Micronesia Cable System

Environmental Assessment

2 May 2006

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The proposed Micronesia Cable System (MCS) comprises a marine route approximately 2,909 kilometers (1,570 nautical miles) in length connecting Agat, Guam and Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) with branching segments of 180 kilometers (112 nautical miles) to Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and 500 kilometers (270 nautical miles) to Majuro, RMI. The MCS would provide high speed, broadband fiber-optic telecommunications services to the FSM, the Reagan Test Site at the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA), and to the capital of the RMI at Majuro. Separate fiber within the main cable would connect Guam with the FSM and RMI through branching units. The MCS would be a state of the art optical cable system with high transmission capacity, superior transmission performance, high availability, extensive longevity (more than 25 years), and seamless upgradeability. From the end user perspective, the system would provide high speed, real time connectivity to the Continental United States and other locations via Guam. The purpose of the Proposed Action is to establish a reliable reduced cost bandwidth, high performance, submarine fiber optic cable system for meeting current communication needs; provide a cost-effective growth path for future bandwidth requirements; and provide superior and advanced service to consumers on Kwajalein and throughout the FSM and RMI. The MCS is needed to provide more data with faster delivery; real-time data exchange; higher availability and reliability; and reduced reliance on satellite communication. The MCS is a multi-part system which would serve three separate locations and sovereign entities. As a result, this action has several proponents with separate responsibility for their specific locations. USAKA is the proponent and lead U.S. agency for the main segments and for the segment and associated cable landing site which extends to Kwajalein Islet. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Corporation (FSMTC) is the proponent for the Pohnpei segment. Majuro, Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority (MINTA) is the proponent for the Majuro segment. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Service (RUS), has received applications from FSMTC and MINTA to finance the branching cable segments to Pohnpei and Majuro. If approved, RUS financing would constitute a major federal action and thus require compliance under the National Environmental Policy Act. The RUS would utilize portions of this Environmental Assessment (EA) to assist their financing decision. The RUS agreed informally to be a Cooperating Agency on this EA and is in the process of formalizing this agreement. Proposed Action The Proposed Action is to install a submerged, powered fiber-optic cable, integrated repeaters, and attendant cable landing infrastructure, connecting Guam and Kwajalein with two branching units to Pohnpei and Majuro. General Description of the MCS The MCS is anticipated to consist of three primary segments of underwater cable connecting Guam and Kwajalein, with two branch segments to Pohnpei and Majuro. The western end of the MCS would connect outside the reef to an existing bore-pipe off the shore of Guam. The fiber-optic cable would be mechanically pulled through the marine raceway to an existing Beach Micronesia Cable System EA

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Manhole near Agat. This would allow connection to an existing terrestrial fiber-optic network on Guam. No new infrastructure or ground disturbance would be required. This existing network was described in the Environmental Impact Assessment for the TyCom Networks (Guam) LLC Marine Cable Landings, Terrestrial Cable Raceway and Piti Cable Station (TyCom Networks LLC, 2001). No further MCS activities would occur on Guam and thus no activities on Guam are analyzed in this document. Cable landings would be established at Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro. The following table shows the five segments that are proposed for the MCS. MCS Cable Segment Lengths* Segment

Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5

Start and Endpoints Agat, Guam Branching Unit 1 Branching Unit 1 Branching Unit 2 Branching Unit 2 Kwajalein, RMI Branching Unit 1 Pohnpei, FSM Branching Unit 2

Maximum Water Depth (meters/feet)

Cable Route Length (kilometers/ nautical miles)

9,000/29,527.5

1,789/966

4,600/15,092

1,091/589

4,600/15,092

29/16

4,750/15,584

180/112

3,790/12,434

500/270

Majuro, RMI * Distances and depths are approximate

The MCS fiber optic cable is designated as a powered long haul system, meaning it is composed of a submarine cable separated by a series of repeaters, spaced incrementally to provide amplification to the optical signal. At both ends, a short section of cable would connect the submarine cable to the Cable Landing Station or “point-of-presence” on a particular island. The cable is very small and is similar to other fiber optic cables that are used in other parts of the world. The deep-water cable typically has an outer diameter of 21 millimeters (0.83 inch). A hermetically sealed copper sheath surrounds the fiber optic fibers, which are also hermetically sealed and protected by steel wires. Marine survey data will determine the exact cable armoring package, cable slack specifications, and burial plan. Typically, double armor cable (approximately 50 millimeters [2 inches]) in diameter would be used for shore landings and to water depths of 100 to 200 meters (328 to 656 feet). Single armor cable (approximately 38 millimeters [1.5 inches]) in diameter would be used in water depths of 200 to 1,500 meters (656 to 4,921 feet). Although the cable would be powered with high voltage direct current to power the repeaters, under water it would be well protected by steel armoring and protection measures. Since the absolute maximum practical distance that light can be transmitted is about 400 kilometers (248.5 miles), it is necessary for the cable to be a powered system with repeaters to transit the distance from Guam to Kwajalein. Repeaters would typically be spaced at an es-2

Micronesia Cable System EA

average of 55 kilometers (30 miles) to boost the optical signal along the fiber. Repeaters would be housed in qualified, hermetically sealed high-pressure housings, with a design life that far exceeds that of the system. Repeater sizes differ among suppliers, but representative sizes range from a housing 330 millimeters (13 inches) in diameter and up to 5.6 meters (18 feet) long, depending on the supplier. Typically, no deep ocean burial is proposed for this system due to the lack of bottom contact fishing in the area and due to the steep, hard volcanic seabed approaches to the landings. However, burial may be required in shallow water areas, as appropriate, to minimize and mitigate the danger of electrical shorts and shocks to humans or other organisms and exposure to ambient air during low tide. The slope for the last 5 kilometers (2.7 nautical miles) of route averages approximately 18 degrees at the respective landing sites, but can be expected to be locally higher. Routing in this area was determined based on the detailed cable route survey to avoid the steepest areas. Double armor cable has been proposed through the reef areas at the MCS landings. Additional protection measures may also be needed. The proposed routing takes advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance to the fringing reef. Generic Construction Requirements For Cable Landings A cable laying ship serves as the primary means of laying submarine fiber optic cable. The ship’s captain would approach the landing site and align the vessel along the proposed route to the beach manhole. Once the ship reaches a safe and workable operating depth, it would fix its position relative to the proposed cable route. The ship would pay out cable while its personnel attach suspension floats at regular intervals to keep the cable from sinking to the ocean bottom. As the cable is lowered to the water, it will float, allowing it to be pulled toward shore using a winch. Once the cable is aligned, divers would cut the remaining floats away, allowing the rest of the cable to sink to the ocean bottom. As the cable sinks to the bottom, the divers would position the cable to avoid coral formations as much as possible. Divers would then place the cable in the protected environment across the reef (concrete encasement, articulated pipe, or through the horizontal shaft). At the beach landing, a cable anchor is likely to be constructed. Alternatives Considered Cable Landing from the Ocean Floor to the Beach Landing Site The cable would be installed across the fringing reef in one of three following methods. • Method 1: Articulated Pipe Pinned onto Coral Reef In this method double armored cable is placed inside articulated pipe that is pinned onto the coral reef, except in the case through the Pohnpei Passage due to the extreme depths and sedimentation which would protect it from most forms of disturbance. No burial is used for this option. As a subset of this method, double armored cable could be surface-laid and articulated pipe possibly installed after surface lay activities are complete, depending on the final installation route and post-lay conditions. Articulated pipe is made up of links that have an integral ball joint between each segment. Each pipe link fits over the previous link and is fastened to the reef with two bolts drilled and glued into the reef to ensure a secure fit. The pipe is terminated at a beach anchor prior to final termination of the cable inside the beach manhole. This is the least expensive and least invasive means of installing the cable on the Micronesia Cable System EA

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reef. However, the cable is not secure from intentional disruption and can be torn from the reef by the impacts of heavy waves and surf. The joints on the inside of the articulated pipe make pulling the cable from the pipe difficult. The cable would also have to be periodically inspected and repaired as necessary. If a fault were found, it would need to be isolated and the applicable section of articulated pipe removed. The cable would be cut and repaired and then re-sectioned. The articulated pipe would be replaced. •

Method 2: Shallow Trench Cut through Hardpan Coral Reef with Articulated or Smooth Bore Pipe Placed inside the Trench In this method a shallow trench would be cut from the shoreline through the stretch of hardpan coral reef that can extend up to about 200 meters (218 yards) out to the lowest astronomical tide (LAT). Double armored cable is placed inside articulated pipe that is pinned into the coral reef inside the trench. The trench is then back filled with marine cement to the level of the adjacent hardpan reef. The trench would be approximately 0.5 meter (18 inches wide) and 0.33 meter (1 foot) deep. Although this method is more invasive to the reef, it offers much greater security and less risk of damage to the cable. At the LAT the cable and articulated pipe would not be trenched. It would be placed on the bottom and would extend out to where the reef rapidly drops to deep water. The cable would not be placed in articulated pipe after the reef drop off. If conditions permit, the articulated pipe may simply be placed in the trench and on the reef without pinning. Although Method 2 is more invasive to the reef, it offers much greater security and less risk of damage to the cable. In the event of a required repair, the fault would need to be isolated, the applicable section of cemented fill re-cut, and the applicable section of articulated pipe removed. The repaired/replaced section of cable would be placed inside articulated pipe and re-buried and cemented. A variation of this method would be to use straight bore pipe in place of articulated pipe inside the trench. This substitution would allow for easier repair of the cable similar to that above should a break in service occur within the section spanning the hardpan. •

Method 3: Directional Drilling Below Coral Reef To Emerge Several Hundred Meters (Yards) From Shoreline Where The Rapid Drop-Off In Water Depth Occurs At the Beach Manhole, a bore hole would be drilled at an angle sufficient to support the turning radius of armored cable to a depth below the coral reef, then leveled off to extend horizontally under the hardpan segment to emerge at the headwall where the rapid increase in water depth occurs. A conduit would be left in place into which the cable is pulled. Although this method is extremely expensive it would dramatically reduce security risks and wave action damage and facility repairs in case of damage to the cable. The cable could easily be pulled out and replaced or repaired, if that need ever occurs, without further damage to the reef. Alternative Approaches to the Landing Site at Kwajalein Three alternative approaches to the landing site at Kwajalein have been identified. A marine assessment was conducted at the three locations (Survey Stations #1, #2, and #3) by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service biologists to evaluate potential alignments for landing the proposed cable with minimal impacts to biological resources.

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Micronesia Cable System EA

No-Action Alternative The No-Action Alternative would be to not proceed with the MCS project linking Guam and Kwajalein. This would effectively result in none of the MCS project proceeding, since the basic cable segment from Guam to Kwajalein would not be constructed. If USAKA were to withdraw from the MCS, off island bandwidth at Kwajalein would continue with existing satellite communication capabilities. The No-Action Alternative for the Rural Utilities Service would be to deny one or both of the loan applications for FSMTC and MINTA, which would eliminate the cable segment or segments pertaining respectively to the FSM and RMI. Impact Assessment Methodology Fifteen broad areas of environmental consideration were originally considered to provide a context for understanding the potential effects of the Proposed Action and to provide a basis for assessing the severity of potential impacts. These areas included air quality, airspace, biological resources, cultural resources, environmental justice, geology and soils, hazardous materials and waste, health and safety, land use, noise, socioeconomics, subsistence, transportation, utilities, and water resources. These areas were analyzed as applicable for the proposed location or activity. Resource Areas Not Expected To Be Affected Sufficiently by the Proposed Action To Warrant Further Discussion in This EA Air Quality. The proposed installation activities would not impact the surrounding air quality due to the short installation period and strong prevailing winds surrounding all proposed sites. Since the majority of the installation activities would occur in or along water, dust would not be a concern. Airspace. Due to the nature and location of the proposed activities, no effects on controlled and uncontrolled airspace, Special Use Airspace, en route airways and jet routes, or airfields would be anticipated. Hazardous Materials and Waste. Hazardous materials used and hazardous waste generated during the Proposed Action, such as oils and motor fuels, would be similar to those routinely used and generated at the proposed locations and analyzed in previous documents. No adverse impacts would be anticipated. The MCS would be managed in accordance with standard operating procedures (SOPs) and regulations currently in place at each location. Disposal of any Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) along the cable route at Kwajalein would eliminate these hazardous materials from future consideration. Health and Safety. No impacts to health and safety associated with construction and operation activities are anticipated for Pohnpei or Majuro. All activities would follow applicable FSM or RMI health and safety laws, regulations, and SOPs. Safety concerns are addressed below for Kwajalein since there is the potential for UXO to be disturbed by proposed activities. Land Use. No impacts to land use would result from the proposed activities, as there would be no change in the use of land in proposed or surrounding areas. Noise. Occupational Safety and Health Administration workplace standards for noise would be maintained during the Proposed Action. There are no sensitive noise receptors to be disturbed Micronesia Cable System EA

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at each of the proposed locations. Noise effects on wildlife are discussed in the Biological Resources section. Transportation. Transportation of the cable components and equipment in support of the cable trenching and installation would be accomplished by ocean vessels, over roads by trucks, or by plane. These types of actions are routine and would result in no impacts to the existing transportation systems. The presence of equipment and personnel may result in a temporary disruption in traffic patterns in the immediate vicinity of the work sites during site preparation activities or cable repair, particularly along roads leading to the cable station and or support facilities. Any potential effects on roadways or ocean routes would be short-term. Transportation procedures would comply with all applicable safety regulations. Utilities. Trenching for and landing of fiber-optic cables would not place a directed demand on potable water, wastewater, or electrical power, since no infrastructure development is anticipated. No increases to infrastructure capacity demands would be necessary to support proposed activities. No long-term solid waste generation is anticipated from the landing of fiberoptic cables. Construction-related solid waste would be handled under current procedures. Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action Only those activities for which a potential environmental concern was determined are described within each resource summary. Biological Resources. Transportation of equipment and materials required for the underwater cable laying and cable landings would be conducted in accordance with all applicable regulations. No impacts to indigenous or native vegetation are expected. The only impacts to vegetation that could potentially occur would be as a result of removal caused by expansion of an existing station or construction of a separate station on the same site to accommodate the MCS cable and trenching for the actual cable laying. Terrestrial vegetation would be replanted if required. Impacts to marine vegetation that could potentially occur would result from temporary siltation caused by installation of the cable in the nearshore water. A Document of Environmental Protection being prepared parallel to this EA addresses offshore trenching at Kwajalein. Erosion control measures such as storm water diversions, sediment barriers, stream protection, dust palliatives, and other stabilization treatments would be used as required for terrestrial and near-shore trenching at all locations or directional drilling (Kwajalein only). No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass are anticipated. Wildlife in the immediate area could be startled by trenching noise and possibly leave the area permanently, temporarily avoid or leave the area during trenching activities, or likely become accustomed to the increased noise and human presence. The presence of personnel may cause wildlife to avoid the area, at least temporarily, but would therefore reduce the potential for impacts from elevated noise levels. The disturbance from the short-term noise associated with trenching is not expected to alter migration patterns. Personnel would be instructed to avoid areas designated as avian nesting or roosting habitat and to avoid all contact with any nest that may be encountered. Cable laying activities should not result in any long-term impacts to existing fisheries or to other fish species in the area. No threatened or endangered vegetation has been identified in the project areas. The affected areas would be monitored during cable laying for threatened and endangered sea turtles and es-6

Micronesia Cable System EA

whales. Work would be delayed until any observed sea turtles and whales have moved out of harms way. Minor impacts to corals may not be avoided, but the proposed routing would take advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance. It is anticipated that UXO could be encountered during the proposed trenching activities on Kwajalein. The potential for encountering UXO would be more likely in the easternmost route closest to the original boundary of the islet. When UXO is discovered, the Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Team would be contacted to safely remove and dispose of the ordnance. In the event that UXO must be destroyed, some environmentally sensitive habitat could also then be destroyed. UXO would be removed or destroyed in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material and the USAKA Environmental Standards (UES). The 5-inch projectile found along the route at Kwajalein would need to be blown-in-place. Methods used to minimize the potential for impacts to biological resources during the blow-inplace operation would include the following. The area would be monitored for sea turtles prior to detonation and no detonation would be performed at night. The minimum amount of explosive would be used. Cultural Resources. Known archaeological or historical sites, buildings, and structures would be avoided during the routing process. To ensure the protection of any prehistoric, historic, or traditional resources already identified within the project area from unauthorized artifact collection or vandalism, personnel would be briefed before activities commence on the significance of these types of resources and the penalties associated with their disturbance or collection. If, during the course of program activities cultural and/or historic materials (particularly human remains) are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity of the cultural materials would be halted and the appropriate Cultural Resource Personnel, depending on location, would be consulted. Environmental Justice. Proposed activities would be conducted in a manner that would not substantially affect human health and the environment. The EA has identified no effects that would result in disproportionately high or adverse effect on minority or low-income populations in the area. The activities would also be conducted in a manner that would not exclude persons from participating in, deny persons the benefits of, or subject persons to discrimination because of their race, color, national origin, or socioeconomic status. Geology and Soils. All earthmoving activities would be conducted in accordance with the existing regulations at each location in such a way as to prevent accelerated erosion and accelerated sedimentation. Trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads, along existing cleared paths, or across disturbed land and the surface would be re-covered, resulting in minor, short-term impacts to adjacent soils. Trenching activities would follow requirements for run off. Best Management Practices could include storm water diversions, sediment barriers, stream protection, dust palliatives, and other stabilization treatments. Cable would be installed in accordance with locational requirements for control, cleanup, and emergency response for spills of hazardous materials or waste and the prevention of soil erosion. In the event that UXO is discovered and must be destroyed, some localized impacts to soil would occur. UXO would be removed or destroyed in accordance with the existing regulations. Micronesia Cable System EA

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Health and Safety (Kwajalein). Activities involved in the trenching and laying of the proposed fiber optic cable would occur in accordance with existing safety protocol/procedures and applicable UES sections. No adverse effects to health and safety of personnel or the public are anticipated. It is anticipated that UXO could be encountered during the proposed trenching or cable laying activities on Kwajalein. When UXO is discovered, the EOD Team would be contacted to safely remove and dispose of the ordnance. In accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material and the UES, the EOD Department will make a determination as to whether UXO can be removed from the site of discovery. If possible, the UXO would be stored in a magazine (ammunition bunker) on Kwajalein for disposal at a later time. A keep out radius would be maintained around any UXO during all proposed activities on land or in water. The potential for encountering UXO would be more likely in the easternmost route closest to the original boundary of the islet. The size of the keep out radius would be dependent on the type and quantity of UXO encountered. The 5-inch projectile found along the route at Kwajalein would need to be blown-in-place. Appropriate methods would be used to minimize the potential for impacts to the health and safety of personnel. Socioeconomics. No additional permanent workers would be required as a result of cable laying activities. There would be no increase or decrease in the local workforce, nor would any increase in population for housing or schools be anticipated. Any temporary, project-specific personnel could be housed in hotels, motels, or rental properties of nearby communities. Such effects would be short term and have limited impact. A broadband fiber-optic system would improve telecommunication services to businesses and the general population. The latitude and longitude and depth of the cable would be recorded, provided to the government agency in charge, for communication to all fishing organizations and other interested agencies as applicable. A hotline would be provided to advise licensed commercial fisherman as to whether their reported positions are in the vicinity of the cable. Subsistence. Although subsistence fishing is widespread, advanced notice of proposed trenching activities in the nearshore area would minimize the potential for interference. The latitude and longitude and depth of the cable would be recorded and provided to the government agency in charge, for communication to all fishing organizations and other interested agencies as applicable. Subsistence fishermen could move to an adjacent area until the cable laying ship has moved from the area. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from trawl gear. Water Resources. All transportation of equipment and materials required for the underwater cable laying and cable landings as well as the actual cable laying would be conducted in accordance with Department of Defense and Department of Transportation regulations or with guidance provided by the FSM and RMI. Adherence to these regulations and applicable SOPs for spill prevention, control, and countermeasures while transporting equipment and materials would preclude impacts to water resources in the area. es-8

Micronesia Cable System EA

All persons engaging in earthmoving activities would implement and maintain erosion and sedimentation control measures which would effectively prevent accelerated erosion and accelerated sedimentation. Turbidity in nearshore waters occurring as a result of the planned trenching and cable laying should be minimal, localized, and dispersed easily by tidal or wave action. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated. Cumulative Impacts. Cumulative impacts are those that result when impacts of a project are combined with the impacts of the past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions at a particular location. Cumulative impacts were considered for each resource area at each site. A small but positive temporary economic impact to the local communities would result in minor positive impacts to Socioeconomics. A broadband fiber-optic system would improve telecommunication services to businesses and the general population in the affected areas. No adverse cumulative impacts were identified at any of the potential sites for the other resources analyzed.

