Renewable Energy in Africa Alleviating poverty and protecting the environment

The Ken Dale Research Findings from travelling to Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania researching renewable energy

Kayley Lockhead IEng, ACibse, BSc(hons) 12/1/2013

“The fact is a compelling reality, and should not easily be dismissed. Since the answers to fundamental and serious concerns are not at hand, there is no alternative but to keep on trying to find them” – Gro Harlem Brundtland

“There is bad aid and there is good aid. The bad aid is one which creates dependencies, as we’ve known for a long time now. But good aid is that which is targeted to create capacities in people so that they are able to live on their own activities… In the long term they have to depend on themselves rather than depend on that aid” – President Paul Kagame

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” – Gro Harlem Brundtland

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Acknowledgements

The Ken Dale Travel Bursary, awarded by CIBSE, presents young building services engineers with the chance to travel to countries outside of the UK to conduct research into engineering related aspects. The bursary allows engineers to experience the technical, economic, environmental, social and political conditions of different countries, examining how these factors impact on building services engineering and extending their own professional and personal development.

I must start by expressing huge gratitude to the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and the Society of Public Health Engineers (SoPHE) who funded the travel through the Ken Dale Travel bursary, Richard Tulley fund and financial support. Without the support of CIBSE and SoPHE, this research study would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Sarah Walters of CIBSE, who has guided me through the Ken Dale process with endless support and information. To my employer, NG Bailey, I am enormously grateful for fully supporting my research into renewable energy in Africa, by not only allowing me the time to conduct the research but by providing support which has gone well beyond what I could ever have expected. I would like to offer exceptional appreciation to my line manager Chris Cartwright for supporting my goals, Lee Firth for his indispensable advice, support and time, Wendy Sugden for her expert attention to detail and Cal Bailey, sustainability director at NG Bailey, for his fantastic devotion to helping people less fortunate. I would like to express endless appreciation to Francis Mills of Low Carbon Design Consultants for his continuous help and crucial technical assistance. Through Cal Bailey and Francis Mills, I have been privileged to meet some of the most knowledgeable and dedicated people in East Africa who made this research possible.

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Thank you to Gary Tony and Alex Marshall of Clarke Energy based in Tanzania, for their technical knowledge and kind support. I am grateful to Andrew, Jaap, Inga, Joan, Franklin, Bryan, Philip, Clive, Nelson and all of the other Kenyan people I met in Western Kenya for a fantastic experience of rural life which I will never forget. Thank you to Anita, Heather, Ope, Howard, Richard, Simon, Moses, Banet, Solange, Randy, Greg, Albert and all the other members of Watoto Uganda, whose work with orphaned children and aspirations for a sustainable future is an inspiration. I am grateful to Samuel of the Good Sheppard Community whose biogas school project has improved the lives of many children and Kim for sharing with me her experiences with working on large scale combined heat and power (CHP). I would also like to thank all the people involved with the East African Power Industry Convention (EAPIC), including Kenya Power whose experience and knowledge was indispensable. Finally, I would like to thank my family, friends and all the people I met whilst travelling for their support.

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Abstract

600 million people in Africa do not have access to electricity, forcing those people to rely on harmful and time consuming alternative energy sources. Those people which do have access to electricity are affected by regular load shedding. Energy poverty and load shedding remains detrimental to economic development and is therefore a manifestation of poverty. Despite containing 15% of the world population,

Africa consumes 5% of the current energy demand and contributes to 3.4% of global CO2 emissions (IEA, 2012). With the population of Africa set to double by 2050, demand for access to affordable electricity is rising further. This report investigated how renewable energy technology is the answer to not only meeting demand and alleviating poverty but also keeping carbon emissions of a developing continent sustainable.

Through the CIBSE Ken Dale scheme, I was able to travel to three countries within East Africa, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Whilst in these countries, I attended African conferences, visited renewable projects and conducted interviews with people involved with renewable schemes and businesses, which enabled the findings of this report.

The purpose of this report was to identify the need for energy, how energy poverty and load shedding contributed to the circle of poverty and how renewable energy in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania are providing people with affordable, reliable access to energy. The report highlights how these the renewable energy project I visited are having a large positive impact on people’s lives and therefore act as a feasible economic model for further renewable projects.

In order to progress the development of the renewable technologies in Africa, business models and demonstrations to support existing research findings are required. Global agendas and African government frameworks currently do not fully

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support renewables and consequently, development is could go a long way to ensuring accessible, affordable, reliable and clean energy is available.

Limited training and education into renewable energy was highlighted as a detrimental impact on the successful implementation of renewable technologies and therefore simple technologies and increased training is needed to implement renewables and also increase job prospects.

There is already substantial interest in developing renewable technologies from countries throughout the globe, especially China, however there should be a fair exchange for Africa from developed nations. Increasing confidence in the economic viability and technical feasibility of the technologies will increase the level of fair investment from private financiers as the risk is lower which will in turn encourage the development of sustainable business models.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................... 2 ABSTRACT .................................................................. 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................... 7 2.0 EAPIC ................................................................. 11 3.0 WATOTO ............................................................ 24 4.0 THE GOOD SHEPPARD COMMUNITY SCHOOL ........ 30 5.0 INVESTMENT ...................................................... 35 6.0 CLARKE ENERGY LTD ........................................... 39 7.0 CONCLUSION ...................................................... 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................... 44 APPENDIX 1 ............................................................. 46 APPENDIX 2 ............................................................. 53

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1.0 Introduction

The Energy Crisis Africa is well endowed with renewable energy resources that far exceed the continent’s energy demand (OFID, 2008), conversely, the continent is characterised by energy poverty and poor energy access (IRENA, 2013). It is estimated that 57% of the African population, almost 600 million people, do

600 million people do not have access to electricity

not have access to electricity, despite high demand and willingness to pay for electricity at all societal levels (CREEC, 2009; Meirer, 2011; IRENA, 2012; WBGESS, 2010).

To exacerbate the situation, escalating demands for energy, attributed to rapid population growth, give rise to regular power shortages which instigates a further hindrance to the already unstable economic development within Africa (OCDE, 2007; IRENA, 2012; AFREPREN, 2013). Graph 2.1.1 – Annual black out percentage in countries within Africa

Source: (EPIA, 2011)

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Regular load shedding of over 60% in Nigeria

Energy has become an indispensable prerequisite for supporting economic growth and improving quality of life (NEPAD, 2007; OCDE, 2007; OFID, 2008; WBGESS, 2010). Where electricity is restricted, schools and businesses do not have power for lighting and equipment, whilst critical facilities such as hospitals lack power for refrigeration and sterilisation. The productivity of industrial and agricultural processes are also

Lighting for schools, power for equipment at work and refrigeration for hospitals

reduced and basic household needs such as power for cooking and lighting are not fulfilled.

