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Inhaltsverzeichnis und Vorwort

Geotechnical Engineering Handbook ISBN 3-433-01451-5 Verlag Ernst & Sohn - Berlin

Contents

3.1

Spread foundations Ulrich Smoltczyk, Dieter Netzel, and Manfred Kany

1 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

Definitions ............................................................................................................... 1 Basis of design ......................................................................................................... 1 Footings ................................................................................................................... 3 General aspects of design ......................................................................................... 3 Geotechnical design.................................................................................................13 Structural design.....................................................................................................39 Slab foundation .......................................................................................................46 General ...................................................................................................................46 Vertical interaction ..................................................................................................46 Horizontal interaction, restraints .............................................................................61 Mat foundations (tank foundations) .........................................................................71 General ...................................................................................................................71 Geotechnical verifications ........................................................................................72 Groundwater protection...........................................................................................75 Tension foundation..................................................................................................76 References, standards and software .........................................................................77 References...............................................................................................................77 Programmes and guidebooks ...................................................................................80 European Codes (Status 2002).................................................................................81 German standards referenced in this chapter...........................................................81

3.2

Pile foundations Hans-Georg Kempfert, Kurt Dieter Eigenbrod, and Ulrich Smoltczyk (Section 8)

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2

Introduction ............................................................................................................83 Applications ............................................................................................................83 Governing Codes and safety concepts.......................................................................83 Preliminary investigations for pile foundations .........................................................84 Terminologie............................................................................................................85 Pile types and construction methods ........................................................................87 Selection of appropriate pile type .............................................................................87 Quality assurance and control .................................................................................88

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2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 9

Displacement piles ..................................................................................................89 Bored piles ............................................................................................................104 Micropiles .............................................................................................................109 Measures to increase pile resistance ......................................................................113 Axial eile resistance ...............................................................................................115 Single piles............................................................................................................115 Compression pile groups .......................................................................................141 Pile-raft foundations ..............................................................................................149 Tension pile groups ...............................................................................................157 Lateral pile resistance and moment actions ............................................................157 Single piles............................................................................................................157 Lateral resistance of pile groups.............................................................................163 Soil action .............................................................................................................167 Negative skin friction .............................................................................................167 Lateral pressure and bending due to settlement .....................................................170 Bearing capacity and serviceability ........................................................................173 General .................................................................................................................173 Bearing capacity (ULS)...........................................................................................174 Calculation of serviceability ...................................................................................181 Testing of piles ......................................................................................................184 General .................................................................................................................184 Static axial load tests.............................................................................................184 Static horizontal pile load tests ..............................................................................192 Dynamic pile testing ..............................................................................................196 Analysis of pile structures......................................................................................202 General .................................................................................................................202 Piling systems .......................................................................................................203 Analysis of axially loaded pile Systems ...................................................................203 Special simple Gases .............................................................................................206 Deviations from initial assumptions .......................................................................211 Design of non-axially loaded pile foundations .........................................................213 Check for buckling ................................................................................................218 Sheet pile wall as part of a piled foundation ...........................................................218 Eigenfrequencies of a spatial piling System ............................................................219 Example ................................................................................................................220 References.............................................................................................................223

3.3

Caissons Hans Lingenfelser

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3

General .................................................................................................................229 Terms....................................................................................................................229 Typical features of pneumatic caissons ..................................................................230 Typical features of open caissons (wells).................................................................231 Fields of application...............................................................................................232 Structural concept and equipment .........................................................................234 General .................................................................................................................234 Construction materials ..........................................................................................234 Caisson edges........................................................................................................235 Caisson working chamber and working chamber ceiling .........................................237 Open caisson bottom .............................................................................................238 Caissons walls.......................................................................................................240 Construction of caissons........................................................................................241 Manufacture an land .............................................................................................241 Construction in open water....................................................................................242 Construction in a dock and floating in ...................................................................243 bauingenieur24 Informationsdienste oHG • Nordstrasse 19 • 63505 Langenselbold

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4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 8

Sinking the caissons..............................................................................................245 Soil excavation ......................................................................................................245 Control of sinking ..................................................................................................247 Sinking tolerances .................................................................................................247 Ballasting..............................................................................................................249 Pneumatic Installation and works ..........................................................................250 Regulations governing pneumatic works ................................................................250 Essential pneumatic equipment .............................................................................251 Caisson calculation ...............................................................................................253 General .................................................................................................................253 Calculation of the lowering diagram .......................................................................254 Loads working an the caisson Cutters....................................................................255 Dimensioning for the lowering phases ....................................................................257 Construction examples ..........................................................................................259 References.............................................................................................................271