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BMH

Beach Manhole

BMP

Best Management Practices

CEQ

Council on Environmental Quality

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CONUS

Continental United States

DEP

Document of Environmental Protection

DoD

Department of Defense

DUD

Delap, Uliga, and Djarrit (Municipality)

EA

Environmental Assessment

EEZ

Exclusive Economic Zone

EOD

Explosive Ordnance Disposal

FSM

Federated States of Micronesia

FSMTC

Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Corporation

LAT

Lowest Astronomical Tide

MCS

Micronesia Cable System

MHW

Mean High Water

MINTA

Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority

NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

PFE

Power Feed Equipment

RMI

Republic of the Marshall Islands

RMIEPA

Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority

ROI

Region of Influence

RUS

Rural Utilities Services

SATCOM

Satellite Communication

SOP

Standard Operating Procedure

UES

USAKA Environmental Standards

USAKA

United States Army Kwajalein Atoll

USC

United States Code

USFWS

United States Fish and Wildlife Service

UXO

Unexploded Ordnance

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... es-1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................... ac-1 1.0 PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION ............................................1-1 1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Purpose of the Proposed Action.........................................................................1-4 1.3 Need for the Proposed Action ............................................................................1-4 1.4 MCS Cable Route Survey ..................................................................................1-5 1.5 Decisions To Be Made .......................................................................................1-6 1.6 Related Environmental Documentation ..............................................................1-6 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES .....................................2-1 2.1 Proposed Action .................................................................................................2-1 2.1.1 MCS Undersea Route and Cable Installation .........................................2-2 2.1.2 MCS Landing Sites .................................................................................2-4 2.2 Additional SATCOM Bandwidth Alternative......................................................2-11 2.3 No-Action Alternative........................................................................................2-13 3.0

AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT.........................................................................................3-1 3.1 Pohnpei ..............................................................................................................3-3 3.1.1 Biological Resources ..............................................................................3-3 3.1.2 Cultural Resources .................................................................................3-7 3.1.3 Geology and Soils...................................................................................3-8 3.1.4 Socioeconomics......................................................................................3-8 3.1.5 Subsistence ............................................................................................3-9 3.1.6 Water Resources (Marine)......................................................................3-9 3.2 Kwajalein ..........................................................................................................3-11 3.2.1 Biological Resources ............................................................................3-11 3.2.2 Cultural Resources ...............................................................................3-15 3.2.3 Geology and Soils.................................................................................3-18 3.2.4 Health and Safety .................................................................................3-19 3.2.5 Socioeconomics....................................................................................3-19 3.2.6 Subsistence ..........................................................................................3-20 3.2.7 Water Resources (Marine)....................................................................3-20 3.3 Majuro ..............................................................................................................3-21 3.3.1 Biological Resources ............................................................................3-21 3.3.2 Cultural Resources ...............................................................................3-22 3.3.3 Geology and Soils.................................................................................3-23 3.3.4 Socioeconomics....................................................................................3-23 3.3.5 Subsistence ..........................................................................................3-25 3.3.6 Water Resources (Marine)....................................................................3-25

4.0

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES.........................................................................4-1 4.1 Pohnpei ..............................................................................................................4-1 4.1.1 Biological Resources ..............................................................................4-1 4.1.2 Cultural Resources .................................................................................4-5 4.1.3 Geology and Soils...................................................................................4-6 Micronesia Cable System EA

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4.2

4.3

4.4 4.5 4.6

4.1.4 Socioeconomics......................................................................................4-7 4.1.5 Subsistence ............................................................................................4-8 4.1.6 Water Resources (Marine)......................................................................4-8 Kwajalein ..........................................................................................................4-10 4.2.1 Biological Resources ............................................................................4-10 4.2.2 Cultural Resources ...............................................................................4-13 4.2.3 Geology and Soils.................................................................................4-14 4.2.4 Health and Safety .................................................................................4-15 4.2.5 Socioeconomics....................................................................................4-16 4.2.6 Subsistence ..........................................................................................4-17 4.2.7 Water Resources (Marine)....................................................................4-17 Majuro ..............................................................................................................4-18 4.3.1 Biological Resources ............................................................................4-18 4.3.2 Cultural Resources ...............................................................................4-21 4.3.3 Geology and Soils.................................................................................4-22 4.3.4 Socioeconomics....................................................................................4-23 4.3.5 Subsistence ..........................................................................................4-24 4.3.6 Water Resources (Marine)....................................................................4-24 No-Action Alternative........................................................................................4-25 Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (Executive Order 12898) ...................................4-25 Federal Actions To Address Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (Executive Order 13045) .................................4-26

5.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................5-1 6.0 LIST OF PREPARERS .......................................................................................................6-1 7.0 AGENCIES AND INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED ..................................................................7-1

APPENDICES A

DISTRIBUTION LIST

B

CORRESPONDENCE

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FIGURES 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1

Route of the Micronesia Cable System .......................................................................1-2 Micronesia Cable System Cable Schematic ...............................................................1-3 Components of the Micronesia Cable System ............................................................2-3 Route of Micronesia Cable System Cable Through the Reef at Pohnpei, Pohnpei Island ............................................................................................................2-8 Kwajalein Islet ...........................................................................................................2-10 Proposed Landing Site at on Delap Islet, Majuro Atoll ..............................................2-12 Stylized Atoll Coral Reef Habitat Profile ....................................................................3-13

TABLES 2-1

MCS Cable Segment Lengths.....................................................................................2-1

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1.0 PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION

1.0 PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION 1.1

INTRODUCTION

The proposed Micronesia Cable System (MCS) comprises a marine route approximately 2,909 kilometers (1,808 miles) in length connecting Agat, Guam and Kwajalein, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) with branching segments of 180 kilometers (112 nautical miles) to Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and 500 kilometers (270 nautical miles) to Majuro, RMI. Figure 1-1 shows the approximate route of the cable. Figure 1-2 provides a schematic of the cable segments and branching units. The MCS would provide high speed, broadband fiber-optic telecommunications services to the FSM at Pohnpei, the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) at Kwajalein Islet, and to the capital of the RMI at Majuro. Separate fiber within the main cable would connect Guam with the FSM and RMI through branching units. The MCS would be a state of the art optical cable system with high transmission capacity, superior transmission performance, high availability, extensive longevity (more than 25 years), and seamless upgradeability. From the end user perspective, the system would provide high speed, real time connectivity to the Continental United States (CONUS) and other locations via Guam. The MCS is a multi-part system which would serve three separate locations and sovereign entities. As a result, this action has several proponents with separate responsibility for their specific locations. USAKA is the proponent and lead U.S. agency for the main segments (Segments 1 and 2) and for Segment 3 and the associated cable landing site which extends to Kwajalein Islet. Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Corporation (FSMTC) is the proponent for Segment 4. Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority (MINTA) is the proponent for Segment 5. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Service (RUS), has received applications from FSMTC and MINTA to finance the cable segments to Majuro and Pohnpei (Segments 4 and 5). If approved, RUS financing would constitute a major federal action and thus require compliance under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The RUS would utilize portions of this Environmental Assessment (EA) to assist their financing decision. The RUS agreed informally to be a Cooperating Agency on this EA and is in the process of formalizing this agreement. For Kwajalein, the MCS would be more cost effective (based on a 20-year utilization) than the current Satellite Communication (SATCOM) system, and it would provide virtually unlimited expansion. After connecting the MCS with an existing cable station near Agat, Guam, one circuit would be purchased on a commercial network to provide connectivity to CONUS. This EA is being prepared to assess the impacts of new submarine fiber optic cables on the environment. This EA has been prepared in accordance with the following: •

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (42 United States Code [USC] 4321, et seq.) Micronesia Cable System EA

1-1

I

EXPLANATION

Route of the Micronesia Cable System

Figure 1-1

Not to Scale NORTH 060331 MCS Route

1-2

Micronesia Cable System EA

Branching Units

EXPLANATION

Micronesia Cable System Cable Schematic

Figure 1-2

Not to Scale NORTH 060331 MCS Schematic

Micronesia Cable System EA

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1.2

•

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of NEPA (40 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 1500-1508)

•

Department of Defense (DoD) Instruction 4715.9, Environmental Planning and Analysis

•

Executive Order 12114, Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions

•

U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, Environmental Standards and Procedures for United States Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Activities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 9th Edition, April 2004

•

Compact of Free Association, as Amended, between the Government of the United States and the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2003

•

Compact of Free Association, as Amended, between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2003

•

Other RUS, RMI, FSM National Government, and Pohnpei State environmental statutes and regulations and Marshall Island Revised Code that implement these, and other applicable laws and regulations.

PURPOSE OF THE PROPOSED ACTION

Kwajalein’s off islet communications are provided by commercial and military satellites. Currently a commercial satellite link provides service from Kwajalein to CONUS. Military satellite services provide additional links. There are no international commercial submarine fiber optic cable systems with landings in the FSM or RMI. FSMTC currently provides international telecommunication and broadband services (voice, Internet, and television) to the entire FSM via international switching and satellite transmission facilities located in Pohnpei. MINTA provides international telecommunication services (voice and Internet) to the RMI via international switching and satellite transmission facilities located primarily in Majuro. The purpose of the Proposed Action is to establish a reliable reduced cost bandwidth, high performance, submarine fiber optic cable system for meeting current communication needs; provide a cost-effective growth path for future bandwidth requirements; and provide superior and advanced service to consumers on Kwajalein and throughout the FSM and RMI.

1.3

NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION

The need for the Proposed Action is to improve communications by providing:

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•

More data, with faster delivery

•

Real-time data exchange

•

Higher availability and reliability

•

Reduced reliance on SATCOM Micronesia Cable System EA

1.4

MCS CABLE ROUTE SURVEY

During January to February 2006, a route survey was conducted between Guam, Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro to determine the most cost effective route to lay a proposed underwater fiber optic cable. That proposed route is analyzed in this EA. Applicable data procured during the survey was also used in preparation of this analysis. Understanding the methodology of the survey makes it clear why the proposed route and landing sites presented in this Proposed Action were chosen. The fiber-optic cable marine route survey was primarily a passive, non-invasive activity with the exception of the grab samples. This sampling, however, was very minor in nature, and taken at intervals of approximately 5 kilometers (2.7 nautical miles) except in areas where significant ocean floor topography changes occur at greater frequencies than 5 kilometers (2.7 nautical miles). Samples were not taken in ocean depths of more than 1,000 meters (3,280 feet). No environmental impacts were associated with this survey. Several potential routes for the MCS along a general line between Guam–Pohnpei–Kwajalein– Majuro were investigated by means of a desk-top study. The specific recommended route identified in the desk-top study was physically surveyed for the MCS installation. The survey consisted of the following seven separate activities: Measuring the speed of sound in water—This was done with calibrated instruments and acoustic sensors. The frequency of measurements depended on location and conditions. Sound velocity profiles are used for data corrections for the towfish. Landing site survey—A 250-meter (820-foot) wide corridor at all proposed landing sites was surveyed. The survey centered on the cable route extending from the Beach Manhole (BMH) where the cable goes underground, to the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) mark on the beach (the lowest level that can be expected under average meteorological conditions and under any astronomical conditions). Sediment depth was measured, and all natural and cultural objects were identified, mapped, and photographed. Inshore (Diver Swim) survey—This section of the 250-meter (820-foot) wide cable corridor extends from the waterline to a 3-meter (9.8-foot) water depth. A diver photographed the route and took sediment thickness measurements, where feasible due to the rocky nature of the landings, using a bar probe. Inshore (Small Boat) survey—For this section of the route, a 500-meter (1,640-foot) corridor centered on the cable route was surveyed. The route extends from the 3-meter to the 20-meter (10-foot to the 65.6-foot) depth line. The survey was conducted with echo sounders and side scan sonar. Near shore survey—The corridor for the near shore survey was 750 meters (2,469 feet) wide and extended from the 20-meter (65.6-foot) depth line to 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) deep. The survey was conducted with echo sounders and high-resolution side scan sonar. The high resolution data identifies large boulders, holes, or other obstructions, and indicates the nature pf any sediment cover.

Micronesia Cable System EA

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Deep water survey—The deep water survey was performed in water with depths exceeding 1,000 meters (3,280 feet). Only towed survey equipment was used at these depths. Bottom sampling—Bottom sampling was undertaken in the inshore and near shore regions. Grab samples were utilized. Samples were taken at a minimum of every 5 kilometers (2.7 nautical miles).

1.5

DECISIONS TO BE MADE

The decisions to be made by USAKA are whether to install and operate the MCS between Guam and Kwajalein, and which alternate cable routes or landings sites to use. A decision not to install the MCS would be an adoption of the No-Action Alternative, which would be a continued reliance on the communications connections that are currently in place. The decision to be made by the RUS is whether to extend loans to FSMTC and MINTA to enable them to finance the construction of branching segments to Pohnpei and Majuro, respectively.

1.6

RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTATION

Fiber optic cable installation from Guam to Kwajalein or branching segments to Pohnpei and Majuro have not been analyzed in any previous environmental documents prepared to satisfy NEPA requirements. However, two environmental analyses have examined fiber optics at Kwajalein. Intra-atoll mission voice and data communications are provided to 10 islands via the Submarine Fiber Optic Telecommunications System that was installed in 1993. The fiber optic cable is routed within the Kwajalein Lagoon with landings at Ennylabegan, Legan, Meck, Gellinam, Gagan, Roi-Namur, Omelek, Eniwetak, Illeginni, and Kwajalein. The installation of this local system was analyzed in An Environmental Assessment for the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll Submarine Fiber Optic Transmission System (Northern Telecon Federal System, 1992). The Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Actions at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 1993) examined several fiber optic cable projects. Additionally, the Environmental Impact Assessment for the TyCom Networks (Guam) LLC Marine Cable Landings, Terrestrial Cable Raceway and Piti Cable Station (TyCom Networks LLC, 2001) was prepared to analyze the impacts of the installation of cable landings and terrestrial cable routing on the Island of Guam. The MCS will connect to the cable system described in the TyCom analysis. Other related reports include the 2003 Final Report Assessment of Marine Biological Resources at the Proposed Micronesian Cable System Project Site U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll Republic of the Marshall Islands and the 2005 Final Report Assessment of Marine Biological Resources at the Proposed Micronesian Cable System Landing Sites: U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll and Majuro Atoll Republic of the Marshall Islands; and Pohnpei Island, Federated States of Micronesia prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1-6

Micronesia Cable System EA

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES The MCS is an underwater cable system that would provide high speed, broadband fiber-optic telecommunications services to Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro.

2.1

PROPOSED ACTION

The MCS is anticipated to consist of three primary segments of underwater cable connecting Guam and Kwajalein, with a total length of approximately 2,909 kilometers (1,570 nautical miles) (Segments 1, 2, and 3). Additionally, there would be two branch segments that connect the main segments with Pohnpei and Majuro (Segments 4 and 5). The western end of the MCS would connect outside the reef to an existing bore-pipe off the shore of Guam. The fiber-optic cable would be mechanically pulled through the bore-pipe to an existing BMH near Agat. This would allow connection to an existing terrestrial fiber-optic network on Guam. No new infrastructure or ground disturbance would be required. This existing network was described in the Environmental Impact Assessment for the TyCom Networks (Guam) LLC Marine Cable Landings, Terrestrial Cable Raceway and Piti Cable Station (TyCom Networks LLC, 2001). No other MCS activities would occur on Guam, and thus no activities on Guam are analyzed in this document. The three primary segments of the MCS route would stretch to Kwajalein Islet. Branching units along this main route would provide connectivity with shorter segments that connect to Pohnpei and Majuro (see Figures 1-1 and 1-2). Cable landings would be established at Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro. This section discusses the overall description of the MCS, as well as the cable landings and the cable terrestrial routes on the islands of Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro. Table 2-1 shows the five segments that are proposed for the MCS. Table 2-1: MCS Cable Segment Lengths* Segment

Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5

Start and Endpoints Agat, Guam Branching Unit 1 Branching Unit 1 Branching Unit 2 Branching Unit 2 Kwajalein, RMI Branching Unit 1 Pohnpei, FSM Branching Unit 2

Maximum Water Depth (meters/feet)

Cable Route Length (kilometers/ nautical miles)

9,000/29,527.5

1,789/966

4,600/15,092

1,091/589

4,600/15,092

29/16

4,750/15,584

180/112

3,790/12,434

500/270

Majuro, RMI * Distances and depths are approximate

Micronesia Cable System EA

2-1

2.1.1

MCS UNDERSEA ROUTE AND CABLE INSTALLATION

This section describes the fiber optic cable system and the methodology for cable installation. 2.1.1.1

Characteristics of the Fiber Optic Cable

The MCS fiber optic cable is designated as a powered long haul system, meaning it is composed of a submarine cable separated by a series of repeaters, spaced incrementally to provide amplification to the optical signal. At both ends, a short section of cable would connect the submarine cable to the Cable Landing Station or “point-of-presence” on a particular island. The cable is very small and is similar to other fiber optic cables that are used in other parts of the world. The deep-water cable typically has an outer diameter of 21 millimeters (0.83 inch) High-density polyethylene hermetically seals and surrounds a hermetically sealed copper sheath that surrounds the fiber optic fibers, which are also hermetically sealed and protected by steel wires. The marine survey data will determine the exact cable armoring package, cable slack specifications, and burial plan. Typically, double armor cable (approximately 50 millimeters [2 inches]) in diameter would be used for shore landings and to water depths of 100 to 200 meters (328 to 656 feet), and single armor cable (approximately 38 millimeters [1.5 inches]) would be used in water depths of 200 to 1,500 meters (656 to 4,921 feet. Although the cable would be powered with high voltage direct current to power the repeaters, under water it would be well protected by steel armoring, and protection measures. Since the absolute maximum practical distance that light can be transmitted is about 400 kilometers (248.5 miles), it is necessary for the cable to be a powered system with repeaters to transit the distance from Guam to Kwajalein. Repeaters would typically be spaced at an average of 55 kilometers (30 miles) to boost the optical signal along the fiber. Repeaters would be housed in qualified, hermetically sealed high-pressure housings, with design life which far exceeds that of the system. Repeater sizes differ among suppliers, but representative sizes range from a housing 330 millimeters (13 inches) in diameter and up to 5.6 meters (18 feet) long, depending on the supplier. Figure 2-1 illustrates the various components of the undersea cable system. 2.1.1.2

Installation of the Fiber Optic Cable

Typically, no deep ocean burial is proposed for this system due to the lack of bottom contact fishing in the area and due to the steep, hard volcanic seabed approaches to the landings. However, burial may be required in shallow water areas, as appropriate, to minimize and mitigate the danger of electrical shorts and shocks to humans or other organisms and exposure to ambient temperatures. The slope for the last 5 kilometers (2.7 nautical miles) of the route averages approximately 18 degrees at the respective landing sites, but can be expected to be locally higher. Routing in this area was determined based on the detailed cable route survey to avoid the steepest areas. Double armor cable has been proposed through the reef areas at the MCS landings. Additional protection measures may also be needed. The proposed routing takes advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance to the fringing reef.

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Micronesia Cable System EA

EXPLANATION

Components of the Micronesia Cable System

Figure 2-1

Not to Scale NORTH 060331 MCS Components

Micronesia Cable System EA

2-3

For the Main Lay Cable, a deep draft cable ship capable of carrying over 6,300 metric tons (6,944.5 tons) of cable would be required for a single haul installation. Computerized integrated cable deployment and navigation have been developed by the industry to refine cable installation to a science. Such a system would be utilized on this project to precisely control the amount of cable slack during installation. Based on the previously loaded slack estimations determined from the marine survey (the cable engineering and continuous real-time computer calculations at the point the cable contacts the seafloor) sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from trawl gear. The as-laid coordinates (latitude and longitude) and route of the cable would be recorded and provided to the government agency in charge for communication to all fishing organizations and other interested agencies as applicable. By the end of the technological or service life of the project the cable could be recovered if it is considered to be a hazard. In areas where it could be shown that the cable causes no environmental harm or that removal could result in significant adverse environmental effects, a decision could be made by the appropriate agencies for the cable to remain in place.

