Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Mechanical biological treatment in Europe Wolfgang Müller

Organic Resource Agency Ltd., Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, WR14 3SZ

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Ingenieurgesellschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH, Bischhäuser Aue 12 D-37213 Witzenhausen Germany; Tel.: +49-5542-9308-13 [email protected]

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Experience in the UK and from central Europe

MBT in Europe

Options to reduce waste to landfill Waste minimisation

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Waste composition UK household waste

Cardboard 6,6%

Newspaper / glossy paper 12,5% Other paper 5,2%

Plastics 14,2%

Garden waste 5,6% Clothing & shoes 5,3%

Miscellaneous combustible 6,0%

Kitchen waste 23,1%

Glass 7,0% Metals 3,3%

Misc. non- Disposable nappies combustible 4,7% 3,0%

Fines 3,5%

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Newspaper / ? Why pretreat waste before landfilling glossy paper Cardboard 6,6%

12,5% ÖAdverse environmental effects

Other paper 5,2%

EU Directive (99/31/EC) targets Plastics ª Landfill landfill gas production Ö global warming 14,2%

ª leachate Ö groundwater pollution Target percentage reduction in landfilling of biodegradable waste Recycling/Recovery

Ö

Requirement

Clothing & shoes 5,3%

ª ferrous and non-ferrous metals by 2005

75% ofMiscellaneous the 1995 levels

By 2006

Country heaviliy reliant on landfill willwaste be able to claim Garden 5,6% to delay derogations meeting targets by 4 years, e.g. UK

by 2010

by 2015

By 2010

combustible energy (from biodegradables, by AD) ª renewable

Kitchen waste 23,1%

6,0%

Recycling composting rate ª RDFor(from high calorific fraction) 25% of50% household waste Glass of the 1995 levels By 2009

30%

By 2013

33%

7,0% ª other recyclables: paper, plastics, glass, inerts …… Metals 3,3%

Fines

ª chemical (methanol) Recovery rate of compounds municipalMisc. waste 40% 3,5% non- Disposable 35% of the 1995 levels

ª “compost”/soil conditioner combustible 3,0%

By 2014 nappies 4,7%

45%

By 2019

67%

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Biodegradables 35,1%

Waste composition

Biodegradables or high calorific 24,3%

Misc. noncombustible 11,7%

High calorific 25,5%

Metals 3,3%

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT-Research project of German Ministry of research and technology (BMBF); 1995 - 1999 main issue of the project Institution

LandfillMBT-trials behaviour

x x

1 Universität Potsdam 2 IGW Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen 3 ITU GmbH. 4 U.T.G.-Gesellschaft für Umwelttechnik mbH 5 TU Braunschweig 6 Dr.-Ing. Steffen Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH 7 Biotechnologie Nordhausen GmbH 8 Schwarting-Uhde GmbH

x x x x x x x

13 Bergische Universität GH Wuppertal 14 Fraunhofergesellschaft 15 TU Darmstadt 16 Universität Hannover

x

x x x

11 TU München 12 RWTH Aachen

x

x

9 FH Hamburg 10 Abfallwirtschaftsbetrieb Rhein-Hunsrück

LCA

gasesous parameter- emissions evaluation from MBT

x x x x

x x

x x x

Mechanical preparation Front end separation

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Mechanical preparation Ferrous and non-ferrous separation

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Mechanical preparation Air classifier

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Mechanical preparation Near infrared detection

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Mechanical preparation Hand picking

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT-tunnel windrow composting (Frohnleiten) Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

New Earth Solutions; Canford; Dorset

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT-tunnel and roofed open windrow composting (Frohnleiten)

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Nachrotte Linz

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Mass reduction fresh matter balance

total fresh matter [Mg/batch]

120 100

fines < 80 m m (batch 20)

93.4

entire w aste (batch 18)

80

69.5 74.4

55.5

60 58.5

56.7

40 20 0 0

7

14

21

28

35

42

49

56

composting period [days]

