KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CLRI ADYAR CHENNAI -20 CLASS IX – SOCIAL SCIENCE – FA 3 REVISION CLIMATE Define Climate. What are the elements of climate? Ans: i. Climate refers to the sum of total weather conditions and their variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years). ii. The elements of weather and climate are the same i.e. temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation. What is Coriolis force? Ans. An apparent force caused by the earth‟s rotation responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as Ferrel‟s law. Eg. South-east winds become south-west winds. Why the climate of India is described both as tropical as well as subtropical? Ans. The tropic of cancer passes through the middle of the country. Almost half of the country, lying south of the Tropic of Cancer belongs to the tropical area and the remaining area, north of tropics lies in sub-tropics. Therefore, climate of India has the characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical climate. What do you understand by the terms burst of monsoons and break in monsoons? Ans. Burst of monsoons: the phenomena when the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days are known as burst of the monsoons. Break in monsoons: Monsoons are interspersed with rainless intervals which are related to the movement of the monsoon trough. These wet and dry spells in the monsoons are known as break in monsoons. What do you understand by the term „loo‟? Ans. Loo is the hot and dry speedy wind moving from west to east in the north plains of India during summer afternoons. It causes the temperature to increase to 45 to 500C, and cause tremendous loss to life due to extreme heat. Which region in India will experience highest diurnal range of emperature? Ans. Rajasthan experience highest diurnal range of temperature. [Diurnal range of temperature = max. temperature of the day – min. temperature of the day] [Monthly range of temperature = max. temperature of the month – min. temp. of the month] [Annual range of temperature = max. temp. of the year – min. temp. of the year] Q.Name the winds which cause rainfall along the Malabar Coast and Coromandal Coast.

Ans. Malabar Coast: South-west monsoon winds Coromandal Coast: North-east winds Q. Define the following winds: Ans. Kalbaisakhi: kalbaisakhi are locally formed thunderstorms during the summer evenings in Assam and West Bengal and cause heavy rainfall with violent winds in the adjoining areas. Mango showers: The pre-monsoon showers occurring on the coastal regions of Kerela and Karnataka and beneficial to the ripening of mango fruit are called Mango showers. How can you say that Himalayas act as an important climatic divide for India? Ans. The predominant land feature which divides the climates of the regions on its both sides is known as climatic divide. Himalayas act as an important climatic divide for India as: a. They do not allow the cold winds from Central Asia to enter India. b. Also, they do not allow the monsoon winds to cross the Indian landmass. c. They help in shedding orographic rainfall in the northern parts of the country. Explain the features of “October Heat”. Ans. Monsoon retreat is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. Day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, weather becomes rather oppressive during the day. This is commonly known as „October Heat‟. What are Jet streams? How do they affect the climate of India? Ans. Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12000m) westerly winds in the troposphere located approximately over 270-300 N latitude. Their speed varies from about 110km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter. Westerly Jet stream - Westerly jet stream is an upper air circulation moving from west to east direction. In India, it is effective during winter as it remains north of Himalayan range. It causes the western disturbances to enter India and cause rainfall/snowfall in north and north-western parts of India. Easterly Jet stream- Easterly jet stream is an upper air circulation moving from east to west direction. In India, it is effective in summer as it remains south of Himalayan range. It causes tropical cyclones to enter India. Q.)What is Inter Tropical Convergence Zone? Write two features.

(Ans) Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the area encircling the earth near the equator where winds originating in the northern and southern hemispheres come together. This is a low-pressure tropical trough. (ii) In summer it is over the Ganga plain. This equatorial trough is normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season. (iii) This trough keeps on changing its position according to the time of the year. Q.) Write any three features of western cyclonic disturbances? (Ans) Three features of western cyclonic disturbances are: (i) The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region. (ii) They usually influence the weather of the north and north-western regions of India. (iii) Tropical cyclones occur during the monsoon as well as in October - November, and are part of the easterly flow. These distrurbances affect the coastal regions of the country. (Q.) What is El Nino? Mention any of its two effects. (Ans) El Nino is a warm ocean current that flows over Peru in an interval of two to five years. The term El Nino, derived from Spanish, means „the child‟, i.e. baby Christ. It flows in the month of December. Its effects are :i) Surface temperature in sea is increased. ii) Trade winds in the region are weakened. (Q.) Distinguish between weather and Climate. (Ans) Weather i. Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at any point of time and place. ii. Weather conditions may vary at intervals of a few hours or a few days. iii. Weather data are the observations recorded at a specific time.

