ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

LANDFILL AFTERCARE – Strategies and Closure Criteria Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Stegmann Dr.-Ing. K.-U. Heyer, Dr.-Ing. K. Hupe

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner Schellerdamm 19-21 21079 Hamburg, Germany www.ifas-hamburg.de

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

„Landfill aftercare – options for action, duration, costs and quantitative criteria regarding the release from aftercare“ UFOPLAN-Study

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Questions:

¾ Long-term emission behaviour? ¾ Consequences for the closure and aftercare? ¾ Options to influence and reduce the long-term emissions? ¾ Possible criteria for the release from aftercare? ¾ Costs for closure and aftercare?

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Landfill types that were examined: • Landfills which are presently being closed and closed landfills for untreated municipal solid waste (waste emplacement latest until 31.05.2005 according to German legislation) • MBP landfills (or MBP landfill sections) • Landfills for domestic waste incineration ashes • Soil / construction and demolition waste landfills

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Duration of aftercare How long?

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

(Krümpelbeck, Ehrig)

100000

CSB y+epsilon y-epsilon

10000

Exponentiell (CSB)

CSB[mg/l] [mg/l] COD

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Leachate concentrations - COD

1000

100

10

1 0

5

10

15

Age of deposition [a] Zeit nach SW-Abschluß

20

25

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

100.000 CSB 7/AP3T16 r**2 = 0,99

CSB[mg/l] [mg/l] COD

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Prediction of aftercare periods via leachate emissions in lab-tests (LSR) CSB Grenzwert

10.000

C t = C 0. e k (t T .

0)

1.000 100 10 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Versuchszeit DSR [d][d] Test period in LSR

L/S:0 Age of deposition / Aftercare period:

0

1 60

2

3

4

120

180

240

5

[l/kgTS]

300 [a]

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Forecast regarding the long-term emission behaviour of different landfill types via the leachate path Parameters

Required value CE [ mg/l ]

COD Domestic waste landfill MBP landfill Landfill with ashes from WIP Construction waste landfill

200

Ntot. Domestic waste landfill MBP landfill Landfill with ashes from WIP Construction waste landfill

70

Cl Domestic waste landfill MBP landfill Landfill with ashes from WIP Construction waste landfill

100

Initial concentration C0 [ mg/l ]

Period required until CE is reached [a]

1200 – 3800 450 – 2000 15 - 600 100 - 250

75 – 120 35 – 100 0 – 50 0 – 10

400 – 800 150 - 250 4 – 200 20 - 200

110 – 160 45 – 80 0 – 65 0 – 65

1000 – 2100 420 - 980 290 – 12000 100 - 600

110 – 150 70 - 110 50 – 230 0 – 90

WIP: waste incineration plants Assumptions: Deposition thickness: 20 m; new formation of leachate: 250 mm/a Initial concentration C0: range of leachate concentrations of different landfill types during the operating phase, respectively at the beginning of the closing phase

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

100

Gasmenge [m³/(t TS*a)]

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill Gas (Krümpelbeck, Ehrig)

10

1

0,1

0,01 0

5

10

15

20

Zeit nach Deponieabschluß [a]

25

30

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Aftercare of Landfills • Landfills and many old deposits are reactor landfills Î Landfill gas (weak gas) over many years / several decades Î Landfill leachate over many decades / several centuries Î High hazardous potential, high demand and costs for aftercare Î Aim: avoid conservation, controlled release, collection and treatment of emissions in the closure period

Î reduction of the aftercare demand and duration

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Closure- and Aftercare Measures How?

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Measurements for closure of sanitary landfills: • Collection and treatment of leachate (res. contaminated groundwater) • Collection and utilization of landfill gas • End of waste deposition: temporary surface cover • Option: water infiltration for humidification / flushing • Option: aerobic in situ stabilisation, low pressure aeration • Final surface sealing, standard or site-adjusted alternative system → Reduced aftercare (expenditure and duration) because of a landfill body poor in emissions / low hazardous potential

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Temporary Surface Cover

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Temporary Surface Cover Equalising and Recultivation Layer

Vegetation to avoid erosion 40 cm Recultivation layer 30 cm Equalising layer Waste body

Planning landfill in NRW, IFAS 2004

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Temporary Surface Cover Equalising and Recultivation Layer Combined system drainage layer and LDPE-sealing natürlicher Bewuchs Erosionsschutz Vegetation to avoidals erosion

Recultivation layer: 30 cm Oberboden Rekultivierungsschicht: mit Kompost + 30 cm Unterboden upper 30 cmvergütet with Compost kombiniertes System of aus mmDrainage Drainmatte Combined system 5 5mm und 1 mm LDPE-Folie layer andkaschierter 1 mm LDPE Sealing layer

