ…‘-”—••‹ƒ ™ƒ”Ǥ —– Š‡ †‹† ‘– ‡‡’ –Š‡•‡ ‹†‡ƒ• ‡–‹”‡Ž› ’”i˜ƒ–‡ǡ •‹…‡ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† Š‹• ƒ”‰—‡– ‹ ͦͥ͟͡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘’‡‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆŠ‹•ϐ‹”•–Untimely Meditationǡ‹™Š‹…ŠŠ‡™”‘–‡–Šƒ–a ‰”‡ƒ–˜‹…–‘”›‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†ƒ‰‡”Ǥ 60 ‡–Š—•™ƒ”‡† –Šƒ–Š—ƒ•†‡ƒŽ„‡––‡”™‹–Š†‡ˆ‡ƒ––Šƒ˜‹…–‘”›Ǥ ‡ˆ‡ƒ–ˆ—…–‹‘•ƒ• ƒ •’—” –‘ ‡–‹…‡ ‡™ „ƒ––Ž‡•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ˜‹…–‘”› Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ •‡Žˆ•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘ƒ†‹‡”–‹ƒǤ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•‡ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†agon –‘„‡ ƒ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡”‡‡†›—‡˜‡‹ˆ‹–‡ƒ–™ƒ”Ǥ—–„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•• †‡•–”—…–‹‘•‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† „›™ƒ”ǡ•Š‘—Ž†ǯ–‘‡…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ–™ƒ”‹•–Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡Dz„ƒ†dz‡˜›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Dz‰‘‘†dz‘‡–Šƒ–•’—”•agonǫ † ƒ• •—…Šǡ ™‘—Ž†ǯ– ™ƒ” „‡ …‘†‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ Œ—•– ƒ• ‡•‹‘† Šƒ† •—‰‰‡•–‡†ǫ‡•’‹–‡Š‹•–‹‡„‡‹‰’”‡…‹•‡Ž›‘‡‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘—•…‘m„ƒ–•ǡ †‹† ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ •—ˆϐ‹…‹‡– –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ™ƒ”ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š Š‡ †‹† „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ™ƒ” –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ‘”†‡”ǫ‡…ƒ’‡”Šƒ’•”‡…‘‰‹œ‡Š‡”‡ƒ–”‡†–‘ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹…‹œ‡™ƒ”— —…Š–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘…‡••™Š‹…ŠƒŽ–‡”‡Œƒ‹…‘†‡‡†™Š‡Š‡ ”‡ƒ† ‹–‹”•– —Dž ‰‡”ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž›™”‹–‹‰•Ǥ61

‡‡‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡDavid Strauss, the Writer and the Confessorǡ͟ǡȚ͟Ǥ ƒŽ–‡” ‡Œƒ‹ǡ DzŠ‡‘”‹‡ †‡• †‡—–•…Š‡ ƒ•…Š‹•—•ǡdz ‹ Gesammelte Schriften ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡͧͥ͟͢–ͧͦͧ͟Ȍǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͡ǡͦ͠͡–ͣ͞Ǥ

60 61

ͤ͟͠ Symposiumǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͪ no. ͣ (’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͦ͢)