63

70

77

84

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Degradation of organic matter depending on the type composting technologies 70

oDM-bio-degradation (% )

                

60

50

40

  

20

0







stationary panel pile 4 weeks pressure ventilation, then stationary panel pile



 18 weeks intensive composting  < 80 mm, 9 weeks box



30

10

 





composting, then stationary panel pile





  

 8 weeks pressure ventilation then stationary panel pile





   0

10

20

30

40

composting time (weeks)

50

60

70

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Main MBT approaches • Biological stabilisation – stabilised waste for landfilling or land spreadding • Bio-drying (Ecodeco, Herhof) – RDF • Anaerobic digestion – renewable energy from biogas • Sophisticated mechanical separation – separation of recyclables • Physical treatment: Autoclaving – production of fibre

MBT Cröbern (Leipzig)

Project:

MBT Cröbern

Client:

WEV GmbH

Project dates:

Mechanical and Biological Treatment Plant: tunnel composting + windrow composting

Investment costs:

ca. 75 Mio. €

current stage:

Operational since june 2005

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

300.000 Mg/a

MBT with AD; Hannover (D) capacity: MBT including anaerobic digestion: 200.000 to/a Main elements: Front-end: shredding, screening, ballistic separation dry digestion, followed by table windrow composting with gantry turning system

Performance data AD Retention time AD: Retention time maturation: Gas production:

21 days 6 weeks 130 m³/tADinput

Output to landfill:

70.0000 t/a

RDF flow:

100.000 t/a

Exhaust air flow:

3.500 m³/tinput

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Integrated Waste treatment centre Hannover

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe Unit

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Green Mixed waste fully Household processed waste 3 weeks processed

< 10 mm

< 10-40 mm

> 40 mm

PAS 100 Soil Soil Potentially Assosiation Assosiation Toxic Limits for Limits for Elements Household Manure Upper Waste Limits1

Dry Matter (DM) [%]

60.7

83.8

69.5

71.4

76.6

Total Nitrogen [% of DM]

1.02

1.95

1.75

0.82

0.29

Total Phosphorus [% of DM]

0.136

0.268

Total Potassium [% of DM]

0.429

0.674

Total Carbon [% of DM]

15.4

24.1

18.7

8.32

23.7

C : N Ratio

15:01

12:01

11:01

00:00

00:00

Total Zinc [mg/kg DM]

162

387

503

232

122

400

200

1000

Total Copper [mg/kg DM]

26.2

132

159

56.3

40

200

70

400

Total Lead [mg/kg DM]

84.2

686

433

109

46

200

45

250

Total Nickel [mg/kg DM]

5.0

16.5

29.8

14.4

5.7

50

25

100

Total Chromium [mg/kg DM]

7.8

18.1

30.0

14.4

5.05

100

70

1000

Total Mercury [mg/kg DM]

0.16

0.13

0.70

1.97

0.60

1

0.40

1

Total Cadmium [mg/kg DM]

0.29

1.15

1.68

0.53

0.29

1.5

0.7

10

PH

7.61

7.26

7.5

Conductivity [Mmhos]

0.78

1.35

MBT + demonstration landfill Erbenschwang (Poczka)

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Low maintenance/ nearly inactive landfill ⇒ low gas emissions ⇒ low leachte amount and pollutant content ⇒ low compression

Appropirate parameter(s) and threshold

Mechanically biologically Treatment ⇒ various technologies ⇒ various treatment periods

Biological criteria ¾respiration activity ¾gas formation rate ¾enzyme activity ¾others

Chemical criteria ¾humic substances ¾dissolved organic carbon ¾Van Soest-analyses ¾others

Landfill simmulation tests (different types and size)

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Effect of various composting technologies employed for the processing of residual waste on the level of stabilisation respiration activity BOD4 [mg O2/g DM] 60 high-tech-composting system low grade, technical composting system

