Latin-American Wars for Independence 1790-1850

What Caused Discontent in Latin America? By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule.

Read: Telescoping “Latin Americans Win Independence”

What Caused Discontent in Latin America? Peninsulares controlled the government, laws & the economy

Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Causes 1.European domination of Latin America 2.Spread of Enlightenment ideas 3.American and French revolutions 4.Growth of nationalism in Latin America

Independence Movements in Latin America Immediate Causes 1.People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injustices 2.Revolutionary leaders emerge 3.Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king

What Caused Discontent in Latin America? Creoles resented their second-class status.

What Caused Discontent in Latin America? Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power available to whites.

What Caused Discontent in Latin America? Native Americans suffered economic misery under the Spanish. Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed for freedom.

International Influences Encourage Revolts

• Inspired by the Enlightenment Ideas • Encouraged by the American & French Revolutions

International Influences Encourage Revolts •Napoleon’s control of Spain weakened its hold over its Latin American colonies • Colonies set up their own governments •Stage is set for revolution!

Independent Nations of Latin America About 1844

Independence Movements in Latin America Immediate Effects 1.Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in Haiti 2.Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin America 3.Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America

Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Effects 1.Attempts made to rebuild economies 2.18 separate republics set up 3.Continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments & to gain economic independence

HAITI: The First Black Republic In The World • Toussaint L'Ouverture was born a slave near Cap-Haitian. His grandfather was king of the "Arada" tribe in Africa before being brought to Saint Domingue.

HAITI: The First Black Republic In The World • Toussaint who became a freed Negro learned to read and write at 50. • Julius Caesar was his hero.

It Begins… in Haiti Inspired by French Revolution in 1791 leader Toussaint L’Ouverture led Haitian slaves to revolt •

•Encourages to slaves kill their masters

It Begins… •By 1798 Toussaint’s forces controlled most of the island but still a French colony •Enslaved Haitians had been freed. •In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti

•1804-Revolution forces Napoleon to sell Louisiana Territory to pay for revolution

HAITI: The First Black Republic In The World • 1804-Napoleon Bonaparte sent a French expedition to reestablish slavery in the island • Toussaint fought against General Leclerc and declares himself governor of Haiti.

HAITI: The First Black Republic In The World • Known as the "Black Spartacus", and the "Precursor" of independence of Haiti, Toussaint is one of the founders and heroes of Haiti. • The revolt took more lives than other revolution in the Americas; lasted over 13 years

Mexican Independence From Spain • Reading: Hidalgo Biography

•Father Miguel Hidalgo leads a popular (the people) revolt - 1810 • Untrained army of 50,000 but no strong military leader

Mexican Independence From Spain •His army is no match for Spain’s army • He’s caught & executed! • Mexico does not break with Spain until 1821

MEXICO Father Miguel Hidalgo and José Morales led popular revolts in 1810. Rebels led by Agustín de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy, creating an independent Mexico. Iturbide took the title of emperor, but was quickly overthrown. Liberal Mexicans set up the Republic of Mexico in 1821.

CENTRAL AMERICA 1. Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820s. 2. Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America. 3. The union soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

Independence in South America •The people of South American had always desired freedom… -Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish rule as early as the 1700s with limited results. -In the late 1700s popular uprisings came as a result of high tax increases from Spain… again without success

Enlightenment Ideas Again Lead to Change! • It was not until the 1800s that discontent sparked a widespread drive for independence… • Creoles take the lead in working for independence inspired by the Americans and the French… • One was a young woman of fifteen, from Bogotá (in modern day Colombia) who exemplified the spirit of the revolution •

Watch the film clip from Visions, Voices and Views: Tape 5

Policarpa Salavarrieta

Strong Leaders: A Key to Success Strong leaders emerge vowing to lead all of Latin America to freedom…

Who are these leaders? José de San Martín & Simon Bolívar

Independence in South America

San Martin Crossing the Andes Mountains

In 1816, José de San Martín helped Argentina and Chile in 1818 win freedom from Spain.

On July 26, 1822, San Martin and Bolivar met in Guayaquil to see how they could work together. There is no record of the meeting, but they didn't seem to get along well personally and had different visions for the continent.

Don Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator,” led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela. He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. “…I will not rest my soul until Hispanic America is liberated from Spanish rule.”

Biography of Simon Bolivar Reading

Don Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

•Bolívar tried to unite the liberated lands into a single nation called Gran Columbia. •However, bitter rivalries made that dream impossible. Before long, Gran Columbia split into three independent countries: Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. •Watch “Patterns…” Video Clip

Independent Nations of Latin America About 1844

Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Causes 1.European domination of Latin America 2.Spread of Enlightenment ideas 3.American and French revolutions 4.Growth of nationalism in Latin America

Independence Movements in Latin America Immediate Causes 1.People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injustices 2.Revolutionary leaders emerge 3.Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king

Independence Movements in Latin America Immediate Effects 1.Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in Haiti 2.Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin America 3.Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America

Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Effects 1.Attempts made to rebuild economies 2.18 separate republics set up 3.Continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments & to gain economic independence

Assessment: Latin American Independence • What caused

discontent in Latin America? • What international influences encouraged revolutions in Latin America?

Assessment: Wars of Independence • How did Haitians

independence? • How did Father Miguel Hidalgo play a key role in Mexico’s independence?

Assessment: Latin American Independence • How did most of

the nations of South America win independence? • How did change take place in Brazil?