20cm cmAusgleichsschicht Equalising layer/ Planum 20 Waste body Abfallkörper

Planning landfill in NRW, IFAS 2004

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Measurements to reduce the emission potential: Controlled Infiltration (water, leachate, concentrate)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Water Infiltration ⇒ Enhancement of anaerobic and aerobic biological degradation process ⇒ Enhancement of elution processes

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

SPHERE OF ACTION BELOW THE INFILTRATION FIELD

ifas

140 m

60 m

1:3

Grobkiesschicht Infiltrationsfeld (Grobkies)

60 m

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Planning landfill in NRW, IFAS 2004

Waste body Well shaft Infiltration field (20 m x 20 m) Sphere of action (140 m x 140 m)

1:3

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Measurements to reduce the emission potential: Aerobic in situ stabilization (maybe in combination with Controlled Infiltration )

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Aerobic in situ stabilization

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Aeration

Suction and treatment of exhausts

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Aerobic in situ stabilisation at several municipal waste landfills and old deposits: low pressure aeration ¾

Old Kuhstedt landfill, district of Rotenburg (Wuemme) – Lower Saxony, Germany, BMBF project since 2000

¾

Old Amberg-Neumühle landfill – Bavaria since 2001 Altdeponie Kuhstedt

¾

Old Milmersdorf landfill, district of Uckermark – Brandenburg since 2002 Altdeponie Amberg

¾

TASi II: Doerentrup landfill, ABG Lippe, district of Lemgo, Northrhine-Westphalia, start October 2007 Altdeponie Milmersdorf

¾

Old deposit: Schwalbach-Griesborn, Saarland, start 2007/2008

ifas

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Biodegradable carbon potential in the year 2005 (end of waste deposition) and reduction of carbon until 2020 depending on application of infiltration, aerobic in situ stabilisation (aeration) and a final surface cover (scenarios A – F) 50.000 Landfill : 10 ha, 1 Mio m3 Biological degradable carbon [ Mg ]

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

0 Biological degradable Carbon 2005

Scenario A: Scenario C: Scenario D: TASI surface Surface sealing Infiltration and sealing instantly after 10 a Aeration

Scenario E: Aeration

Scenario F: Infiltration + Aeration, TASi surface sealing after 15 a

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

„Proposal for an integrated Landfill Ordinance (17.10.2007) des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, WA II5(W)

In situ stabilisation by aeration for landfills with high organic contents

§ 12 Betriebene Altdeponien, Absatz (2): „Für Deponien und Deponieabschnitte, auf denen Hausmüll, hausmüllähnliche Gewerbeabfälle, Klärschlämme und andere Abfälle mit hohen organischen Anteilen abgelagert worden sind, soll die zuständige Behörde auf Antrag des Deponiebetreibers zur Beschleunigung biologischer

Abbauprozesse

Deponie……eine

Belüftung

und des

Mindestanforderungen erfüllt sind: … 2.

Belüftung:

zur

Verbesserung

Abfallkörpers

des

zulassen,

Langzeitverhaltens wenn

der

nachfolgende

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

PROPOSALS FOR QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA FOR THE RELEASE FROM AFTERCARE

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

„Landfill aftercare – options for action, duration, costs and quantitative criteria regarding the release from aftercare“ UFOPLAN-Study

r& e o f m in m a u b n u n / e e t.d ge=K m a ra s f e n d a n ? u p b elt en.ph w e i d m . d u g . e r w u m _ w b l m /w ysq / a : h p htt ien/m 3128 .ifasw = d me hwort r: ww e Suc ie unt sow

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Requirements for the release from aftercare • Present emissions have to be low • Remaining long-term emissions have to be low (low emission potential of the landfill body) • Extensive conversion of biodegradable waste organics: • low remaining gas (methane) formation • leachate with low pollutant concentration / load • waste body with low remaining settlements • additional interruption of transmission by well working surface cover

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Emissions

Pollution Transport

Impact

Air

Landfill

Path: Surface water Groundwater level

Barriers

Path:Groundwater

E-T-I: Emission - Transmission - Impact Scheme E.T.I.-Concept (Leitfaden „Bewertungshilfe für Deponien“, MUNLV NRW, 2001)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Landfill Gas

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill gas production with a methane volume flow ≤ 25 m3 CH4/h for the entire landfill ≤ 5 m3 CH4/(h * ha) • Changeover to passive gas treatment, e.g. via methane oxidation in the recultivation layer – ≤ 0.5 l CH4 / (m2 * h) enter into the recultivation layer – maximum surface gas emission ≤ 25 ppm – If criterion is met over approximately 10 years, then release from aftercare as far as the gas aspect is concerned.