50

40

30

20

10 Threshold value AbfblV: 5 mg O2/g DM 0 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

composting time (weeks)

20

22

24

26

28

30

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

13

Landfill-Simulation-Reactor (LSR)

10

12 11 2

3

9

4

1: Lysimeter (refined steel) length 100 cm, diameter 40 cm, volume 125 l 4: Sprinkler 5: Perforated refined steel plate with filter screen 6: Pump 9: tube for percolate water recirculation 13: Gascollection bag

8 1 Waste

5

7 6 15 14

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Landfill simmulation reactors Essen university (Maile)

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Landfill tests

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Daily cover with plastic film to minimise leachate

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

landfill Schneeweiderhof, Rettenberger

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Gas formation in landfill simmulation reactor

Cumulative Gas Production [Nl/kg dry matter]

300 untreated MSW 80 pretreated MSW 1 60 pretreated MSW 2 40

60 40 20

20 200

0

0

0

0

100

100

Time ´´ [d]

200

200 Time ´ [d]

300

300

reduction of gas formation 100

0

0

100

200

300 Time [d]

400

500

600

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Landfill emission potential of untreated and MBT-waste

Emission Potential

Unit

Untreated MSW

Mechanicallybiologically treated MSW

Gas formation

[Nl/kg dm]

134-233

12-50

TOC

[g/kg dm]

8-16

0,3-3,3

Total Nitrogen

[g/kg dm]

4-6

0,6-2,4

[g/kg dm]

4-5

4-6

-

Cl

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Correlation between the potential of landfill gas formation and BOD4

potential landfill gas (l / kg DM)

250

200

150

Institutes

100

BOKU BUGW

50

TUD TUHH

0 0

10

20

30

40

Respiration activity BOD4 (mg / g DM)

50

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Reduction of environmental impact of landfills (gas and leachate) by about 90 % (according to respecting legislations) Germany

Austria

Respiration activity (within 4 days)

< 5 mg/g DM

< 7 mg/g DM

Gas formation rate within 21 days (GFR21)

< 20 l/kg DM

< 20 l/kg DM

Total organic carbon in eluate (TOCeluate)

< 250 mg/l

-

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

German landfill ordinance; 2001 Parameter for MBT waste

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Reduction of environmental impact of landfills by about 65 % (according to landfill directive) Threshold values to meet EU-landfill directive Respiration activity AT4 (within 4 days) Total organic carbon in eluate (TOCeluate)

< 10 mg/g DM < 500 mg/l

Æ Proposed in 2nd draft of EU Biowaste directive Stabilisation according respiration rate AT4 of 10 mg/g DM used or discussed in: •

Italy

•

France

•

Finland

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Implementation of EU landfill directive (99/31/EC) in the UK Waste and Emissions Trading Act 2003 Base year 2001/2002 Total waste arisings MSW Percentage biodegradables (BMW) Amount of BMW

28,904,806 68% 19,655,268

Reduction of BMW through recycling

2,212,254

BMW reduction by waste treatment

1,803,014

BMW landfilled = base figure

15,640,000

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Implementation of EU landfill directive (99/31/EC) in the UK 50,000 45,000

MSW Arisings BMW Arisings LATS Allocation (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%)

40,000

Landfill Directive Targets

30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 -

20 01 /0 20 2 02 /0 20 3 03 /0 20 4 04 /0 20 5 05 /0 20 6 06 /0 20 7 07 /0 20 8 08 /0 20 9 09 /1 20 0 10 /1 20 1 11 /1 20 2 12 /1 20 3 13 /1 20 4 14 /1 20 5 15 /1 20 6 16 /1 20 7 17 /1 20 8 18 /1 20 9 19 /2 0