Climate i. Climate refers to the sum of total weather conditions and variations over an area for a long period of time ( more than 30 years ). ii. Climate does not change so frequently. iii. Climate refers to the average value of several elements of weather, relating to a period of more than 30 years.

(Q.) Why most of the world‟s deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the sub -tropics? (Ans) The western margins in the subtropics are the areas having low rainfall. It is the rain shadow area. (Q.) Discuss the unifying role of the Indian monsoon. (Ans) There is great diversity of the climatic conditions in India due to different locations and land relief patterns. But these diversities are subdued by the monsoon, which blow over the whole country. The arrival of the monsoon is welcomed all over the country. 1. Several festivals are celebrated welcoming the monsoonal rainfall in India. 2. The monsoonal rainfall provides water for agricultural activities. 3. Monsoon gives relief from the scorching heat. The entire life of the Indian people revolves around the monsoon.

(Q.) What do you understand by the term „burst of monsoon‟? What are the two branches of Indian monsoon? (Ans) Around the time of the arrival of the monsoons, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days. This is known as the „burst of the monsoon‟ and can easily be distinguished from pre-monsoon showers at the end of summer season. Monsoon gets divided into two branches– (i) The Arabian Sea branch: The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai, as the name suggests it strikes India from Arabian Sea side. (ii) The Bay of Bengal branch: The Bay of Bengal branch also advances rapidly and arrives in Assam in the first week of June. This branch is responsible for giving Meghalaya the highest rainfall in the world.

(Q.) What do you understand by ITCZ? (Ans) ITCZ means inter tropical convergence zone. It is a low pressure area developed over north India in summers. Q.) Give three characteristics of monsoonal rainfall in India. (3) Ans:-Characteristics of monsoon rainfall are :i) Early in the season, the windward

side of the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall i.e. more than 250 cm. ii) The rain shadow areas of Deccan Plateaue and parts of Madhya Pradeshreceive scanty rainfall. The maximum rainfall is recorded in the north eastern part of the country.iii)The frequency and intensity of tropical depressions determine the amount and duration of monsoon rains Q.) Study the following Climatic data and answer the questions that follows. MONTHS TEMP IN CELCIUS RAINFALL IN CMS 1.1 1.2 1.3

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

15.0

16.0

22.0

22.4

33.4

33.4

30.0

28.8

25.4

20.0

15.8

15.5

2.4

1.6

1.3

2.8

7.4

20.6

18.8

11.9

1.3

0.2

1.0

1.0

Name the rainiest month of the year. Ans- June – 20.6 What is the total amount of rainfall here?Ans. 70.3 cms What is the annual range of temperature here? Ans18.4 0Celcius

Q.)Name the seasons in India Cold Weather Season – Dec-Feb – Hot weather Season – March to May – Advancing Monsoon – June – Sep – Retreating Monsoon – Oct – Nov Q.) What are the six controlling elements of the climate of India? Explain any three factors that affect the climate of a place? Ans:-India‟s climate is controlled by 1 . Latitude 2. Altitude 3. Pressureandwinds 4. Distancefrom the sea 5. Ocean currents 6. Physiography Factors that affect the climate of a place are: 1 Latitude: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according to the latitude. As a result, air temperature decreases from the equator towards the poles. 2 Altitude: As one goes from the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. The hills are therefore cooler during summers. 3 Distance from the sea: The sea exerts a moderating influence on climate. As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather conditions.

Explain the six major climatic controls with reference to India. Ans. A. LATITUDE Due to curvature of earth, the amount of solar energy

received on the earth varies from latitude to latitude. This results in decrease of temperature from equator to poles. Reference to India – Tropic of Cancer passing through India divides the country into tropical and subtropical zones. Hence, temperature remains high throughout the year in South India (tropical zone) while they are high in summer and low in winter in North India (subtropical zone). B. ALTITUDE With increase in altitudes, the atmosphere goes on becoming less dense and temperature goes on decreasing. Reference to India- though, Udagamandalam (Ooty) lies in low latitude area (tropical zone) but the climatic conditions are different from the adjoining regions because it is located at high altitude . C. PRESSURE AND WINDS The pressure and wind system exert influence on the climate of any place because they control the temperature and rainfall pattern. Reference to India- Upper air circulation winds, western disturbances, tropical cyclones, monsoons etc. govern the climate and associated weather conditions in India. D. DISTANCE FROM THE SEA Sea exerts a moderating effect on climate. Distance from the sea or Continentality is a major factor in determining the climate of a place. Reference to India- temperature remains uniform at Mumbai throughout the year where as at Delhi winter and summer temperature vary from 50C to 450C. E. OCEAN CURRENTS Ocean currents along with on-shore winds influence climate of coastal regions. Reference to India- warm currents along the coastal region of India influence the climate of the adjoining areas. F. PHYSIOGRAPHY Relief (physiography) plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. Reference to India- Himalayas donot allow the cold winds from Central Asia to enter India, neither allows monsoon winds to cross India. Also, relief also helps in orographic rainfall in many parts of the country.