2.1.2

MCS LANDING SITES

The following sections describe generic construction requirements for cable landings. Specific or unique cable landing requirements for each site and any alternatives considered for each of the cable landings at Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro will also be presented. 2.1.2.1

Construction Requirements for Landing Areas

The landing area is defined as the area from the seaward edge of the fringing reef to the BMH. Construction includes both the permanent installation of the submarine cable and temporary construction required to physically land and position the cable. Near Shore Activity A cable laying ship serves as the primary means of laying submarine fiber optic cable. The following procedures describe the type of activities expected during the cable landing operations. The ship’s captain would approach the landing site and align the vessel along the proposed route to the BMH. Once the ship reaches a safe and workable operating depth, it would fix its position relative to the proposed cable route. The ship would play out cable while its personnel attach suspension floats at regular intervals to keep the cable from sinking to the ocean bottom. As the cable is lowered to the water, it will float, allowing it to be pulled toward shore using a winch. Once the cable is aligned, divers would cut the remaining floats away, allowing the rest of the cable to sink to the ocean bottom. As the cable sinks to the bottom, the divers would position the cable to avoid coral formations as 2-4

Micronesia Cable System EA

much as possible. Divers would then place the cable in the protected environment across the reef (concrete encasement, articulated pipe, or through the horizontal shaft). At the beach landing, a cable anchor is likely to be constructed. Cable Landing from the Ocean Floor to the Beach Landing Site The cable would be installed across the fringing reef in one of three methods described in the following paragraphs. Method 1: Articulated Pipe Pinned onto Coral Reef With this method double armored cable is placed inside articulated pipe that is pinned onto the coral reef, except in the case through the Pohnpei Passage due to the extreme depths and sedimentation which would protect it from most forms of disturbance. No burial is used for this option. The articulated pipe is made up of 53 centimeter (21 inch) long links that have an integral ball joint between each segment. Each pipe link fits over the previous link and is fastened to the reef with two bolts drilled and glued into the reef to ensure a secure fit. The pipe is terminated at a beach anchor prior to final termination of the cable inside the BMH. This is the least expensive and least invasive means of installing the cable on the reef. However, the cable is not secure from intentional disruption and can be torn from the reef by the impacts of heavy waves and surf. The cable would also have to be periodically inspected and repaired as necessary. The joints on the inside of the articulated pipe make pulling the cable from the pipe difficult. If a fault were found, it would need to be isolated and the applicable section of articulated pipe removed. The cable would be cut and repaired and then re-sectioned. The articulated pipe would be replaced. Surface Lay with Option for Articulated Pipe Post-Lay. With this more common construction method, double armored cable is surface-laid. Articulated pipe may be installed after surface lay activities are complete, depending on the final installation route and post-lay conditions. This method could be utilized in areas of hardpan, or through reef gaps or surge channels. No burial is used for this option. If a fault were found, it would need to be isolated and the applicable section of cable or articulated pipe removed. The cable would be cut and repaired and then re-sectioned. The articulated pipe if used would be replaced. Method 2: Shallow Trench Cut through Hardpan Coral Reef with Articulated or Smooth Bore Pipe Placed inside the Trench In this method a shallow trench would be cut from the shoreline through the stretch of hardpan coral reef that can extend up to about 200 meters (218 yards) out to the LAT. Double armored cable is placed inside articulated pipe that is pinned into the coral reef inside the trench. The trench is then back filled with marine cement to the level of the adjacent hardpan reef. The trench would be approximately 0.5 meter (18 inches) wide and 0.33 meter (1 foot) deep. At the LAT the cable and articulated pipe would not be trenched. It would be placed on the bottom and would extend out to where the reef rapidly drops to deep water. The cable would not be placed in articulated pipe after the reef drop off. If conditions permit, the articulated pipe may simply be placed in the trench and on the reef without pinning. Although Method 2 is more invasive to the reef, it offers much greater security and less risk of damage to the cable. In the event of a required repair, the fault would need to be isolated, the applicable section of cemented fill re-cut, and the applicable section of articulated pipe removed. The repaired/replaced section of cable would be placed inside articulated pipe and re-buried and cemented.

Micronesia Cable System EA

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A variation of this method would be to use straight bore pipe in place of articulated pipe inside the trench. This substitution would allow for easier repair of the cable similar to that above should a break in service occur within the section spanning the hardpan. Method 3: Directional Drilling Below Coral Reef To Emerge Several Hundred Meters (Yards) From the Shoreline Where The Rapid Drop-Off In Water Depth Occurs At the BMH, a bore hole would be drilled at an angle sufficient to support the turning radius of armored cable to a depth below the coral reef, and then leveled off to extend horizontally under the hardpan segment to emerge at the headwall where the rapid increase in water depth occurs. A conduit would be left in place into which the cable is pulled. Although this method is extremely expensive it would dramatically reduce security risks and risks of wave action damage and facilitate repairs in case of damage to the cable. The cable could easily be pulled out and replaced or repaired, if that need ever occurs, without further damage to the reef. Installation of the Cable from the LAT to the BMH A trench would be dug using excavation equipment in which to lay-in and later bury the cable. The cable would be buried 0.33 meter (1 foot) below the seabed from the LAT mark landward to the mean high water (MHW) mark. After laying the cable in the trench it would be covered with marine cement. The trench would transition to a 2-meter (6.6-foot) burial from the MHW mark across the beach to the BMH. The width of all the trenching would be approximately 0.5 meter (1.6 feet). Across the beach, the cable would also be encased in articulated pipe sections to further protect it from heavy equipment or future unwitting excavation on the beach. After the cable is landed, the armor and fiber would be terminated at the BMH, and the trench would be backfilled with the same fill that was previously excavated. The beach face would then be restored to its original condition to the extent possible, complete with plantings of indigenous vegetation. All temporary construction material would be removed. Care would be taken throughout to prevent oil spills or oil leakage on the beach or approaches. Temporary construction that could be required includes placement of beach sheaves and anchors. A beach sheave is used to fairlead the cable around turns during installation. It is usually held in place with temporary stakes or a piece of construction equipment, such as a backhoe that could serve as a temporary anchor. Equipment such as a tracked bulldozer or excavator is generally used to pull the cable ashore, either across the beach or along the beach, depending on the space available. At the conclusion of construction, all beach areas and approaches would be restored to original condition to the extent possible. The specific details of the work to be performed would be developed after final negotiations with the supplier have been completed. Cable Installation from Water to Power Feed Equipment (PFE) Facility From the BMH to the Power Feed Equipment (PFE) Facility the required trench would be 1.5 meters (5 feet) deep and 0.5 meter (1.6 feet) wide, would have conduit placed in it, and would be covered with a concrete layer for protection. The fiber optic cable would be pulled through the conduit as well as the ground wires from the ocean ground bed and the high voltage power cable.

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Micronesia Cable System EA

Prior to the cable landing, an ocean ground bed (basically an electrical ground) would be installed. The ocean ground bed is the earth return for the powered sea cable. This would involve the installation of approximately six anodes (cast iron rods measuring approximately 10 centimeters [4 inches] in diameter by approximately 1.8 meters [6 feet] long) into the ground. The anodes are generally placed 1.5 meters (5 feet) below grade by means of an auger to effectively reduce trenching. Lastly, all the anodes are connected by wire that in turn connects to the cables in the PFE Facility. Excavation should be limited to the augured holes and the trenching needed to get the cables to the main trench heading to the PFE Facility from the Low Water Mark. Following the shore end installation, all reasonable efforts would be taken to restore the beach to its original pre-construction condition. Cable Installation from PFE Facility to Line Terminating Equipment Facility If the Line Terminating Equipment is located in a separate facility, the fiber would need to be extended from the PFE Facility to the Line Terminating Equipment location. The following sections describe specific activities and alternative cable landing sites being considered at each of the receiving islands of Pohnpei, Kwajalein, and Majuro. Much of the information regarding these cable landing alternatives was gathered during near-shore marine surveys conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) during July and August, 2005. 2.1.2.2

Cable Landings at Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia)

Approximately 180 kilometers (112 nautical miles) north of Pohnpei the MCS would have a branching unit installed on the main cable. A branch cable (Segment 4) would be attached to the branching unit and installed across the sea floor to the cable landing site at Pohnpei. The proposed landing site is located on the northeastern shore of Kolonia where a BMH would be established. The goal of this cable landing is to connect with the existing fiber optic infrastructure (see Figure 2-2). The proposed cable route would approach the landing site on the northern side of the island near the town of Kolonia, where the cable station would be located. An existing station would be expanded or a separate station constructed on the same site to accommodate the MCS cable. The landing site has accessibility to existing terrestrial fiber optic cable and offers direct connectivity to the existing duct and cable. A coral reef extends north from the island of Dekehtik just north of Kolonia, for approximately 2.7 kilometers (1.5 nautical miles), after which the reef drops off to deep water. The preferred proposed cable route is located in the deepest portion of the entrance to Pohnpei Passage midway between significant coral formations on either side of the passage. The cable would be deployed by vessel up the reef slope and through the passage from its open ocean alignment, along the mid-point of the passage entrance and lagoon channel. Landing the cable through the entrance channel would minimize impacts to significant coral reef resources located along the southern and northern barrier reef. Depending on the final beach manhole location, Micronesia Cable System EA

2-7

EXPLANATION

**Note: Landmass boundaries are approximate. Orange line - Desk Top Study Route Red line - Final Survey Report Route Dashed line - Approximate Reclamation Boundary

Coral Rock Silt Scattered Rock

Route of Micronesia Cable System Cable Through the Reef at Pohnpei Pohnpei Island

Scale NORTH

0

060331 MCS Pohnpei Route

2-8

1,640

Figure 2-2 3,280 feet

Micronesia Cable System EA

the cable could be placed through an aperture in the seawall. Landward of Dekehtik Islet, smaller, more maneuverable vessels with light drafts would be employed to place the cable in the channel along the route to Kolonia. Bolting the cable to the reef along the alignment through Pohnpei Passage would not be necessary as extreme depths and sedimentation would protect it from most forms of disturbance. At the landing point some minimal trenching below LAT may occur to protect the cable. The channel bottom in this area is heavily silted and is not a viable coral habitat. From the BMH the cable would be trenched a short distance where it will connect to an existing cable conduit and communications network. 2.1.2.3

Cable Landing at Kwajalein

Approximately 29 kilometers (15.7 nautical miles) south of Kwajalein Islet the MCS would have a branching unit installed on the main cable. A branch cable (Segment 3) would be attached to the branching unit and installed across the sea floor to the cable landing site at Kwajalein Islet. Three potential alternate approaches to this landing area have been identified. A marine assessment was conducted at the three locations (Survey Stations #1, #2, and #3) by USFWS and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries Service) biologists to evaluate potential alignments for landing the proposed cable with minimal impacts to biological resources. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) from the World War II battle at Kwajalein has been observed off shore in the landing area. Additional UXO may be discovered during the final surveys or during the cable laying activities. UXO may also be inadvertently discovered during terrestrial trenching on the island. Should UXO be encountered during MCS activities the cable will be rerouted if possible to avoid it, or the UXO would be destroyed in accordance with the USAKA Unexploded Ordnance Document of Environmental Protection. UXO has been observed in this area. The known UXO is a 5-inch projectile, but the encrusted condition of the round prevents a determination of the exact model or nationality. The most potent round of this type would contain 3.44 kilograms (7.59 pounds) of explosives. The assessed condition of the 5-inch round would also prevent its removal for disposal at an upland disposal site. Therefore, to clear this projectile from the project area a 0.56-kilogram (1.25pound) charge of C4 plastic explosive would be placed on its exterior and detonated remotely. The estimated combined explosive charge would be about 4 kilograms (9 pounds). The sea cable would be landed and terminated in a BMH that would be constructed approximately 10 meters (33 feet) inland from the MHW mark in the landing area. Terrestrial cable would then be routed in new trenching to Building 1017. From Building 1017 the cable would be installed in existing conduit to Building 1010. Figure 2-3 provides a picture of Kwajalein Islet. Directional drilling would be a potential alternate means of installing the cable from the sea bed to the BMH. This option would require specialized equipment on the cable installation vessel and would likely require much more time and expense to complete the installation.

Micronesia Cable System EA

2-9

EXPLANATION

Kwajalein Islet

Figure 2-3 060410 Kwaj Islet

2-10

Micronesia Cable System EA

2.1.2.4

Cable Landing at Majuro

Majuro is the capital and the political and economic center of the RMI and is home to approximately half of the nation’s population. The capital is spread over the three islets of Delap, Uliga, and Djarrit (collectively known as the DUD Municipality) located in the eastern portion of the atoll. The proposed landing site is on the islet of Delap. The landing site is in a high energy environment, subject to strong currents during tidal exchange. Swells and wind driven currents flow northeast during winter months, and east southeast, during summer months. In general, the area is composed of steep ocean-facing reef slopes, expansive terrace, and channelized reef crest. Low to moderate substrate relief is provided by crevices and rocks on the reef slope. The terrace is uniform and lacks a clear channel. Figure 2-4 shows the location of the proposed landing site on Delap Islet at Majuro Atoll. Proposed Landing Site—Delap Islet This landing site is located east of the MINTA building on Delap Islet, at the southeast corner of Majuro Atoll. At a depth of 43 meters (141 feet), the reef slope is steep with small rocks, overhangs, and crevices. From 30 to 28 meters (98 to 92 feet) a brief terrace supports a small depression of sand, and a series of ledges forms on either side of the terrace. At 20 meters (65.6 feet) the reef is primarily composed of coral rubble with various sizes of dead branching coral cemented together by coralline algae. At 10 meters (33 feet), a continuous swath of coral rubble extends into the shallows, perpendicular to the shoreline, with large plate corals adjacent on either side of this storm damaged section of reef. Between 5 to 3 meters (16.4 to 9.8 feet), the band of coral rubble transitions to hard pavement. The sea cable would be landed and terminated in a BMH that would be constructed approximately 15 meters (49 feet) inland from the MHW mark in the landing area. The cable would be laid through an existing reef gap at approximately the 10-meter contour, as described in Section 4.3.1.1. The cable would be installed using one of the methods described in Section 2.1.2.1. From the landing site the cable would be installed underground along existing roads and rights-of-way to the MINTA building where it would connect to existing island communications infrastructure. Alternative Landing Site—Calalin Islet This alternative landing site is located west of Calalin Islet and east of Calalin Channel. Calalin Channel is located at the north central portion of the barrier reef at Majuro Atoll and is primarily used by medium to large size vessels to enter and exit the lagoon. This site was investigated when it was first thought that a lagoon landing would be possible. This landing site is no longer being considered due to potential for disturbance of the cable in the lagoon by large ship anchors. This alternative is not being carried forward for analysis.

2.2

ADDITIONAL SATCOM BANDWIDTH ALTERNATIVE

The purchase of additional SATCOM bandwidth was considered as an alternative to the proposed action. Early investigation of this alternative revealed that it was not feasible for two reasons. First there currently are not enough communications satellites in service to satisfy the projected future requirements for USAKA and for other world wide competing requirements.

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Index Map

USFWS, September 1, 2005, rss

EXPLANATION

Proposed Landing Site on Delap Islet

Majuro Atoll Scale NORTH

0

060331 Delap Cable Route

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183

Figure 2-4 366 feet

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Secondly, the long term costs of the additional SATCOM bandwidth would exceed the initial immediate costs the new cable system. As a result, this alternative was not carried forward for analysis.

2.3

NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE

The No-Action Alternative would be to not proceed with the MCS project linking Guam and Kwajalein. This would effectively result in none of the MCS project proceeding, since the basic cable segment from Guam to Kwajalein would not be constructed. If USAKA were to withdraw from the MCS, off island bandwidth at Kwajalein would continue with existing SATCOM capabilities. The No-Action Alternative for the RUS would be to deny one or both of the loan applications for the FSMTC or MINTA, which would eliminate the cable segment or segments pertaining respectively to the FSM and RMI.

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3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

3.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT This section describes the environmental characteristics that may be affected by the Proposed Action. To provide a baseline point of reference for understanding any potential impacts, the affected environment is concisely described; any components of concern are described in greater detail. The EA evaluates the potential environmental impacts of the installation of the MCS. Environmental Resources Fifteen broad areas of environmental consideration were originally considered to provide a context for understanding the potential effects of the Proposed Action and to provide a basis for assessing the severity of potential impacts. These areas included air quality, airspace, biological resources, cultural resources, environmental justice, geology and soils, hazardous materials and waste, health and safety, land use, noise, socioeconomics, subsistence, transportation, utilities, and water resources. These areas were analyzed as applicable for the proposed location or activity. The resource areas that are not expected to be affected sufficiently by the Proposed Action to warrant further discussion in this EA include air quality, airspace, hazardous materials and waste, health and safety, land use, noise, transportation, utilities, and water resources as described below. Air Quality. The proposed installation activities would not impact the surrounding air quality due to the short installation period and strong prevailing winds surrounding all proposed sites. Since the majority of the installation activities would occur in or along water, dust would not be a concern. Airspace. Due to the nature and location of the proposed activities, no effects on controlled and uncontrolled airspace, Special Use Airspace, en route airways and jet routes, or airfields would be anticipated. Hazardous Materials and Waste. Hazardous materials used and hazardous waste generated during the Proposed Action, such as oils and motor fuels, would be similar to those routinely used and generated at the proposed locations and analyzed in previous documents; thus, no adverse impacts would be anticipated. The MCS would be managed in accordance with standard operating procedures (SOPs) and regulations currently in place. Health and Safety. No impacts to health and safety associated with construction and operation activities are anticipated for Pohnpei or Majuro. All activities would follow applicable health and safety laws, regulations, and SOPs. Safety concerns are addressed for Kwajalein since there is the potential for impacts due to UXO removal. Land Use. No impacts to land use would result from the proposed activities, as there would be no change in the use of land in proposed or surrounding areas.

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Noise. Occupational Safety and Health Administration workplace standards for noise would be maintained during the Proposed Action. There are no sensitive noise receptors to be disturbed at each of the proposed locations. Noise effects on wildlife are discussed in the Biological Resources section. Transportation. Transportation of the cable components and equipment in support of the cable trenching and installation would be accomplished by ocean vessels, over roads by trucks, or by plane. These types of actions are routine and would result in no impacts to the existing transformation systems. The presence of equipment and personnel may result in a temporary disruption in traffic patterns in the immediate vicinity of the work sites during site preparation activities or cable repair, particularly along roads leading to the cable station and or support facilities. Any potential effects on roadways or ocean routes would be short-term. Transportation procedures would comply with all applicable safety regulations. Utilities. Trenching for and landing of fiber-optic cables would not place a directed demand on potable water, wastewater, or electrical power, since no infrastructure development is anticipated. No increases to infrastructure capacity demands would be necessary to support proposed activities. No long-term solid waste generation is anticipated from the landing of fiberoptic cables. Construction-related solid waste would be handled under current procedures. Water Resources. All transportation of equipment and materials required for the underwater cable laying and cable landings as well as the actual cable laying would be conducted in accordance with DoD and Department of Transportation regulations or with guidance provided by the FSM and RMI. Adherence to these regulations and applicable SOPs for spill prevention, control, and countermeasures while transporting equipment and materials would preclude impacts to water resources in the area. No long-term changes to water quality from trenching or cable laying activities are anticipated in the affected areas. Environmental Setting The FSM consists of 607 small islands in the Western Pacific, lying just above the equator. Each of the four states is centered around one or more high islands and numerous atolls. Pohnpei Island, part of Pohnpei State, is the largest (approximately 337 square kilometers [130 square miles]) and tallest island in the FSM. Pohnpei is approximately 4,989 kilometers (2,694 nautical miles) southwest of Honolulu. The proposed landing site is located on the northeastern shore of Kolonia. Kwajalein Atoll is located in the western chain of the RMI in the West Central Pacific Ocean. USAKA leases all or part of 11 islets in the Atoll, including Kwajalein Islet. Kwajalein is located at the southern tip of the atoll, and at 303 hectares (748 acres) is the largest of the USAKA islets. Majuro Atoll is located approximately 424 kilometers (229 nautical miles) southeast of Kwajalein. The Atoll consists of 60 islets with a total land area of 9.2 square kilometers (3.5 square miles). The capital is spread over the three islets of Delap, Uliga, and Djarrit. The proposed landing site is located on the northeastern shore of Delap, the easternmost islet in the Atoll. An alternate landing site has not been proposed.

