Myanmar Definitions and sources of data Data on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Myanmar are reported by the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development in Yangon. Inward flow and stock data cover approved investments under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law, available both by geographical origin and by industrial sector breakdown. Foreign investors are allowed to invest either in a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, or in a joint-venture with private local partners or a public entity. In the case of a joint-venture project, the foreign participation should not be less than 35 per cent of the total equity capital. The minimum amount of foreign capital to be brought into the country is $500,000 for manufacturing and $ 300,000 for services which can be either in cash or in equipment. Foreign investors are requested to submit their project proposals to the Myanmar Investment Commission for analysis and approval. Foreign enterprises are usually incorporated under the Myanmar Companies Act with the Registrar of Companies of the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. If the investment involves the participation of a state-owned enterprise, incorporation is to be effected under the 1950 Special Companies Act, and Myanmar Companies Act. As for outward investment flows, no data are available. Following the liberalization efforts of the Government to open up to foreign investment, foreign nationals who invest and operate under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law are entitled to incentives, benefits and legal guarantees. Among the guarantees offered are the rights to repatriate profits and to withdraw legitimate assets on the winding up of business. Restrictions on private investment in activities reserved for state-owned enterprises have been relaxed. For example, the Myanmar Investment Commission has permitted the exploration and development of oil, gas and minerals. The foreign party is required to sign a production sharing contract with the relevant government entity. In 1991, procedures conferring the right to cultivate and utilize land were introduced to make land available to foreign and local investors on a long-term lease for agricultural development. According to new banking laws, the Central Bank of Myanmar grants operational licenses to representative offices of foreign banks. The International Monetary Fund reports data on foreign direct investment flows to Myanmar only under equity investment. As for outward flows, no information is available.

Statistics on FDI and the operations of TNCs

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 1. Summary of FDI (Millions of dollars) Variable

Inward

1. FDI flows, 1999-2002 (annual average) 2. FDI flows as a percentage of GFCF, 1998-2001 (annual average) 3. FDI stocks, 2002 4. FDI stocks as a percentage of GDP, 2002

Outward

208.2

..

1.0

..

4 186

..

45.8

..

Sources : Based on tables 3a and 4 and UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database.

Table 2. Summary of international production

Variable

1. Number, 2003

Foreign Affiliates of Home-based affiliates of foreign TNCs TNCs home-based in Myanmar TNCs abroad ..

353a

..

Sources : Based on table 22. Note: Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for the fiscal year beginning 1 April. a This figure is based on the number of cumulative permitted foreign enterprises between 1990 and 2002.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 3a. FDI flows, by type of investment, 1989-2002 (Millions of dollars)

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Inward investment IntraCompany loans Other

Equity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

56.0 225.1 235.1 149.0 91.7 135.2 317.6 580.7 878.8 683.6 304.2 208.0 192.0 128.7

Outward investment IntraCompany loans Other

Equity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration.

Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 3b. FDI flows, by type of investment, 1989-2001 (Millions of dollars)

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Equity 7.8 161.2 238.1 171.6 104.7 126.1 277.2 310.4 387.2 314.5 253.1 254.8 208.3

Inward investment IntraReinvested company earnings loans .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Total 7.8 161.2 238.1 171.6 104.7 126.1 277.2 310.4 387.2 314.5 253.1 254.8 208.3

Outward investment IntraReinvested company earnings loans

Equity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Source : International Monetary Fund, August 2003 Balance of Payments CD ROM.

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 4. FDI stock, by type of investment, 1989-2002 (Millions of dollars) Inward investment

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Intra-Company loans

Equity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Outward investment

Other

Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

56.0 281.1 516.2 665.2 756.9 892.1 1 209.7 1 790.4 2 669.2 3 352.8 3 657.0 3 865.0 4 057.0 4 185.7

Intra-Company loans

Equity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Other

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration.

Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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Table 5a. FDI flows in the host economy, by industry, 1999-2001 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Secondary Tertiary Construction Trade Business activities Real estate Unspecified business activities Unspecified tertiary Unspecified

1999 304.2 222.8 2.6 220.2 220.2 54.6 26.4 10.5 15.3 15.3 0.6 0.4

2000 208.0 113.2 6.1 107.1 107.1 25.1 63.5 22.1 39.8 1.6 38.2 7.8

2001 192.0 116.7 5.5 111.2 111.2 25.0 47.6 0.04 3.1 44.5 43.9 0.5 2.7

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN , 2002 edition, Jakarta, 2002.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 5b. Foreign direct investment flows in the host economy, by industry, 1990-2002 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Agriculture and hunting Forestry and Fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Petroleum Secondary Tertiary Construction Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Business activities Real estate Other services Unspecified

1990 280.6 151.5 77.3 77.3 74.2 55.1 19.1 42.7 86.4 86.4 -

1991 5.9 5.9 -

1992 103.7 86.4 8.5 2.7 5.8 77.9 33.4 44.5 13.3 4.0 3.0 1.0 -

1993 377.6 48.0 7.6 7.6 40.4 20.9 19.5 18.1 311.5 311.5 -

1994 1 351.9 1 188.2 148.2 148.2 1 040.0 0.5 1 039.5 76.3 87.4 86.1 1.3 -

1995 668.2 183.6 13.0 13.0 170.6 155.8 14.8 21.3 461.6 79.2 118.9 251.5 251.5 12.0 1.7

1996 2 814.2 897.3 23.4 5.9 17.5 873.9 178.3 695.6 923.6 984.7 17.3 114.9 47.9 623.5 623.5 181.1 8.6

1997 1 012.9 186.9 11.5 5.7 5.8 175.4 3.3 172.1 319.2 503.4 274.9 106.3 122.2 122.2 3.4

1998 54.4 9.6 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 43.3 1.5 1.5 -

1999 58.2 24.6 3.3 3.3 21.3 16.0 5.3 18.1 15.5 15.5 -

2000 217.7 68.7 20.0 20.0 48.7 1.1 47.6 77.4 61.6 20.5 5.2 7.9 28.0 28.0 10.0

2001 19.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 15.8 -

2002 86.9 73.8 26.4 26.4 47.4 3.4 44.0 13.1 -

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes : Data refer to approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and eding 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 6a. FDI flows in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1995-2001 (Millions of dollars) Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Japan New Zealand Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Other Latin America and Caribbean Panama Asia South, East and South-East Asia China Hong Kong, China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Thailand Unspecified Asia Unspecified

1995 317.6 210.7 176.5 176.5 86.9 2.0 87.6 31.0 0.8 30.2 3.2 0.4 2.8 106.9 106.9 106.9 3.1 5.7 5.7 3.1 1.4 55.5 32.4 -

1996 580.7 333.2 301.7 301.7 3.3 71.8 4.4 222.2 14.3 14.3 17.2 1.6 15.6 247.5 247.5 244.5 2.2 13.2 10.6 0.4 0.5 175.0 42.6 3.0 -

1997 878.8 543.9 492.5 492.5 0.8 201.7 0.2 1.2 288.6 32.1 1.5 30.6 19.3 0.4 18.9 334.9 334.9 334.9 0.4 4.7 7.0 5.1 0.1 6.5 279.1 32.0 -

1998 683.6 490.8 294.8 294.8 0.2 90.0 1.5 203.1 162.2 3.9 158.3 33.8 0.3 33.5 192.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 184.3 184.3 2.6 10.7 4.8 12.0 17.1 79.1 58.0 -

1999 304.2 237.9 216.6 216.6 33.0 7.0 0.5 176.1 1.2 0.4 0.8 20.1 1.3 18.8 66.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 63.8 63.8 0.0 13.8 1.0 15.5 0.2 8.8 14.9 9.6 -

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN , 2002 edition, Jakarta, 2002.

2000 208.0 124.7 69.0 69.0 20.8 48.3 37.5 1.1 36.4 18.2 1.9 16.3 83.3 83.3 83.0 4.5 7.5 5.9 4.5 57.6 3.0 0.3 -

2001 192.0 111.6 56.4 56.4 24.3 32.1 46.3 1.6 44.7 8.8 1.1 7.7 79.8 79.8 79.8 0.5 4.7 3.5 2.2 7.2 55.7 6.0 0.7

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 6b. Approved FDI flows in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1990-2002 (Millions of dollars) Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Other Western Europe Switzerland North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Israel Japan Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Other Latin America and Caribbean Panama Asia West Asia Cyprus South, East and South-East Asia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Macau Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand

1990 280.6 160.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 93.2 93.2 60.0 60.0 119.8

1991 5.9 5.9

1992 103.7 46.6 14.6 14.6 10.0 4.6 29.5 29.5 2.5 2.0 0.5 57.1

1993 377.6 27.6 8.1 8.1 8.1 19.5 19.5 350.0

1994 1 351.9 1 062.9 1 057.8 1 057.8 455.0 3.0 599.8 4.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 289.0

1995 668.2 212.7 173.7 173.7 13.4 160.3 17.8 3.0 14.8 21.2 1.8 19.4 455.5

1996 2 814.2 1 094.1 688.4 688.4 1.0 5.4 15.0 154.8 512.2 348.5 7.5 341.0 57.2 10.1 47.1 1 720.1

1997 1 012.9 124.1 47.5 47.5 47.5 5.3 5.3 71.3 42.0 2.4 26.9 888.8

1998 54.4 14.3 5.4 5.4 1.0 4.4 8.9 8.9 40.1

1999 58.2 20.2 15.1 15.1 15.1 5.1 5.1 38.0

2000 217.7 52.6 30.6 30.6 30.6 22.0 22.0 165.1

2001 19.0 6.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.7 4.7 12.8

2002 86.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 83.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

30.5

- 1.4

-

-

-

-

119.8 -

5.9 -

57.1 -

350.0 -

289.0 -

455.5 -

1 720.1 -

30.5 30.5 858.3 -

- 1.4 - 1.4 41.5 -

38.0 5.3 5.3

165.1 -

12.8 -

83.5 -

119.8 3.0 11.4 3.3 5.3 96.9

5.9 0.7 4.0 0.7 0.6

57.1 0.4 14.3 2.4 8.6 23.2 8.3

350.0 0.7 30.9 45.2 3.1 228.8 41.3

289.0 4.4 6.1 15.8 6.7 0.2 55.1 1.0 199.8

455.5 0.2 157.7 287.4 10.2

1 720.1 23.1 210.9 235.1 9.0 636.3 605.7

858.3 0.5 56.9 25.4 124.8 140.0 29.7 270.6 210.4

41.5 2.7 8.0 4.5 1.1 0.2 14.2 10.8

32.7 5.7 1.4 4.3 4.8 16.5

165.1 29.0 13.2 1.2 2.0 9.8 47.2 36.9 25.8

12.8 3.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 5.0 -

83.5 2.0 12.9 62.2 0.3 6.1 -

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes: Data refer to approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. Data for France in 1994 represent additional investment for previously permitted enterprises.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 7. FDI flows in the host economy, by industry and by geographical origin, 2001

111.19 96.33 51.63 51.63 44.70 44.70 9.18 9.18 9.18 3.48 5.66 0.04 5.68

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN, 2002 edition , Jakarta, 2002.

0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 -

3.04 3.04

48.00 48.00 48.00 48.00 4.06 43.94 -

3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.15 0.44 -

Unspecified

Unspecified tertiary

Real estate

54.67 51.63 51.63 51.63 4.06 47.09 0.48 3.04

Trade

25.00 9.71 2.40 2.40 7.31 7.31 14.64 14.64 14.64 0.52 0.66 2.23 6.83 2.81 1.59 0.65

Construction

Tertiary

5.53 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 5.40

Secondary

116.72 96.33 51.63 51.63 44.70 44.70 9.31 9.31 9.31 3.48 5.79 0.04 11.08

Mining and quarrying

192.01 108.85 56.42 56.42 44.70 44.70 7.73 7.73 79.77 79.77 79.77 0.52 4.72 3.48 2.23 7.17 55.69 5.96 3.39

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing

Primary

Region/economy / Sector/industry TOTAL WORLD Developed Countries Western Europe European Union North America United States Other Developed Countries Japan Developing Countries Asia South, East and South-East Asia China Hong Kong, China Indonesia Malaysia Republic of Korea Singapore Thailand Unspecified

Total

(Millions of dollars)

- 4.38 2.81 2.39 2.39 0.42 0.42 4.19 4.19 4.19 0.34 3.85 - 11.38

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 11. FDI stocks in the host economy, by industry, 1990-2002 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Agriculture and hunting Forestry and Fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Petroleum

Secondary Tertiary Construction Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Business activities Real estate Other services

Unspecified

1990 730.1 503.7 77.3 77.3 426.4 109.2 317.2 58.5 167.9 167.9 -

1991 736.0 503.7 77.3 77.3 426.4 109.2 317.2 64.4 167.9 167.9 -

1992 839.7 590.1 85.8 2.7 83.1 504.3 142.6 361.7 77.7 171.9 170.9 1.0 -

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

1 217.3 638.1 93.4 2.7 90.7 544.7 163.5 381.2 95.8 483.4 482.4 1.0 -

2 569.2 1 826.3 241.6 2.7 238.9 1 584.7 164.0 1 420.7 172.1 570.8 568.5 2.3 -

3 237.4 2 009.9 254.6 2.7 251.9 1 755.3 319.8 1 435.5 193.4 1 032.4 647.7 121.2 251.5 251.5 12.0 1.7

6 051.6 2 907.2 278.0 8.6 269.4 2 629.2 498.1 2 131.1 1 117.0 2 017.1 17.3 762.6 169.1 875.0 875.0 193.1 10.3

7 064.5 3 094.1 289.5 14.3 275.2 2 804.6 501.4 2 303.2 1 436.2 2 520.5 17.3 1 037.5 275.4 997.2 997.2 193.1 13.7

7 118.9 3 103.7 294.2 14.3 279.9 2 809.5 506.3 2 303.2 1 479.5 2 522.0 17.3 1 039.0 275.4 997.2 997.2 193.1 13.7

7 177.1 3 128.3 297.5 14.3 283.2 2 830.8 522.3 2 308.5 1 497.6 2 537.5 17.3 1 054.5 275.4 997.2 997.2 193.1 13.7

7 394.8 3 197.0 317.5 34.3 283.2 2 879.5 523.4 2 356.1 1 575.0 2 599.1 37.8 1 059.7 283.3 1 025.2 1 025.2 193.1 23.7

7 413.8 3 200.2 317.5 34.3 283.2 2 882.7 523.4 2 359.3 1 590.8 2 599.1 37.8 1 059.7 283.3 1 025.2 1 025.2 193.1 23.7

7 500.7 3 274.0 343.9 34.3 309.6 2 930.1 526.8 2 403.3 1 603.9 2 599.1 37.8 1 059.7 283.3 1 025.2 1 025.2 193.1 23.7

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration.

Notes : Data refer to cumulative approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

page 13 of 17

Table 12. FDI stocks in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1990-2002 (Millions of dollars) Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Other Western Europe Switzerland North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Israel Japan

Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Panama Asia West Asia Cyprus South, East and SouthEast Asia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Macau Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand

1990 730.1 491.5

1991 736.0 491.5

1992 839.7 538.1

1993 1 217.3 565.7

1994 2 569.2 1 628.5

1995 3 237.4 1 841.2

1996 6 051.6 2 935.3

1997 7 064.5 3 059.4

1998 7 118.9 3 073.7

1999 7 177.1 3 093.9

2000 7 394.9 3 146.6

2001 7 413.8 3 152.7

2002 7 500.7 3 156.1

171.1 171.1 71.5 80.0 19.6 195.2 22.0 173.2 125.2 25.2 100.0

171.1 171.1 71.5 80.0 19.6 195.2 22.0 173.2 125.2 25.2 100.0

185.7 185.7 71.5 10.0 80.0 24.2 224.7 22.0 202.7 127.7 27.2 100.5

193.8 193.8 71.5 10.0 80.0 32.3 244.2 22.0 222.2 127.7 27.2 100.5

1 251.6 1 251.6 71.5 465.0 83.0 632.1 248.2 22.0 226.2 128.7 28.2 100.5

1 425.3 1 425.3 71.5 13.4 465.0 83.0 792.4 266.0 25.0 241.0 149.9 30.0 119.9

2 113.7 2 113.7 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 237.8 1 304.6 614.5 32.5 582.0 207.1 40.1 167.0

2 161.2 2 161.2 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 237.8 1 352.1 619.8 37.8 582.0 278.4 82.1 2.4 193.9

2 166.6 2 166.6 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 238.8 1 356.5 619.8 37.8 582.0 287.3 82.1 2.4 202.8

2 181.7 2 181.7 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 238.8 1 371.6 619.8 37.8 582.0 292.4 82.1 2.4 207.9

2 212.3 2 212.3 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 238.8 1 402.2 641.8 59.8 582.0 292.5 82.2 2.4 207.9

2 213.8 2 213.8 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 238.8 1 403.7 641.8 59.8 582.0 297.1 82.1 2.4 212.6

2 217.2 2 213.8 72.5 13.4 470.4 15.0 238.8 1 403.7 3.4 3.4 641.8 59.8 582.0 297.1 82.1 2.4 212.6

238.6

244.5

301.6

651.6

940.7

1 396.2

3 116.3

4 005.1

4 045.2

4 083.2

4 248.3

4 261.1

4 344.6

238.6 -

244.5 -

301.6 -

651.6 -

940.7 -

1 396.2 -

3 116.3 -

30.5 30.5 3 974.6 -

29.1 29.1 4 016.1 -

29.1 29.1 4 054.1 5.3 5.3

29.1 29.1 4 219.2 5.3 5.3

29.1 29.1 4 232.0 5.3 5.3

29.1 29.1 4 315.5 5.3 5.3

238.6 3.0 12.4 53.4 8.8 161.0

244.5 3.0 13.0 57.4 9.5 161.6

301.6 3.0 0.4 27.3 2.4 8.6 57.4 32.7 169.8

651.6 3.0 1.1 58.2 2.4 53.8 60.5 261.5 211.1

940.7 3.0 5.5 64.3 2.4 69.6 6.7 60.7 316.6 1.0 410.9

1 396.2 3.0 5.7 64.3 2.4 227.3 6.7 60.7 604.0 1.0 421.1

3 116.3 3.0 28.8 64.3 210.9 2.4 462.4 6.7 69.7 1 240.3 1.0 1 026.8

3 974.6 3.0 29.3 121.2 236.3 2.4 587.2 146.7 99.4 1 510.9 1.0 1 237.2

4 016.1 3.0 32.0 129.2 4.5 237.4 2.4 587.2 146.7 99.6 1 525.1 1.0 1 248.0

4 048.8 3.0 32.0 134.9 4.5 238.8 2.4 587.2 146.7 103.9 1 529.9 1.0 1 264.5

4 213.9 3.0 61.0 148.1 4.5 240.0 4.4 597.0 146.7 151.1 1 566.8 1.0 1 290.3

4 226.7 3.0 64.3 149.6 4.5 241.5 4.4 598.5 146.7 156.1 1 566.8 1.0 1 290.3

4 310.2 3.0 2.0 64.3 162.5 4.5 241.5 4.4 660.7 146.7 156.4 1 572.9 1.0 1 290.3

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Note: Data refer to cumulative approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 22. The number of affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, by industry, 1990-2002 Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Agriculture and hunting Forestry and Fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Petroleum

Secondary Tertiary Construction Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Business activities Real estate Other services

Unspecified

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 22 4 23 28 35 39 78 56 10 14 28 7 9 10 16 6 7 18 28 15 5 4 7 1 8 4 4 6 4 2

-

5 1 4 11 4 7

2 2 4 2 2

3 3 4 1 3

2 2 16 15 1

3 1 2 25 15 10

2 1 1 13 1 12

1 1 4 4 -

1 1 3 2 1

1 1 6 2 4

1 1

3 3 5 1 4

6 6

4 -

4 3

10 12

19 9

4 16

29 19

31 8

5 -

8 2

17 3

6 -

1 -

6 -

-

2 1 1 -

12 -

7 2 -

5 4 6 6 1

1 5 3 8 8 2

1 3 4 4 -

-

2 -

1 1 1 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2

2

-

-

1

-

-

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes : Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

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Table 23. The number of affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, by geographical origin, 1990-2002 Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Other Western Europe Switzerland North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Israel Japan Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Other Latin America and Caribbean Panama Asia West Asia Cyprus South, East and South-East Asia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Macau Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 22 4 23 28 35 39 78 56 10 14 28 7 9 6 10 3 8 22 30 18 2 3 7 2 1 1 3 1 5 10 15 5 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 5 10 15 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 9 8 5 1 1 3 1 1 3 5 2 1 6 5 3 4 5 3 3 4 3 5 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 6 10 10 1 2 2 1 2 2 5 3 1 2 1 4 5 6 1 2 2 16 4 13 25 27 17 48 38 8 11 21 5 8 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

16 -

4 -

13 -

25 -

27 -

17 -

48 -

1 1 37 -

8 -

11 1 1

21 -

5 -

8 -

16 2 3 1 4 6

4 1 1 1 1

13 1 3 1 1 3 4

25 1 5 2 3 9 5

27 2 4 4 1 1 6 1 8

17 1 2 11 3

48 3 4 10 3 18 10

37 1 3 4 6 1 8 11 3

8 2 1 1 1 1 2

10 2 1 2 2 3

21 1 4 1 1 2 9 1 2

5 1 1 1 1 1 -

8 1 1 5 1 -

Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes: Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. Data for the United Kingdom include enterprises incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and Bermuda.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

page 16 of 17

Table 88. Largest affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, 2002 (Millions of dollars and number) Company

Home economy

Industry

Sales

Employees

A. Industrial Myanmar Brewery

Singapore

Beverages

..

250

Myanmar Posco Steel Co

Republic of Korea

Metals

..

158

Myanmar Nusantara Trading

Singapore

Trade

..

11

Siemens

Germany

Trade

..

..

Myanmar Kuok Oils & Grains

Singapore

Trade

..

..

SGS

Switzerland

Other business services

..

..

..

..

..

B. Tertiary

C. Finance and insurance ..

Assets

Employees ..

Sources : The Banker's Almanac, 2003 (London, Reed Information Services, 2003); Thomson Analytics (http://analytics.thomsonib.com/); Who Owns Whom, 2003 (London, Dun and Bradstreet, 2003), Wright Company Analysis (http://profiles.wisi.com/); various company websites.

UNCTAD WID Country Profile: MYANMAR

page 17 of 17

Sources of information Official Directorate of Investment and Company Administration, Myanmar Investment Commission Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development Secondary 1.

ASEAN-US Business Council (business and economic information on Myanmar) (http://www.us-asean.org/myanmar.asp).

2.

Asia Times (Online), "Mahathir has business in Myanmar", 6 January 2001.

3.

Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2003 (ADB: Manila).

4.

Eisenstodt, G., "On the road to Mandalay", Forbes, Vol. 157, 2, 22 January 1996, pp. 52-54.

5.

Finch, J., "Myanmar's foreign investment law", East Asian Executive Reports, Vol. 18, 9, 15 September 1996, p. 9.

6.

Hill, C., "Singapore companies rush in", Asian Business, Vol. 31, 9, September 1995, p. 14.

7.

Jones, J., "The golden land of opportunity", World Trade, Vol. 9, 7, July 1996, pp. 1415.

8.

Vatikiotis, M., "Catching the wave", Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 158, 7, 16 February 1995, pp. 48-51.