LI Pigments Business Overview LI Pigments is a State Certified Cosmetic Manufacturer specializing in pigment manufacturing for Permanent Cosmetics. LI Pigments (LI) has been in business since 1992. During that time, and to date, we have made a commitment to safety, quality and cost efficiency as we strive to supply our customers with consistent high quality products. Our pigment lab services include formula analysis, pigment formula modification, pigment color matching and sterilization services. In the production of LI Pigments Product lines of permanent cosmetic pigments and semipermanent products, LI utilizes only the highest quality D&C & FD&C certified approved pigments and dyes for cosmetic topical use as listed in 21 CFR Parts 73 & 74 as outlined by the FDA. It should be noted that although the cited certified approved FDA pigments and dyes are regulated by the FDA, the FDA has not approved any pigments or dyes for the purpose of tattooing (includes permanent cosmetics). The company operates under stringent high quality control standards that follow all cosmetic manufacturing protocols for cosmetics. Safety, quality and cost efficiency are our company’s priorities. LI is dedicated to supplying our customers in a timely fashion and providing products that consistently meet their specifications. With a commitment to quality, we understand that the customer’s requirements are dynamic and we will respond to changes quickly to maintain a leadership position and complete customer satisfaction. The LI Facility is licensed by the State of New Jersey. LI is located in an Industrial manufacturing area in Englewood, New Jersey. Our factory is approximately 12,000-14,000 square feet, providing for administrative personnel, warehousing, distribution and pigment production. Our state-of-the-art laboratory is equipped with the most advanced and modern technologies. LI is proud to have dedicated employees who have been with LI for many years and have extensive knowledge of the company’s cultures, products and services. In performing their job duties day after day, our staff has developed a strong, solid knowledge base, with a keen understanding of production processing procedures and manufacturing techniques. With an invaluable support system and stable work environment, we are pleased to have employees loyal to our company and motivated to our customers.
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The LI Staff: Back Row: KC (Administration), Vivienne (Director of Operations), Hugh (Quality Control and IT), Bully (Packaging and Production), Brother (Maintenance Director), Robin (Production), Kereece (Purchasing & Receiving Manager). Front Row: Mytia (Chemist and R&D Manager), Maxine (Packaging and Production), Blanca (Production Manager), Luisa (Packaging Manager), Nat (Packaging) Sashell (Packaging) Darlene (President), Marcus (Sales and Marketing). Missing are two employees not available for the group photo: Samantha (Admin Assistant) and Kathy (Accounting Manager). 2
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Our Mission: LI Pigments strives to merge our pigment manufacturing expertise with the specification demands of our global customer base to create and distribute the most innovative and scientifically advanced custom designed pigmentation products. Our goal is to provide unparalleled customer service and technical support with an emphasis on safety, quality and cost efficiency. Brief History of Darlene Story’s expertise and experience: Beginning with a strong mind for business, an eye for color and experience in the field, she sought support from recognized professional chemists to develop the original LI formulations. They took into account the size of the pigment particles and created a perfect base for suspending and dispersing the colors. From the beginning Darlene Story has poured all of her energies into developing the most stable, consistent and smooth-flowing pigments. LI continues to apply the same care to every batch of pigments today as Darlene Story did when she first started the company. Consistency, quality and safety are paramount importance at LI. Pigment Quality Priority: Through the years LI acquired in-house chemists and color matching experts who have worked closely with permanent makeup (PMU) artists to perfect the LI brands. Under appropriate storage conditions the quality of LI pigments can be seen, as they remain a uniform color. This is due to the care taken in our raw material selection and in our mixing processes. This begins with selecting the appropriate colorants for mixing. All colorants must be an appropriate size so that they can penetrate the skin but are not prone to migration; they must have appropriate surface area properties (which is achieved through milling) in order to bind to the liquid components of the pigment without separation; they must be uniform in light fastness quality to ensure the life of mixed colorants are consistent; and ultimately suspended in quality solutions in a manner that avoids “clumping.” These factors are discussed in more detail below: Importance of Surface Area: Surface area is the measurement of the amount of space on the outside of an object. When you are dealing with particles as small as pigment particles, the greater the surface area, the more surface there is to hold the particle in suspension or dispersion. Surface area can be increased by decreasing the size of the particle. For example consider this square that has sides 8 units’ long:
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8 Squares