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Coral Reefs Shallow marine communities in the FSM and RMI are composed of thousands of plants and animals that are part of the greater coral reef ecosystem. Coral reefs are the largest biological structures on earth and are composed of millions of coral colonies. This includes areas that may be dominated by live coral colonies, sea grass, macro-algae, coralline algae, and sand. Coral reefs are geological structures built by living organisms. Coral polyps grow upward as they deposit calcium carbonate skeletons. Other organisms also deposit skeletons or shells and new corals settle on top of dead ones to continue the overall growth of the reef. The reef surface and underlying framework form a complex of holes, tunnels, and elevated projections that provide a wide range of shelter, foraging, and reproductive habitats for many species. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) There are three general types of reefs. Fringing reefs grow seaward from the rocky coastlines of continents and islands. Barrier reefs are parallel to shorelines of continents and islands and are separated from land by shallow lagoons. Atolls are generally ring- or horseshoe-shaped coral reefs and islets with a central lagoon. Pohnpei Island is surrounded by a barrier reef. Kwajalein and Majuro are coral atolls. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005; National Ocean Service, 2003) Atoll and barrier reefs function as buffers for lagoons and islands from ocean swells and storm events, thus protecting shorelines from erosion. Lagoons and the reef habitat support species of invertebrates, fish, corals, sea grasses, and algae. These marine organisms interact through complex predator, prey, or symbiotic relationships common to tropical ecosystems. Intact coral reefs also directly benefit Pacific residents by supporting subsistence harvest/fishing, recreation and tourism, activities, and cultural practices. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005; National Ocean Service, 2003)

3.1

POHNPEI

3.1.1 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Region of Influence The Region of Influence (ROI) includes areas on Pohnpei and the nearshore and ocean areas that may be affected by installation of the cable system. Affected Environment Vegetation Pohnpei is thickly forested with prolific vegetation in the interior, is rimmed by extensive mangrove forests along the coast, and has a few manmade sandy beaches. A few small savannas, fernlands, and cleared cultivated areas are located in the lowlands and midmountain slopes (livingarchipelagos.org, no date). Pohnpei has the most endemic plant species in the FSM. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005; The Federated States of Micronesia, 2002). The percentage of introduced plants on Pohnpei is 40 percent. Some of these introduced plants have become widespread invasive pests such as the Siam weed, pagoda flower, crepe ginger, giant sensitive plant, African tulip tree, and wedelia. (The Federated States of Micronesia, 2002) Micronesia Cable System EA

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Seagrasses in Pohnpei are generally found in waters less than 3 meters (10 feet) deep. The seagrass meadows are dominated by species that can survive a moderate level of disturbance. (Seagrass Watch, 2006) Threatened and Endangered Plant Species. No threatened or endangered plants have been identified on Pohnpei. Wildlife One hundred and nineteen species of birds (resident seabirds, migratory shorebirds, migratory land birds, and vagrant species) have been identified in the FSM. Species on Pohnpei include the gray white-eye, Pohnpei lory, Pohnpei flycatcher, and Pohnpei Island ground dove. The rare endemic Pohnpei short-eared owl is found in the savannas (livingarchipelagos.org, no date). (The Federated States of Micronesia, 2002, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006) Native terrestrial mammals of the FSM include endemic species and subspecies of fruit and sheath-tailed bats. The only indigenous mammal in the mangrove and swamp forests is the Marianas fruit bat (livingarchipelagos.org, no date). Introduced mammals include rats, deer, pigs, dogs, and cats. Several species of lizards have also been introduced. At least two endemic reptiles, the Pohnpei mountain skink (Emoia ponapea) and the giant Micronesian gecko (Perochirus scutellatus) occur on Pohnpei. (The Federated States of Micronesia, 2002; livingarchipelagos.org, no date, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006) The FSM has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of almost 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles) that falls under the jurisdiction of the FSM National Government. Conservation, management, and development of commercial fisheries in this area are mandated to the Micronesian Fisheries Authority. The tuna fishery is the largest fishery in the nation. Average catches range from 80,000 to 250,000 metric tons (88,185 to 275,578 tons). Other pelagic fish such as swordfish, marlin, and shark are also caught as a byproduct of the tuna fishery. Numerous treaties and conventions affect FSM fish habitats and seek to protect the fisheries in the EEZs such as the Convention on the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Drift Nets in the South Pacific (1989), the Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region and related Protocols (1986), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). This has contributed to the adoption of the United Nations Agreement on Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and Straddling Fish Stocks, a treaty that promotes the long-term sustainable use of highly migratory species, such as tuna, by balancing the interests of coastal states and states whose vessels fish on the high seas. (U.S. Department of State, 2002) Threatened and Endangered Wildlife Species. The endemic Pohnpei greater white-eye (Rukia longirostra), Pohnpei mountain starling (Aplonis pelzelni), and nightingale reed warbler (Acrocephalus luscinia) are listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The Pohnpei flying fox (fruit bat) (Pteropus molossinus) is listed as endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006). 3-4

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Four species of sea turtles are located in the FSM: green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Green and hawksbill sea turtles occur regularly in the waters surrounding Pohnpei (University of Guam, 2000). Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Marine Protected Areas in the vicinity of the cable route include the Pohnpei Island Trochus Sanctuaries on the north side of the island and the Sapwtik Marine Sanctuary northeast of Dekehtik Islet. Trochus is an introduced marine snail collected for its shell. Pohnpei is a high island surrounded by a large lagoon with an outer barrier reef about 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) from shore. The entire area from the entrance of Pohnpei Passage to the proposed landing is interspersed with live and dead coral. However, the channel bottom at the proposed landing site is heavily silted and is not a viable coral habitat. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) A marine assessment was conducted by USFWS and NOAA Fisheries Service biologists in June and July of 2005 at four locations to evaluate marine resources occurring on either side of the Pohnpei Passage entrance close to the proposed cable route. The following discussion is a summary of some of the more important observations from the marine assessment. •

Survey Station 1—Pohnpei Passage (Southwest) –

– – –

•

Located at entrance to Pohnpei Passage along southwestern edge of the barrier reef, north of Dekehtik Island. Steep reef slope with moderate substrate relief, transitions to broad reef terrace at depth of 10 meters (33 feet) Large sea fans, crinoids, sponges, and macro-algae are abundant 46 species of coral, 44 species of macro-invertebrates. 21 marine plant species, and 64 fish species were observed Ecological functions of this site include significant forage and shelter habitat for sea turtles; reef fish prey for migratory birds; and source of coral and coralline algal recruits, significant source of macro-invertebrate and algal recruits, and source of reef fish recruitment

Survey Station 2—Pohnpei Passage (Northeast) –

– – –

Located along the northeast edge of the barrier reef, north of Survey Station 1. Moderately steep reef slope with moderate substrate relief, transitions to a narrow reef terrace at depth of 10 meters (33 feet) Large sea fans, crinoids, sponges, and macro-algae are abundant 58 species of coral, 50 species of macro-invertebrates, 18 marine plant species, and 64 fish species were observed Ecological functions of this site include significant forage and shelter habitat for sea turtles; reef fish prey for migratory birds; and source of coral and coralline algae recruits; significant source of filter feeding macro-invertebrate and algae recruits; and a significant source of reef fish recruitment.

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•

Survey Station 3a—Patch Reef –

– – –

•

Located in the middle of Pohnpei Passage, approximately 1,800 meters (5,906 feet) southwest of Sapwtik Islet (Figure 2-2). Moderately steep reef slope at depth of 10 meters (33 feet) Diverse group of sponges, gorgonians, and corals 46 species of coral, 30 species of macro-invertebrates, 10 marine plant species, and 39 fish species were observed Ecological functions of this site include reef fish prey for migratory birds; source of coral recruits; significant source of filter feeding macro-invertebrate recruits; source of algae recruits; and source of reef fish recruitment

Survey Station 3b---Fringing Reef –

– – –

Located along the southwestern edge of Pohnpei Passage channel, approximately 228 meters (748 feet) northeast of Dekehtik Island. Vertical reef slope at depth of 10 meters (33 feet) with moderate to high relief due to rocks, crevices, ledges. Sediments, coral debris, sponges, gorgonians, crinoids, micro-algae, and corals are common 43 species of coral, 22 species of macro-invertebrates, 8 marine plant species, and 26 fish species were observed Ecological functions of this site include reef fish prey for migratory birds; source of coral recruits; significant source of filter feeding macro-invertebrate recruits; source of algae recruits; and source of reef fish recruitment

(U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) The preferred route is located in the middle of Pohnpei Passage channel, approximately 2,300 meters (7,546 feet) southeast of the passage entrance midway between survey stations 1 and 2. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) Coral species observed at the 4 stations included Acropora aculeus, Montipora danae, Pachyseris speciosa, Pavona varians, Tubastrea micrantha, Diploastrea heliopora, Porites lutea, and Porites rus. Macro-invertebrates observed included Trochus maculatus (maculated top shell), Turbo argyrostoma (turban shell), and Leucetta sp. (yellow sponge). Marine plants observed included red, brown, and green algae. Requiem sharks, moray eels, groupers, snappers, and whiptails are some of the fish species observed. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005)

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3.1.2 CULTURAL RESOURCES Region of Influence The ROI includes area on Pohnpei where the cable landing occurs and the ocean area that may be affected by installation of the cable system. At the landing point, the cable will be laid in a trench that crosses the lower road. There is no “beach” in this area. It is a disturbed area that is primarily commercial in nature down to the waterline. (Federated States of Micronesia, 2006) Affected Environment Archaeological evidence suggests that Pohnpei was first settled between 2,000 and 3,000 years ago, culminating in a highly developed feudal kingdom that reached its height between 1000 and 1400 A.D. (Hawaii.com/Micronesia, 2005). Until sustained contact with the West began in the 1820s, Pohnpei’s economy was mediated by the chiefs through tribute, feasting, and redistribution (University of Nebraska, Omaha, undated). After contact with the west occurred in the nineteenth century, Pohnpeians began to trade local commodities such as turtle shell for Western goods (metal tools, firearms, pots and containers, cloth, tobacco and alcohol). However, islanders initially had little use for money as an abstract means of accumulating wealth. But by the end of the century, Western influence on the economy could be detected; there were Pohnpeians who achieved power through a combination of material wealth and hereditary status. (University of Nebraska, Omaha, undated) Colonial rule (from 1886 to 1945) by Spain, Germany, and Japan brought greater economic change. Export-based economic development, particularly under the Japanese, was primarily by and for the colonialists; Pohnpeians had no real participation in these activities. (University of Nebraska, Omaha, undated) Pohnpei has numerous historical sites from the Spanish, German and Japanese colonial eras (Federated States of Micronesia, Climate Change Program, 1997). Today, traditions that survived two centuries of colonial rule still strongly influence Pohnpei's social and political character. Of these traditions, Pohnpei's cultural dances and the brewing of Sakau, a drink extracted from the pounded roots of a pepper (kava) shrub, have become popular attractions for island visitors. The elaborate Sakau-making ceremony dates back to Pohnpei's pre-history and is a regular feature of any cultural performance. (Hawaii.com/Micronesia, 2005) Historical Buildings and Structures Historical sites in Kolonia include the remnants of the Spanish Wall that was built in 1899 as a boundary for Fort Alphonso XII, the German Bell Tower, the Lidorkini Museum, the Pohnpei State Botanical Garden, remnants of the Catholic mission erected in the early 1900s, an occasional Japanese tank and the Japanese shrine (Hawaii.com/Micronesia, 2005). The threestory reinforced concrete, Japanese Agriculture Station, built in 1926 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is one of five structures that survived the bombing of Kolonia in World War II. The site is located in the Pohnpei Botanical Garden which has 60-100 year-old specimen trees planted by the German and Japanese Colonial Administrations between 1900 and 1944 and some planted during the American period after World War II. (International Council on Monuments and Sites, 2006) Micronesia Cable System EA

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3.1.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Region of Influence The ROI includes the geology and soils that have the potential to be disturbed by the Proposed Action within or immediately adjacent to the corridor established for the installation of the cable system on or near Pohnpei Island. Affected Environment Geology Pohnpei Island is merely the tip of a five million year old extinct shield volcano. The entire island is made up of black volcanic basalt rock. After the island's volcanism ceased, several things happened. First, the sheer weight of the island slowly depressed the oceanic crust on which it rested and it began to slowly sink, weathering processes eroded the rocky peaks, soil formed, and plant life began to appear. Then provided with substrate on which to build, tiny marine animals (coral polyps) established themselves on the island's shallow fringe, creating a fringing reef. As the island continued to subside, a space widened between the shore and the fringing reef, forming a semi-enclosed area called a lagoon. The original fringe reef now composes a barrier reef. Pohnpei's mass still sits high above the surface, but has subsided enough that a sizable lagoon has developed. (Pohnpei Between Time and Tide, 2004b) Soils The soils on Pohnpei generally have a clay-rich texture derived from volcanic bedrock and generally exhibit a decrease in erodibility. The steeper upland hill slopes soils are typically rocky in comparison to the peat soils formed in the lowland swamps. The fertility of the upland soils is normally greater than in the lowlands due primarily to poor drainage and wetness characteristics of the latter. (Federated States of Micronesia, 2002) The soils on Pohnpei Island fall mainly into three general soil categories. Lowland areas are dominated by heavily-weathered oxisols. The mountain slopes are predominantly inceptisols, which make up approximately 60 percent of the island's soil. Low-lying swampy regions hold entisols. Similar to other high Micronesian Islands, Pohnpei's soil tends to have a low pH and relatively low fertility. (Pohnpei Between Time and Tide, 2004b)

3.1.4 SOCIOECONOMICS Region of Influence The ROI for socioeconomics includes Pohnpei. Affected Environment According to the 2000 Census, the total FSM population was approximately 107,000, representing an increase of about 24,000 since 1980. Of this, Pohnpei accounts for about 34,500 people. Pohnpei’s population grew by 3.7 percent (1980-1989), 1.9 percent (19891994), and 0.4 percent (1994-2000), respectively. (Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2005)

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The sectors which seem to offer the most potential for near-term income generation for the FSM are fisheries and tourism. Agricultural potential for large-scale export farming is limited by the small land area. Recently, FSM has earned $18 to $24 million annually in licensing fees paid by foreign vessels for tuna fishing in FSM's EEZ. More recently, additional earnings have been seen due to the FSM's Fishing Corporation and the Yap Fishing Corporation initiating their own fishing operations together with onshore processing. (Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2005) At almost 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million square miles), Micronesia’s EEZ contains some of the richest tuna fishing grounds in the Pacific, and Pohnpei is a major port for transshipment of these fish. In Pohnpei, control of inshore fishing rights is maintained by the State. Local fisherman and small boats frequent the general area of the proposed cable landing site on Pohnpei. Aquaculture for shellfish has been attempted and may be expanding, but its commercial application appears limited. Artisanal fisheries annually harvest about 181 metric tons (200 tons) of Trochus shells exported for more than $1 million (U.S. dollars). The United States continues to remain the FSM's principal trading partner, accounting for 38 percent of all imports into the FSM in 1989. The total national value of exports (including tourism) was less than 10 percent of the value of imports, creating a 1989 balance of trade deficit of more than $55 million. (Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2005)

3.1.5 SUBSISTENCE Region of Influence The ROI for subsistence is Pohnpei. Affected Environment Within the FSM, subsistence and coastal commercial fishing is widespread, employing a wide range of fishing gears and techniques. However, it is of primary importance in outer island communities and areas most distant from the main population centers, such as Pohnpei. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002b) Outside the main urban center of Kolonia (and more so on neighboring island atolls), subsistence fishing and the collection of seafood from the reefs and mangroves still plays an important part in providing food for the family. The decrease in dependence on subsistence fishing in urbanized areas has been attributed to the increase in the cash economy and food purchases from local shops (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 1999; Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Coastal Fisheries Program, undated). At Pohnpei, the formerly self-sufficient subsistence production economy has been largely supplanted by an import-dependent status. (University of Nebraska, Omaha, undated)

3.1.6 WATER RESOURCES (MARINE) Region of Influence The ROI for marine water resources is the area of the ocean surrounding Pohnpei that could be affected by proposed MCS activities. Micronesia Cable System EA

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Affected Environment A marine assessment was conducted by USFWS and NOAA Fisheries Service biologists in 2005 at four locations to evaluate marine resources occurring on either side of the Pohnpei Passage entrance and within proximity to the proposed route near Dekehtik Islet. Depths at the entrance to Pohnpei Passage exceed 100 meters (328 feet). The coastal waters along the seaward portion of the proposed route are in a high energy environment that is subject to strong, tidally influenced currents and large oceanic swells. The inner portion of the proposed route consists of a more-estuarine environment with calm waters and freshwater and sediment inputs from upland runoff. The habitat near the landing site is already degraded and of lower value. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005)

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3.2

KWAJALEIN

3.2.1 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Regulations governing endangered species and wildlife resources at USAKA are specified in USAKA Environmental Standards (UES) Section 3-4. Reef protection standards at USAKA are in UES Section 3-2 (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004). Region of Influence The ROI includes areas on Kwajalein and the nearshore and adjacent areas that may be affected by installation of the cable. Affected Environment Vegetation The types of vegetation currently found in the vicinity of the USAKA landing sites consist of managed vegetation, herbaceous (green, leaf-like) strand, littoral (relating to the shore) shrubland and Scavola sp., shrub-like ironwood trees, and coconut trees. Managed vegetation is disturbed vegetation dominated by alien weeds and is usually maintained by mowing. The extensive development on Kwajalein has eliminated most of its natural vegetation; thus, managed vegetation is dominant (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and U.S. Army Environmental Center, 1999) Seagrass is relatively rare in the Marshall Islands, occurring in a few areas that are continuously flooded by saltwater. Beds of sea grass are located in shallow water up to about 7-8 meters (20-25 feet) deep. (University of Hawaii, undated) Threatened and Endangered Plant Species. No threatened or endangered plant species have been identified on Kwajalein. (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2003) Wildlife Kwajalein has the greatest diversity of birds of all the USAKA islets. Most of these birds have been observed in the managed vegetation around the airport runway and adjacent catchment areas. Shorebirds use the shoreline and exposed reef flat during low tide, but also use the golf course grounds, airport runway, and mowed lawns. Birds commonly observed include black noddies, great crested terns, brown noddies, and white terns. Since 1996, white terns have been the only species observed nesting on the islet. However, in 2002 black-naped terns were observed nesting on the concrete pier structures at the harbor fuel loading docks. Common greenshanks were also observed on the islet for the first time. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004) No designated Essential Fish Habitat has been identified for the Marshall Islands. However, hundreds of species of coral, as well as 250 species of reef fish, can be found in the atolls. Food cultivation on these islands is limited; as a result, fish and other seafood are staples of the Marshallese diet. (Pacific Island Travel, 2002) Numerous treaties and conventions affect RMI fish habitats and seek to protect the fisheries in the EEZs such as the Convention on the Micronesia Cable System EA

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Prohibition of Fishing with Long Drift Nets in the South Pacific (1989), the Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region and related Protocols (1986), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992). This has contributed to the adoption of the United Nations Agreement on Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and Straddling Fish Stocks, a treaty that promotes the long-term sustainable use of highly migratory species, such as tuna, by balancing the interests of coastal states and states whose vessels fish on the high seas. (U.S. Department of State, 2002) Threatened and Endangered Wildlife Species. Sea turtles frequently enter the lagoon. Green and hawksbill sea turtles have been observed on and offshore of Kwajalein. Sea turtle nesting has occurred relatively recently on the islet, but suitable turtle nesting habitat is limited and wildlife usage in the project area is relatively low except for rats and hermit crabs. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002; Sims, 2005) Threatened and endangered marine species that may possibly occur in and around USAKA include the blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, sperm whale, leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtle. These marine mammals and sea turtles are widely distributed, open-water species that are protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the UES. (U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 1995; U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2003) Environmentally Sensitive Habitat A general description of coral reefs is provided in Section 3.0. Figure 3-1 provides a stylized profile of an atoll coral reef. Kwajalein Atoll and its lagoon and reef habitat support species of invertebrates, fish, corals, sea grasses, and algae. The coral reef also directly benefits Pacific residents by supporting subsistence harvest/fishing, recreation and tourism, activities, and cultural practices. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005; National Ocean Service, 2003) Marine habitat of importance to biological resources Kwajalein includes the lagoon-facing and ocean-facing reef slopes and flats, inter-islet reef flat, lagoon floor, seagrass beds, and intertidal zone. Many coral species at USAKA are listed as protected under CITES and the UES including several Acropora, Favia, Fungia, Millepora, and Pocillopora species (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006; U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004). Giant clams, giant finger shells, and spider conch shells are also protected under CITES and the UES (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004).

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Micronesia Cable System EA

Shoreline Water Surface

Reef Flat [5-0 meters (16-0 feet)]

Reef Crest [7-5 meters (23-16 feet)]

Notional T renching

Area

Escarpment on Reef Front [16-7 meters (52.5-23 feet)]

Terrace/Sand Channel [18-16 meters (59-52.5 feet)]

Notional Directional Drilling Path Reef Slope [43-18 meters (141-59 feet)]

ping

l Pi

iona

Not h

Pat

Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2003

EXPLANATION

Stylized Atoll Coral Reef Habitat Profile

Land Water

Figure 3-1

Not to Scale 060331 Reef Profile-v2

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A marine assessment was conducted at three locations by USFWS and NOAA Fisheries Service biologists in June and July of 2005 at Kwajalein Islet to evaluate potential alignments for landing the proposed cable on Kwajalein. The following discussion is a summary of some of the more important observations from the marine assessment. •

Survey Station 1 –

– – –

•

Survey Station 2 –

– – –

•

At a depth of 43 meters (141 feet) has a moderately steep, low-relief substrate largely occupied by macro-invertebrates and algae. An expansive wave-formed cave network, which opens at the base of the escarpment, is primarily occupied by nurse sharks. The slope becomes more gradual between 20 and 15 meters (66 and 49 feet). Large sand deposits, diverse coral community Forty-nine coral species, 42 macro-invertebrate species, 17 marine plant species, and 73 reef fish species were observed Ecological functions include significant shoreline protection from large waves and oceanic swells; forage and shelter habitat for sea turtles; reef fish prey for migratory birds; significant resting and shelter habitat for fecund nurse sharks; significant source of coral, coralline algae, sea urchin, and algae recruits; significant source of gorgonian recruits (greater than 18 meters [60 feet] depth only); and a significant source of reef fish recruitment.