ȋ͢Ȍ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ›–Š ‹• ƒ ‡…‡••‹–›ǡ ƒ …‹˜‹Ž‹œa–‹‘ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ Dz›–Š‹…ƒŽ Š‘‡Žƒ†dz ™‘—Ž† ‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ’”‘…‡‡† –‘ Dz–”ƒ•’Žƒ–ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰›–ŠǤdz‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Š‹•’”‘…‡••™ƒ•—†‡”™ƒ›ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‡”ƒ›ǯ• ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡– ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ”ƒ…‡ ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ…‘-”—••‹ƒ™ƒ”™ƒ• ƒ•—”‡•‹‰‘ˆ‹–Ǥ‘ƒ•–‹‰‹–•˜‹…–‘”›ǡ ‡rƒ› …Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ”‡…Š ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› †‡ˆ‡ƒ– ™ƒ• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡‹•‡Ǥ—–‹‡–œ•…Š‡•–”‹˜‡†–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ– ”ƒ…‡”‡ƒ‹‡† ‡”a›ǯ• …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ›ƒ”†•–‹…Ǥ ‡ †‡ˆ‡†‡† –Š‹• ’‘Ž‡‹…ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͦͥ͟͞•ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–™‹–Š‘—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ›–Š•ǡ ‡”ƒ› ™ƒ• …‘†‡‡† –‘ •—ˆˆ‡” ‘ˆ Dz‡–‡”ƒŽ Š—‰‡”dz ™Š‹Ž‡ Dz†‹‰‰‹‰ ƒ† •…‘—”‹‰ˆ‘””‘‘–•Ǥdzȋǡ Ț͠͡Ȍ —–‹–Š‹•…‘–‡š–‘ˆ›–Š‹…ƒŽDzˆƒ‹‡ǡdz Š‘™‹• ‘‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†”‡Ž—…–ƒ…‡–‘Œ‘‹‹…Šƒ”† ƒ‰‡”ǯ• ’”‘Œ‡…– ‘ˆ ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ‰‹˜‹‰ ‡”ƒ ›–Š• –‘ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǫ ƒ‰‡”ǯ• …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ˜‹‡™’‘‹– ™ƒ• ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ ’‘’—Žƒ” ƒ– ϐ‹”•–ǡ ƒ† ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ‰‡”‹ƒ‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ost fre“—‡– ‹••—‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† „› Š‹• …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› …”‹–‹…•Ǥ 62 ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” “—‡•–‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹•ǣ ™Šƒ– ‹• –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”‹–Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Dz›–Š‹…ƒŽŠ‘‡Žƒ†ǫdzT”ƒ‰‹…ƒ”–‹• ‡…‡••ƒ”› ˆ‘” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǡ „—– ™Š‹…Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ …‘‡• ϐ‹”•–ǫ Š‘ —•–„‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡™‡–Š‹…•dz—–Š‡ƒ”–‹•–ǡ–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ ‘”„‘–Šǫ†Š‘™™‹ŽŽ–Š‡‹”ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……‘’‡–‹–‹‘„‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†ǫ Some •…Š‘Žƒ”• Šƒ˜‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† –Š‹• ‹••—‡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‹ Š‹• ͦͥ͟͞• ‘–‡•ǡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ …‘•–ƒ–Ž› Š‡•‹–ƒ–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ ƒ”– ƒ†ƒƒ”–‹•–‹…’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ•…—”‡ˆ‘” ‡”ƒ…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ 63 ȋͣȌ  –Š‹• –‘’‹…ǡ ›‡– ƒ‘–Š‡” “—‡•–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ”ƒ‹•‡†Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ƒ†ƒ‰‡””‡‰ƒ”†‡†”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ•ˆ‘”‡‹‰ȋi.e.ǡƒ–‹Ȍƒ…–‹‘•ǡƒ† ”‡ˆ‘”• ƒ† ”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ’”‘’‡”Ž› ‡”ƒǤ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ •’‡ƒ• at Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dzƒ‰‡”‹ƒ ”‡ˆ‘”dz ‹ Š‹• ˆ‘—”–Š ƒ† Žƒ•– Untimely MeditationǤ64 ƒ‰‡” Šƒ• ’”ƒ‹•‡† ”‡ˆ‘” ƒ† ”‡‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Šƒ• …”‹–‹…‹œ‡† ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘–ƒ„Ž› ‹ Š‹• ͦͥ͟͞ ‡••ƒ› Beethovenǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› ”‡ƒ† ƒ† ‡Œ‘›‡†Ǥ 65 Šƒ– ”‡ˆ‘”• ™‘—Ž† ƒ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ–”ƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‡”ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•˜‹‡™ǫ ˆ –Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– ‡ƒ– –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ‡™ǡ ‘-‘†‡”ǡ ƒ† ‘†‡‘…”ƒ–‹… ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…•ǡ ™ƒ• ‹– ‘– ‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›ǫ ‡‡ ƒ”–‹‡ ‡ƴ Žƒ†ǡ Dz‹‡–œ•…Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ– ”ƒ†‡•ǣ ‡ ‡ƴ –—†‡ †‡ ”‡ƴ …‡’–‹‘ ‰‡rƒ‘’Š‘‡ȋͦͥ͟͠–ͦͦͧ͟ȌǡdzNietzsche-Studienǡ˜‘ŽǤ ͧ͡ȋ͟͠͞͞Ȍǣͣͤ͟Ǥ 63 ‡‡ǡe.g.ǡƒ‘Ž‘ǯ ‘”‹‘ǡ Dzǯ‹ƒ‰‡†‡•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡•’”‡ƴ ’Žƒ–‘‹…‹‡•…Š‡œŽ‡Œ‡—‡ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡdzȋ–”ǤȌǤ ‡””ƒ†ƒ†Ǥ ǯ ‘”‹‘ǡ‹“Centauren-Geburten”: Wissenschaft, Kunst und Philosophie beim jungen Nietzscheǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌǤ ‘”•…Š‡ǡ Ǥ ‡””ƒ–ƒƒǡ ƒ† Ǥ ‡–—”‡ŽŽ‹ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ‡ ”—›–‡”ǡͧͧ͟͢Ȍǡͦ͡͡–ͥ͢͟Ǥ 64 ‡‡ǡe.g.ǡ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡRichard Wagner in BayreuthǡȚ͢Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡOn the Future of our Educational InstitutionsǤ 65 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡–‘‘Š†‡ǡͣ͟‡…Ǥͦͥ͟͞ǡ͡ǡͤͤ͟Ǥ 62