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8 Surface area = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 32 If this same square is cut in half, the surface area changes significantly: 4
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Surface Area =( 8+4+4+8) + (8+4+4+8) = 48 And if bisected again, the change in surface area is even more distinctive: 4 4
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Surface Area = (4+4+4+4) + (4+4+4+4)+ (4+4+4+4) + (4+4+4+4) = 64 Each unit of surface area can be thought of as an anchor to help the colorant hook onto the liquid part of the formulation. The surface area should also be similar for each pigment particle 5
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because the more uniform the surface area of the colorant; the more uniform the resulting mixture. Surface area can be adjusted by milling and grinding. If pigment particles are too small they may migrate more easily once implanted into the skin. LI has found the happy medium where colorant particles are small enough to remain in solution without separations but not migrate in the skin. EXAMPLE 2
Also refer to the following links for a demonstration to further understand Surface Area: https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=4cccfb2203&view=att&th=144dffb8fdba7785&attid=0.2&disp=i nline&safe=1&zw https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=4cccfb2203&view=att&th=144dffb8fdba7785&attid=0.1&disp=s afe&zw
Light-Fastness: Colorants tend to fade over time. This is unavoidable; this happens to all colorants but at different rates depending on the type of colorant, how exposed the colorant is to the environment and the medium in which that colorant is placed. Anyone who has ever had a favorite pair of jeans has watched the color of those jeans fade in time over the years. In the case of PMU pigments, the rate of fading is mainly dictated by the specific chemical structure of the colorants used and by the amount of exposure to UV rays. Certain rays of light, specifically UV rays, can slowly breakdown chemical structures overtime, leading to color fading. The ease at which a color fades or doesn’t fade is termed light-fastness. The higher the light-fastness, the harder it is to break down the colorant molecule, causing fading. Different wavelengths break down different colorants and some colorants are harder to breakdown than others. A massive amount of the correct wavelengths of light is one of the most preferred forms of tattoo removal; the laser. Small amounts of all wavelengths of light, including UV rays, are found in 6
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sunlight. In the PMU industry, exposure to sunlight (even incidental sunlight) on the face is unavoidable, so it is important to take into account the light-fastness of the individual colorants used in every pigment. Many of the adverse color changes in pigment are due to using a pigment made with colorants of different light-fastnesses. When creating a pigment formulation it is normally best to use colorants that have a similar light-fastness. For example, consider a pigment that contains a high amount of titanium dioxide (white - which is the slowest fading pigment), a small amount of carbon black (which also fades very slowly), and a medium amount of oranges, yellows and reds with lower light-fastness. Overtime the color may fade to a gray or an ochre appearance. If the bright colorants (oranges, yellows and reds in this example) chosen for this pigment were more color-fast (as the titanium dioxide and carbon black in this example), the final procedure (pigment) will still eventually fade with exposure to UV light, but the actual shade of the final pigment will not change to any great degree over time, if at all. In other words, the color will fade more evenly to a lighter shade of the original version of the healed procedure appearance. A pigment formulator must have an extensive knowledge of light-fastness to incorporate like light-fastness into formulations. Light-fastness is a relative term but it is possible to assign a number value, or rating to each colorant based on relative light-fastness. In the textile industry, a colorant can be given a lightfastness value based on its relationship to how blue wool fades overtime. This scale is very relative because it is based on personal, visual accuracy. Colorimeters and spectrometers can measure the color and this measurement can be taken again after a certain amount of UV ray exposure. For more information about the different ways of assigning light-fastness ratings see Materials Technologies Limited’s website: http://www.drb-mattech.co.uk/index.html Over the years, LI has developed its own scale for PMU colorants based on their light-fastness in our pigment solutions. This was achieved through vigorous research as well as through trial and error in the testing phases of research. LI has narrowed down our list of colorants to only those that have the highest light-fastness possible for that specific spectrum/shade of color. Colorant Suspension: Colorants need to be suspended in the ideal solution for the application. We use only USP Kosher Grade glycerin, the safest preservatives, and the purest alcohol. Most importantly water purity is taken very seriously. Just like salt in ocean water, there can be dissolved solids mixed into the water. They can be invisible to the naked eye, they can have a taste or color, or they can have thickness that changes the overall density of the water, 7