Q.14 Describe any three features of advancing monsoon season. June to September is the period of advancing monsoon. 2.Development o f monsoon low pressure trough. Formation of southwest monsoon winds. 4.Distribution of rainfull across the country. Breaks in monsoon. 6.Known for uncertainties Distinguish between South-west monsoon and North-east monsoon. Ans: South-West Monsoon North-East Monsoon i) The season is from June to i) This season starts from December and September. ends in February ii) It does not rain continuously. There ii) It does not possess any rainless are rainless intervals in this season. intervals. iii)It blows in India in two branches iii) It does not have any branches. namely the Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch iv)Major portion of annual rainfall in iv)Minor portion of the annual rainfall in India is due to this type of monsoon India is due to this type of monsoon Write down the characteristic features of the: 

Ans.1. HOT WEATHER SEASON Due to the northward movement of the sun, the global heat belt shifts northward. It is the hot weather season in India from March to May.



In Peninsular India, temperature remains lower due to the moderating influence of the seas on three sides whereas it goes as high as 480C in the northwestern parts of the country.



Summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country an elongated low pressure area develops in the region.



Strong, hot, dry winds known as loo blow during the day over the northern India. Other winds like Kalbaisakhi and mango showers are also common in different parts of the country.



2. COLD WEATHER SEASON The cold weather season begins from midNovember in northern India and stays till February



Temperature decreases from North to South. December and January are the coldest months. Average temperature of Chennai is 240 to 250C whereas it ranges in 100 -150C.



Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is common in the north.



Northeast winds from land to sea prevail over the country from land to sea.



North east winds and western disturbances bring rainfall in different parts of the country during winters.



The peninsular India does not have a well defined cold season. There is hardly any noticeable seasonal change in temperature pattern due to the influence of the sea.

FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM Causes for Deforestation in India.  As population increased over the centuries and the demand for food went up peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation, clearing forests and breaking new land.  In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton  the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive.  Trees were being felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India for making war ship.  The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand.  To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together.  Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. The Colonial Forest Policies

 The British were worried that the use of forests by local people would destroy forests.  So British invited a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.  Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.  Forest Act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927.  The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests.  The best forests were called „reserved forests‟. Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. 

For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.

„Scientific forestry‟.  In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down.  In their place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is called a plantation.  Many people now, including ecologists, feel that this system is not scientific at all. Q.) How did the following contribute towards the decline of forest cover in India between1880-1920 1.Railways

2 Shipbuilding

3 Commercial Farming

(1) Railways: The spread of railways from 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for successful colonial control, administration, trade and movement of troops. Thus to run locomotives, (a) wood was needed as fuel (b) and to lay railway lines as sleepers were essential to hold tracks together. As the railway tracks spread throughout India, larger and larger number of trees were felled. Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing fast. (2) Shipbuilding: UK had the largest colonial empire in the world. Shortage of oak forests created a great timber problem for the shipbuilding of England. For the

Royal Navy, large wooden boats, ships, courtyards for shipping etc., trees from Indian forests were being felled on massive scale from the 1820s or 1830s to export large quantities of timber from India. Thus the forest cover of the subcontinent declined rapidly. (b) Commercial Farming: Large areas of natural forest were also cleared to make space for the plantations or commercial farming. Jute, rubber, indigo, tobacco etc. were the commercial crops that were planted to meet Britain‟s growing need for these commodities. The British colonial government took over the forests and gave of a vast area and exported it to Europe. Large areas of forests were cleared on the hilly slopes to plant tea or coffee. This also contributed to the decline of the forest cover in India. Q.) What was the system of „blandongdiensten‟? First imposition of rent on land and then exemption Q.) Name a few tribes living in Bastar? Maria,Muria,Halbas,Santhals,Mundas

Q.)How did Forest Rules affect cultivation? (Ans) 1) European foresters regarded the practice of shifting cultivation as harmful for the forests. They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber. 2) Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation. 3) Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions (Q.) How did the Forest Act affect the lives of the common Indians? (Ans) The Forest Act brought severe hardships for villagers across the country. After the Act, their everyday practices – cutting wood, grazing of cattle, collection of fruits and roots, hunting and fishing were treated as illegal activities. People were forced to steal wood from the forests and when caught, were at the mercy of the forest guards. (Q.) What did the Forest act mean for the people of the village?