'000 tonnes

35,000

Year

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Implementation of EU landfill directive (99/31/EC) in the UK Maximum Amount of BMW (in tonnes) Area Target Year Target Year ending in 2010 ending in 2013 United 13,700,000 9,130,000 Kingdom England 11,200,000 7,460,000 Scotland 1,320,000 880,000 Wales 710,000 470,000 Northern Ireland 470,000 320,000

Target Year ending in 2020 6,390,000 5,220,000 620,000 330,000 220,000

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS) launched on 1 April 2005 Allowances are allocated to each waste disposal authority trading, banking and borrowing is possible Authorities are able to borrow up to 5% of the next year's allowance WDAs will be required to provide quarterly returns to the Environment Agency A fixed penalty of £150/tonne BMW will be incurred if a WDA breaches its landfill allowances target in the scheme year

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

UK approach Study on suitable parameter to assess biodegradability Guidance on monitoring MBT and other pre-treatment processes for the landfill allowances schemes (England and Wales) (Environment Agency, August 2005) Parameter to assess stabilisation: - BM100 (gas test) - DR4 Dynamic respiration index, different to Italy Mass loss and relative change of BM100 is used to determine reduction of biodegradables

Bio-Mechanical Waste-Treatment „no RDF separation“

680 t

25 t 0 t 520 t

160 t

reduction of respiration activity

t BMW

„with RDF separation“

SRI (DM)

% BMW

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

DRI (VS)

GFR (DM)

% BMW

t BMW

68 %

680 t

400 t RDF

55 %

220 t

20 t metals

0%

0 t

100% 1,000 t fresh waste

68 %

80% 50 %

50 t contraries

0%

20 t metals

60%

mechanical preparation

40% 20% 0% 0

300 t mass loss

biological treatment 5 weeks

250 t mass loss

370 t

680 t

waste to landfill

330 t

90 t

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

composting period [weeks]

diversion

0% 76 %

2% 30 %

RDF/metals composting

42 % 25 %

32 % 54 %

76 %

32 %

Total diversion

67 %

86 %

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT plants in Germany 50 plants Capacity: 5.5 Mio tpa

www.asa.de

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Situation in Italy

Trentino-South Tyrol Venetia Friuli Venetia Lombardia (incl. Mailand) Piedmont Emilia Romagna Tuscany Umbria Marche Latium (incl. Rom) Abruzzo Molise Campania (incl. Neapel) Kalabria Sardinia sum

number of with biological with RDF plants treatment production 1 1 0 9 7 4 3 3 2 12 11 8 3 1 2 4 3 2 17 12 8 3 3 1 4 4 1 7 3 7 4 3 1 1 4 6 9 7 8 6 4 3 2 2 2 85

68

55

capacity [t/y] 6,000 860,000 247,000 1,380,000 146,000 440,000 1,420,000 363,000 204,000 1,550,000 142,000 58,000 2,670,000 380,000 126,000 9,992,000 Steiner 2005

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Situation in Austria

region

inhabitants

inhabitants connected to… incineration mechanical treatment + incineration incineration MBT

Vienna

1,550,000

Lower Austria

1,546,000

107,000

1,439,000

Upper Austria

1,377,000

327,000

1,050,000

Salzburg

515,000

515,000

Tirol

674,000

552,000

Vorarlberg

351,000

Carinthia

559,000

40,000

1,183,000

1,183,000

278,000

278,000

8,033,000 100%

3,002,000 37%

Styria Burgenland sum

310,000

1,240,000

26,000 351,000

661,000 8%

not yet decided

95,000

519,000

4,274,000 95,000 Steiner 2005 53% 1%

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Situation in Poland location Warzawa Radiowo Katowice Warzawa ZUSOK Machnacz k/Wloclawka Zielonej Gory / Racula k Grudziadz Bialystok Grodzisk Maz. Kolobrzeg Suwalki Pulawry Zgolrzelec Braniewo Ladek Zdroj Eiblag Gorzo Kobierniki k. Plocka Inowroclaw Swietochlowice Police k/Szcezecina sum

capacity [t/y] 145.000 60.000 55.000 50.000 25.000 25.000 24.000 22.500 22.500 22.500 22.500 10.000 6.000 5.000 not known not known not known not known not known not known

input

sewage sludge, green waste

sewage sludge, green waste

sewage sludge, green waste sewage sludge, green waste

sewage sludge, green waste sewage sludge, green waste sewage sludge, green waste green waste

technical aspects trommel trommel row box skip windrow container trommel trommel trommel digestion digestion windrow skip windrow windrow trommel container container windrow