Nietzsche’s Greek Ethics ͤ͟͡

‘••‹„Ž› ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹‰‰‡•– ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ ‡–Š‹…• Ž‹‡•‹–Š‹•…Šƒ•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡™‹ŽŽˆ‘”–”ƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ• ’ƒ”–‹‰™‹–Š ƒ‰‡”iƒ‹•™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ–‘•‘…‹‘-…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”’”‘Œ‡…–•ˆ‘” ‡rƒ› ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ †‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–‹‡• ƒ† …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘• ˆƒ…‹‰ –Š‡Ǥ ‹e–œ•…Š‡–Š‡”‡„›…Š‘•‡ƒ‘”‡…‘–‡’Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒŽ‡•••‘…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ…–‹˜‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ – ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ‘™ –Šƒ– –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– Š‹• Žƒ–‡” ™‘”•ǡ Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡…‡••‹–› ˆ‘” ƒ –”ƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‡”‹–›Ǥ ‡– ‘‡ —•– „‡ƒ” ‹ ‹† –Šƒ– Š‡ ‡˜‡” ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹…• ƒ• ƒ Š‹‰Š ƒ† †‹‰‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‹•ͦͥ͟͢‘–‡•ǡŠ‡Œ—†‰‡†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹…•‘ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ• „‡‹‰ —––‡”Ž› ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǣ Dz  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹– ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‡‡”‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…• ƒ• ƒ ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹‘ǡdz –‘ ™Šƒ– Š‡ …‘…Ž—†‡†ǣDz ™‹•Šˆ‘”ƒ…—”‡–‘’‘Ž‹–‹…•Ǥdz 66 ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†–Š‹• †‹•†ƒ‹ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹–‹…•‹Š‹•Žƒ–‡”™‘”•ǣƒ•‘‡…ƒsee in Beyond Good and Evilǡ Š‡ Š‘’‡† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ϐ‹† ‡ƒ• Dz‘ˆ •‡…—”‹‰…ƒŽ‹–Š‡ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡–—”‘‹Žƒ†–”‹„—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡cruder ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ƒ† ’—”‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ…‡ of the necessary †‹”– ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹…•Ǥdz 67 – ‰‘‡• ™‹–Š‘—– •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– ƒ› “—‡•–‹‘• —ƒn•™‡”‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–Š‡‡„”ƒ…‡†‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͦͥ͟͞•—that ‹•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹…–”ƒ•˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…—”‹‰‘ˆ‘†‡”‡–Š‹…ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‹ –Š‡†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…ƒ‰‡ǤTŠ‡ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹…ǡŠ‡”‘‹…ǡƒ†ƒ‰‘‹•–‹……Šƒ”ƒ…–‡r‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›‹‡–œ•…Š‡ƒ‡–Š‹…•ƒ”‡‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••—‹•–ƒƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‹• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ –Š‘—‰Š– ‹• a fo” ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ƒ”‹•–‘…”ƒ–‹•Ǥ ‡ ™Š‘ ƒ……‡’–•–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆˆƒ…‹‰‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǯ•ƒ––ƒ…•—’‘–Š‡ƒš‹‘Ž‘‰i…ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‘…”ƒ–‹…‘”†‡”—•–”‡…‘‰‹œ‡this ”ƒ†‹…ƒŽǦ ism—as ‡ƒ”Ž›”‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ‹‡–œ•…Š‡™‡”‡‘–ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘†‘Ǥ 68 [email protected]

‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡNachlaßǡͥǡȚ͡͠ȏͤ͡ȐǤ ‹‡–œ•…Š‡ǡBeyond Good and EvilǡͣǡȚͤ͟Ǥ 68  ™‹•Š –‘ –Šƒ ƒ†‹–ƒ ‹•™ƒ• ‡ŽŽƒ’Š›ǡ ”ƒ ƒ‡”‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ‹‡Ž ‘™ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” …‘‡–• ‘ ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡••ƒ›Ǥ ƒ› –Šƒ•ǡ ƒŽ•‘ǡ–‘‡–‡”‡”‘Ǥ 66 67