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whatever the case, these elements need to be removed. There are many ways of accomplishing this. Water that is distilled removes all but small ions and some elements with a similar boiling point to water. Purified water is a loose category that signifies the removal of any number of contaminants. Sterile water signifies the removal of bacteria and other biological contaminants from water. Even purified bottled water may contain nitrates, copper, iron and other impurities. Our water purification process takes all of this into account. We remove all hard solids, dissolved solids, other liquids and ensure the pH is equalized. Water then goes through a proper sterilization process that also removes water hardness and excess chlorine. Sterile water can have differing water hardness and pH but our filtration system combats this with consistency and continuity as well as bacteria, while sterile water is simple bacteria free. LI has always been stringent with their safety specifications. There are two main government bodies that regulate the safety of colorants in the world. In the United States the FDA does not certify colorants for permanent cosmetics use but they have an amazing reporting and recall system if any problems occur within the industry. The EU has stringent regulations on tattoo colorants, ingredients and testing. Basics of Colorant/Pigment Suspension: Maintaining a uniform suspension - There are a few techniques used to properly suspend insoluble colorants in a water based solution without thickening the formula, the details of which are proprietary to LI. However, in general, the pigment must be pre-milled and pre-wet. The smaller the surface area, the more easily the product will suspend and be re-suspended by shaking. We discussed surface area earlier. The difference between a permanent cosmetic colorant and a dye is solubility. Dyes are water soluble and so it is easy to form a uniform mixture of dye and water/alcohol/glycerin. Think about sodas where the soluble dye colorant remains the intended color, never needing shaking to restore the uniform color. That is because the dye used to color the soda is soluble and remains suspended without shaking. It is the opinion of LI, that in order for a pigment to stay in the skin it must be produced with permanent cosmetic colorants which are insoluble in water. This produces a problem when getting the colorants to suspend in a thin, water-based formulation. In general, topical cosmetics thickening agents can be added to the liquid phase to make it thick enough to hold up these colorant particles; this is called “suspension” of the pigment particles. If a formulation is too thick; it may impede PMU use. The two main problems are colorant settling and colorant clumping. 8
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Figure 1 represents poorly suspended pigment in glycerin, alcohol and water: Figure 1
Because the pigment is the densest ingredient of this mixture example, if not mixed exactly perfectly the pigment will settle on the bottom almost immediately. With excessive mixing this product may be uniform but if the pigment separates easily, it may separate before it is even filled into individual bottles. Some bottles will have more pigment load than others. It is important to keep the products uniform. If a product settles, but takes a long time to settle, that is acceptable and normal. Such a product can be individually packaged uniformly and the individual bottle will require only a small amount of shaking to re-suspend any pigments.
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Figure 2 represents an example of clumping of colorants/pigments, particularly red pigments: Figure 2
Clumping of pigment is a problem that cannot always be solved by mixing or shaking. Some clumps of pigments tend to settle on the bottom and even after re-shaking they tend to remain clumped. Clumping can also thicken the entire formulation, making the pigment too thick to use for tattooing.
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Figure 3 represents the same mixture of pigments as Figure 1 & Figure 2 but properly suspended. Figure 3
Safety and Quality Control: LI Pigments adheres to United States (US) Cosmetic Guidelines & European Union (EU) Regulations and is distributed internationally. The main governing PMU regulations in the EU are outlined in Directive 76/768/EEC; ANNEX IV PART I & II and EUResolution ResAP(2008)1. Directive 76/768/EEC, ANNEX VI PARTS I & II. Much emphasis is placed on product quality and with upkeep to these guidelines; we continue to abide by the high standards as set forth by regulatory agencies. Colorants tested according to these resolutions provide a high level of safety and a minimum health risk for our customers. LI has completed the testing of over 93 different substances and compounds as it relates to Certification within the EU. The testing includes carcinogenic compounds, colorants and metals causing allergies and irritations of the skin. (A quick break-down of EU Guidelines which is EUResolution ResAP(2008)1 validating and certification can be found at the end). Re-testing is required every 18-24 months. Certification Certificates Available Upon Request. In order to keep our products safe and compliant we established Critical Quality Control Points throughout the production and packaging process. By following this path we can ensure that each batch is consistent in color and purity. Cosmetic grade carbon black is used as an example.