Reliance on alternative energy sources such as burning wood results in deforestation and severe health impacts, in addition to a vicious circle of poverty where a considerable amount of time and income is spent gathering wood instead of undertaking education and important activities. In sub-Saharan Africa indoor

400,000 deaths a year from burning wood and kerosene

smoke from burning wood for cooking and kerosene for lighting causes around 400,000 deaths a year through fires and inhaling fumes. Inhaling the fumes from just one kerosene lamp is the toxic equivalent to smoking 40 cigarettes a day. Furthermore, families can spend upto 25% of their income on kerosene (Solar Aid, 2013). Consequently, electricity deprivation is recognised as both a manifestation and cause of poverty (IRENA, 2013).

Burning kerosene equivalent to smoking 40 cigarettes a day

The Demand for Energy Despite containing 15% of the world population, at 7885 TWh, Africa consumes 5% of the current energy demand and contributes to 3.4% of global CO2 emissions (IEA, 2012). Research suggested that the continent will need to provide an additional 250 GW of capacity by 2030 to meet demand and growth (IRENA, 2011). Considering that approximately two thirds of the additional electrical capacity needed by 2030 is yet

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25% of income spent on kerosene

to be developed, existing centralised power systems are obsolete and the electrical infrastructure is poor, the continent is faced with substantial financial challenges, where the magnitude of the investments required are such that governments will need to secure extensive public-private partnerships (OFID, 2008). Recent intensified global concern for carbon reduction and renewable technologies, present a significant opportunity for Africa to benefit from international financial incentives and renewable technological advancements, therefore moving directly into a green economy (IRENA, 2013).

The under development of renewable energy is not unique to Africa, global statistics indicate that renewable technologies are not utilised to their full potential worldwide, leading to excessive carbon emissions, reduced energy security and electricity scarcity (OFID, 2008; OCED, 2007). Although, with 90% of future energy demand predicted to come from developing countries an increase of renewable energy is essential to sustainable growth and global carbon emission reduction (Elzinga, 2011; WRI, 2011; GEI, 2011).

Global environmental initiatives, such as the Kyoto Protocol, stimulated worldwide interest in renewable energy. African government’s generally place less emphasis on environmental concerns and prioritise meeting minimum levels of energy demands, mechanism such as the CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) of the protocol introduced financial incentives to move forward with technologies., however, the CDM has not worked as well as intended due to the global recession causing a fall in carbon prices and a system which requires adapting to suit the local context. Historically, expanded energy access, propelled by a relatively inexpensive fossil fuel supply, played a major role in the large gains in productivity, rapid economic growth and significant reduction in poverty witnessed in the world economy last century. Global incentives to reduce carbon emissions have consequently been criticised by several African governments for hindering the evolution of poorer nations (UNIDO, 2009).

African governments are reported to lack energy development plans on national and regional levels and where suitable policies for promoting renewable technologies do exist, the impact is lessened by a lack of enforcement mechanisms (UNIDO, 2009).

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Research suggested that the lack of consistent government political commitment to widen national energy access is likely to constrain energy sector businesses due to low investor confidence (OFID, 2008; UNIDO, 2009) and whilst investors face further risk and instability in respect of regular change of government and cabinet reshuffles in addition to the long standing issue of corruption, the level of investment remains low. In order to overcome the financial constraints, investors and the energy sector, require the financial risks of investing in renewable energy projects to be reduced. Investment could be made more appealing by ensuring long-term political guarantees which inspire confidence in a robust and stable renewable policy framework, as well as providing substantiated research which demonstrates a return on investment (OFID, 2008; WBGESS, 2010; UNIDO, 2009; IRENA, 2013).

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2.0 EAPIC The East African Power Industry Convention (EPIC) held in Nairobi, Kenya collaborated with utilities, governments, regulators, large power users, consultants and solution providers to address energy issues. Some of the issues discussed involved investment in power projects, understand tariff determination and rationalization, diversifying the energy mix to secure future power supply and making businesses more energy efficient. The EAPIC also included an exhibition where the latest technology and solutions were demonstrated, program in appendix 1.

Source: (World Atlas, 2010)

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With Africa facing an energy crisis where the existing production capacity cannot meet the growing demand for electricity, the electricity required to drive local development, grow the economy and tackle poverty is not available. Unreliable or inaccessible electricity has created a reliance on fossil fuels such as diesel and kerosene which are not only hazardous to people and the environment but are becoming increasingly unaffordable. Furthermore, historic and excessive consumption by developed and industrialised nations is driving dangerous climate change, although the Africa continent that has contributed least to carbon emissions, the effects are already evident with the increasing the severity of floods and droughts, damaging crops and impacting people’s livelihoods. Climate change is also undermining the generation capacity of hydropower which is one of the continent’s major energy sources.

Large scale hydropower is the predominant renewable energy technology currently employed in Africa. Hydropower currently offers the most economically viable solutions, followed by onshore windpower. The untapped potential of solar offers to provide more energy than any other form of renewable technology, yet it is significantly under exploited, which has been attributed to the high cost of solar equipment, although recently, the technology has seen rapid reductions in capital cost, which has lead to sporadic implementation across the continent, mainly in rural decentralised schemes. Geothermal capacity is estimated to be 15 GW, concentrated around the East African Rift, whilst bioenergy, already widely used, offers opportunities for electricity generation (IRENA, 2011)

Through an abundance of natural and renewable resources, Africa has the ability to leapfrog carbon emitting development pathways and power economies and societies through renewable energy. Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariffs (REFiTs) have been successful at increasing the use of renewable technologies worldwide. The tariffs encourage investment in renewable energy generation in various applications by guaranteeing a financial incentive for the electricity produced. As of 2012, 65 countries worldwide have implemented some form of a REFiT, driving 64% of global wind installations and 87% of global photovoltaic installed capacity. REFiTs have the potential to transform energy systems and societies in profound and tangible ways. When tailored to the local context, tariffs are successfully increasing the

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overall energy production both on and off the grid, boosting economic development and improving access to clean energy for all while avoiding the emission of greenhouse gases and other problems related to industrial development.

Moreover, the decentralized approach of REFiTs allows for alternative ownership and governance models and provides the opportunity to empower communities as well as refreshing local democracy and self-governance. Several African countries have already policy and framework changes, centring on increasing the financial stability and investment opportunities. A major barrier to the development of renewable electricity is attributed to the lack of adequate policy and regulatory frameworks from the African governments. High capital investments are often required, however, the historic absence of stable government frameworks has had a further impact on the financing of projects

Nevertheless, as the transition into carbon mitigation proceeds, mass deployment of renewable technologies has triggered a considerable drop in capital costs and with global changes to energy markets undergoing drastic increases to the cost of fossil fuels, the subsequent issue of energy security and improved economic viability of renewables, has encouraged the African governments to focus on dissemination of renewable technologies. The energy independence that renewable technology offers reduces exposure to the price and supply volatility of importing fossil fuels and therefore mitigates the negative economic impact of instability.