Survey Station 3 –

– – –

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At a depth of 43 meters 141 feet) has a uniformly steep reef slope occupied by a complex macro-invertebrate and algal community. Substrate relief is low with small rocks and crevices. The slope becomes more gradual as the depth decreases. Isolated corals, crinoids, gorgonians, and calcareous algae patches Forty-nine coral species, 35 macro-invertebrate species, 16 marine plant species, and 62 reef fish species were observed Ecological functions include significant shoreline protection from large waves and oceanic swells; forage habitat for sea turtles; reef fish prey for migratory birds; moderate source of coral, coralline algae, and sea urchin recruits; significant source of gorgonian recruits (greater than 27 meters [90 feet] depth only); and a significant source of algae recruits

At a depth of 43 meters (141 feet) the lower tail of a broad sand channel forms on the moderately steep reef slope. Relief is high due to large rocks and crevices. A steep escarpment forms at approximately 9 meters (29 feet) and terminates at the reef crest at a depth of 5 meters (16 feet). Isolated coral colonies, calcareous algae, crinoids, and gorgonians Fifty coral species, 47 species of macro-invertebrates, 18 species of marine plants, and 71 reef fish species were observed. Ecological functions include significant shoreline protection from large waves and oceanic swells; forage and shelter habitat for sea turtles; reef fish prey for migratory birds; significant source of coral, coralline algae, sea urchin, and algae Micronesia Cable System EA

recruits; significant source of filter feeding invertebrates recruits (crinoids, black coral, and gorgonians) (greater than 18 meters [60 feet] depth only); and significant source of reef fish recruitment (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) Some of the coral species observed at the 3 stations included Acropora austera, Montipora danae, Pavona varians, Fungia concinna, Pocillopora elegans, Pocillopora eydouxi, and Porites lutea. Macro-invertebrates observed included such species as Axinella proliferans, Clathria mima, Tridacna maxima, and Dysidea sp. Marine plants observed included red, brown, green, and blue-green algae. Reef fish included such species as requiem sharks, nurse sharks, groupers, snappers, goatfishes, wrasses, surgeonfishes, and parrotfishes. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005)

3.2.2 CULTURAL RESOURCES Regulations governing Cultural Resources at USAKA are specified in the UES, Document of Environmental Protection DEP-04-001, Protection of Cultural Resources, and the USAKA Historic Preservation Plan. Region of Influence The ROI for cultural resources is Kwajalein, which is designated as an RMI National Historical Landmark. Affected Environment Regional Cultural Resources Due to the scarcity of physical evidence, an exact date for the first habitation of the Marshall Islands (including USAKA) is not known; however, a number of radiocarbon dates are now available from several atolls, suggesting initial settlement approximately 2000 years ago (Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2004). Archaeological evidence indicates long-term settlement for thousands of years on larger islands and shorter periods of time on smaller islets. Some islets appear to have never been inhabited and used only for gardens or for gathering resources. The Marshall Islands were not unified under one entity until the European colonial period. Contact with inhabitants of the Marshall Islands was not substantial until the 1850s when Christian missionaries were sent to the islands from Hawaii. Between 1887 and 1914, Germany controlled the islands, first administered by German trading companies and later as a colony under the German Empire. In 1914, control of the Marshall Islands transferred to the Japanese as a part of that country's expansion into the central Pacific during World War I. Forming Japan's easternmost perimeter of defense, the Marshall Islands played a key role during World War II. By 1944, extensive American military campaigns against the Japanese in the Marshall Islands resulted in the United States gaining control of the islands and developing a strategic foothold in the Pacific region.

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From January 8 through March 19, 2002, a Search and Recovery Team from the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii excavated a location believed to be associated with a mass grave of nine U.S. Marines on Kwajalein. This purported burial site near the very westward portion of the original islet was the result of the execution of nine Marines of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion that were captured on Makin Island in August 1942. Although no intact burial features associated with the missing U.S. service personnel were located, numerous fragments of possible human remains were recovered during the course of this investigation. Several um (stone ovens) were found during the excavation, indicating that the Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii project area contained evidence of traditional or pre-historic Marshallese occupation of the island (Mead, 2006). Per agreement with the RMI Historic Preservation Office, any remains that could not be determined to be associated with U.S. service members were to be returned to the Marshall Islands for re-interment or repatriation to appropriate authorities (U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 2003). Because the Marshall Islands and other island nations in the region were politically, socially, and economically challenged at the end of World War II, the United Nations established the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (including the Marshall Islands) and granted administration of the islands to the United States as a Strategic Trust. This relationship continued uninterrupted until 1986, when the Trust was replaced by the Compact of Free Association, Public Law 99-239. Historic Buildings and Structures Since World War II, portions of Kwajalein Atoll (11 leased islets) have been continuously used by the U.S. military. Initially a refueling and communications base, USAKA has also been a support facility for the testing of nuclear weapons and a test site for the Nike–Zeus Anti-Ballistic Missile program. USAKA's current mission is ground and flight test support for Missile Defense programs. (U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 1995) The majority of the buildings and structures on Kwajalein were constructed between 1950 and 2005. Existing Japanese structures predate 1945. Although exact construction dates have not been verified, the Japanese structures probably date between January 1940 and January 31, 1944 (Mead, 2006). Facilities constructed before 1946 (including the Japanese structures) are associated with the World War II historic context and considered part of the Kwajalein Battlefield National Historic Landmark. Facilities constructed between 1946 and 1991 are associated with the Cold War historic context. Important Cold War era structures include the Zeus Acquisition Radar receiver building and antenna, the joint technical operations building, the target track radars No. 4 and 5, and the discrimination radar building. (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002) No Cold War resources have been identified in the areas where trenching would occur. Indigenous Populations/Traditional Resources Traditional resources within the ROI are expected to be associated with the Marshallese culture. A comprehensive survey and inventory of traditional cultural properties and sites was conducted in 1997 at USAKA titled “In Anxious Anticipation of the Uneven Fruits of Kwajalein Atoll – A Survey of Locations and Resources of Value to the People of Kwajalein Atoll. (Carucci, 1997) Carucci identified the proposed project area as being part of a weto (Kapin-anin) containing a cemetery sacred to the Loeak. However, oral historical sources state that the cemetery was

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located lagoon side and outside the area of effect. (Mead, 2006) No other traditional resources have been identified in the project area. Paleontological Resources Geological studies indicate that the reefs and atolls of the Marshall Islands formed 70 to 80 million years ago; however, the natural processes from which atolls are built preclude the occurrence of paleontological remains. There are no National Natural Landmarks. Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resources Kwajalein has been heavily disturbed by construction and operational activities. As a result of approximately 83 hectares (205 acres) of land filling since 1945, the islet has increased in size by 26 percent. Several comprehensive cultural resources surveys have been conducted on Kwajalein. Subsurface prehistoric and historic remains have been identified in dispersed areas within the original islet boundary. Identified prehistoric materials include shell adzes (cutting tools), um, coral pavements, middens, coral tools, shell fishhooks, and human (Marshallese) and animal remains. Historically, Kwajalein represented a permanent dwelling islet. Due to major alterations to the islet by Japanese and later by Americans, most traditionally used and frequented sites remain buried under various fill layers. Locations of pre- and early post-war Marshallese sites are approximate. Three former Marshallese cemeteries, three chiefly residences, and the location of a flower tree represented sacred sites due to their importance in religious belief and traditional power structure. Other special locations were set aside for chants, dancing, tattooing, and medical and magical purposes. Studies have consistently revealed that there is a post-World War II layer of fill covering most of the islet's surface (of varying depths) and that the probability of intact subsurface prehistoric and historic sites (within the original boundary of the islet) is high. World War II surface and subsurface features identified on Kwajalein are numerous and include gun mounts/ emplacements for varying caliber weapons, pillboxes, concrete air raid shelters and ammunition bunkers, concrete piers, footings, foundations, and pads, personnel and communications trenches and anti-tank ditches, expended and unexpended ordnance, and foundations of numerous World War II buildings and structure. All proposed activities would be performed in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-04-001, Protection of Cultural Resources, USAKA Environmental Standards, and the USAKA Historic Preservation Plan.

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3.2.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Region of Influence The ROI includes the geology and soils that have the potential to be disturbed by the Proposed Action within or immediately adjacent to the corridor established for the installation of the cable system on or near Kwajalein Islet. Affected Environment Geology The islands and reefs of RMI are typical mid-Pacific Ocean atolls that were created by prehistoric volcanic islands surfacing above the sea then slowly subsiding below the sea due to deflation of an underlying magma chamber. As the volcanoes subsided below the average sea level, ring-shaped coral reefs surrounding a shallow central lagoon were formed. (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002) Layers of reef rock are made up entirely of the remains of previous generations of marine organisms (reef corals, algae, mollusks, echinoderms) that secrete external skeletons of calcium and magnesium carbonate. Atolls are formed by the accumulation of eroded reef debris and other oceanic sediments being deposited into a shallow central lagoon, resulting in the maximum elevation of atoll islands generally being less than 4.6 meters (15 feet) above sea level. (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002) Considerable filling to expand available land area has been done at USAKA since the time of Japanese occupation. Quarrying and dredging are the methods used to provide the needed fill material. In addition, quarries provide virtually all the armor stone used for shoreline protection (U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 1993). Soils RMI soils are almost exclusively composed of calcium carbonate from the accumulation of reef debris and oceanic sediments deficient in three major constituents, nitrogen, potash, and phosphorous. As a result of the atoll building processes, low soil fertility is due to three major physical factors: coarse soil particles, minimal amounts of organic matter, and alkaline soil pH. The first two factors impair the water-holding capacity of the soil and the retention of elements essential for plant growth. The alkalinity of the soils inhibits the absorption of iron, manganese, zinc, boron, and aluminum. Poor soil fertility on the islands is also due to human activities (e.g., forest cutting, slash and burn, copra plantations, war). Because the Marshall Islands have similar geologic histories, the differences between soils from one island to the next are minute. (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002)

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3.2.4 HEALTH AND SAFETY Region of Influence The ROI for health and safety includes areas at Kwajalein that may potentially be affected by the Proposed Action, including the landing areas, installation of fiber optic cable on land, and near shore activities. Affected Environment Kwajalein is the center of USAKA operations and has activities that include receiving fuels, propellants, and explosives; maintaining aircraft vehicles and other equipment; providing electricity, water, and waste disposal services; and conducting specialized testing activities. UXO from the World War II battle at Kwajalein have been observed off shore. The known UXO is a 5-inch projectile, but the encrusted condition of the round prevents a determination of the exact model or nationality. The most potent round of this type would contain 3.44 kilograms (7.59 pounds) of explosives. Additional UXO may be discovered during the final surveys or during the cable laying activities. UXO may also be inadvertently discovered during terrestrial trenching on the island. Should UXO be encountered during MCS activities the cable would be rerouted if possible to avoid it, or the UXO would be destroyed in accordance with the USAKA Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material. UXO materials found at Kwajalein have varied in size from 30-caliber rifle rounds to 5-inch gun rounds. Although 500-pound bombs have been found and removed from the lagoon, ordnance of this size is rarely discovered.

3.2.5 SOCIOECONOMICS Region of Influence The ROI for socioeconomics is limited to Kwajalein, the only location with the potential for program-related population, employment, income, and housing impacts. Affected Environment Approximately 68 percent of the Marshallese population lives on either Kwajalein or Majuro (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Pacific Regional Information System, 2005). USAKA strictly regulates access to Kwajalein Islet. Depending on program activities, the nonindigenous population typically fluctuates; in 2002, it totaled 2,050 persons, consisting of military, civil service, and contractor personnel and their dependents (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004). Unaccompanied housing for USAKA personnel is located on Kwajalein and Roi-Namur. Construction workers are usually housed in temporary trailers provided by the construction contractor. Currently, Kwajalein can accommodate 134 transient personnel. Transient personnel are primarily housed in the Kwajalein Lodge. (U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002)

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Subsistence fishing for inshore and offshore species is of prime importance in the outer atolls of RMI, providing the primary source of animal protein (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Coastal Fisheries Program, undated). In 1999 there were no locally-based offshore tuna fishing vessels in the Marshall Islands. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002) Some aquaculture is also conducted and programs to increase aquaculture are under way.

3.2.6 SUBSISTENCE Region of Influence The ROI for subsistence is limited to Kwajalein Islet. Affected Environment Although subsistence fishery landings are scattered throughout the outer islets of Kwajalein Atoll, U.S. military restrictions prohibit inshore fishing in much of the Kwajalein Harbor Area (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002). With the exception of Kwajalein Atoll and the atolls of Majuro and Arno, virtually all inshore fishing is subsistence based; this and artisanal fishing are of major importance in the less-urbanized areas (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Coastal Fisheries Program, undated). 3.2.7

WATER RESOURCES (MARINE)

Region of Influence The ROI for marine water resources is the area of the ocean surrounding Kwajalein that could be affected by proposed MCS activities. Affected Environment A marine assessment was conducted by USFWS and NOAA Fisheries Service biologists in 2005 at three locations to evaluate potential alignments for landing the proposed cable at Kwajalein. The coastal waters are in a high-energy environment. Strong currents from tidal exchange and swells from the south and southwest are common, along with wrap-around effects from swells originating from the east. Marine water quality around USAKA has been described as satisfactory. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005)

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3.3

MAJURO

3.3.1 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Region of Influence The ROI includes areas on Delap and the nearshore and ocean areas that may be affected by installation of the cable. Affected Environment Vegetation Extensive development has eliminated most of the natural vegetation on Delap. Littoral shrubland is dominated by Tournefortia, Scaevola, and coconut trees. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) As stated in Section 3.2.1, marine wetland vegetation is relatively rare in the Marshall Islands, Cymodocea rotunda is a species of sea grass reported from Majuro and Arno Atolls. (University of Hawaii, undated) Threatened and Endangered Plant Species. No threatened or endangered plant species have been identified in the area proposed for use. Wildlife Wildlife includes numerous bird species similar to those discussed in Section 3.2.1. Vagrant birds such as the buff-backed heron, common teal, and short-eared owl can be found in the area as well as the more common pintail, northern shoveler, and Eurasian wigeon (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006). Several giant clam species are found in the area (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006). Small species such as skinks, geckoes, and lizards are also common. Treaties and conventions affecting RMI fish habitats are listed in Section 3.2.1. The RMI is responsible for its EEZs. As discussed in Section 3.2.1, no designated Essential Fish Habitat has been identified for the Marshall Islands. However, hundreds of species of coral, as well as 250 species of reef fish, can be found in the atolls. Food cultivation on these islands is limited; as a result, fish and other seafood are staples of the Marshallese diet. (Pacific Island Travel, 2002) Threatened and Endangered Wildlife Species. A list of whale species that are located in the southern Pacific Ocean and could be found in the ROI is provided in Section 3.2.1. These marine mammals are widely distributed, open-water species. Several sea turtles including the leatherback sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtle can be found in the area. Environmentally Sensitive Habitat A description of coral reefs is provided in Section 3.2.2. The fringing reef of Majuro is approximately 76 meters (249 feet) wide and the slope approaching the landing is very steep, Micronesia Cable System EA

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possibly near vertical in some areas. Many coral species at RMI are listed as protected under CITES including several Acropora, Goniopora, Pavona, Pocillopora, and Seriatopora species (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006). A marine assessment was conducted by USFWS and NOAA Fisheries Service biologists in July of 2005 adjacent to the proposed landing site at Delap Islet to identify an alignment that would best avoid or minimize impacts to coral reef resources. The survey station was located east of the MINTA building on Delap. The following discussion is a summary of some of the more important observations from the marine assessment. At a depth of 43 meters (141 feet), the reef slope is steep and relief is moderate due to small rocks, overhangs, and crevices. The reef slope is primarily occupied by sponges, cyanobacteria, algae, and small coral colonies. Forty coral species, 27 macro-invertebrate species, 17 marine plant species, and 83 reef fish species were observed. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) Ecological functions of the coral reef community at this location include significant shoreline protection from large waves and oceanic swells; modest sea turtle forage habitat; reef fish prey for migratory birds; significant source of coral, coralline algae, and algae recruits; moderate source of filter feeding macro-invertebrate recruits (crinoids, black coral, and gorgonians) (greater than 18 meters [60 feet] depth only); and a moderate source of reef fish recruitment (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005). Some of the coral species observed were Acropora austera, Montipora danae, Pavona duerdeni, Fungia fungites, Pocillopora elegans, and Pocillopora meandrina. Macroinvertebrates observed included such species as Axinella proliferans, Clathria mima, and Leucetta sp. Marine plants observed included red, brown, green, and blue-green algae. Reef fish included such species as groupers, hawkfishes, emperors, goatfishes, wrasses, and parrotfishes. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005)

3.3.2 CULTURAL RESOURCES Region of Influence The ROI includes areas on Majuro and the nearshore and ocean areas that may be affected by installation of the cable. Affected Environment Cultural resources and history within the Majuro area are similar to those described for Kwajalein in Section 3.3.2. A number of radiocarbon dates are now available from several atolls, suggesting initial settlement approximately 2000 years ago (Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2004). It is believed that human habitation in the Marshall Islands, particularly Majuro and Bikini, began around 500 B.C. (Digital Micronesia, 1998). Typical Marshallese archaeological sites include house sites, rubbish heaps (middens), gardening features, or fishtraps, which are spread throughout the islands. Prehistoric um pits (fire pits), gardening sites, and middens have been documented on Majuro. (Digital Micronesia, 1992) Majuro, composed of Djaret, Uliga and Delap Islets, is the current center of Majuro Atoll’s settlement. The biggest islet, and the original center of Majuro Atoll’s historical settlement is Laura Islet, 30 miles away on the west end of Majuro Atoll. Laura Islet is and was the most 3-22

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fertile area, has the highest land above sea level, and is most suitable for human development. The most abundant type of archaeological site in the Marshall Islands is the coral gravel scatter on which houses were built; however, in some agriculturally used areas of Majuro, the scatters have been plowed and dispersed. European contact within the area began as early as the 16th century, with Spanish explorers, and resumed in the late 1700s with British explorers who mapped Majuro and several other atolls. They, in turn, were followed by Russian, German, and American visitors in the early to mid-1800s. (Marshall Islands Visitors Authority, undated) Historic resources documented on Majuro include cemeteries, fishtraps, and battlefield areas (Digital Micronesia, 1992). Laura cemetery, located at Majuro’s lagoon, was in use during the 1910s and 1920s and consists of an array of concrete grave enclosures and concrete grave monuments, a number of which are considered significant (Digital Micronesia, 1998).

3.3.3 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Region of Influence The ROI includes the geology and soils that have the potential to be disturbed by the Proposed Action within or immediately adjacent to the corridor established for the installation of the cable system on or near Majuro. Affected Environment Geology The formation and geology of Majuro Atoll Islets are similar to other RMI Atolls as previously described above in Section 3.2.3. Soils The Marshall Islands have similar geologic histories and the differences between soils from one atoll to the next are minute. Therefore, the soils of Majuro Atoll Islets are as previously described above in Section 3.2.3.

3.3.4 SOCIOECONOMICS Region of Influence The socioeconomic ROI is Majuro Atoll. Affected Environment As the host island of the nation’s capital, Majuro is home to an expanding population, which had reached 34,578 by 1999 (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Pacific Regional Information System, 2005). Majuro also is the site of most public, commercial, and industrial development. With a land area of 9.6 square kilometers (3.75 square miles), Majuro Atoll has a population density of 5,244 people per 2.5 square kilometers (square mile). Nearly half of Majuro's residents, 14,649, are located in a “downtown” administrative and commercial centre of 1.3 square kilometers (0.51 Micronesia Cable System EA

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square mile). The population density in this “downtown” area is 28,724 people per 2.5 square kilometers (1 square mile). As most housing is single story, these figures represent a high ratio of people to floor space. (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1998) Majuro also maintains 5 hotels with approximately 240 rooms (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 2004). A high internal migration exists as people move from the rural islands and atolls to Majuro and other urbanized areas in search of jobs, better health, and improved education. Thus, overcrowding results and shortages in housing (as well as availability of other essential services) take place. (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 1999) Although the Marshall Islands’ economy is a mixture of subsistence and monetized economy, such urban areas as Majuro Atoll have a predominately cash economy (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 1999). Like Kwajalein, Majuro is dependent on imported foodstuffs and sole reliance on subsistence horticulture is no longer considered feasible (Digital Micronesia, 1998). Artisanal fishing for inshore and offshore species is of prime importance in the outer atolls of RMI, providing the primary source of animal protein. For more than 10 years, an aquarium fishery has operated in Majuro, with nearly all the catch taken by free-diving and SCUBA-diving within the Majuro lagoon and outer reef. It has been estimated that around 3,000 fish are exported weekly. In 1999, approximately $473,000 worth of aquarium fish was exported from the Marshall Islands, the country’s only significant fishery product export. In addition, there has been black-lipped pearl culturing at Majuro Atoll, and a private ornamental clam-farm hatchery operates on the island. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002) Mounted jewelry and loose black pearls are sold and auctioned on the Island (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 2004). The structure of the fisheries sector in Majuro Atoll is more complicated than the other atolls in the Marshall Islands. The fisheries activities include subsistence fishing, commercial fishing, game fishing, sport diving by tourists, and aquarium fish collection. There are artisanal fishermen and fishermen who fish for daily sustenance and livelihood. In most Pacific Islands countries including the Marshall Islands, seafood has traditionally been the most important source of protein. According to a Majuro Atoll baseline survey, annual local catch and consumption is approximately 947 metric tons (1,044 tons) of fish. (Ishoda, no date) Principal marine resources include tuna, prawns, shrimp, seaweed, sponges, black pearls, giant clams, Trochus, and green mussels, and colorful baby giant clams for ornamental aquariums are grown for export to the U.S. In 1986, the Marshall Islands Maritime Authority was reestablished to organize all marine resource activities, including protection, management, and development, under one agency. During the mid-1990s, about 10,500 foreign fishing vessels operated annually in the Marshall Islands' waters, of which 75 percent were Japanese. (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2005) In fiscal year 2004, Majuro’s tuna loining plant was closed, producing a visible impact on private sector employment, income, and tax revenue (Republic of the Marshall Islands, Office of the President, Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office, 2005).