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Critical Quality Control Points Flow Chart Product Ordering
Only from reputable suppliers
Raw Material Receiving
Materials checked for quality & accuracy
Raw Material Storage Stored @ proper temp away from sunlight
Production Clean environment free of contaminants
Water Purification/Sterilization Water is cleared of all contaminants
Packaging Free from contaminants
Sterilization of End-Item Product All biological contaminants eliminated
Product Safety Testing of Finished Goods Samples of Products tested for Sterility
Finished Sterile Product Storage Stored @ proper temp away from sunlight
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The Flow of LI Pigments Critical Quality Control Points: 1. Product Selection: A product can only be as good as its components so it is important to be prudent in product selection. This begins with only ordering from reputable suppliers. In the colorant manufacturing process, suppliers may manufacture raw colorants in the same vat as other, less pure colorants. An order of cosmetic carbon black from such a source could be contaminated with the printer ink that they manufactured the day before. LI only purchases from colorant suppliers that manufactures a raw colorant in a purified vat within a clean room. Liquid components can also be contaminated. Alcohol tends to carry dissolved contaminant, much like water, and so must only be ordered from reputable suppliers. Glycerin must be USP Kosher Grade. 2. Verification of Product: Receiving – LI orders only cosmetic grade or medical grade raw materials and only from reputable suppliers but even with ordering from reputable suppliers, human error can always be a factor. Because of this, every new raw material is checked upon delivery. In the case of carbon black it must be a fine, jet black powder with no odor and a specific gravity of approximately 1.8 g/cc. Impure carbon black, such as in printer inks, may still pass this test so it is important to order from reputable suppliers and to do appropriate product testing. Samples of materials are sequestered away before storage to retain a sample of the raw material for testing, for our records or for color matching. The next step for the raw materials that make the cut is either the production lab or storage. 3. Purification & Sterilization of Water: Our water is not ordered from a water manufacturer but instead is processed and sterilized on site with our own water standardization system. We use a high purity water system specifically designed for cosmetic and medical products. Water first goes through a filter that removes nondissolved solids and large articulate matter. The water then passes through a carbon portable exchange tank that removes chlorine and organics as well as anything else that causes odor. Next is the strong base DI tank which removes dissolved solids like minerals and salts as well as other ions. The water then passes under an ultraviolet sterilization light to kill all bacteria and viruses. After sterilization the water passes through a sub-micron filter to remove any dead bacteria and viruses. The last stage occurs as the water passes through a final sub-micron filter to insure all of the water standardization system processing. 13
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4. Storage of Raw Materials: Making sure that our raw materials arrive pure rivals the importance of ensuring these materials remain pure. Raw materials must be stored under the proper condition to maintain appropriate purity and color. Reactive material must never be stored together (many raw colorants may react with peroxides). Products should be stored at room temperature because too much cold may cause clumping and too much heat may denature the material, turning it into something different. Most importantly to raw colorants, products should not be stored in direct sunlight. In the same way that laser beams of light can denature tattoo pigments in the skin (laser tattoo removal), sunlight will also denature colorants overtime making them fade. Carbon black left in the sun may eventually fade to a grayish black. 5. Production: LIs’ production lab goes above and beyond the state certification requirements. Our whole production area is organized as a clean room within a clean room. Personnel in the production area must wear full appropriate clean room attire. This includes hair restraints, gloves, face mask, goggles, foot covering, and a full body covering to protect clothing from the product and the product from clothing.
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6.