CH4 oxidation potential in the recultivation layer range between 0.5 – 6.0 l CH4/m² • h

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Germany: new landfill ordinance (first preliminary version) „Entwurf einer integrierten Deponieverordnung“ Stand 05.02.2007 des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, WA II5(W)

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Leachate

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Target Values for Leachate Leachate quality for Leachate for direct discharge into the surface water Leachate for indirect discharge into a sewage plant Leachate migrating into the underground Proposal: Leachate freights are more important to evaluate the environmental impact than concentrations

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Example COD N

VT AO

VE

N VE

Limitation of emission freights

WK

WB

Sb

AB Limitation of impact / groundwater pollution

AO S+R

AB

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Proposal for quantitative criteria for a release from aftercare for leachate and groundwater contaminations, and regarding direct and indirect discharge

Parameters

Direct discharge

Indirect discharge

[kg/ha*a] 50 - 200

[kg/ha*a] 50 – 200

> 70

25 - 100

NH4 0.3 – 5

25 – 100

100 - 200

> 100

100 - 200

30

100 – 200

0.1 – 0.5

0.5

0.1 - 0.5

0.02

0.1 – 0.5

[kg/ha*a] 50 – 200

70

25 - 100

Cl

100

AOX

0.5

COD Ntot.

Load

Concentration immission* [mg/l] 12

Concentration [mg/l] 400

Concentration [mg/l] 200

Percolation

Load

Load

* difference value groundwater before – behind landfill * Maybe higher loads are acceptable with indirect discharge, if sewage works has a sufficient capacity

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

„Proposal for the integrated Landfill Ordinance“ 17.10.2007

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, WA II5(W)

Freights will become relevant for direct discharge in surface waters

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Landfill Body (solid waste sampling)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Target values for biological landfill stability by solid waste samples* Criteria: Respiration rate similar to soil Low gas production potential Eluate criteria (pH, COD, BOD, TKN, SO4, Cl, etc.) * Based on research projects as: • EU-Life EVAPASSOLD, 2005 • BMBF „Landfill Body“ 1997

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Allocation criteria for MBP waste for deposition according to German legislation and target values for solid waste samples for the release from the aftercare Nr.

Parameter

4

Eluate criteria

4.01

pH-value

5,5 – 13,0

5,5 – 13,0

4.02

Conductivity

≤ 50.000 µS/cm

≤ 2.500 µS/cm

4.03

TOC

≤ 250 mg/l

≤ 150 mg/l

4.06

Lead

≤ 1 mg/l

≤ 0,4 mg/l

4.14

Ammonia-Nitrogen

≤ 200 mg/l

≤ 50 mg/l

4.16 5

AOX Biological degradability of the solid waste sample

≤ 1,5 mg/l

≤ 0,5 mg/l

as respiration activity< (AT4)

≤ 5 mgO2/gTS

≤ 2,5 mgO2/gTS

as gas formation potential (GB21)

≤ 20 l/kgTS

≤ 10 l/kgTS

1)

Allocation criteria MBP waste Appendix 2 AbfAblV

Target values to terminate 1) aftercare

a derived from results of the BMBF research project „Landfill body“ (Stegmann und Heyer, 1997)

ifas Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Costs

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Costs for closure and aftercare Calculated funds for several German landfills referred to the landfill volume (Gallenkemper et al., 2003, IFAS Hamburg, 2005)

Landfill

A B C D E F G H I J Average

Area

Volume

[ha] 20 6.5 10.5 19.7 4.0 30.9 10 3.2 30 30 16.5

[Mio. m3]

Average height of deposition [m]

Specific costs for aftercare [€/m3]

3.5 0.8 1.0 4.0 0.3 7.1 1.5 0.22 8.0 7.0 3.4

17.5 12.3 9.5 20.3 8.0 23 15 7 27 23 16.3

7.5 7.5 9.0 7.5 24.0 9.8 10 18 11 25* 13

* Assumption for the aftercare period >> 30 years

ifas

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

Percentage distribution of the total costs for the different measurements for closure and aftercare: •

Temporary and final surface sealing: 40 – 50%

•

Collection and treatment of leachate and surface water: 25 – 30%

•

LFG: 6 – 12%

•

Long-term monitoring, dismantling etc.: 15 – 22%

•

In situ stabilisation like water infiltration and aeration: 2 – 10% (partly covered by the general costs for collection and treatment of leachate and LFG)

Cost-saving potential

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Landfill aftercare

Landfill aftercare

INTERlandfill (Lund, Sweden, 20.5. 2008)

ifas

Ingenieurbüro für Abfallwirtschaft Prof. R. Stegmann und Partner

Conclusions: ¾ Emission behaviour requires a long-term aftercare, probably >> 30 years ¾ Surface sealing can preserve the emission potential but not reduce it, no sustainable solution ¾ Improved emission behaviour by in situ stabilization ¾ UFOPLAN-Study: PROPOSALS FOR QUANTITATIVE CRITERIA FOR THE RELEASE FROM AFTERCARE ¾ Several UFOPLAN- proposals were taken up in the first version of the German „Integrated Landfill Ordinance“ (2007) ¾ Criteria for the release from aftercare have to be developed now as they will determine suitable measurements for landill closure and aftercare