(Ans) 1) The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. All the everyday practices like cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing – became illegal. 2) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. 3) Women who collected fuel wood were especially worried. It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them. (Q.) Mention the changes seen in the features of forest resources during industrialisation. (Ans) The period of industrialisation i.e. the years from 1700 to 1995 witnessed a drastic reduction in the earlier huge diversity of forest resources all over the world. 13.9 Sq.Km of forest lands i.e. 9.3% of the world‟s forest area was cleared for the needs of industrialization, cultivation, pastures and fuelwoods.

(Q.) Can you relate the progress of railways with the idea of deforestation in colonial period? Explain. (Ans) 1) Railways were essential for the colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. As the Railway tracks expanded, a larger number of trees were felled to meet up with the growing demand of timber and fuel wood. 2) The Government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantity of timber. These contractors started random cutting of trees and this led to immediate disappearance of forests around the railway tracks Q.)What was the idea of plantation in colonial period? (Ans) The Colonial Government took over the forests and gave away those to European planters at cheap rates. They had cut down the forest for land to start the plantation. This was another way for deforestation. Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for the plantation of tea, coffee and rubber to meet the growing demands of these commodities in European countries (Q.)What were Brandis‟ contributions in preserving Indian forest resources? (Ans) Dietrich Brandis, the First Inspector General of Forest Department, established the Indian Forest Service in 1864. He suggested that a proper system should be introduced to protect the forest. He helped in formulating the Indian Forest Act of 1865.

(Q.) How did Forest Rules affect cultivation? (Ans) 1) European foresters regarded the practice of shifting cultivation as harmful for the forests. They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable timber. 2) Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation. 3) Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions (Q.)Who could hunt according to the new Forest law? (Ans) The customary practice of hunting was strictly prohibited by the Forest Law. Any offenders of this law were punished for poaching. But British people themselves continued the hunting of big animals like tiger, lion etc. Q.) How can you say that the spread of railways brought deforestation during the Colonial Period? (Ans) 1) In the 1850‟s the spread of railways created a new demand. Railways were essential for the colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. Wood was required to run locomotives and for construction of the railway tracks. 2) The railway network expanded rapidly in the 1860‟s.As the Railway tracks spread, a larger number of trees were felled to meet up the growing demand of timber. In the Madras presidency 35000 trees were felled annually for sleepers 3) The Government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantity of timber. These contractors started random cutting of trees and this led to immediate disappearance of forests around the railway tracks. (Q.) What is meant by the term Deforestation ? How are forests useful to us? (Ans) The disappearance of forest area to fulfill the demand of developing civilizations is known as deforestation. During the period of Colonialism, deforestation took a systematic approach towards industrial development. Forests provide bamboo, wood for fuel, grass, charcoal, packaging, fruits, flowers, animals, birds, the tannin used to convert skins and hides into leather, or the herbs and roots used for medicinal purposes, gum, honey, coffee, tea, rubber, oil and many other things.

Rebellion in Bastar  The initiative for the rebellion was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forest, where reservation first took place.  Gunda Dhur, from village Nethanar, as an important figure in theMovement  Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.  The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion  It took three months (February - May) for the British to regain control. How ever, they never managed to capture Gunda Dhur. 

In a major victory for the rebels, work on reservation was temporarily suspended, and the area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 1910.

War and Deforestation  The First World War and the Second World War had a major impact on forests. In India, working plans were abandoned at this time, and the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs.  In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed „a scorched earth‟ policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands.  The Japanese then exploited the forests recklessly for their own war industries, New Developments in Forestry  Since the 1980s, governments across Asia and Africa have begun to  see that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest  communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts.  Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber has become a  more important goal.

ELECTORAL POLITICS Why do we need elections? Ans. In a democracy it is not possible for everyone to sit together everyday and take all the decisions,so the people choose representatives. Also there is no other democratic way of selecting representatives except elections. Therefore we need to conduct elections in democracies. In an election the voters can: 1. Choose who will make laws for them. 2. Choose who will form the government and take major decisions. 3. Choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making. Through elections, people can also remove leaders who do not work for them. What is an election? Ans. The mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so to is called an election.