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3.3.5 SUBSISTENCE Region of Influence The ROI for subsistence is Majuro Atoll. Affected Environment With the exception of Majuro, Arno, and Kwajalein Atolls, virtually all inshore fishing is subsistence based; this and artisanal fishing are of major importance in the less-urbanized areas (Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Coastal Fisheries Program, undated). Subsistence fishing for inshore species is carried out from all atolls. In general, high wage earnings in nontraditional occupations, the development of a cash-based economy, and the availability of imported foodstuffs have offset subsistence activities within many Marshallese areas (Republic of the Marshall Islands, Office of the President, Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office, 2005).

3.3.6 WATER RESOURCES (MARINE) Region of Influence The ROI for marine water resources is the area of the ocean surrounding Majuro that could be affected by proposed MCS activities. Affected Environment A marine assessment was conducted by USFWS and NOAA Fisheries Service biologists in 2005 to identify an alignment to best avoid or minimize impacts to coral reef resources while landing the cable across the coral reef and to route it landward. The coastal waters are considered to be part of a windward facing, high-energy environment. The area is subject to strong currents during tidal exchange and swells and wind driven surface currents from the east-northeast during winter months and east-southeast during summer months. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005)

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4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES This chapter describes the potential environmental consequences of the proposed activities by comparing these activities with the potentially affected environmental components. The resource areas that were not expected to be affected sufficiently by the Proposed Action to warrant further discussion in this EA are described briefly in Section 3.0. Sections 4.1 through 4.3 provide discussions of the potential environmental consequences of these activities. Section 4.4 provides a discussion of the environmental effects of the No-Action Alternative. To assess the potential for and significance of environmental impacts from the proposed program activities, a list of activities was developed (Chapter 2.0) and the environmental setting was described, with emphasis on any special environmental sensitivities (Chapter 3.0). Program activities were then assessed with the potentially affected environmental components to determine the environmental impacts of the proposed activities. This EA uses host nation standards to evaluate effect when standards exist for a particular resource area. If host nation standards were not in place for a particular resource, U.S. Standards were considered in determining the potential for potential environmental effect. Implementation of the proposed action will be governed by the respective host nation laws. To help define the affected environment and determine the significance of program-related effects, written, personal, and telephone contacts were made with applicable agencies and installations. Chapter 7.0 provides a list of those contacted, Appendix A provides a distribution list, and Appendix B provides copies of correspondence from the agencies.

4.1 4.1.1

POHNPEI BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Potential impacts to biological resources would be caused by ground clearance or disturbance from construction equipment resulting in terrestrial vegetation removal, wildlife disturbance from trenching and cable laying noise, and disturbance of areas designated as nesting or roosting habitat by trenching and cable laying personnel. All proposed activities would be performed in accordance with guidance provided by the FSM. Site preparation could require support equipment installation and minor excavation of existing road shoulders and utility routes to install an underground cable to existing facilities. The communication line trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads or along existing cleared paths, and the surface would be re-covered. Transportation of equipment and materials required for the underwater cable laying and cable landings would be conducted in accordance with applicable regulations. In the unlikely event of an accidental fuel spill, emergency response personnel would comply with any FSM spill prevention, control, and countermeasures plan such as the Marine Spill Contingency Plan adopted in December 2005 by Pohnpei State. Any spills associated with the MCS project within 19 kilometers (12 miles) of Pohnpei must adhere to the plan requirements. Among other things Micronesia Cable System EA

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the plan requires immediate reporting of spills to the Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency. Spill cleanup activities would be coordinated with, or directed by, Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency as the lead response agency for Pohnpei State. (Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency, 2006) 4.1.1.1

Trenching

All earthmoving (trenching) activities would be performed in accordance with the Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency Earthmoving Regulations. Trenching on Pohnpei would be minimal and would be performed in previously disturbed areas. Erosion and turbidity controls would be implemented as applicable for trenching. Upon completion of the project, all areas which were disturbed by the project would be stabilized so that accelerated erosion/ sedimentation will be prevented. Vegetation No impacts to indigenous or native vegetation are expected. Trenching for the proposed MCS should result in minimal vegetation removal and habitat loss. The only other impacts to vegetation that could potentially occur would be as a result of removal caused by expansion of an existing station or construction of a separate station on the same site to accommodate the MCS cable. Vegetation would be replanted if required. No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass, which provides food and shelter for invertebrates, fish, and listed sea turtles, are anticipated since areas that could be affected are likely to contain the dominant species that can survive a moderate level of disturbance. The proposed location near the landing point is in an area with degraded, low-value habitat. Wildlife Construction noise and the increased presence of personnel could affect wildlife within the area. Construction ground disturbance and equipment noise-related impacts would include loss of habitat, displacement of wildlife, and short-term disruption of daily/seasonal behavior. Typical noise levels at 15 meters (50 feet) from construction equipment range from 70 to 98 A-weighted decibels. The combination of increased noise levels and human activity would likely displace some small species of wildlife and birds that forage, feed, or nest within this 15-meter (50-foot) radius. Although construction activities could cause flushing (birds suddenly flying up), this is a common reaction to sudden natural sounds that only slightly increases the energy expenditure of individual birds. Wildlife in the immediate area (bird species such as the gray white-eye, Pohnpei lory, Pohnpei flycatcher, and Pohnpei Island ground dove and small animals such as bats, lizards and skinks) could be startled by construction noise and possibly leave the area permanently, temporarily avoid or leave the area during trenching activities, or likely become accustomed to the increased noise and human presence. The presence of personnel may cause wildlife to avoid the area, at least temporarily, but would therefore reduce the potential for impacts from elevated noise levels. The disturbance from the short-term noise associated with trenching is not expected to alter migration patterns.

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Personnel would be instructed to avoid areas designated as avian nesting or roosting habitat and to avoid all contact with any nest that may be encountered. Threatened and Endangered Species No threatened or endangered vegetation has been identified in the project areas. Any impacts to listed birds on Pohnpei (Pohnpei greater white-eye, Pohnpei mountain starling, and nightingale reed warbler) would be limited to startle or flushing reactions to noise and personnel presence as described above. Proposed activities are unlikely to adversely affect the long-term well-being, reproduction rates, or survival of these listed birds. The affected area would be monitored during trenching for threatened and endangered marine species (such as green, hawksbill, olive ridley, and leatherback sea turtles) and work would be delayed until any such species observed has moved out of harms way, leaves the area, or is relocated (attached organisms only in the nearshore area) to similar habitat. Any relocation of benthic organisms would be performed in coordination with the FSM Government, Pohnpei State Government, USFWS, and NOAA Fisheries Service. All construction project personnel would be briefed on the protection afforded to listed or other protected species (migratory birds, coral) and to avoid areas designated as nesting or roosting habitat. Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Some minimal trenching below LAT may occur at the landing point to protect the cable. The channel bottom in this area is heavily silted and is not a viable coral habitat. Other than the potential loss of a small amount of coral during this process, no impacts are anticipated. Landing the cable through the entrance channel would minimize the need for trenching and thus would avoid impacts to significant coral reef resources located along the southern and northern barrier reef, which provides reef fish prey for migratory birds. The USFWS has recommended the following conservation measures to minimize degradation of coastal water quality and impacts to fish and wildlife resources: •

Minimize and contain turbidity and siltation from trenching within the vicinity of the site through the appropriate use of effective silt containment devices and curtail work during adverse tidal and weather conditions

•

Schedule trenching in the marine environment to avoid coral spawning and recruitment periods (June-August)

•

Design trenching in the marine environment to avoid or minimize the loss of special aquatic site habitat (coral reefs)

•

Clean all project-related materials and equipment to be placed in the water of pollutants prior to use

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•

Do not stockpile project-related materials (fill, revetment rock, pipe, etc.) in the water (intertidal zones, reef flats, stream channels, wetlands etc.)

•

Project-related activities should not contaminate (trash or debris disposal, alien species introductions etc.) adjacent marine/aquatic environments

•

Fueling of project-related vehicles and equipment should take place away from the water and a contingency plan developed to control petroleum products accidentally spilled during the project. Absorbent pads and containment booms shall be stored on-site, if appropriate, to facilitate the clean-up of accidental petroleum releases

•

Protect any under-layer fills used in the project from erosion with stones (or core-loc units) as soon after placement as practicable

•

Dispose of all debris and material at a designated site that is acceptable to the applicable country or regulators as appropriate

(U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005) 4.1.1.2

Cable Laying

Vegetation Impacts to marine vegetation that could potentially occur would result from temporary siltation caused by installation of the cable in the nearshore water. No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass are anticipated, since areas that could be affected are likely to contain the dominant species that can survive a moderate level of disturbance. The proposed location nearshore is in a heavily silted area with degraded, low-value habitat. Wildlife Disturbance to wildlife from the cable laying would be brief and is not expected to have a lasting impact nor a measurable negative effect on wildlife including migratory bird populations on land or in the nearshore area. The seaward portion of the proposed route is in an area subject to strong currents and large oceanic swells which would quickly minimize any localized turbidity occurring as a result of the planned cable laying. The area near the landing point is highly turbid and heavily silted due to surface water runoff and natural river drainage. Any increase in turbidity from nearshore trenching should not significantly impact the area. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from fishing gear. Cable laying activities should not result in any long-term impacts to the existing tuna fishery or to other fish species such as swordfish, marlin, and shark caught as a by-product of the tuna fishery. No long-term impacts are anticipated to requiem sharks, moray eels, groupers, snappers, and whiptails. Under water the cable would be well protected by steel armoring, protective devices, and potential burial in limited locations, as appropriate, to minimize and mitigate the danger of electrical shorts and shocks to humans and/or other organisms.

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Threatened and Endangered Species No threatened or endangered vegetation has been identified in the project areas. The affected area would be monitored during cable laying for threatened and endangered sea turtles and whales and work would be delayed until any observed have moved out of harms way. Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Pohnpei Island Trochus Sanctuaries and the Sapwtik Marine Sanctuary should not be affected by cable laying activities. The Trochus Sanctuaries would be avoided and the Sapwtik Marine Sanctuary is outside the boundary of the proposed cable route. Landing the cable through the deepest portion of the entrance to Pohnpei Passage would minimize impacts to significant coral reef resources located along the southern and northern barrier reef. Bolting the cable to the reef along the alignment through Pohnpei Passage would not be necessary due to protection provided by the extreme depths and sedimentation. Since the entire area from the entrance of Pohnpei Passage to the proposed landing site is interspersed with live and dead coral, minor impacts to corals may not be avoided. The proposed routing would take advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance. The channel bottom at the proposed landing site is heavily silted and is not a viable coral habitat. (U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2006) The USFWS has recommended that the project proponent coordinate with FSM Marine Resources Division and Pohnpei State Marine Development in designing and implementing designated anchorages within the lagoon for the purpose of avoiding and minimizing impacts to coral reef resources. Additional recommended USFWS conservation measures are provided in Section 4.1.1.1. 4.1.1.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on biological resources in the ROI.

4.1.2

CULTURAL RESOURCES

Potential impacts on cultural resources would be caused by ground clearance or disturbance by construction equipment, lagoon floor disturbance, noise-induced vibrations, and disturbance of cultural sites by trenching and cable laying personnel. To ensure the protection of any prehistoric, historic, or traditional resources already identified within the project area from unauthorized artifact collection or vandalism, personnel would be briefed before activities commence on the significance of these types of resources and the penalties associated with their disturbance or collection. If, during the course of program activities cultural and/or historic materials (particularly human remains) are discovered, work in the immediate vicinity of the cultural materials would be halted and the Pohnpei Historic Preservation Officer would be consulted. Micronesia Cable System EA

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4.1.2.1

Trenching

Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resources Trenching could require support equipment installation and minor excavation of existing road shoulders and utility routes to install an underground cable to existing facilities. Since trenching would be along the shoulder of disturbed existing roads or along other existing cleared paths, the potential for impacts to cultural resources should be minimal. All design and construction activities would be coordinated with the FSM and would be performed in accordance with existing Pohnpei State policies. If required by the Pohnpei Historic Preservation Officer, a qualified archaeologist would monitor ground-disturbing activities during trenching. Personnel would be informed of the sensitivity of cultural resources and the types of penalties that could be incurred if sites are damaged or destroyed. If during trenching any cultural items are discovered, activities would cease in the immediate area and the Pohnpei Historic Preservation Officer would be notified. Subsequent actions would follow the guidance provided. No impacts to any known prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on Pohnpei are expected. Historic Buildings and Structures No impacts to historic buildings or structures during any MCS activity are anticipated, since none have been proposed for modification and routing for the proposed cable would avoid them. Indigenous Populations/Traditional Resources Because of the possibility that subsurface cultural materials may exist, all sites where ground disturbance activities are expected could be monitored by a qualified archaeologist if required by the Pohnpei Historic Preservation Officer. Personnel would be informed of the sensitivity of traditional resources and the types of penalties that could be incurred if sites are damaged or destroyed. 4.1.2.2

Cable Laying

Cable laying in nearshore waters would result in impacts similar to those discussed under trenching. Cable laying in deeper ocean water should not affect cultural resources. 4.1.2.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on cultural resources in the ROI.

4.1.3 4.1.3.1

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Trenching

All earthmoving activities within the State of Pohnpei shall be conducted in accordance with the Pohnpei Earthmoving Regulations in such a way as to prevent accelerated erosion and accelerated sedimentation. All persons engaging in earthmoving activities shall design, implement, and maintain erosion and sedimentation control measures which effectively prevent 4-6

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accelerated erosion and accelerated sedimentation. (Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency, 1996) Site preparation could require support equipment installation and minor excavation of existing road shoulders and utility routes to install an underground cable to existing facilities. The communication line trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads or along existing cleared paths, and the surface would be re-covered, resulting in minor, short-term impacts to adjacent soils. Trenching activities would follow Pohnpei State requirements for run off. Best Management Practices (BMPs) could include storm water diversions, sediment barriers, stream protection, dust palliatives, and other stabilization treatments. 4.1.3.2

Cable Laying

Although support equipment for cable installation may result in minor, short-term impacts to adjacent soils, the potential impacts would be limited to a localized vicinity. Cable would be installed in accordance with Pohnpei State requirements for control, cleanup, and emergency response for spills of hazardous materials or waste and the prevention of soil erosion. In the event that the release of fuel or other hazardous material occurred, affected areas would be treated in accordance with applicable Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency regulations. The risk of accidental spills of hazardous chemicals during cable laying affecting project soils is expected to be minor and temporary in duration. 4.1.3.3

Cumulative Impacts

The proposed activities, when combined with the current and planned activities on Pohnpei, would not result in cumulative impacts to geology and soils. Adherence to established procedures and implementation of BMPs would minimize the potential for spills and any impacts to soils. The potential for cumulative impacts on soil is considered minor.

4.1.4 4.1.4.1

SOCIOECONOMICS Trenching

Assuming such activities will be handled by local workers, there should be no impacts on socioeconomics from trenching activities. If such activities require additional personnel, there would be a positive, albeit limited, impact on area employment. 4.1.4.2

Cable Laying

No additional permanent workers would be required as a result of cable laying activities; therefore, no increase or decrease in the local workforce will occur. Nor will any increase in population for housing or schools be anticipated. Any temporary, project-specific personnel could be housed in hotels, motels, or rental properties of nearby communities. Such effects would be of limited impact, and short-term. A broadband fiber-optic system would improve telecommunication services to businesses and the general population. The latitude, longitude, and depth of the cable would be recorded and provided to the Pohnpei State Government Department of Land and Natural Resources and other State agencies for Micronesia Cable System EA

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communication to fishing organizations and other interested parties as applicable. A hotline number would be provided to advise licensed commercial fisherman as to whether their reported positions are in the vicinity of the cable. 4.1.4.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on the economy of the ROI.

4.1.5 4.1.5.1

SUBSISTENCE Trenching

Although subsistence and coastal commercial fishing is widespread, advanced notice of proposed trenching activities in the nearshore area would minimize the potential for interference. Trenching is anticipated only in the immediate vicinity of the landing site. Subsistence fishermen in this area could move to an adjacent area until the short-term proposed activities are complete. 4.1.5.2

Cable Laying

Although subsistence and coastal commercial fishing is widespread, advanced notice of proposed cable laying activities in the nearshore area would minimize the potential for interference. As stated in Section 4.1.4.2, the latitude and longitude and depth of the cable would be communicated to the Pohnpei State Government Department of Land and Natural Resources and other applicable State agencies. Subsistence fishermen could move to an adjacent area until the cable laying ship has moved from the area. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from fishing gear. 4.1.5.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on subsistence practices in the ROI.

4.1.6 4.1.6.1

WATER RESOURCES (MARINE) Trenching

In the unlikely event of an accidental fuel spill, emergency response personnel would comply with FSM and Pohnpei State requirements as discussed in Section 4.1.1. All persons engaging in earthmoving activities would implement and maintain erosion and sedimentation control measures which would effectively prevent accelerated erosion and accelerated sedimentation. (Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency, 1996)

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Turbidity in nearshore waters occurring as a result of the planned trenching should be minimal, localized, and dispersed by tidal action. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated. 4.1.6.2

Cable Laying

Any response to a spill associated with the MCS project within 19 kilometers (12 miles) of Pohnpei would adhere to Pohnpei State requirements as stated in Section 4.1.1. Any spills occurring outside 19 kilometers (12 miles) would be responded to in accordance with FSM requirements and established international protocols as applicable. The seaward portion of the proposed route is in an area subject to strong currents and large oceanic swells which would quickly disperse any localized turbidity occurring as a result of the planned cable laying. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated. 4.1.6.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on marine water quality in the ROI.

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4.2

KWAJALEIN

4.2.1

BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Potential impacts on biological resources would be caused by ground clearance or disturbance for construction equipment resulting in terrestrial vegetation removal, ocean floor disturbance resulting in marine vegetation and habitat removal, wildlife disturbance from trenching and cable laying noise, and disturbance by trenching and cable-laying personnel to reef and vegetated areas. All proposed activities would be performed in accordance with guidance provided in the UES. Transportation of equipment and materials required for the Proposed Action would be conducted in accordance with DoD and Department of Transportation regulations. Prior to use, all equipment would be inspected and cleaned of any petroleum-based product or other potentially polluting material that could be released into the marine environment. In the unlikely event of an accidental fuel spill, emergency response personnel would comply with the Kwajalein Environmental Emergency Plan prepared by USAKA in accordance with the UES. The Kwajalein Environmental Emergency Plan is a contingency plan similar to a spill prevention, control, and countermeasures plan and incorporates the hazardous materials management plan. 4.2.1.1

Trenching

Trenching for the proposed MCS would result in vegetation removal and habitat loss to the BMH and from the BMH to Building 1017. A DEP, being prepared parallel to this EA, addresses offshore trenching. The MCS would be installed in existing conduit where possible. New conduit and cable would be installed in approved routes to minimize environmental impacts. Trenching would be performed along the shoulder of existing roads, along existing cleared paths, or across disturbed areas, which should minimize the potential for impacts to terrestrial resources. The trench would be backfilled with the same fill that was previously excavated. The beach face would then be completely restored to its original condition to the extent possible, complete with plantings of indigenous vegetation. Vegetation Although no impacts to indigenous or native vegetation are expected, the potential for impacts to this type of vegetation would be more likely on the original portion of the island. The main impacts to marine vegetation that could potentially occur would result from temporary siltation caused during trenching. No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass, which provides food and shelter for invertebrates, fish, and listed sea turtles, are anticipated. The proposed locations are in a high energy area subject to strong currents from tidal exchange and swells, which would quickly minimize any turbidity occurring as a result of cable laying. Wildlife Construction noise and the increased presence of personnel could affect wildlife within the area. Construction ground disturbance and equipment noise-related impacts would include loss of habitat, displacement of wildlife, and short-term disruption of daily/seasonal behavior. The 4-10

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combination of increased noise levels and human activity would likely displace some small species of wildlife and birds that forage, feed, or nest within the 15-meter (50-foot) radius surrounding construction equipment. No birds nest in the proposed project area. No migratory birds have been observed roosting in trees in or adjacent to the proposed project area. Although construction activities could cause flushing, this is a common reaction to sudden natural sounds that only slightly increases the energy expenditure of individual birds. Wildlife in the immediate area (bird species such as the brown noddies off-shore, great crested terns, and white terns and small animals such as lizards and skinks) could be startled by construction noise and possibly leave the area permanently, temporarily avoid or leave the area during trenching activities, or likely become accustomed to the increased noise and human presence. The presence of personnel may cause wildlife to avoid the area, at least temporarily, but would therefore reduce the potential for impacts from elevated noise levels. No designated Essential Fish Habitat has been identified for the Marshall Islands. Trenching activities should not result in any long-term impacts to fish species and other seafood that are staples of the Marshallese diet. Threatened and Endangered Species No threatened or endangered vegetation has been identified in the project areas. The affected area would be monitored during trenching for threatened and endangered species (such as green and hawksbill sea turtles) and work would be delayed until any such species observed has moved out of harms way. Offshore trenching could be below the MHW mark, but the work would be done at low tide. There would be very little possibility for impacts to sea turtles. The trenching on the land would not affect these species. Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Trenching for the cable installation would avoid sensitive habitat where possible. Other than the potential loss of a small amount of coral during this process, no impacts are anticipated. The proposed routing would take advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance. Recommended USFWS conservation measures are provided in Section 4.1.1.1. Directional drilling would be a potential alternate means of installing the cable from the sea bed to the BMH. This option would require specialized equipment on the cable installation vessel and would likely require much more time and expense to complete the installation. If employed, directional drilling would likely involve the attendant waste from drilling mud and cuttings and potential water quality related impacts. Any drilling mud and cuttings would be placed on a land site selected/approved by USAKA prior to final disposition to minimize the potential for adverse impacts. Erosion control and turbidity controls would be in place for terrestrial and near-shore trenching or directional drilling. Directional drilling would result in minimal impacts on the coral reef. It is anticipated that UXO could be encountered during the proposed trenching activities on Kwajalein. The potential for encountering UXO would be more likely in areas closest to the original boundary of the islet. When UXO is discovered, the Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Department would be contacted for their safe removal and disposition. In the event that Micronesia Cable System EA

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UXO must be destroyed, some environmentally sensitive habitat could also then be destroyed. UXO would be removed or destroyed in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material and the UES. The 5-inch projectile found along the route would need to be blown-in-place. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service Pacific Islands Office would be contacted prior to any underwater blow-in-place operation in accordance with DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material. A block of C4 plastic explosives would be used for the purpose of detonating the round, the smallest possible charge for this disposal. The combined net explosive weight for this operation would be approximately 4 kilograms (9 pounds total). Other demolition performed at USAKA on the reef at low tide between 1st island and Namur cleaned off algae and left a barely noticeable dish in the coral. After this demolition, fish inhabited the area within 24 hours. Methods used to minimize the potential for impacts to biological resources during the blow-inplace operation would include the following as applicable. The area would be monitored for sea turtles prior to detonation. No detonation would be performed at night. The minimum amount of explosive would be used. (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1997) 4.2.1.2

Cable Laying

Vegetation The main impacts to marine vegetation/seagrass that could potentially occur would result from temporary siltation caused during cable laying. Wildlife No long-term adverse effects to native terrestrial vegetation or area seagrass, which provides food and shelter for invertebrates, fish, and listed sea turtles, are anticipated. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from trawl gear. Under water the cable would be well protected by steel armoring, protective devices, and potential burial in limited locations, as appropriate, to minimize and mitigate the danger of electrical shorts and shocks to humans and or other organisms. Threatened and Endangered Species No threatened or endangered plant species have been identified on Kwajalein. The affected area would be monitored during cable laying for threatened and endangered species (such as green and hawksbill sea turtles and area whales) and work would be delayed until any such species observed has moved out of harms way. All project personnel would be briefed on the protection afforded to listed or other protected species (migratory birds, coral) and to avoid areas on the islet designated as nesting or roosting habitat. 4-12

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Environmentally Sensitive Habitat The cable would be anchored or placed in a trench to avoid abrasion to sensitive habitat from tide and current action. Directional drilling as described above would be a potential alternate means of installing the cable from the sea bed to the BMH. Turbidity controls would be in place during the cable installation. Other than the potential loss of a small amount of coral during this process, no impacts are anticipated. The proposed routing would take advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance. The USFWS has recommend the installation of permanent mooring buoys for local vessels used by authorized individuals for recreation (e.g., fishing or scuba diving) beyond the noanchor zone along the western shoreline of Kwajalein Islet. They also have recommended that an evaluation of the coral colonies in the vicinity of the mooring buoys be conducted to determine their effectiveness as a mechanism to prevent or reduce negative impacts to coral habitat from vessel anchors. They have recommended that one to four mooring buoys be constructed and installed as compensation for unavoidable impacts to coral reef resources depending on the final location chosen. Additional recommended USFWS conservation measures are provided in Section 4.1.1.1. 4.2.1.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on biological resources in the ROI.

4.2.2

CULTURAL RESOURCES

All proposed activities would be performed in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-04-001, Protection of Cultural Resources, UES, and the USAKA Historic Preservation Plan. 4.2.2.1

Trenching

Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resources All design and construction activities would be coordinated through USAKA and would be performed in accordance with existing installation policies. In accordance with the UES, any proposed activities that have the potential for impacts to cultural resources must undergo consultation with the RMI Historic Preservation Office. USAKA would coordinate any required mitigations with the RMI Historic Preservation Office. The project would involve excavation in an area that is defined as highly sensitive for both historic and prehistoric cultural resources and where both have been found previously. A qualified archaeologist would monitor ground-disturbing activities during trenching in accordance with USAKA direction. It is anticipated that UXO could be encountered during the proposed trenching activities on Kwajalein. The potential for encountering UXO would be more likely in areas closest to the original boundary of the islet. When UXO is discovered, the EOD Department would be contacted for their safe removal and disposition. In the event that UXO must be destroyed, some culturally sensitive habitat could also then be destroyed. UXO would

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be removed or destroyed in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material. Personnel would be informed of the sensitivity of cultural resources and the types of penalties that could be incurred if sites are damaged or destroyed. If during trenching any cultural items are discovered, activities would cease in the immediate area and the RMI Historic Preservation Officer would be notified through USAKA. Subsequent actions would follow the guidance provided. Site preparation could require support equipment installation and minor excavation of existing road shoulders and utility routes to install an underground cable to existing facilities. The communication line trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads or along existing cleared paths, and the surface would be re-covered. Historic Buildings and Structures No impacts to historic buildings or structures during any MCS activity are anticipated, since none have been proposed for modification and routing for the proposed cable would avoid them. Indigenous Populations/Traditional Resources Because of the possibility that subsurface cultural materials may exist, all sites where ground disturbance activities are expected would require monitoring by a qualified archaeologist in accordance with USAKA direction. Personnel would be informed of the sensitivity of cultural resources and the types of penalties that could be incurred if sites are damaged or destroyed. 4.2.2.2

Cable Laying

Cable laying in nearshore waters would result in impacts similar to those discussed under trenching. Cable laying in deeper ocean water should not affect cultural resources. 4.2.2.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on cultural resources in the ROI.

4.2.3 4.2.3.1

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Trenching

Site preparation could require support equipment installation and minor excavation of existing road shoulders and utility routes to install an underground cable to existing facilities. The communication line trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads or along existing cleared paths, and the surface would be re-covered. Therefore, no impacts are anticipated due to trenching. It is anticipated that UXO could be encountered during the proposed trenching activities on Kwajalein. The potential for encountering UXO would be more likely in areas closest to the original boundary of the islet. When UXO is discovered, the EOD Department would be contacted for their safe removal and disposition. In the event that UXO must be 4-14

Micronesia Cable System EA

destroyed, some localized impacts to soil would occur. UXO would be removed or destroyed in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material. A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan would be developed for the site. Such BMPs could include storm water diversions, sediment barriers, dust palliatives, and other stabilization treatments. Upon completion of the project, all areas which were disturbed by the project shall be stabilized so that accelerated erosion/sedimentation will be prevented. 4.2.3.2

Cable Laying

Although, support equipment for cable installation may result in minor, short-term impacts to adjacent soils, the potential impacts would be limited to localized vicinity. The Kwajalein Environmental Emergency Plan would provide resources and guidelines for use in control, cleanup, and emergency response for spills of hazardous materials or waste. In the event that the release of fuel or other hazardous material occurred, affected areas would be treated in accordance with applicable regulations. The risk of accidental spills of hazardous chemicals during cable laying affecting project soils is expected to be minor and temporary in duration. 4.2.3.3

Cumulative Impacts

The proposed activities, when combined with the current and planned activities on Kwajalein, would not result in cumulative impacts to geology and soils. Adherence to established procedures and implementation of BMPs would minimize the potential for spills and any impacts to soils. The potential for cumulative impacts on soil is considered minor.

4.2.4 4.2.4.1

HEALTH AND SAFETY Trenching and Cable Laying

Activities involved in the trenching and laying of the proposed fiber optic cable would occur in accordance with existing safety protocol/procedures and applicable USAKA Environmental Standards. No adverse effects to health and safety of personnel or the public are anticipated. It is anticipated that UXO could be encountered during the proposed trenching or cable laying activities on Kwajalein. When UXO is discovered, the EOD Department would be contacted for their safe removal and disposition. In accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material, the EOD Department will make a determination as to whether explosives can be removed from the site of discovery. If possible, the explosives will be stored in a magazine (ammunition bunker) on Kwajalein or Roi-Namur until they can be disposed of. A keep out radius would be maintained around any UXO during all proposed activities on land or in water. The potential for encountering UXO would be more likely in areas closest to the original boundary of the islet. The size of the keep-out radius would be dependent on the type and quantity of UXO encountered. The 5-inch projectile found along the route would need to be blown-in-place. This would occur in accordance with guidelines provided in DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Micronesia Cable System EA

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Explosive Material. A block of C4 plastic explosives would be used for the purpose of detonating the round, the smallest possible charge for this disposal. The combined net explosive weight for this operation would be approximately 4 kilograms (9 pounds total). No health and safety impacts are anticipated. 4.2.4.2

Cumulative Impacts

The trenching and cable laying activities proposed are not anticipated to result in an impact to health and safety at Kwajalein. The Proposed Action would occur in accordance with existing safety protocol/procedures and applicable USAKA Environmental Standards. In addition, discovery of UXO would be handled in accordance with the existing Document of Environmental Protection DEP-02-001.1, Disposal of Munitions and Other Explosive Material, by the EOD. No other projects in the ROI have been identified that would have the potential for additive, cumulative impacts to health and safety.

4.2.5 4.2.5.1

SOCIOECONOMICS Trenching

Assuming such activities will be handled “in house” by base personnel, there should be no impacts on socioeconomics from trenching or directional drilling activities. If such activities required additional personnel and specialized equipment, there would be a positive, albeit limited, impact on area employment. 4.2.5.2

Cable Laying

No permanent employees would be assigned as a result of cable laying activities; therefore, no increase or decrease in the employee base will occur. Nor will any increase in population for housing or schools be anticipated. Temporary, project-specific personnel could be housed at dormitories/barracks, if available, or in hotels, motels, or rental properties of nearby communities. Such effects would be of limited impact, and short-term. A broadband fiber-optic system would improve telecommunication services on the islet. The latitude, longitude, and depth of the cable would be recorded and provided to USAKA for communication to fishing organizations and other interested agencies as applicable. A hotline number would be provided to advise licensed commercial fisherman as to whether their reported positions are in the vicinity of the cable. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from fishing gear. 4.2.5.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on the economy of the ROI.

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4.2.6 4.2.6.1

SUBSISTENCE Trenching

Subsistence and coastal commercial fishing is widespread around Kwajalein and mainly in outlying areas. Trenching in the nearshore area should not result in any effects to subsistence fishing in the area. 4.2.6.2

Cable Laying

The latitude, longitude, and depth of the cable would be recorded and communicated to any subsistence fishing vessels as applicable. Fishing vessels in the vicinity of the cable-laying ship would 4.2.6.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on subsistence practices in the ROI.

4.2.7 4.2.7.1

WATER RESOURCES (MARINE) Trenching

Turbidity in nearshore waters occurring as a result of the planned trenching or directional drilling should be minimal, localized, and dispersed easily by tidal and wave action. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated. 4.2.7.2

Cable Laying

The proposed route is in an area subject to strong currents from tidal exchange and large swells which would quickly disperse any localized turbidity occurring as a result of the planned cable laying. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated. 4.2.7.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on marine water quality in the ROI.

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4.3 4.3.1

MAJURO BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Potential impacts to biological resources would be caused by ground clearance or disturbance for construction equipment resulting in terrestrial vegetation removal, lagoon floor disturbance resulting in marine vegetation and habitat removal, change in current and circulation patterns, wildlife disturbance from construction and post-construction noise, and disturbance of areas designated as nesting or roosting habitat by construction and post-construction personnel. According to the RMIEPA, the oceanside sewage outfall would most likely not contribute to turbidity since it is not adjacent to and is down current from the proposed Delap landing site (Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 2006). Transportation of equipment and materials required for the underwater cable laying and cable landings would be conducted in accordance with regulations. Prior to use, all equipment would be inspected and cleaned of any petroleum-based product or other potentially polluting material that could be released into the marine environment. In the unlikely event of an accidental fuel spill, emergency response personnel would comply with any RMI spill prevention, coast conservation, earthmoving, marine water quality, marine resources, and marine species requirements and regulations. 4.3.1.1

Trenching

Since the MCS would involve some earthmoving at or near the landing site, an earthmoving permit from RMIEPA will be required. In general, the earthmoving permit establishes protections that must be employed to comply with RMIEPA water quality standards and other applicable requirements. The recommendations contained in the USFWS survey will be considered by RMIEPA during the earthmoving permit process. (Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 2006) Trenching for the proposed MCS would result in vegetation removal and habitat loss. The MCS would be installed in existing conduit where possible. From the landing site the cable would be installed underground along existing roads and rights-of-way to the MINTA building where it would connect to existing island communications infrastructure. New conduit and cable would be installed in routes approved to minimize environmental impacts. The trench would be backfilled with the same fill that was previously excavated. Upon completion of the project, all areas which were disturbed by the project shall be stabilized so that accelerated erosion/sedimentation will be prevented. The beach face would then be completely graded, to its original condition, and the soils would be stabilized. Recommended USFWS conservation measures are provided in Section 4.1.1.1. Vegetation Extensive development has eliminated most of the natural vegetation on Delap, thus the potential for impact to indigenous or native vegetation is remote. The main impacts to marine vegetation/seagrass that could potentially occur would result from temporary siltation caused during trenching. No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass are anticipated.

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Wildlife No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass, which provides food and shelter for invertebrates, fish, and listed sea turtles, are anticipated, as described under vegetation. The combination of increased noise levels and human activity would likely displace some small wildlife species and birds that forage, feed, or nest within the 15-meter (50-foot) radius surrounding construction equipment. Although construction activities could cause flushing, this is a common reaction to sudden natural sounds that only slightly increases the energy expenditure of individual birds. Wildlife in the immediate area (such as the buff-backed heron, common teal, and short-eared owl as well as the more common pintail, northern shoveler, and Eurasian wigeon and small animals such as lizards, skinks, and geckoes) could be startled by construction noise and possibly leave the area permanently, temporarily avoid or leave the area during trenching activities, or likely become accustomed to the increased noise and human presence. The presence of personnel may cause wildlife to avoid the area, at least temporarily, but would therefore reduce the potential for impacts from elevated noise levels. The disturbance from the short-term noise associated with trenching is not expected to alter migration patterns. Personnel would be instructed to avoid areas designated as avian nesting or roosting habitat and to avoid all contact with any nest that may be encountered. No designated Essential Fish Habitat has been identified for the Marshall Islands. Trenching activities should not result in any long-term impacts to fish species and other seafood that are staples of the Marshallese diet. Threatened and Endangered Species No threatened or endangered plant species have been identified in the area proposed for use. The affected area would be monitored during trenching for threatened and endangered species (such as leatherback, loggerhead, olive ridley, hawksbill, and green sea turtles and area whales) and work would be delayed until any such species observed has moved out of harms way, leaves the area, or is relocated (attached organisms only in the nearshore area) to similar habitat. Any relocation of benthic organisms would be performed by RMI if it is deemed necessary. Environmentally Sensitive Habitat The reef slope is primarily occupied by sponges, cyanobacteria, algae, and small coral colonies. The cable would be anchored or placed in a trench in the reef area to avoid abrasion to the reef from tide and current action. Other than the potential loss of a small amount of coral during this process, no impacts are anticipated. The proposed routing would take advantage of existing reef gaps to the extent possible to minimize disturbance. Isolated coral colonies on the bottom could be relocated to a location outside the project area for recolonization. Recommended USFWS conservation measures are provided in Section 4.1.1.1.

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Any person who engages in an earthmoving activity within the RMI shall first obtain a permit from the Authority for the proposed activity. The earthmoving permitting process may require submission of an Environmental Impact Assessment. Draft RMIEPA Development Regulations covering coastal and inland development projects may supersede Earthmoving Regulations before the proposed action is initiated. (Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 1989 [incorporating 1994 and 1999 Amendments]) 4.3.1.2

Cable Laying

Vessels near Majuro’s shoreline would not need to anchor. During cable-laying near shore, a vessel would be positioned approximately 20 meters (66 feet) off-shore. No anchors would be required since the vessel would use dynamic positioning and weights floating in mid-water to stabilize its position. The cable would be floated onshore using buoys positioned every few meters (feet). (TYCO, 2006) The sea cable would be anchored at the shoreline, and then either be installed through a BMH or not require the manhole. The cable could be buried underground along an existing road to the MINTA building using trenching rather than the manhole, but no final decision has yet been made. It is approximately 250 meters (820 feet) from the water to the cable station at the MINTA building. (TYCO, 2006) Vegetation The main impacts to marine vegetation/seagrass that could potentially occur would result from temporary siltation caused during cable laying. No long-term adverse effects to area seagrass are anticipated. Wildlife No long-term adverse effects to native terrestrial vegetation or area seagrass, which provides food and shelter for invertebrates, fish, and listed sea turtles, are anticipated, as described under vegetation. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from trawl gear. Under water the cable would be well protected by steel armoring, protective devices, and potential burial in limited locations, as appropriate, to minimize and mitigate the danger of electrical shorts and shocks to humans or other organisms. No long-term impacts are anticipated to reef fish observed during the survey: groupers, hawkfishes, emperors, goatfishes, wrasses, and parrotfishes. Threatened and Endangered Species The affected area would be monitored during cable laying for threatened and endangered species (such as leatherback, loggerhead, olive ridley, hawksbill, and green sea turtles and area whales) and work would be delayed until any such species observed has moved out of harms way, leaves the area, or is relocated (attached organisms only in the nearshore area) to similar habitat. Any relocation of benthic organisms would be performed by RMI if it is deemed necessary. If RMI requests assistance, activities would be in coordination with the USFWS, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service. 4-20

Micronesia Cable System EA

All construction project personnel would be briefed on the protection afforded to listed or other protected species (migratory birds, coral) and to avoid areas designated as nesting or roosting habitat. Environmentally Sensitive Habitat The cable would be anchored or placed in a trench in the reef area to avoid abrasion to the reef from tide and current action. Other than the potential loss of a small amount of coral during this process, no long-term impacts are anticipated. The proposed routing would take advantage of existing reef gaps to the maximum extent possible to minimize disturbance. Isolated coral colonies on the bottom could be relocated to a location outside the project area for recolonization. The USFWS has recommended that the project proponent design and implement, in coordination with the RMIEPA and Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority, a designated vessel anchorage zone within Majuro lagoon. Additional recommended USFWS conservation measures are provided in Section 4.1.1.1. Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from trawl gear. 4.3.1.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on biological resources in the ROI.

4.3.2

CULTURAL RESOURCES

All proposed activities would be performed in accordance with the Historic Preservation Act 1991, the National Environmental Protection Act 1984,and other applicable RMI regulations. 4.3.2.1

Trenching

Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resources All design and construction activities would be coordinated and would be performed in accordance with existing RMI policies. Any person who engages in an earthmoving activity shall prevent adverse impact on potential cultural resources by identifying and preserving all such resources. An earthmoving activity that may have an effect on cultural resources is also subject to regulatory controls pursuant to the Historic Preservation Act 1991. In the event a cultural resource is discovered during the earthmoving process, the person engaged in the earthmoving activity shall inform the Authority by the quickest means available, and in writing, of the discovery. Mitigation procedures may include a requirement to stop work temporarily at the earthmoving site so that the full extent of the cultural resource and the potential damage to that resource may be assessed. (Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 1989 [incorporating 1994 and 1999 Amendments]) A qualified archaeologist would monitor ground-disturbing activities during trenching in accordance with RMI direction. Personnel would be informed of the sensitivity of cultural Micronesia Cable System EA

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resources and the types of penalties that could be incurred if sites are damaged or destroyed. If during construction any cultural items are discovered, activities would cease in the immediate area and the RMI Historic Preservation Officer would be notified. Subsequent actions would follow the guidance provided. Therefore, no impacts to any known prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on Majuro are expected. Site preparation could require support equipment installation and minor excavation of existing road shoulders and utility routes to install an underground cable to existing facilities. The communication line trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads or along existing cleared paths, and the surface would be re-covered. Upon completion of the project, all areas which were disturbed by the project shall be stabilized so that accelerated erosion, or accelerated sedimentation, or both, will be prevented. On completion of stabilization, all unnecessary or unusable control facilities shall be removed, the areas shall be graded and the soils shall be stabilized. (Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 1989 [incorporating 1994 and 1999 Amendments]) Historic Buildings and Structures No impacts to historic buildings or structures during any MCS activity are anticipated, since none have been proposed for modification. Indigenous Populations/Traditional Resources Because of the possibility that subsurface cultural materials may exist, all sites where ground disturbance activities are expected would require monitoring by a qualified archaeologist in accordance with the RMI Historic Preservation Act 1991, the National Environmental Protection Act 1984, and other applicable RMI regulations. Personnel would be informed of the sensitivity of cultural resources and the types of penalties that could be incurred if sites are damaged or destroyed. 4.3.2.2

Cable Laying

Cable laying activities in near shore waters will follow similar procedures established in Section 4.3.2.1 Trenching. No impacts on cultural activities are expected from near shore activities. Cable laying in deeper ocean water should not affect cultural resources. 4.3.2.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on cultural resources in the ROI.