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This prevents contamination from physical particles like hair, saliva and skin cells. The air is constantly purified of airborne bacteria and spores as per the criteria of a clean room. The clean room within the clean room, which is where the majority of production occurs, fits the criteria of a facility for manufacturing medical devices. Milling process and proper speed of formulations has to do with the proper binding of the formulation to prevent separation. Also to prevent separation is the micron size of the particle. This can be slightly adjusted through the milling process but there is an optimum range of particle size to begin with. The appropriate size will be small enough and the proper surface area to easily suspend and penetrate the skin, while still not being prone to migration Packaging: Anyone in the packaging area must also wear the same attire as clean room personnel. This includes, but is not limited to, hair restraints, gloves, face mask and lab coat. Sterilization of End Item Product: This is an important step. Although bacteria can be easily eliminated though proper preservation techniques and the use of appropriate grade of alcohol, many harmful spores can survive despite such attempts. Through gamma ray sterilization, although an expensive process, it can be assured that there are no biological contaminants in the product. Gamma sterilization eliminates spores, bacteria and any other biological matter. Storage of Finished Product: As long as a product remains in our care, it is still treated with the upmost safety standard. Products are stored at the proper temperature, away from sunlight on shelves covered with a protective sheet to prevent dust. International Product Safety Testing: Any new product or new raw material is sent to testing. Existing products are tested periodically just in case. This is the final check to 15
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see if the product is contaminated with any unwanted biological or chemical component. By passing this test our products are assured to pass international safety regulations and to be the purest possible product. In the event that the product does not pass, it is never sold and corrective actions are taken. Our testing includes but is not limited to: • Aromatic Amines known to cause Cancer (20 Substances) • Carcinogens in Categories 1,2 and 3 denoted in the Council Directive 1967/548/EEC of 27th June 1967 (7 Substances) • Dyes which are carcinogenic, mutagenic, have reprotoxic or sensitizing properties i.e. cause allergic conditions (35 Substances) • Metals as Impurities (13 Substances) • Policyclic Aromtaic Hydrocarbons (PAH), Benzene-a-pyrene (BaP) • Microbiological Test of Sterility (A description of the most common and most hazardous contaminant can be found below) In the case of carbon black only cosmetic and medical grade inks will pass this test. Impure carbon black, such as that which is commonly used in printer inks, would fail every time, even if there was only a small amount in the formulation. Common Colorant Contaminant Examples: Policyclic Aromtaic Hydrocarbons (PAH) This is a category of chemical commonly found in tar and coal, as well as most carbon based matter heated to high temperatures in the presence of oxygen. They can be found naturally in the atmosphere as a byproduct of burning fuel. Many processes that form carbon black are chemical reactions that combine the carbon with oxygen and hydrogen to form carbon black as well as various PAH’s, which have a similar chemical formula. Carbon black is typically made from carbon based material burning at high temperatures such as lampblack and bone black. Processes have been developed to produce carbon black with little or no PAH’s as well as to purify carbon black of PAH’s. Some PAH’s are harmful in small amounts while others are relatively benign. Any contamination by PAH’s will be caught during product testing. Benzo[a]pyrene is a well know example of a PAH, often cited as being the first known carcinogen.
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CAS #: 50-32-8 This can be found in anything from the fumes of a cigarette to the fumes of burning wood to charred meats. Like most chemicals, a small amount is tolerable. An occasional charred steak is unlikely to cause long term harm. When the body breaks down the chemical, it forms other chemicals that may damage DNA, causing mutations. The less of this chemical; the better. Naphthalene is another common contaminant and the PAH with the simplest formulation.
CAS #: 91-20-3 This is best known for being the ingredient in moth balls. Some plants and animals produce small amounts of Naphthalene naturally. Exposure to large amounts may cause blood damage. It is listed as a possible carcinogenic. It is a common derivative or ingredient of coal tar. It can be used as a precursor to make pigments and it can commonly contaminate pigments produced from coal tar (such as some carbon blacks) or other natural carbon sources. This is another chemical tested for in the final product testing phase. Aromatic Amines Not all aromatic Amines are known to cause cancer. We do testing for the 20 aromatic amines that are common, carcinogenic contaminant. They are a typical contaminant found in azo dyes and pigments. (Many of the bright yellows and oranges are azo dyes). The dyes that are likely to be contaminated by this are banned for use in cosmetics by the EU and/or the FDA, depending on the dye. LI does not use any of the banned dyes and any contamination by aromatic amines would be caught during product testing before the pigment is distributed. Benzidine A.K.A. 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl is a well known example of a harmful aromatic amine, linked to cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer.