Countries such as Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and other African countries are developing their frameworks and REFiTs to encourage investment, with noticeable success. The sessions at the conference discussed how implementing business models, which have previously been a hindrance to development of business within African countries are being addressed and improved to ensure successful businesses. Procuring private-public partnerships (PPP’s) are complicated processes; however, with the assistance from legal institutes, the process is following other business and legal models which have worked in other developed nations.

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Source: (AREA, 2013)

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In recent years Kenya has made progress in increasing access to electricity with the overall electrification rate doubling in under a decade, reaching almost 30% in 2011. Nevertheless, the majority of new connections occurred in urban areas with rural electrification at 4% where people still rely primarily on biomass, kerosene and wood fuel. The existing capacity is barely able to keep up with demand, resulting in regular load shedding and given that more than 50% of Kenya’s electricity comes from hydropower, the situation is particularly difficult during the summer months when water levels are low. Consequently, capacity gaps are then compensated by expensive and damaging thermal generation based on fossil fuels such as diesel generators.

Source: (AREA, 2013)

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REFiTs were introduced in Kenya for the first time in 2008, after a period of criticism and adaptation, the REFit were adapted in 2010 to include biogas, geothermal, and solar PV as eligible technologies, the tariffs for wind and biomass were also adjusted upwards. Project developers maintain that the REFiTs still require adaptation centring around the wind tariffs which are viable only on sites with constant high wind speeds and solar tariffs which are too low to attract financing, however, it is apparent that Kenya’s REFiT have assisted to promoting the uptake of renewables, increasing power production in general and promoting smaller electricity projects. The tariffs have also opened up the energy market and shift more power generation to the private sector and whilst the REFiTs continue to be adapted to suit local contexts, showing regard for investors and their needs, the tariff mechanism is evidently working. Kenya’s tariffs are not fixed but negotiated for each project, negotiated based on the actual costs for the project development and the rate of return for investors. Negotiation is a lengthy process and in some cases, negotiations have continued for over two years. To exacerbate the situation, few lawyers in Kenya are qualified for the process navigating the vast variety of government bodies to purchase concessions or licenses create additional barriers for the implementation of new projects. Also, unlike other East African countries, Kenya does not subsidies electricity and while this has created a financially viable system for utility companies and the government, the additional cost of REFiTs are passed on to consumers, resulting in higher energy prices in the short to medium term.

Currently, two projects are operating under the REFiT, these include a 920kW small hydro plant and a 5MW geothermal wellhead generator. Following the 2010 revision of the policy tariffs are now attractive for small-scale hydro, biomass and wind power projects and there are currently around 60 approved projects in the pipeline. As these schemes and the negotiations are expensive, investors behind these projects are predominantly larger Kenyan or international companies. Mini-grids in rural areas, as welcomed by all stakeholders as small energy projects are seen as spurring rural development although it must be considered that all capital costs and risks are withstood by the developer and consequently there are currently more barriers than incentives for resource-poor communities to invest in REFiT projects.

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The government has recognised the high risk investment and has subsequently delivered measures to reduce costs associated with the projects, such as implementing a wind atlas to reduce costs of feasibility studies. Banks are also beginning to recognise private-public projects centring around the REFiT as a secure investment which is increasing access to finance.

It is could be said that thought the Kenyan government may have been overoptimistic in its predictions associated with increases in generating capacity, benefits to the tariffs are evident with local sectors slowly building capacity. However, the current REFiT policy is not tailored to serve the energy poor and amendments such as widening the technology choice under mini-grids or providing concessional finance will be required in the future to address this.

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Source: (AREA, 2013)

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The electrification rate in Tanzania lies at 14%, with under 3% in rural areas, however, recent droughts have caused the hydropower contribution to decrease from 65% in 2002 to 24% at present and as the majority of grid-connected electricity supply is generated through hydropower, Tanzania is importing electricity Zambia and Uganda, as well as petroleum from abroad, straining the government’s budget and foreign currency earnings. As Zambia and Uganda also rely on Hydropower for their main source of electricity, the contribution is inconsistent and regular load shedding occurs in Tanzania with grid connected consumers having an average of four hours of electricity per day. The state utility TANESCO loses approximately US$1.9 million a month due to power outages, while the economy loses over US$6.3 million a year in productivity, meaning the government loses approximately US$1.5 million each year in lost corporate taxation.

Source: (AREA, 2013)

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The Electricity Act of 2008 allowed for independent power producers to supply power (IPPs) directly to consumers, whilst Small Power Producers (SPP) were able to do the same in 2009. With the support of international donors, the Ministry of Energy and Minerals drafted the Standardised Power Purchase Agreements and Tariffs (SPPA/T) and developed comprehensive guidelines, rules and model documents to promote small grid and off-grid power producers and distributors.

Unlike most other countries, Tanzania uses an avoided cost methodology in setting the REFiT tariffs, this reduced the time required to develop a tariff payment system and created a kick start for renewable energy. As the electrical grid infrastructure is historically under developed, the current REFiT rate is based on mini-hydropower projects generating between 100kW and 10MW, the tariff has been criticised for being unsustainable given that Tanzania’s water resources are already constrained due to droughts. The lack of technology based payment differentiation is one of Tanzania’s REFiT biggest weaknesses.

With a total of only 24.4 MW of newly developed capacity REFiT, the measurable impact of the REFiT has so far been minimal. However, there are an additional 60 projects of a combined 130 MW in the pipeline. While most of the projects to date are on-grid developments serving urban environments, rural communities replacing their expensive diesel generators with cheaper renewable energy alternatives arguably stand to benefit more in the medium term. In addition to an overall increase of supply, improved grid stability and growing access to electricity, the REFiT also promotes local economic development, including by creating jobs in the renewable energy sector itself.

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Source: (AREA, 2013)

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When Uganda began exploring REFiT options in early 2006, only 5% of the population had grid access, as over 80% of Uganda’s electricity is generated through hydropower, the country consequently experiences the same impacts from the drought issues experienced in Tanzania and Kenya. Uganda’s REFiT system is unique in it that in addition to tariff differentiation it prioritizes certain technologies and enforces an annual cap for newly installed capacity. Despite switching from avoided-cost to cost generation, the current tariffs remain too low for many investors however, Uganda’s REFiT allows for innovative financing schemes, including international climate change funds, donor support, and a voluntary green power program on REFiT Financing which may the tariffs more flexible and adaptable.