Mention a few successful slogans by different political parties in different elections. Ans. 1. “Garibi Hatao” (Remove poverty) was used by the Congress party led by Indira Gandhi in the Lok Sabha elections in 1971. 2. “Save Democracy “was given by the Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha elections held in 1977. 3. “Land to the Tiller” was used by the Left Front in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977 What are the powers and functions of Election Commission of India? Ans. The powers are: Even if the ruling party or the govt. does not like what EC does it is virtually impossible for it to remove the CEC. During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines to prevent use and misuse of govt. power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials. The functions are: EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results. It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it. When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government. How does the Election Commission of India regulate campaigns of political parties and candidates to ensure fair and equal chances to compete? Ans. According to our election commission laws no party or candidate can: 1. Bribe or threaten voters 2. Appeal to voters in the name of caste or religion 3. Use government resources for election campaign ; 4. Spend not more than 25 lakhs in a constituency for Lok Sabha election or 10 lakhs in a constituency in an assembly election.

What are 'Reserved Constituencies'? Why was the system of reserved constituencies introduced in India? Ans. Reserved Constituencies: 1 Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In these constituencies, only someone who belongs to these categories can contest election. 2 Arguments for introduction of Reserved Contituencies 3 The Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies. 4 They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against others. 5 If the reservation is not done, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the voice of a significant section of our population. Three challenges to free and fair elections. (i) Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voters list. (ii) Misuse of government facilities and officials in ruling party. (iii) Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties. (iv) Intimidation of voters and rigging on the polling day.

What are the advantages of EVM? Ans:-Some of the advantages of Electronic Voting Machineare as follows:a. Used for voting b. Being fast and absolutely reliable c. Saves considerable time, money and manpower. d. Helps in maintaining total voting secrecy without the use of ballot papers. Q18-Write any three functions of the Election Commission of India? Ans:-The three functions of the Election Commission of India are as follows: The Election Commission prepares, maintains and periodically updates the Electoral Roll, which shows that the person is entitled to vote. Organises the polling booths where voting takes place. Looks after the counting of votes and the declaration of results. Mention the provisions laid down under the Model Code of Conduct to regulate the election campaign. Ans. According to the Model Code of Conduct, no party can: (i) Use any place of worship for election propaganda. (ii) Use government vehicles, aircraft and officials for elections. (iii) Once elections are announced ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects, take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public

facilities. Discuss the election process. Ans. The election process is as follows: (a) ELECTORAL CONSTITUENCY:- The country is divided into 543 areas for purpose of elections. The voters who live in an area elect one representative. (b) VOTER‟S LIST - The list of those who are eligible to vote in elections is prepared. An Election Photo Identity Card is given to every person whose name is on the voter‟s list. (c) NOMINATION OF CANDIDATES - Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. The candidate then has to fill a nomination form and give some money as security deposit. He has to make a legal declaration of criminal cases against them, details of assets and educational qualifications. (d) ELECTION CAMPAIGN – It takes place for a two - week period between the announcement of the final list of candidate and the date of polling. During this period the candidates contact their voters. Political leaders address election meetings and political parties mobilize their supporters. (e) POLLING: Every person whose name is on the voter‟s list can go to a nearby polling both. Once the voter goes inside the booth, election officials identify her to cast her vote. (f) COUNTING OF VOTES- Once polling is over, all the EVMs are sealed and taken to a secure place. A few days later, on a fixed date, all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each candidate who secures the highest number of votes is declared elected. (g) ELECTION PETITION In India putting an educational qualification would go against the spirit of democracy – Why? [i] It would be depriving a majority of the country‟s citizen the right to contest election. [ii] Educational qualification may not be relevant for being an MLA and MP-whether they can do so or not is examined by their voters- after every five years. [iii]Even if education was relevant, it should be left to the people to decide how much importance they give to educational qualifications How can you say that very few Election Commissions in the world have such wide ranging powers as the Election Commission of India? (i) Election Commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections. (ii) It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates

it.

(iii) During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some

guidelines, To prevent use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, Or to transfer some government officials. (iv)When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government. Mention any three techniques of election campaign. Ans. (i) Candidates contact their voters (ii) They address election meetings (iii) Use newspapers and TV for publicity

Measurement Of Poverty •

EXPENDITURE METHOD

• INCOME METHOD

• Under this the minimum food requirements for survival is estimated.

• This method is used by the government while distributing food through PDS at the local level.

• The food value is converted into calories.

• Under this a poverty line is fixed by the government.

• The caloric value of food is then converted into the money value i.e. in rupees.

• All the families whose total income is less than the poverty line fixed by the government are considered as BPL.

• The total equivalent amount is considered as the poverty line. •

•

•

What Is Poverty Line ?

•

Poverty Line is drawn on the basis of Expenditure that is necessary to Secure the Minimum Acceptable Living Standard for Work & Efficiency.

• Since, Food is the most Basic Requirement,thus, Poverty Line is drawn on the basis of a Minimum Necessary Nutritional Standard expressed in terms of Calories Per Day. In India, the Minimum Calories intake of a Person has been put at 2,400 in Rural Area & 2,100 in Urban Areas. • To convert this Calorie intake based Poverty Line into a Monetary Measure of Poverty, the Cost of Minimum Consumption Requirements of Food providing the minimum calories is calculated at prevailing Price. • Thus, Government defined a Person with an Income of Less than Rs.368 (Rural) & Rs.559 (Urban) per month as living below Poverty Line. Unemployment Unemployment refers to the situation where the Persons who are able to Work & Willing to Work, Fail to Secure Work or Activity which gives them Income or Means of Livelihood.

Those who are fit to Work but do not want to Work & hence do not actively seek Work are not included among the Unemployed Persons

What are the social indicators of poverty? Ans: Levels of income, Consumption, Illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to health care, lack of job opportunity, lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. .„Poverty is still a serious problem in many state‟. Mention those states. Ans. Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh Name the social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty. Ans. Social groups which are most vulnerable to poverty are SC/ST house holds, rural agricultural labour house hold and urban casual labour households. .What are the main causes of poverty in India? Ans. Main causes of poverty in India are: (i) Huge income inequalities make it difficult for the government policies to implement properly for poverty elimination. Therefore income inequality is a major cause of poverty in India. (ii) Exploitation of traditional Indian handicrafts and textile industries by British colonial administration is another major cause of poverty. (iii) In order to fulfill social obligations and observe religious ceremonies, the poor spend a lot of money. Poor people borrow money for different reasons and become the victims of indebtedness Government Programmes ForPoverty Alleviation Pradhan Mantri Gramoday Yojana(PMGY)

•

 Launched in December, 2000 to provide Road Connectivity through good all weather roads to all the eligible unconnected habitations in the Rural Areas by the end of Tenth Plan. • Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)  Major Scheme for construction of Houses to be given to the Poor, Free of Cost. •

Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

 Launched in 2001.

 Aims at i. Providing Wage Employment in Rural Areas ii. Food Security iii. Creation of Durable Community, Social & Economic Assets.  Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) & Jawahar Gram Sammridhi Yojana (JGSY) were merged since April, 2002. •

National Food For Work Programme

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Launched in November, 2004 in 150 backward Districts of the Country with the objective of providing more Opportunities of Wage Employment & ensuring certain Minimum Nutritional Levels for Rural Poor.

• Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY)  Launched in 2001 to facilitate the construction and upgradation of Dwelling Units for the Slum Dwellers & Provides a Healthy & Enabling Urban Environment through Community Toilets The Swaran Jayanti Shahkari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) 

Came into operation from December, 1997 submerging the three earlier Urban Poverty Alleviation Programmes viz., Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), Urban Basic Services Programmes (UBSB) & Prime Minister Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme(PMIUPEP).

 Seeks to provide Employment to the Urban Unemployed or Under Employed Poor by encouraging the setting up of Self‐employment Ventures or Provisions of Wage Employment. Give the main features of NREGA 2005 in alleviating poverty NREGA stands for National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Following things were included in the scheme: (i) It aims at providing 100-days assured employment every year to every rural household. (ii) It initially started for 200 districts but later on extended to 600 districts. (iii) -third of the proposed jobs were reserved for women. (iv) The Central government established National Employment Guarantee Funds and state government established State Employment Guarantee Funds for

implementation of the scheme. (v) If an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance. Who are the most vulnerable as far as poverty is concerned? How have the states of West Bengal, Punjab and Tamil Nadu tackled poverty? Ans. The most vulnerable groups to poverty are: (i) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (ii) Rural agricultural labour (iii) Urban casual labour.States tackled poverty in the following ways: i. West Bengal:- Land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty. ii. Punjab:- Reduce poverty with high growth rates of agriculture. iii. Tamil Nadu:- Public distribution of food grains has reduced the poverty.