4.3.3 4.3.3.1

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Trenching

All earthmoving activities within the RMI shall be conducted in accordance with RMIEPA Earthmoving Regulations 1989 (incorporating 1994 and 1999 Amendments) and in such a way 4-22

Micronesia Cable System EA

as to prevent accelerated erosion, accelerated sedimentation, and disturbance of potential cultural resources. Earthmoving activities may also be subject to permit requirements emanating from other regulatory instruments pursuant to the National Environmental Protection Act 1984, the Coast Conservation Act 1988, the RMI Historic Preservation Act 1991, the Tourism Act 1991, and other national and local enactments. All earthmoving activities shall be planned in such a manner so as to minimize the area of disturbed land, reef or lagoon. (Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 1989 [incorporating 1994 and 1999 Amendments]) The communication line trenching would be along the shoulder of existing roads or along existing cleared paths, and the surface would be re-covered. Therefore, no impacts are anticipated due to trenching. Trenching activities would follow RMI requirements for run off. BMPs could include storm water diversions, sediment barriers, stream protection, dust palliatives, and other stabilization treatments. Upon completion of the project, all areas which were disturbed by the project would be stabilized so that accelerated erosion/sedimentation will be prevented. The beach face would then be completely graded, to its original condition, and the soils would be stabilized. 4.3.3.2

Cable Laying

Although, support equipment for cable installation may result in minor, short-term impacts to adjacent soils, the potential impacts would be limited and localized. Cable would be installed in accordance with RMI requirements for control, cleanup, and emergency response for spills of hazardous materials or waste and the prevention of soil erosion. In the event that the release of fuel or other hazardous material occurred, affected areas would be treated in accordance with applicable regulations. The risk of accidental spills of hazardous chemicals during cable laying affecting project soils is expected to be minor and temporary in duration. 4.3.3.3

Cumulative Impacts

The proposed activities, when combined with the current and planned activities on Majuro, would not result in cumulative impacts to geology and soils. Adherence to established procedures and implementation of BMPs would minimize the potential for spills and any impacts to soils. The potential for cumulative impacts on soil is considered minor.

4.3.4 4.3.4.1

SOCIOECONOMICS Trenching

Assuming such activities will be handled by local workers, there should be no impacts on socioeconomics from trenching activities. If such activities required additional personnel, there would be a positive, albeit limited, impact on area employment. 4.3.4.2

Cable Laying

No additional permanent workers would be employed as a result of cable laying activities; therefore, no increase or decrease in the employee base will occur. Nor will any increase in Micronesia Cable System EA

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population for housing or schools be anticipated. Temporary, project-specific personnel could be housed in hotels, motels, or rental properties of nearby communities. Such effects would be of limited impact, and short-term. A broadband fiber-optic system would improve telecommunication services to businesses and the general population. The latitude, longitude, and depth of the cable would be recorded and provided to the RMI for communication to fishing organizations and other interested agencies as applicable. A hotline number would be provided to advise licensed commercial fisherman as to whether their reported positions are in the vicinity of the cable. 4.3.4.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on the economy of the ROI.

4.3.5 4.3.5.1

SUBSISTENCE Trenching

Although subsistence and coastal commercial fishing is widespread, advanced notice of proposed trenching activities in the nearshore area would minimize the potential for interference. Subsistence fishermen could move to an adjacent area until the short-term proposed activities are complete. 4.3.5.2

Cable Laying

Sufficient slack would be introduced during the actual lay to allow the cable to conform to bottom contours and avoid suspensions that could cause both cable wear over time or snags from trawl gear. The latitude and longitude and depth of the cable would be recorded and communicated to all fishing organizations and other interested agencies in writing, electronically, and on navigational charts as applicable. 4.3.5.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on subsistence practices in the ROI.

4.3.6 4.3.6.1

WATER RESOURCES (MARINE) Trenching

Turbidity in nearshore waters occurring as a result of the planned trenching should be minimal, localized, and dispersed easily by tidal action. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated.

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4.3.6.2

Cable Laying

In the unlikely event of an accidental fuel spill, emergency response personnel would comply with any RMI spill prevention and marine water quality requirements and regulations. The proposed route is in an area subject to strong currents and large oceanic swells which would quickly disperse any localized turbidity occurring as a result of the planned cable laying. No long-term impacts to marine water quality are anticipated. 4.3.6.3

Cumulative Impacts

No other past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future programs, projects or activities have been identified that, together with the Proposed Action, would have the potential for cumulative impacts on marine water quality in the ROI.

4.4

NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE

If the No-action Alternative is selected, no environmental consequences associated with the MCS installation are anticipated. This would effectively result in none of the MCS project proceeding, since the basic cable segment from Guam to Kwajalein with branching units to Pohnpei and Majuro would not be constructed. Off island bandwidth at Kwajalein would continue with existing SATCOM capabilities. Similarly for FSMTC and MINTA, satellite bandwidth is very limiting and expensive. FSMTC’s and MINTA's ability to offer broadband services and to expand existing services will be curtailed if the fiber cable project is not deployed. If the RUS denies one or both of the loan applications for FSMTC and MINTA, the cable segment or segments pertaining respectively to the FSM and RMI would not be laid. No environmental consequences associated with the eliminated action(s) are anticipated.

4.5

FEDERAL ACTIONS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN MINORITY POPULATIONS AND LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS (EXECUTIVE ORDER 12898)

Proposed activities would be conducted in a manner that would not substantially affect human health and the environment. The EA has identified no effects that would result in disproportionately high or adverse effect on minority or low-income populations in the area. The activities would also be conducted in a manner that would not exclude persons from participating in, deny persons the benefits of, or subject persons to discrimination because of their race, color, national origin, or socioeconomic status.

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4.6

FEDERAL ACTIONS TO ADDRESS PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS AND SAFETY RISKS (EXECUTIVE ORDER 13045)

This EA has not identified any environmental health and safety risks that may disproportionately affect children, in compliance with Executive Order 13045.

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5.0 REFERENCES

5.0 REFERENCES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2006. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora [Online]. Available: http://www.cites.org/ [10 January 2006]. Digital Micronesia, 1992. “Observations of the Archaeological Differentiation between Prehistoric and Historic House Sites in the Marshall Islands, Coral Gravel Spreads,” Marshalls Homepage [Online]. Available: http://marshall.csu.edu.au/Marshalls/html/ archaeology/arc.html, [undated]. Digital Micronesia, 1998. “Non-traditional Settlement Patterns and Typhoon Hazard on Contemporary Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands,” Marshalls Homepage, [Online]. Available: http://marshall.csu.edu.au/Marshalls/html/typhoon/typhoon.html, [undated]. Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2005. Marshall Islands Transportation [Online]. Available: http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Marshall-IslandsTRANSPORTATION.html [04 December 2005]. Federated States of Micronesia, 2006. “Pohnpei, Trip Report Federated States of Micronesia, January 5-12, 2006,” prepared by Norman L. Lovelace, Teledyne Solutions, Inc., 16 January 2006. Federated States of Micronesia, 2002. Soils and Topography [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/southpac ific/micronesia.htm#2.%20SOILS%20AND [05 December 2005]. Federated States of Micronesia, Climate Change Program, 1997. 1997 Climate Change National Communication, [Online]. Available: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/micnc1.pdf. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002a. “Fishery Country Profile: Marshall Islands,” FAO Fisheries Department Homepage [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/MHL/profile.htm, [April]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002b. “Fishery Country Profile: Micronesia,” FAO Fisheries Department Homepage, [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/FSM/profile.htm, [April]. Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, 2005. National Government of the Federated States of Micronesia Homepage, Info on FSM, Economy [Online]. Available: http://www.fsmgov.org/info/econ.html. Guam Website, 2004. Practical Information about Guam [Online]. Available: http://ns.gov.gu/.

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Hawaii.com/Micronesia, 2005. “Pohnpei—Garden State of Micronesia,” Federated States of Micronesia: The Four Corners of Paradise Homepage [Online]. Available: http://micronesia.hawaii.com/fsm/pohnpei/index.php [6 December]. International Council on Monuments and Sites, 2006. National Park Service Pohnpei Training Course [Online]. Available: http://www.icomos.org/usicomos/Special_Initiatives/Pohnpei_Training_Course/NPS_Poh npei_Training_Course.htm [27 March]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [Online]. Available: http://iucnredlist.org/ [10 January 2006]. Ishoda, no date. Presentation of the results of two Fisheries State Surveys. livingarchipelagos.org, no date. “Pohnpei” [Online]. Available: http://www.livingarchipelagos.org/sitepage.asp?name=Pohnpei, [5 December 2005]. Marshall Islands Visitors Authority, undated. “History of the Marshall Islands” [Online]. Available: http://www.visitmarshallislands.com/pdf/MarshalleseHistory.pdf. Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 2004. Volume 3, Number 2 “Micronesian Round-up: Historic Preservation in the Marshall Islands: 2003-2004 Research, December. National Ocean Service, 2003. National Summary: Background, Environmental Pressures, National Assessments, Agency Responses, Recommendations for Conservation Action and Conclusions. Northern Telecon Federal System, 1992. Environmental Assessment for the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll Submarine Fiber Optic Transmission System. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and U.S. Army Environmental Center, 1999. Botanical Survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands, June. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1998. “Core Document Forming Part of the Reports of States Parties: Marshall Islands,” Documents by Treaty Homepage [Online]. Available: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/ 5d960094a4cd0329802566da003f8f4a?Opendocument [1 October]. Pacific Island Travel, 2002. “Micronesia (Marshall Islands)—Nature,” Micronesia homepage [Online]. Available: http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/micronesia/about_destin/ marshall_nature.html, [1 May]. Pohnpei Between Time and Tide, 2004a. Kolonia Town [Online]. Available: http://www.pohnpeiheaven.com/kolonia.htm [05 December 2005].

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Pohnpei Between Time and Tide, 2004b. Soils and Geography [Online]. Available: http://www.pohnpeiheaven.com/terrain.htm [05 December 2005]. Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Pohnpei Environmental Protection Agency Earthmoving Regulations. Republic of the Marshall Islands, Office of the President, Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office, 2005. Republic of the Marshall Islands Statistical Yearbook 2004, September. Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, 1989. Earth Moving Regulations, 1989 (Incorporating 1994 And 1998 Amendments). Sea Grass Watch, 2006. The Federated States of Micronesia, McKenzie, L.J., Yoshida, R.L., Coles, R.G. & Mellors, J.E. (2005) [Online]. Available: http://seagrasswatch.org/FSM.html [30 January 2006]. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Coastal Fisheries Program, undated. “Marshall Islands,” Coastal Fisheries Management Section Homepage, [Online]. Available: http://www.spc.int/coastfish/Sections/Community/marshall.htm. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Coastal Fisheries Program, 2005. “Pohnpei: Fishing – Traditional and Modern,” Coastal Fisheries Management Section Homepage, [Online]. Available: http://www.spc.int/coastfish/Sections/Community/stories_events_1.htm. Sims, 2005. Personal Communication with Ken Sims, USAKA Environmental Office, November, 2005. The Federated States of Micronesia, 2002. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. TYCO, 2006. “Micronesian Cable System Trip Report Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands, January 16-18, 2006,” prepared by Elizabeth Harding & Associates, P.C., 23 January. TyCom Networks (Guam) LLC, 2001. Environmental Impact Assessment for the TyCom Networks LLC Marine cable Landings, Terrestrial Cable Raceway and Piti Cable Station, December. U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, 2003. Search and Recovery Report 2002/CIL/007, Excavation of an Alleged Mass Burial Location Associated with RM00006 (Marshall Islands 5), Kwajalein Island, U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 8 January through 19 March, 2002, April. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1997. The Environmental Effects of Underwater Explosions with Methods to Mitigate Impacts, Thomas M. Keevin, Ph.D. and Gregory L. Hempen, Ph.D., P.E., R.G., August.

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U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004. Environmental Standards and Procedures for U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Activities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Ninth Edition, April. U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004b. Final Programmatic Environmental Assessment United States Army Kwajalein Atoll Real Property Master Plan Implementation, May. U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2003. Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) Extended Test Range (ETR) Environmental Impact Statement, July. U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002. Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) Pacific Flights Environmental Assessment, 20 December. U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 1995. U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll Temporary Extended Test Range Environmental Assessment, October. U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 1993. Proposed Actions at United States Army Kwajalein Atoll Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, December. U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command, 1989. Final Environmental Impact Statement, Proposed Actions at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, October. U.S. Department of State, 2002. “U.S. Relations with the Freely Associated States (FAS),” Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs Homepage [Online]. Available: http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eap/brazeal.html [2 May]. U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2005. Final Report Assessment of Marine Biological Resources at the Proposed Micronesian Cable System Landing Sites: U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll and Majuro Atoll Republic of the Marshall Islands; and Pohnpei Island, Federated States of Micronesia, prepared by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, October. U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2004. Final 2002 Inventory Endangered Species and Wildlife Resources Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, October. U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, 2002. Final 2000 Inventory Endangered Species and Wildlife Resources Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, July. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 1999. A Report on the State of the Islands, undated. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs, 2004. Republic of the Marshall Islands Business Opportunities Report, September. 5-4

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University of Guam, 2000. The Reptiles of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, Abstract, Donald W. Buden [Online]. Available: http://www.uog.edu/up/micronesica/ abstracts_32/buden_pohn_.htm [December 2005]. University of Hawaii, undated. Plants and Environments of the Marshall Islands, “Saltwater Aquatic Vegetation of Sea Grass Beds” [Online]. Available: http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/Home.html [30 January 2006]. University of Nebraska, Omaha, 2005. “Pohnpei Island: Geographic and Historical Setting,” Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Laboratory Homepage [Online]. Available: http://maps.unomaha.edu/Seminar761/Kit_Dahl/pohnpei.html [undated].

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6.0 LIST OF PREPARERS

6.0 LIST OF PREPARERS Government Preparers Thomas M. Craven, Environmental Protection Specialist U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command M.S., 1974, Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa B.S., 1971, Biology and Math, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa Years of Experience: 31 Julia Elliott, Environmental Protection Specialist U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command M.A., 1976, Mathematics/Science Education, Michigan State University B.A., 1971, Secondary Education, Michigan State University Years of Experience: 26 David C. Hasley, Environmental Engineer U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command B.S., 1984, Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington Years of Experience: 20 Kenneth R. Sims, Environmental Protection Specialist U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command M.S., 1979, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Auburn University, Alabama B.S., 1974, Zoology, Auburn University, Alabama Years of Experience: 34 Contractor Preparers Matthew M. Estes, Environmental Specialist, EDAW, Inc. M.S., 2000, Environmental Management, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama B.S., 1991, Environmental Science, University of California at Riverside Years of Experience: 15 Brittnea Horton, Environmental Specialist, EDAW, Inc. B.S., 2001, Geography and Biology, University of North Alabama Years of Experience: 5 Mark Hubbs, Environmental Analyst, Teledyne Solutions, Inc. M.A., 2003, Archaeology and Heritage, University of Leicester (UK) M.S., 2000, Environmental Management, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama B.A., 1981, History, Henderson State University Years of Experience: 17

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Rachel Y. Jordan, Environmental Scientist, EDAW, Inc. B.S., 1972, Biology, Christopher Newport College, Virginia Years of Experience: 19 Brandon Krause, Technical Illustrator, EDAW, Inc. B.S., in progress, Electrical Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville Years of Experience: 6 Amy McEniry, Technical Editor, KAYA Associates, Inc. B.S., 1988, Biology, University of Alabama in Huntsville Years of Experience: 18 Rickie D. Moon, Senior Systems Engineer, Teledyne Solutions, Inc. M.S., 1997, Environmental Management, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama B.S., 1977, Chemistry and Mathematics, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama Years of Experience: 22 Rebecca J. White, Environmental Specialist, KAYA Associates, Inc. B.S., 2000, Civil/Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville Years of Experience: 6 James (Jim) E. Zielinski, Environmental Specialist, EDAW, Inc. B.S., 1984, Biology, University of Alabama in Birmingham Years of Experience: 21

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7.0 AGENCIES AND INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED

7.0 AGENCIES AND INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands Minister in Assistance to the President: Honorable Witten Philippo (chaired briefing) Minister of Health Services: Honorable Alvin Jacklik Minister of Transportation and Communications: Honorable Michael Konelius Minister of Foreign Affairs: Honorable Gerald Zackios Minister of Interior: Honorable Rien Morris Minister of Finance: Honorable Brenson Wase Minister of Justice: Honorable Donald Capelle Minister of Public Works, Honorable Mattlan Zackhras Chief Secretary Robert Muller U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Greta Morris Mr. John Bungitak, Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA General Manager Mr. Caleb McClennen, Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA Environmental Consultant Chairperson of the Board of Directors for the Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA, Yumi Crisostomo Mr. Dennis Alessio, a member of the Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA Board of Directors Mr. Anthony Muller, President and General Manager, Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority (MINTA) Ms. Helen Reed-Rowe, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy to the Republic of the Marshall Islands Mr. Michael Sawej, MINTA, Acting Deputy General Manager for Operations Mr. Samuel Lanwe, Jr., Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority Deputy Director Mr. Terry Keju, MINTA Mr. Jorelik Tibon, Secretary of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications Ms. Evelyn Lanke, City Clerk of the Majuro Atoll Local Government

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Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia Mr. Moses Pretrick, Environmental Health Coordinator, Department of Health, Education and Social Services, FSM National Government Honorable Sebastian Anefal, Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs, FSM National Government Honorable Andrew Yatilman, Secretary, Department of Transportation, Communications and Infrastructure, FSM National Government Mr. Bernard Thouiag, Executive Director, National Oceanic Resource Management Authority, FSM National Government Ms. Suzanne Hale, U.S. Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia Mr. Vic Hobson, FAS Federal Programs Coordinator, U.S. Department of Interior Mr. Eldon Hellan, Executive Director, Pohnpei EPA, Pohnpei State Government Ms. Donna Schuering, Advisor, Pohnpei EPA, Pohnpei State Government Mr. Kikio Apis, Administrator, and Office of Economic Affairs (note: includes marine resources), Pohnpei State Government Mr. Youser Ansor, Director, Department of Land and Natural Resources (note: Mr. Ansor is the SHPO), Pohnpei State Government Mr. Donald David, Marine Resources, Office of Economic Affairs, Pohnpei State Government Mr. Takuro Akinaga, CEO & General Manager, Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Corporation

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APPENDIX A DISTRIBUTION LIST

APPENDIX A DISTRIBUTION LIST Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands Mr. John Bungitak Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority (RMIEPA) The Honorable Kessai Note President, Republic of the Marshall Islands The Honorable Witten Philippo Minister in Assistance to the President The Honorable Alvin Jacklik Minister of Health Services The Honorable Michael Konelius Minister of Transportation and Communications The Honorable Gerald Zackios Minister of Foreign Affairs The Honorable Rien Morris Minister of Interior The Honorable Brenson Wase Minister of Finance The Honorable Donald Capelle Minister of Justice The Honorable Mattlan Zackhras Minister of Public Works The Honorable Wilfred Kendall Minister of Education The Honorable John Silk Minister of Resource and Development Mr. Robert Muller Chief Secretary, Republic of the Marshall Islands Mr. Anthony Muller, President and General Manager, Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority (MINTA) Mr. Michael Sawej MINTA, Acting Deputy General Manager for Operations

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Mr. Samuel Lanwe, Jr. Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority Deputy Director Mr. Terry Keju MINTA Mr. Jorelik Tibon Secretary of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications Ms. Evelyn Lanke City Clerk of the Majuro Atoll Local Government Mr. Caleb McClennon Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA Environmental Consultant Ms. Yumi Crisostomo Chairperson, Board of Directors for the Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA Mr. Dennis Alessio Member, Republic of the Marshall Islands EPA Board of Directors Ms. Greta Morris U. S. Ambassador to the Republic of the Marshall Islands Ms. Helen Reed-Rowe Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy to the Republic of the Marshall Islands Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia Mr. Eldon Hellan Pohnpei EPA Mr. Donald David Office of Economic Affairs Mr. Bernard Thouiag National Oceanic and Resource Management Authority Mr. Victor Hobson U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Embassy to the Federated States of Micronesia Mr. Takuro Akinaga Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Corporation

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Kwajalein Mr. Kenneth Sims U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Regan Test Site (USAKA/RTS) Ms. Suzanne Pyle KRS Mr. David Seelye U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Regan Test Site (USAKA/RTS) Agencies/Consultants Mr. Martin Price David Ross Group Mr. Matt Link FSMTC/MINTA Advisor Mr. Richard Fristik USDA Rural Development Utilities Programs Mr. Mark McGilvray Tyco Telecommunications Mr. Nick Koopalethes Global Broadband Solutions, LLC. Mr. John Naughton NOAA Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office Mr. Michael Molina U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mr. John McCarroll U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Region IX Ms. Helene Takemoto U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu (USAEDH)

Libraries Alele Public Library Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands Majuro Public Library Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands

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Grace Sherwood Library Kwajalein, Marshall Islands Roi-Namur Library Roi-Namur, Marshall Islands Pohnpei Public Library Kolonia, Pohnpei FM

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APPENDIX B CORRESPONDENCE

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