Source: (AREA, 2013)

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Many investors in the private sector have struggled with properly assessing both real and perceived technology-specific investment risks which has led to hesitation as investors are unsure of the viability of renewable energy in Uganda. In some cases, this stems from a general lack of awareness and understanding of renewable energy technologies among all stakeholders. Also, the annual limit for newly installed capacity leads to uncertainty whether a project will receive funding or not. Uganda’s REFiT encourages small-scale generation but local developers lack the necessary access to capital and technical experience to develop projects, a number of donor and multilateral organisations provide low interest loans to assist in the issue of financial constrains which has been seen to work well. Existing renewable energy plants provide a generation capacity of 315MW, however, they have all been based on contracts between the state utility and producers, with no projects yet under the REFiT scheme, however, there exists 200MW capacity of schemes in the pipeline. Renewable energy projects are already producing electricity at lower costs than diesel generators in many off-grid areas and therefore a policy supporting renewable energies in off-grid environments would assist in making Uganda’s REFiT more financially viable.

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3.0 Watoto Watoto is a holistic care programme that was initiated as a response to the overwhelming number of orphaned children and vulnerable women in Uganda, the charity now operates in several countries worldwide.

Watoto, run entirely on donations, volunteers and support from the Watoto church, rescues individuals and through physical care, medical intervention, education, counselling and spiritual discipline raises and encourages the next generation of African leaders so that each person can become a responsible citizen. More information about the fantastic work Watoto is doing can be found on their website, http://www.watoto.com/home.

Source: (World Atlas, 2010)

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Watoto is not a traditional orphanage, instead the charity builds homes to cater for children who have lost their families. Each Watoto family consists of a mother who looks after up to eight children per home, this ensures that the physical needs and emotional needs of the children are met. Watoto currently has two children villages, Bbira and Suubi, which are home to approximately 1500 women and children, the charity also has a baby unit, currently caring for around 100 babies age 0-2 years which Watoto must provide for, the process of caring for that many children is expensive and heavy reliance is places on donations and sponsorship.

Source: (Watoto, 2008)

In order to become more self-sustainable and less reliant on donations, Watoto undertakes agricultural and livestock farming which provides enough food for the children as well as providing people with employment and training, however providing enough energy is a huge financial issue.

Cooking in homes is undertaken predominately through the use of charcoal, Watoto has recently began using charcoal briquettes using agricultural waste which is a more environmentally and cost effective fuel than using traditional charcoal because the briquettes use non wood fuels and therefore reduce deforestation. The most common materials are coconut shell, sawdust, woodchips, bamboo shavings, tree bark, chestnut shell, cotton stalk, sesame stalk, corn stalk, sunflower stalk, soybean stalk, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, corncob, etc. The materials are crushed, until they are less that 5mm in size and dried to 8-12% moisture content, the materials are then compressed into the briquettes where carbonisation occurs. Briquetting is a

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process that biomass is compressed under high pressure and high temperature. The self-bonding of biomass to form a briquette involves the thermo plastic flow of the biomass. The lignin content that occurs naturally in biomass is liberated under high pressure and temperature and the lignin serves as the glue in the briquetting process, thus binding, compressing the biomass to form into high density briquettes.

Source: (Christensen, 2012)

Source: (Christensen, 2012) Source: (Christensen, 2012)

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As well as producing charcoal briquettes, the process also produces a combustible gas called producer gas or more commonly known as syngas. Although the syngas generally has a relatively lower calorific value of around 4-6 MJ/Nm3, it is cleaned by dry filters to remove tar, cooled, then used directly in an internal combustion engine and generator set, producing electricity. Consequently, charcoal briquettes are quickly becoming a more sustainable and lucrative method of producing fuels to cook with and reduce the need for diesel generators in off-grid solutions.

Source: (Christensen, 2012)

One of the companies which I visited through Watoto included Pamoja Cleantech AB, which is an international company based in Stockholm. The company is currently in the process of planning and implementing a small scale biomass gasification project for electricity generation in rural Uganda to benefit the local community, providing electricity services, employment and revenue. In addition to the potential local employment and technical skills for local people in operating the gasifier, sourcing the biomass from local farmers can also provide additional sources of income.

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The “Green Plant” concept, depicted in the image above, intends to provide electricity to the many telecom towers throughout Uganda that currently run on diesel generators while also providing electricity access to nearby rural communities. Pamoja estimates that one green plant can save approximately 120 tons of CO2 annually and as there are over 2,500 telecom towers in Uganda currently running on diesel generators, there are substantial carbon and financial savings to be made.

As discussed earlier in the report, as the population within African countries is widespread, road and electrical infrastructure in need of development and high financial constraints associated with grid connection, local decentralised renewable energy appears to be the way forward for many rural communities.

In many African countries, 10% of households use the bush as a toilet facility, 86% use a pit latrine and 1% use flushing toilets.

Source: (Christensen, 2012)

At Watoto, the children villages are built with a septic tank facility, where the waste from pit latrines enters into a septic tank, as the septic tanks becomes full, it overflows into a drainfield where it can soak away into the soil. However, due to the large amount of children within the villages, the system is problematic and often overflows.

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Source: (Christensen, 2012)

One method of developing an effective sanitation system and utilising the biogas produced from the waste is via an underground biogas system. I visited a school in Uganda, run by the Good Sheppard community which has utilised such a system, which is discussed in the next chapter.

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4.0 The Good Sheppard Community School The Good Sheppard Community is a charitable organisation which uses donations to work with communities to improve the standard of living.

In January 2009, the Good Sheppard community began working with community members in a village in Uganda to build a school, the first structures were built with papyrus structures ready for 30 children who started at the school in February. By September 2009, 120 children attended the school and the community began building brick structures. Currently, 300 children aged 4-18 years attend the school.

Source: (World Atlas, 2010)

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Currently, the school used wood and charcoal to provide food for the children and kerosene to provide lighting, similarly to Watoto, the food is all grown by the Good Sheppard Community but buying fuels is expensive and cutting down trees to provide wood for burning creates deforestation. When interviewing a member of the Good Sheppard community, he described the impact of deforestation and the physical difficulties of gathering the wood as problematic, especially considering that during the civil war, many of the trees around the village had been destroyed to prevent people hiding in them and therefore, the foliage in still recovering.

The image above shows food being cooked at the school, although the burning of wood is outside and therefore less fumes are inhaled as well as reduced risk of fires, the deforestation associated with this method of cooking is having a negative impact on the environment.

This picture shows where the cooking on charcoal took place, charcoal is not only a fossil fuel, it is damaging to the environment and dangerous when the fumes are inhaled. As the number of children grew, the community built more pit latrines in

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order to provide adequate sanitation, which gave the charity the idea of using a biogas, run from human waste to provide energy for lighting and cooking.

The pit latrines shown above, feed human waste into air tight tanks bio digesters underneath the ground, the main bio digester is 22ft x 12ft deep and took one month to build. Initially, cow manure was fed into the bio digester to begin the process, digestion is accomplished in two first, acidogenic bacteria turn biomass into volatile fatty acetic acids, next methanogenic bacteria metabolize these compounds into a combination of methane-rich gas and an odorless phosphorus and nitrogen slurry. This slurry makes excellent fertilizer, which is then used on the crops which in turn increases the harvest which feeds the children at the school.

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Depending on temperature and moisture content, it takes about a month to fully process a batch. The end product is about 60–70% methane and 20–30% CO2, with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and other impurities. Methane is 22 times more harmful to the ozone layer than carbon and therefore by harvesting this biogas and burning it, it reduces naturally harmfully gases. The gas is connected to the kitchen stove for cooking and to a light fixture with a gauze mantle for lighting. It takes 1–2 cows, 5–8 pigs, or 4 adult humans to supply adequate daily feedstock for a single-household biodigester, according to a UNDP with the daily input of dung and urine from a single cow produces 1–2 kilowatt-hours of electricity or 8–9 kilowatt-hours of heat.

Source: (Christensen, 2012)

This installation cost $6,000, which was paid for by sponsors of the Good Sheppard community, this cost is more affordable than other more complicated mechanical renewable plant and also has the huge advantage of its simplicity. The majority of technology requires an experienced and technically aware engineer to maintain and

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run the equipment, with minimal training, the bio digester can operate for 15-20 years with minimal maintenance in comparison with other technologies.

The social and economic benefits of domestic biogas for rural communities are enormous and diverse. These benefits are to be found in improved health and sanitation, workload reduction, increased agricultural production, reduced use of non-renewable fuels and improved lightning situation. The main barrier to African communities using biogas and other renewable technologies is of course financial but more importantly awareness.

People do not know about the possibilities of

renewable technology and so continue in much the same why in which they always had but international organizations such as NORGESVEL who specialize in cooperation and business development are working with business in Africa to grow and develop business opportunities centering around agriculture, environmental and international development.

Whilst in Uganda, I attended one of their seminars,

discussed in the next scion.

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5.0 Investment

NORGESVEL is the Royal Norwegian Society for Development, founded 200 years ago is the oldest Norwegian country-wide non-governmental organisation. The society is partnered with Norfund which receives financial contributions to develop cooperation in developing countries within East and South Africa. The mission is to contribute to private sector development through strengthening producer organisations, through cooperatives, and increase the producers’ control over larger parts of the value chain.

Norfund is one of many development societies which use donations to improve development in developing nations. As donations can upset the delicate balance between improving quality of life in the short term and the development of businesses and consequently economic development in the long term, these societies works closely with African businesses ensure sustainable business models.

Source: (World Atlas, 2010)

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The seminar took place at the Makere University in Kampala, Uganda on the 19 th September, the seminar discusses the lessons, experiences and opportunities available through renewable energy and the Norfund investment scheme. Program in appredix 2. Norfund, the Norwegian Investment Fund for Developing Countries, invests in the establishment and development of profitable and sustainable enterprises in developing countries with the aim is to contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction.

As difficult as it is to consider, providing aid in an irresponsible way can be incredibly damaging to economies, there is no quick fix to solving the widespread issue of poverty through donations. For example, providing solar lights for African communities free of charge means that children do not have to study in dangerous, fume filled conditions, however by donating these lights, African businesses which are trying to sell solar lights cannot compete. This impacts on employment, training, business development and the overall economy, keeping people in poverty. This same scenario can be applied to other products and has further impacts on the governments where Politicians are able to stay in power without contributing a great deal to the economy, corruption is able to continue and avenues of economy development are not progressed as aid is contributing enough to keeping people surviving, creating a reliance on aid. As people, we have a moral obligation to ensure that other people are not suffering, however, there are other ways of using financial aid which promote business, improving the economy and consequently, lift people out of poverty.

Norfund operates in the market space between traditional development aid at one extreme and strictly commercial market actors at the other. Norfund is not traditional aid as the funds are not given away, but invested in, or lent to, commercial enterprises. However, Norfund is not a strictly commercial investor either, the organization accepts high risks and low returns, and invests in countries and sectors that are very challenging, but important for development. In this way, Norfund and similar organizations similar are able to develop businesses, therefore creating employment opportunities and help lift people out of poverty. The returns can then be invested in other development ventures.

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Norfund has invested in many ventures within East and South Africa, many of their investments can be seen on their website, one of the success stories displayed at the seminar included Adapt Plus Ltd, who had developed charcoal briquettes.

Source: (Adapt Ltd, 2012)

The African company recognized that as forests continue to dwindle and charcoal prices continue to rise, there is a niche in the market for these briquettes. By using agricultural waste instead of wood materials, as discussed earlier in this report, the briquettes are not only more environmentally friendly but are cheaper. The initial investment in the company in 2011 was $738,400, with an annual production of 3,744 tons of briquettes, the breakeven point was made by year two. Adapt Plus Ltd is estimating an annual profit by the end of year for of $1,235,032. The company hires local staff and provides training, increasing the skill level and employment opportunity of the area whilst contributing to reducing carbon emissions.

Source: (Adapt Ltd, 2012)

Another success story included Millennium Biogas Ltd, where Nofund assisted with the $350000 required to start the company, which predicts to break even in 3 years. The company is a renewable energy company based in Uganda, with the vision of commercializing and industrializing biogas.

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Source: (Millennium Biogas Company, 2012)

This African company is currently engaged in the production of portable biogas digesters for cooking in urban areas. The company’s goal, using cow manure, is to produce 50MT of biogas in Uganda a year, 2000MT of organic fertilizer per year and provide revenue for 500 farmers in Uganda. Small scale biogas turning waste into energy is a lucrative method of extracting energy. Clarke Energy Ltd, which set up in Tanzania in 2011 has already been awarded a contract by a major utility to install 2.4MW of renewable electricity to be produced in rural Kenya, this shows that not only is biogas applicable on various scales but renewable energy is recognized widely as the way forward for energy supply in Africa.

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6.0 Clarke Energy Ltd Clarke Energy, originally established in 1989 in the UK has had a long history in Sub-Saharan Africa with its first sale into Nigeria in 2002. Clarke Energy has since installed over 180MW of gas fuelled power plants on the back of the expansion of Nigeria’s domestic gas supplies. I visited Clarke Energy whilst in Tanzania, the company’s East African operations are based out of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, where the company employs nationals of the countries in which it operates, training them in gas engine technology.

Source: (World Atlas, 2010)

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Clarke Energy has been contracted to supply the first two containerised Jenbacher biogas engines in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, the units will be supplied to an agricultural biogas plant located at a farm near Lake Naivasha, in Kenya where they will provide 2.4MW of renewable electricity to the local farm and surrounding area, enough to power 5-6,000 typical homes.

Source: (Clarke Energy, 2013)

The anaerobic digestion facility will produce biogas, originating from the digestion of food processing wastes coming from the surrounding farms. The gas engines will be configured for cogeneration, with surplus heat recovered as hot water and used for biogas plant process heating and for heating adjacent greenhouses.

Source: (Clarke Energy, 2012)

Economic development in Kenya has lead to strains on the local power distribution network whereas the creation of biogas using waste materials will deliver the reliable

40

production of fuel, in turn, using this gas will facilitate consistent supplies of power to the local area. Surplus power will be supplied to the local electricity grid, helping to stabilize local electricity supplies, reliable power helps to ensure consistent business operations and hence is a driver for economic growth and performance.

As the transition into green energy develops, there is potential to use different technologies together, such as utilising solar power during the day and biogas during the evening.

Whilst in Tanzania, I also met with KMR Infrastructure who builds business frameworks identifying various key elements needed to make a scalable network of small renewable energy projects. Using this framework KRM Infrastructure identifies target markets in Asia and Africa and are now rolling out their first set of projects based a robust financial and operational delivery platform. The organisation is in effect a “franchise fund” model which helps scale renewable energy franchises by creating an end to end industry chain that will provide assistance from all areas starting from project conception, financing, technology selection, procurement, project management, operations support and training and after sales maintenance and service. Building business models is something African businesses desperately need and by offering assistance and support, African businesses can develop the economy without further aid.

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7.0 Conclusion

There is an undeniable requirement for expansion of electricity generation, transmission and distribution across the continent. As highlighted throughout the report, electricity scarcity is both a cause and manifestation of poverty; consequently, closing the energy gap would assist in and lead to, alleviation of poverty. The untapped natural resource potential far exceeds current and future predicted electricity demand within Africa and therefore increasing utilisation of these technologies could close the energy gap across the continent.

As economies develop, the level of skill and technical capability are constantly increasing, whilst the availability of funding from domestic sources is simultaneously increasing. Education into technical maintenance will be critical to ensure sustainability of wind, solar and hydropower renewable technologies.

Power infrastructure in Africa is limited, development projects are long term in nature and for each nation the precarious balancing act of energy development will necessarily be a part of a much broader and infinitely more complex development process. However, whilst infrastructure develops, small scale renewables projects can provide decentralised electrification to rural communities.

Over the next two decades, electricity consumption and carbon emissions in Africa will increase drastically and global climate change could possibly be effected.

There is a consensus throughout the literature and respondents that financial barriers pose a significant threat to the development of renewables. In order to develop wind, solar and hydropower technologies sufficiently to close the energy gap, government frameworks require changes to reflect suitable incentives, subsidiaries and stability. Some requirements that have been identified include the affordability of electricity tariffs, eradication of corruption and the introduction of stability to energy policies.

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By investigating and developing frameworks and business models which have been proven to work in other continents, such as identified by KMR Infrastructure, Africa will be able to attract financiers at less risk and therefore better investment rates. Africa holds a huge economic potential and consequently investment opportunities for private financiers must be managed by the African governments in a way that both the African people and private investor can benefit equally.

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Bibliography AREA. (2013) Powering Africa through Feed in Tariffs. Johannesburg, AREA. CIBSE. (2004) The Code of Professional Conduct. UK, CIBSE. Christensen, S. (2012) Biogas. University of technology, Sweden. Clarke Energy Ltd. (2013) Biogas. UK, Clarke Energy Ltd EAPP. (2011) Regional Power System Master Plan. Canada, SNC-Lavin Inc. ECA. (2006) Sustainable Development Report on Africa: Managing Land-Based Resources for Sustainable Development. Africa, ECA. IEA. (2003) 16 Case Studies on the Deployment of Photovoltaic Technologies in Developing Countries. Paris, IEA. IEA. (2012) Key World Energy Statistics. Paris, IEA. IRENA. (2013) Africa’s Renewable Future. United Arab Emirates, IRENA. JRC. (2011) Renewable Energies in Africa: Current Knowledge. Italy, European Union International. NEPAD. (2003) Action Plan of the Environment Initiative. South Africa, NEPAD. NEPAD. (2007) Electrification Africa. South Africa, NEPAD. OCDE. (2007) OCDE Contribution to the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development 15. Paris, OCDE. OFID. (2008) Energy Poverty in Africa. Nigeria, OFID. RECP. (2012) Creating Opportunities for Renewable Energy. Africa, RECP.

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REN21. (2012) Renewables 2012: Global Status Report. Paris, REN21 Secretariat. Solar Aid. (2013) Impact Report. London, Solar Aid. SSWM. (2012) Hydropower. [Internet], Switzerland, SSWM. Available from: [Accessed 03.03.13]. UNEP. (2012) GEO-5 for Local Government: Solving Global Problems Locally. Kenya, UNEP. UNIDO. (2009) Scaling up Renewable Energy in Africa. Vienna, UNIDO Watoto. (2008) Replicating the model. Uganda, Watoto. WBGESS. (2010) Addressing the Electricity Access Gap. South Africa, WBGESS. WEC. (2011) Developing and Realising the Enormous Potential of Renewable Energy in Africa. Algeria, WEC. WEC. (2013) 2013 World Energy Issues Monitor. United Kingdom, WEC. World Atlas. (2010) Landforms. [Internet], Rome, World Atlas. Available from: [Accessed 9.03.13]. WRI. (2011) Decision Making in a Climate Change. Washington, WRI.

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APPENDIX 1

9-11 September 2013 EAPIC

`

Finance - Investing in East Africa’s energy future Public-Private Partnerships Workshop Leader: Lydia Schot, Senior Manager, IFC, Kenya 9:00-9:10

Welcome Lydia Schot, Senior Manager, IFC, Kenya

9:10-9:30

Speed networking Benefit from 20 minutes of speed networking – it’s a great opportunity for you to meet the key industry decision makers in attendance at this event. As you move around the room, you’ll have just one minute per person to meet, exchange business cards and set up meetings with your new contacts. Session 0.1.1 Financial barriers in PPP’s

9:30-10:00

Summary of topics covered:    

Overcoming financial and regulatory barriers for PPP’s Guidelines for stakeholders to realize the stated objectives of PPP policy Project structuring for PPP deals Understanding PPA’s and streamlining the procurement process

Kyran O’Sullivan, Energy Specialist, World Bank, Kenya 10:00-10:30

MORNING REFRESHMENT BREAK Session 0.1.2 Understanding tariff determination

10:30-13:00

Summary of topics covered:   

Tariff and pricing forecasts Tariff review processes and tariff rationalization – business process engineering Understanding cost to capital and cost of service

Cyprian Nyakundi, Financial Analyst, ERC, Kenya 13:00-14:00

LUNCH

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Session 0.1.3 Procuring a PPP project 14:00-15:00

Summary of topics covered:  Procurement of power through competitive bidding  Bid process management  Risk assessment and mitigation  Standard clauses and common terms Laurencia Njagi, Company Secretary, Kenya Power, Kenya

15:00-15:30

AFTERNOON REFRESHMENT BREAK Session 0.1.4 Improving the investment climate in East Africa

15:30-16:30

Topics to be discussed:  How to get finance  Payment security packages for IPP projects: Partial risk guarantees  Negotiating PPAs  Improvements needed in draft PPAs  Speeding up negotiations Panelists:

16:30-17:00

 Michael Kontos, Partner, Walker Kontos Associates, Kenya  Cyprian Nyakundi, Financial Analyst, ERC, Kenya  Kyran O’Sullivan, Energy Specialist, World Bank, Kenya  Laurencia Njagi, Company Secretary, Kenya Power, Kenya Closing remarks

17:15-19:00

Welcome to Kenya Join us for drinks by the pool and get a taste of EAPIC 2013!

LARGE POWER USER FORUM Session 0.2.1 The East African Experience: Where are we and where are we going? Moderator: Jonathan Lodompui, Assistant Director Reforms, Vision 2030 Delivery Secretariat, Kenya 9:00-9:10

Welcome Jonathan Lodompui, Assistant Director Reforms, Vision 2030 Delivery Secretariat, Kenya

9:10-9:30

Speed networking Benefit from 20 minutes of speed networking – it’s a great opportunity for you to meet the key industry decision makers in attendance at this event. As you move around the room, you’ll have just one minute per person to meet, exchange business cards and set up meetings with your new contacts.

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Keynote address: Large power users and electricity- issues, challenges and solutions Betty Maina, Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Association of Manufacturers, Kenya 9:30-11:00

Panel discussion: Projects and timelines Summary of topics to be discussed:    

Proposed generation projects, timelines and impact on manufacturing sector Implications of regional interconnectivity on Large Power Users The impact of the cost of electricity on your business Overcoming power supply challenges

Panelists:      11:00-11:30

st

Pankaj Kumar, 1 Vice President Confederation of Tanzania Industries, Tanzania Betty Maina, Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Association of Manufacturers, Kenya Felchesmi Mramba, Managing Director, Tanesco, Tanzania Peter Kinuthia, Senior Energy Officer, East African Community, Tanzania. Senior representative, Kenya Power, Kenya MORNING REFRESHMENT BREAK Session 0.2.2 Tariff structures- how are your tariffs determined

Moderator: Anastas Mbawala, Director General, Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority, Tanzania* 11:30-13:00

How are tariffs determined? Frederick Nyang, Director Economic Regulation, Energy Regulatory Commission, Kenya Panel discussion: Tariffs and their affect on you and your business Summary of topics covered:     

Overall design of feed in tariffs Regulatory viewpoint Process of implementation Large Power Users viewpoint Benchmarking in tariff determination

Panelists:

13:00-14:00

   LUNCH

Jonah Omuyoma, Director of Factory Operations, Mumias Sugar Co Ltd, Kenya Frederick Nyang, Director Economic Regulation, Energy Regulatory Commission, Kenya Senior representative, Kenya Power, Kenya

Session 0.2.3 Making energy efficiency work for you: Case studies Chairman: Senior representative, Kenya Power, Kenya 14:00-15:00

Kenafric industries: Overall Energy Award recipient

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Vindoh Kumar, Electrical Engineer, Kenafric Industries, Kenya British American Tobacco: Electrical saving energy award Stepen Muli, Environmental, Health and Safety Manager, British American Tobacco Kenya, Kenya Energy innovation and the efficient use of energy. Barry Bredenkamp, Chief Operating Officer, SANEDI, South Africa 15:00-15:30

AFTERNOON REFRESHMENT BREAK Session 0.2.4 Discovering your potential as a co-generator or self-generator Moderator: Monica Gichuhi, CEO, Kenya Chamber of Mines, Kenya

15:30-16:30

Panel discussion: Successfully setting up a cogeneration /self generation plant Topics to be discussed:     

Project management and feasibility studies Financial aspects of funding Power Purchase Agreements Kenya Power and their needs Best practices for LPU’s

Panelists:

16:30-17:00 17:15 – 19:00

 Jonah Omuyoma, Director of Factory Operations, Mumias Sugar Co Ltd, Kenya  Francis Ingara, Head of Sugar Technology and Engineering, Kenya Sugar Board, Kenya  Paras Shah, Partner, Hamilton, Harrison and Mathews, Kenya  Lars Tejlgard Jensen, Investment Director, Frontier Investment Management, Kenya  Engineer Joseph Kiiru, senior representative, Association of Consulting Engineers of Kenya, Kenya Closing remarks Welcome to Kenya Join us for drinks by the pool and get a taste of EAPIC 2013!

Programme Day 1: Tuesday, 10 September 2013 Session 1.0.1 Development plans and goals for the energy supply in East Africa: Making the vision a reality Chairman: Engineer Joseph Njoroge, Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Power, Kenya* 9:00-9:20

9:20-9:40

Welcome address Davis Chirchir, Cabinet Secretary, Minister of Energy, Kenya* Keynote address: Kenya’s Vision 2030: Priorities and projects Mugo Kibati, CEO, Kenya Vision 2030, Kenya

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9:40-10:00

10:00-10:20

10:20-10:40 10:40-13:30

Coal plans in the mix for Tanzania Eliakim Maswi, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Energy, Tanzania* Plans to double generation capacity by 2017 Ntare Karitanyi, Director General, EWSA, Rwanda* Progress update for hydro power / oil for power Eng. Hon. Minister, Irene Muloni, Minister of Energy, Uganda REFRESHMENTS AND LUNCH OPENING OF EXHIBITION FLOOR Session 1.1.1