495.000 Steiner 2005

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Situation in France

Lorient (Bretagne)

57,000

starting under construction

Mende (Zentralmassiv)

20,000

2003

trommel, box

Carpentras (Provence)

25,000

2003

stabilisation

Varennes-Jarcy (Paris)

70,000

2202

digestion

Amiens (Picardie)

85,000

1987

digestion

location

sum

capacity [t/y]

technical aspects tunnel

257,000 Steiner 2005

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

water

organic matter

CH4

CO2 water

high calorific material inorganic material

stablilised organics Mechanical and Biological Treatment

inorganic material

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Respiration acitivity < 5 mg/g DM (German/Austrian limits)

Respiration acitivity UK approach < 10 mg/g DM (EC limit ??

Composting

8 – 16 weeks

5 – 8 weeks

flexible ?? > 4 weeks

AD + composting

2-3 weeks AD 4 – 10 weeks composting

2-3 weeks AD 2 – 5 weeks composting

flexible ?? 2-3 weeks AD > 1 week composting

Methane oxidation in landfill capping

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Principle methane oxidation CO2 H2O

O2

CO2 H2O O2

50 cm

grass layer recultivation layer and layer for methane oxidation

50 cm

6-30 cm

CH4

CH4

CH4

drainage and gas distribution layer barrier out of highly compacted output of mechanical biological MSW treatment highly compacted output of mechanical biological MSW treatment or old landfill body

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Thank you for your attention [email protected]

MBT with increased Recycling + recovery

MSW

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

bag splitter ballistic separator fines

Fe/non-Fe separation

coarse Fe/non-Fe separation NIR inerts separation air classifier

metals Recyclables: - paper - plastics - inerts - biomass low grade RDF

Recyclables: - sand - Inerts biogas water, CO2 soil conditioner ??

wet separation

AD/maturation

landfill

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

RDF market Situation in the UK and elsewhere

???

New technologies for residual waste

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Dorset CC: 120.000 Mg/a MBT with 40,000 Mg/a RDF combustion

MBT in Europe

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

RDF market EN TC 343 „solid recovered fuel“ Situation in Germany Coal power plant Jänschwalde : 400,000 tpa approved Cement kiln: 1,2 Mio tpa (estimated) Incinerations: several hundred thousands of tonnes (intermediate solution; spot market) Purpose built RDF combustion to produce heat and power: increasing number of projects , e.g. 260,000 t RDF for a paper producing company Potential for RDF in Germany - Cement industry: - Coal power plants : - Purpose built RDF combustion :

25 – 50 % (equals 1,4 – 2,8 Mio Mg/a) 5 – 10 % (equals 3,8 – 7,7 Mio Mg/a hard coal + 3,7 – 7,5 Mio Mg/a brown coal) several million tonnes estimated

MBT in Europe

RDF Potential for RDF in the UK - Cement industry: - Coal power plants : - Purpose built RDF combustion :

Potential is available but has to be developed !!!

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

MBT Linz (A); located in an industrial zone

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

MBT in Europe

Enclosed biofilter

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Determination of Settlements by Oedometer

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH

Oedometer, ∅ 120 cm

Settlement mass: ■ Settlement caused by load ■ Settlement caused by decomposition

approx. 15% of original depth 2 - 5% of original depth

Lab-tests

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH