2015 Business Roundtable Series Clean Energy Pathways for Japan and the U.S.
Marine Renewable Energy Development in Japan Hydrodynamics on floating platforms in harmony with marine environment
1st (1998): Container ship
2nd (2007): NWFSC/NOAA NET Systems
3rd (2013): Univ. Washington, PNNL
October 28, 2015 @5:00 PM – 8:30 PM Bellevue City Hall
Daisuke Kitazawa (Dept. Mechanical & Biofunctional Systems, IIS, Univ. Tokyo)
Table of Contents 1. Governmental Policy / Energy Mix in Japan
2. Marine Renewable Energy Potential 3. Marine Renewable Energy Development 4. Social Acceptance 5. Current Issues for MRE Development 2
Energy Demand in Japan
(PJ) 18,000 16,000 14,000
1973 to 2013 GDP: 2.3 times Energy: 1.26 times
(Trillion yen) 600
Collapse of bubble economy
500
Transportation
12,000
400
House
10,000
300
8,000 6,000
Industry
200
Oil shock
4,000
100
2,000 0
Service etc. 0
73 75
80
85
90
95
00
05
10
13
METI: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/faq/001/) 3
Energy Mix in 2030 (METI, 2015) Electricity demand
Economic growth (1.7% / year)
966.6 billion kWh
1.278 Electricity source trillion 1.065 Energy saving kWh trillion 196.1 billion Loss etc. Energy kWh kWh Saving: 17
980.8 billion kWh
Renewable 19-20
22-24
Nuclear 17-18
20-22
LNG
22
27
Coal
22
26
Geothermal 1.0-1.1 Biomass 3.7-4.6 Wind 1.7 Solar 7.0 Water: 8.8-9.2
Marine energy is NOT included in energy mix.
Oil 2 3 2013 2030 2030 (actual value) (http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2015/07/20150716004/20150716004_2.pdf) 4
Utilization of Offshore Renewable Energy
Demonstration Site Cabinet Office (2012) 5
Potential of Ocean Energy in Japan Potential within 30 km from shore-line and shallow than 100 m
Maximal Energy Production [TWh/year]
Current Technology Near Future Technology
Wind
Wave
OTEC
Oceanic Current
Tidal Current
Tide
524
19
47
10
6
0.38
723
87
156
10
6
0.38
Total Japan electricity demand ~ 1,000
(NEDO, 2010)
NEDO: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization
6
Marine Renewable Energy Development 10000
Ten times capacity every 10 years
Commercial plant
Capacity (kW)
SeaGen
1000
Hywind
Pelamis
Pelamis
prototype Pelamis Seaflow European Pico NELHA
100
Open-Centre Turbine Free Flow System Nereus Stringray Sea Snail PowerBuoy Clean Current Blue H Tech
Mighty Whale
Imari Lab. size
Tocardo Aqua Enermar
Kensington
Wave Dragon CoRMaT
10
： Wind
WaveRoller Wave Rotor
： Wave ： Tidal Current
Gorlov Helical Turbine
： OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
1990
1995
2000 Year
2005
2010 7
Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbine Wakkanai
Toward a commercial stage
Ishikari Bay Setana Noshiro Akita Sakata Awashima (offshore) Yasuoka (offshore) Kabeshima Omaezaki (offshore) Kitakyusyu Kabashima (offshore)
Mutsuogawara Fukushima (offshore) Kashima Choshi (offshore)
Ongoing (49.6 MW) Setana, Sakata, Kashima (commercial) Choshi, Kitakyusyu, Kabashima, Fukushima (demonstration) The others are planned (714.5 MW). (Japan Wind Power Association, Offshore Technology Investigation Working Group, 2014) 8
Marine Energy (Wave) In a stage of development and field test (2014-2016) Project
Location
Company
Multiple Resonances Unit OWC (Oscillating Water Column) Wave Power Device (NEDO)
Sakata, Yamagata
MM Bridge Co., Ltd., etc.
Blow Hole Wave Energy Conversion System (Ministry of Environment)
Echizen, Fukui
The University of Tokyo, etc.
Wave Power Generation System on the Coast (Ministry of Environment)
Oarai, Ibaraki
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Pendulor Type Wave Energy Converter (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
Kuji, Iwate
The University of Tokyo, etc.
Point Absorber (modified from Powerbuoy) (NEDO)
Kouzushima, Tokyo
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
Overtopping Type Wave Energy Converter (NEDO)
Omaezaki, Shizuoka
Ichikawa Doboku, Co., Ltd., etc.
9
Marine Energy (Tidal Current) In a stage of development (2016~) Project
Location
Company
Savonius Keel & Wind Turbine Darrieus (NEDO)
Kabeshima, Saga
MODEC Inc.
Interior Permanent Magnet Type Vertical Axis Turbine (NEDO)
Yobikonoseto, Nagasaki
Oshima Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., etc.
Pier Utilized Turbine (NEDO)
Obatakeseto, Yamaguchi
The Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc., etc. Kyowa Engineering Consultants, Co., Ltd., etc.
Contra-Rotating Propeller Type Turbine (NEDO) Double Rotor & Twin Nacelle Turbine (NEDO)
Gogo, Nagasaki
Sasebo Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., etc.
Vertical Axis Turbine (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
Sabusawa, Miyagi
The University of Tokyo, etc.
Horizontal Axis Turbine (Ministry of Environment)
Gogo, Nagasaki
Toa Corporation, etc.
TBD (Ministry of Environment)
Awaji, Hyogo
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
10
Marine Energy (Oceanic Current / OTEC) In a stage of development (Ocean Current) Project
Location
Company
A Floating Type Turbine (NEDO)
IHI Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, etc.
A Floating Type Turbine (NEDO)
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
Field Test of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (NEDO)
Kumejima, Okinawa
Japan Marine United Corporation, Saga University
In a stage of field test (OTEC)
11
Economical Expect Solar Wind (Land) Wind (Ocean) Solar Heat Wave OTEC
Current 48
2015 23
2020 14
2025
2030 7
9-15
7-11
5-8
(9-15)
12-17
8-11
10-15
5-17
20 15-25
5-10 8-13
13-30 (30-50)
40 40-60
Reducing cost is necessary.
Unit: yen kWh-1 (NEDO, 2010) 12
Access Boat (Marc Costa Ros, 2014) Vision: Increase accessibility to improve availability on R3 sites
Competition • 1,500 info packs • 450 entries • 30 countries • 13 finalists
13
Issues Specific to the Offshore Sector
Demonstration sites Social acceptance Cost Legal issues
Cabinet Office (2012) 14
Environmental Impact Assessment History of EIA 1993: Enactment of the “Basic Environment Law” 1997: Enactment of the “Environmental Impact Assessment Law” 1999: Implementation of “Environmental Impact Assessment Law” The environmental impacts of the following projects must be assessed. 1. Road, 2. River, 3. Railway, 4. Airport, 5. Power plant, 6. Waste deposal site, 7. Landfill and reclamation, 8. Land readjustment project, 9. New residential area development project, 10. Industrial estate development project, 11. New town infrastructure development project, 12. Distribution center complex development project, 13. Residential or industrial land development by specific organizations
EIA is required for the specific project. EIA is always required or the necessity of EIA is judged by project based on the scale of the project. (Ministry of Environment) 15
EIA of Power Plant Hydraulic power plant
Output: 30,000kw or over
Output: 22,500 – 30,000kw
Thermal power plant
Output: 150,000kw or over
Output: 112,500 – 150,000kw
Geothermal power plant
Output: 10,000kw or over
Output: 7,500 – 10,000 kw
Nuclear power plant
All
Wind power plant
Output: 10,000kw or over Output: 7,500 – 10,000 kw From October, 2012 (Ministry of Environment)
If marine energy (wave, tidal or oceanic current, thermal, etc.) developments are accelerated, they will be included in EIA project.
16
Collaboration with Stakeholders Wide Variety of Fisheries
Permitted by Cabinet Minister (Tuna, a Pacific saury, etc., 18 fisheries) Navigation
Recreation
Permitted by Prefectural governor (Gill net, etc., 26 fisheries) Fishery rights (many) Land
a few km
Fisheries Adjustment Committee 17
Demonstration Sites Hokkaido (Tidal)
Yamagata (Wave) Niigata (Wind, Wave, Oceanic)
Aomori (Tidal, Wave) Iwate (Wind, Wave)
Shizuoka (Wind, Wave) Saga (Wind, Tidal) Tokyo (Wave) Nagasaki Wakayama (Wind, Tidal) Ehime (Oceanic) (Wind) Kagoshima (Tidal, Oceanic)
7 sites in 5 areas were selected as a demonstration site.
How are demonstration sites developed?
Okinawa (OTEC, Wave) 18
Current Issues for MRE Development 1. Technological development
Cost 2. High efficiency and low cost 3. Social acceptance 4. Utilization for isolated islands
5. Large scale / Array 19
Thank you for your kind attention!
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
Floating Bridge
20