Session 1.2.1

Shaping East Africa’s energy future through robust regulation

Geothermal landscape in Africa

Chairman: Chairman: Kaburu Mwirichia, Director General, ERC, Kenya*

Chairman: Dr Silas Simiyu, CEO, Geothermal Development Company, Kenya*

World Future Council

What geothermal energy means for Africa

Ansgar Kiene, Director, Africa Liaison Office, World Future Council Foundation, South Africa

Meseret Teklemariam Zemedkun, Programme Manager, UNEP, Kenya*

Aligning Kenya’s Energy Act to the new constitution and Vision 2030

Geothermal capacity building: Collaboration between higher learning institutes and the sector

Eng. Buge Wasioya, Technical Committee Chairman, Energy Regulation Commission, Kenya

Dr Nicholas Mariita, Superintentdent, KenGen, Kenya

Integration of renewable energy in the East African market

Financing options for geothermal projects

14:30-15:00

Frederic Nyang, Director of Economic Regulation, Energy Regulation Commission, Kenya

Kirsten Offermanns, Principal Project Manager, KfW Development Bank, Germany

15:00-15:30

REFRESHMENT BREAK

13:30-14:00

14:00-14:30

Session 1.1.2

Session 1.2.2

Strategies to increase generation, interconnectivity, electricity capacity and access across East Africa

Geothermal exploration

Chairman: Richard Muiru, Chief Electrical Engineer, Ministry of Energy, Kenya

Chairman: Ludvik Georgsson, Deputy Director, United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme, Iceland

Wind generation – Lake Turkana

Challenges in developing Katwe geothermal power project in Western Uganda

Senior representative, KEMA, Netherlands

Ralph Nyakabwa-Atwoki, Project Consultant, Kenya

Diversifying the energy mix to secure future power supply

Minimising risk from exploration and drilling

David Mwangi, Energy Consultant, Kenya

Horst Kreuter, Director, Geothermal Power, Tanzania

15:30 -16:00

16:00-16:30

16:30-17:00

17:30 – 18:30

Eastern Africa Power Pool update – Status of cross border interconnectivity and power trade Jasper Oduor, Power Expert, Edison Engineers, Kenya COCKTAIL RECEPTION

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The Geothermal exploration – Menengai project John Lagat Chief Geologist, GDC, Kenya*

Programme Day 2: Wednesday, 11 September 2013

9:00-9:30

9:30-10:00

10:00-10:30

10:30-11:00

Generation

Transmission & Distribution

Geothermal

Session 2.1.1

Session 2.2.1

Session 2.3.1

The renewable energy revolution

The roadmap to provide reliable electricity

Drilling technologies and capabilities

Chairman: Isaac Kiva, Senior Principal Superintending Engineer, Renewable Energy, Ministry of Energy, Kenya*

Chairman: Godfrey Turyahikato, Executive Director, Rural Electrification Agency, Uganda

Chairman: Dr Nicholas Mariita, Superintentdent, KenGen, Kenya

Lessons learnt from preparing and implementing projects in Eastern Africa

Operations management strategies to improve performance standards

Geothermal technologies overview

Ms Khilna Dodhia, Cofounder and CEO, Kenergy Renewables, Kenya

Eng. Kennedy Nengo, Branch Manager, Kenya Power, Kenya

Douglas Hollett U.S. Department of Energy ,Geothermal Technologies Office, United States*

Bujagali project in Uganda

Efficient ways of electricity distribution to rural areas

Enhanced geothermal systems

Dr Kevin Kariuki, Head of Infrastructure, IPS, Uganda

Eng. Diedonne Ngizwenyo, Director of Planning and Design, Electricity Roll Out Project, Rwanda

Risper Kandie, Senior Trading Coordination, Kenya Generation Company, Kenya*

The value of Utility-Scale thinFilm PV Solar Power Plants

Towards Virtual Design and Construction for Substations

Evaluation of non-productive time of geothermal drilling operations - Case Study in Indonesia

Johan Cilliers, Regional Director, First Solar, South Africa

Antun Foskulo, Design Engineer, Koncar, Croatia

Dr Bonat Marbun, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

MORNING REFRESHMENT BREAK Session 2.1.2

Session 2.2.2

Session 2.3.2

Diversifying the energy mix

Improving efficiency and loss reduction

The way forward for Geothermal – new research and country updates

Chairman: Sandy TickodriTogboa, Chairman, Uganda Electricity Generation Company, Uganda

Chairman: Barry Bredenkamp , CEO, SANEDI, South Africa

Chairman: George Mwenda, Corporate & Strategic Department, Geothermal Development Company, Kenya

Case study: Distribution Franchisee Design

Sustainable development of geothermal resources: an economic alternative

Joyant Nayak, Director ,Energy practice, CRISIL, India

Philipe Niyangabo, Head of Energy Division, Dept. of Infrastructure and Energy, African Union Commission, Ethiopia

Nuclear power debate

11:00-11:30

Catherine Kianji, Kenya Nuclear Electricity Board, Kenya

51

11:30-12:00

12:00-12:30

12:30-14:00

Utilisation of biogas for power in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Lake Niavasha Biogas project

How to maximise the power transfer on a given corridor

Bridging the skills gap to plan for the future

Alex Marshall, Group Marketing Manager - Africa, Clarke Energy, UK

Fred Visser, Managing Director from Quanta Services

Ludvik Georgsson, Deputy Director, United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme, Iceland

Overcoming the challenges of building natural gas pipeline between Kenya and Tanzania

Power supply management solutions

What does the future hold for geothermal Energy?

Christopher Ford, Managing Director, Songas, Tanzania

Stavros Spyropoulos, Regional Manager, East Africa, EATON, Kenya

Mariette Stander, Head, IGA, Germany*

LUNCH ON THE EXHIBITION FLOOR Session 2.1.3 East Africa: Collaboration and Partnerships for future economic growth Chairman: Jasper Oduor, Power Expert, Edison Engineers, Kenya Panel discussion: Regional interconnectivity and power trade to increase capacity 

Progress on Tanzania and Zambia interconnections



Update on MOU for Grand Inga and what it means for the East African utilities



Expediting implementation of regional power interconnections



Enhancing renewable energy component in the EAPP region's electrical energy

 South Africa

Ansgar Kiene, Director, Africa Liaison Office, World Future Council Foundation,

mix Panellists: 14:00-15:30



David Mwangi, Energy Consultant, Kenya 



Desire Nzayange, Programme Officer, NELSAP, Rwanda*



Francis Maze, Manager, Large power users, TANESCO, Tanzania



Kirsten Offermanns, Principal Project Manager, KfW Development Bank, Germany 



Lawrence Musaba, Southern Africa Power Pool, Zimbabwe*



Sandy Tickodri-Togboa, Chairman, Uganda Electricity Generation Company,

Uganda

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APPENDIX 2

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