Department of Anthropology and Tribal Development Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.) M.A./M.Sc. in Anthropology Fourth Semester E.A. I: –Developmental Anthropology Note: Read the instructions carefully. Q.1 is compulsory. Max. Marks=60 Q.1 Objective type Questions10x02=20 Marks (Select correct option from each question) 1.1. Who hold that Anthropology of development should be gradual (a) Jagannath Pathy (b) Verrier Elwin (c) Sol Tax (d) None the above Answer-a 1.2. Sol tax referred the action anthropology approach as (a) Participant intervention (b) Participant observation (c) Participant interaction (d) None the above Answer-a 1.3. The anthropologist who served as advisor and supported Nehru’s Panchsheel principles was (a) Verrier Elwin (b) Sol Tax (c) George Foster (d) Charles Winnick Answer-a 1.4. The full form of ITDP is (a) Integrated Tribal Developmental Projects (b) Indian Tribal Developmental Programme (c) Indian Tribal Developmental Project (d) None the above Answer-a 1.5. Area development approach was for first time given during (a) Second Five Year Plan (b) Fourth Five year plan (c) Fifth Five Year plan (d) None the above Answer-b 1.6. The isolationist approach was given during (a) Pre-independence period (b) Post Independence period (c) Both the above (d) None the above Answer-a 1.7. The integrative approach was given by (a) British colonials (b) National movement activist (c) Great Indian Leaders (d) Both b and c Answer-d 1.8. Excluded and Partially Excluded areas were declared under (a) Government of India Act, 1935 (b) Government of India Act, 1919 (c) Government of India Act, 1936

(d) None the above Answer-a 1.9. The fifth schedule applies to (a) Schedule areas (b) Tribal areas (c) Both the above (d) None the above Answer-a 1.10. Dhebar Commision was made in (a) April, 1960 (b) April,1967 (c) April,1963 (d) None the above Answer-a Q.2 Long Answer Type-(Attempt any four of following)

04x10=40Marks

Q. 2.1. What do you mean by anthropology of development? Give a detailed account of definitions given by various authors in this field. Answer no. 2.1-Anthropology

of development-

Anthropology like all other social sciences is historically and socially conditioned. It originated in the colonial milleu to meet primarily the administrative problems which arose in the process of expansion and consolidation of colonialism. With the rise of national movements, colonialism got disintegrated and decayed. For understanding the anthropology of development, we have to first understand what is development? Concept of development-The word ‘development’ implies an increase in the capacity of a society to organize for its own objectives and to carry out its programmes more effectively. Development is a universal problem and it has drawn attention of third word or developing countries to the twin problems of nation building and socio-economic progress. Colm and Geiger(1962) defines that development means “change plus growth”. Weidner(1970) defines it as a process of growth in direction of nation building and socio-economic progress. Growth and development are two different terms as differentiated by Uphoff and Lichman(1972).Acc. to him growth is a simple quantitative term and deals with production while in order to achieve the development i.e. related to productivity, one has to change the structure. ‘Welfare’ is also different from development because welfare is done just by giving aid and other necessities while

development is the societal change and transformation and sometimes it is equivalent to modernization from a traditional society to a modern society.

Anthropology of Development or Developmental AnthropologyDevelopmental anthropology is an applied branch of social –cultural anthropology. It is that branch of anthropology which by using the knowledge and techniques of social-cultural anthropology helps in the overall development of society for their better future. Applied anthropology was first born in 1921, when third insurrection among Ashanti of W. Africa took place. Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown held view that anthropology should be used for making life of man and society easier, simpler and pleasant. Claude Levi-Strauss(1966) observed that anthropology is the outcome of a historical process which has large part of mankind subservient to the other and during which millions of people had their resources and institutions destroyed. Pathy(1981) states that anthropology of development should be gradual and rapid or massive structural informations should be avoided, as they are inherently harmful. Cochrane(1971) helds that developmental anthropology sounds only for a conceptual replacement of applied anthropology.

Q. 2.2.What are the various needed approaches for the community development which were considered to be essential during and after first five year plan. Answer no. 2.2- Needed approaches for community development

The approaches which were found to be essential for the tribal/community development are: 1. The integrated approach- With an anthropological approach, all the political, administrative, religious and social workers should combine well and work in harmony. First time in 1953, social scientists, welfare workers, tribal leaders of congress party and government officials met in a conference of tribal workers held in a tribal town, Lohardaga (Bihar), and discussed the line of action for the uplift of the tribal population. 2. The area development approach-cover areas of major tribal concentration as well as tribal pockets. The broad framework for this purpose cover , successively areas:a. Micro area b. Meso area c. Macro area d. Tribal pockets and isolated backward tribes. 3. Single line Administration approach-One administrator should be held responsible for the whole development work of the region. 4. Smaller Districts Approach- to ensure fuller development of the area and easy approachable administration, smaller districts should be carved out of big districts. 5. Separate Tribal Development Programme-Tribal developmental programme should not be lagged with the developments of scheduled castes. Q. 2.3. Explain the relationship between colonialism and Underdevelopment or Backwardness. Answer-2.3-Relationship between colonialism and Underdevelopment or BackwardnessBackwardness is an indirect result of historical relationship between third world and the western world. It is the result of the historical process of the capitalist development in the west over the last four centuries(Brett,1973). the perpetuation of this underdevelopment has been due to imperialist domination of the political economy of these countries(Arrigahi & Saul1973; Fanon,1966). By the outbreak of First world war, colonies and dependencies accounted for roughly two-thirds of the world’s territory and 60% of its population. colonialism did everything to prevent the development of local industries, with the exception of mining ,plantation and certain subsidiary industries.

With the disintegration of colonialism, imperialism has been using the third world as a market for the products of its own industry and thereby inhibiting the indigenous growth. In addition, it procures primary goods from its dependent territory and exploits natural resources and labour. An anthropologist wrote: “Colonisation has always required the existence of the need for dependence. Q. 2.4. What do you mean by Fifth schedule area? How it is different from sixth schedule area. Explain. Answer-

Fifth Schedule areas-

Under Article 244 of Indian constitution, the Fifth schedule applies to the“Scheduled areas” which have been specified in nine states namely Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Himanchal Pradesh. These areas have tribal population 50% or more than 50%. Under fifth schedule laws are passed by parliament or by state legislature. The exercise of powers under the fifth schedule has been left to the governor or to the state govt. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar observed that the “Scheduled areas” was another name for the excluded and partially excluded areas. The schedule areas have been constituted with the clear objectives to assist tribals in enjoying their existing rights without any hindrance by others and to develop ,protect and promote the interest of the scheduled tribes. Sixth Schedule areasUnder Article 244(a) of Indian constitution, the Sixth schedule applies to the “Tribal areas” which have been specified in four states namely Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram Tripura. Under sixth schedule laws made by parliament or by state legislature shall not apply unless the Governor extends that laws to such areas. The sixth schedule is participative. Its mechanism ensures autonomy and effective participation of the tribals in the administration of their own affairs. Some of specialities of these areas are-

1.There shall be separate District council for each autonomous district consisting not more than 24 members. 2.There shall be separate regional council for each area The districts which are included under these four states are-1. Karvi onlong, 2. North kachari hill 3. North Tripura 4. South Tripura 5. West tripura6. Chakma Distrct 7. Garo hill District 8. Jayantia District 9. Mara dist. 10. lai dist council.