CAS #: 92-87-5
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This is commonly used to as a precursor for making many pigments and dyes. In a perfect chemical reaction the dye produced may still be contaminated by this in measurable amounts. For this reason, dyes produced from benzidine or its derivatives were added onto the EPA’s list of Chemicals of Concern. It is no longer produced in the United States but pigments and dyes produced from benzidine can still be bought from other countries. It is best to avoid products containing dyes produced from benzidine. By ordering from reputable suppliers avoiding benzidine should be easy. o-Anisidine is a aromatic amine chemical contaminant that is not only thought to be carcinogenic but is also known to cause damage to the nerves and enzymes.
CAS #: 90-04-0 This is found in many azo dyes and the waste water from producing these dyes. It is hazardous for the environment as well because it is easily transported in ground water. It can target and damage almost all organs of the body if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. LI does not order any colorants known to contain this and we also test for this contaminant in the final testing stage before sale. International European Union (EU) Regulations: EU Cosmetic Directive 76/768/EEC, ANNEX IV – part 1: http://www.greencouncil.org/doc/ResourcesCentre/Annex_4_colouring_agents_in_cosmetic_p roducts.pdf This directive has a chart that lists all cosmetics colorants allowed for use and where they are allowed to be used. Some colorants are safe to use on the skin as long as they are not around mucus membranes like the mouth or eyes. For example, note that on the chart that CI number 74260 – green cannot be used around the eye, even as eyeliner. This ingredient definitely cannot be used in permanent eyeliner formulations. Part 2 of this directive is a list of raw materials that should never be used for cosmetics under any circumstances.
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EU Resolution ResAP(2008)1 : https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=ResAP%282008%291&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original &Site=COE&BackColorInternet=DBDCF2&BackColorIntranet=FDC864&BackColorLogged=FDC86 4 This article is specific to tattooing and PMU. It calls for such tasks as the investigation of aromatic amines with Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic and sensitizing properties and the investigation of Carcinogens classified in Categories 1, 2 and 3 by the European Commission and mentioned in the Council Directive 1967/548/EEC of 27 June 1967. It outlaws or restricts the use of carcinogenic, mutagenic or otherwise harmful pigments in the tattoo and PMU industries. It also calls for microbiological and other germ testing for such pigments. PAH’s, commonly found in printer grade inks, are strictly regulated. What this means to artists who use LI pigments: At the end of the day, what does this mean to the consumer? Consumers can be assured their pigments are made under the strictest of quality standards; LI pigments are concentrated and consistent in color from batch-to- batch, year-after-year; pigment colorants are formulated and processed specifically with safety as the primary focus. Colorants are selected for LI formulas based on quality light-fastness properties and processed to ensure like surface area for continued longevity consistency. Because of the concentration and consistency of LI pigments, each container will pour 30 small pigment caps.
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Due to the selective process of like light-fast pigments and the surface area sizing, LI pigments are high performing colorants and age beautifully. Below are a few examples.
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Documentation Available: LI provides all necessary documents to our customers, which include the following (if applicable): • Certificate of Good Standing • Certificate of Free Sale • Certificate of Origin • Validated by Englewood Chamber of Commerce • Amines Validation Certificate • Investigation of Dyestuffs According to EU Resolution ResAP (2008)1 • Investigation of Heavy Metals According to EU Resolution (2008)1 • Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) • Investigation of Benzene-a-pyrene (BAP) EU Resolution ResAP (2008)1 • Toxicology Certificate & Test Report • Microbial Susceptibility Test Report/CTFA Preservative Challenge Test (Applies to Concealing Systems™ Make-Up Line) • Repeat Insult Patch Test (RIPT) Toxicology Testing (Skin Irritation/Sensitization Evaluation Report) (Applies to Concealing Systems™ Make-Up Line) • BSE Free Certificate • Certificate of Analysis (COA) • Testing Reports: • Bio-Burden Batch Testing • Gamma Sterilization Reports • Spore Strip Test Reports • Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
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Organizations LI is affiliated with: (U.S.A. Based Organizations/Affiliations) • • • • • •
ICMD (Independent Cosmetic Manufacturers and Distributors, Inc.) SPCP (Society of Permanent Cosmetic Professionals) PBA (Professional Beauty Association) ECC (Englewood Chamber of Commerce) New Jersey GCC (Gold Coast Chamber of Commerce) New Jersey SCC (Society of Cosmetic Chemists)
In closing: LI welcomes inquiries regarding our policies and processes and will endeavor to continue to
offer new and exciting products and maintain the stability of current services.
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