3.4

Stability of excavations Anton Weissenbach, Achim Hehler, and Brian Simpson

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

Construction measures for the stability of excavations ...........................................273 Unlined excavations ..............................................................................................273 Timbered trenches.................................................................................................275 Sheet pile walls .....................................................................................................278 Soldier pile walls ...................................................................................................279 Solid walls.............................................................................................................284 Support by bracing ................................................................................................287 Basic design assumptions......................................................................................290 Soil properties, loads and general rules ..................................................................290 Active earth pressure for cantilever walls ...............................................................291 Active earth pressure for walk supported by props and anchors .............................293 Active earth pressure from surcharges ...................................................................301 Earth pressure under backfill conditions................................................................304 Passive earth pressure...........................................................................................306 Calculation procedures ..........................................................................................310 Walls with fixed earth Support ...............................................................................310 Walls with free earth Support ................................................................................313 Multiple supported walls........................................................................................315 Calculation using subgrade reaction ......................................................................318 Numerical analysis ................................................................................................320 Equilibrium of vertical forces .................................................................................329 Determination of the vertical component of the earth resistance .............................333 Equilibrium of horizontal forces in soldier pile walls ...............................................334 Heave of the excavation bottom..............................................................................337 Safety concepts .....................................................................................................339 British design approach.........................................................................................339 German design approach .......................................................................................347 General regulations in EC 7 ...................................................................................351 Design Approach 1 ................................................................................................354 Design Approach 2 ................................................................................................357 Special constructions ............................................................................................361 Anchored walls ......................................................................................................361 Excavation walls supported by raking props...........................................................364 Large excavations ..................................................................................................365 Some features related to specific shapes of excavations ..........................................368 Excavation with asymmetric Cross sections ...........................................................374

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5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 7

Excavation walk adjacent to existing buildings .......................................................377 Excavations under water .......................................................................................382 Excavations in jointed, unstable rock.....................................................................392 Excavations in soft soils ........................................................................................394 Calculation examples.............................................................................................397 Problem.................................................................................................................397 German design approach .......................................................................................398 Eurocode 7: Design Approach 2 .............................................................................401 References.............................................................................................................404

3.5

Bored pile walk, diaphragm walk, Cut-off walls Manfred Stocker and Bernhard Walz

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3

Bored pile walls .....................................................................................................409 Field of application ................................................................................................409 Advantages............................................................................................................410 Disadvantages .......................................................................................................411 Standards and references ......................................................................................411 Purpose and wall types ..........................................................................................411 Construction .........................................................................................................412 Quality assurance .................................................................................................414 Diaphragm walls ...................................................................................................414 Field of application ................................................................................................414 Advantages............................................................................................................415 Disadvantages .......................................................................................................415 Standards and references ......................................................................................416 Purpose.................................................................................................................416 Wall types .............................................................................................................416 Construction .........................................................................................................421 Construction materials ..........................................................................................425 Characteristics ......................................................................................................426 Quality assurance .................................................................................................427 Thin Cut-off walls ..................................................................................................428 Field of application ................................................................................................428 Advantages............................................................................................................429 Disadvantages .......................................................................................................429 Standards and references ......................................................................................429 Purpose and types of wall ......................................................................................429 Construction of a vibrated thin Cut-off wall or vibwall ............................................430 Construction materials ..........................................................................................433 Characteristics ......................................................................................................434 Quality assurance .................................................................................................434 Stabilizing of earth walls using fluids .....................................................................435 Supporting fluids...................................................................................................435 Fluid supporting force and stability determination .................................................436 Mechanisms for transferring the fluid pressure difference onto the gram Skeleton..........................................................................................437 Proof of the „internal” stability ...............................................................................440 Proof of the „external” stability ...............................................................................442 Structural facilities dose to suspension stabilized earth walls .................................446 Standards and recommendations...........................................................................447 Standards .............................................................................................................447 Recommendations .................................................................................................448 References.............................................................................................................448

4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 6

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3.6

Sheet pile walls for harbours and waterways Boleslav Mazurkiewicz

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2

Sheet pile wall structures, their performance and field of application ......................451 General .................................................................................................................451 Application purpose...............................................................................................451 Usability of different construction materials ...........................................................452 Regulations concerning sheet pile walls .................................................................452 Sheet pile wall structures, EN 12063/1999 ............................................................452 Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures, Harbours and Waterways, EAU 1996 .....................................................................453 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 5: Piling ............................................453 Other recommendations and handbooks ................................................................453 Sheet pile types, profiles and anchoring parts, quality and steel grades ..................454 Steel sheet pile walls..............................................................................................456 Basic design of sheet pile walls ..............................................................................457 Safety concept .......................................................................................................457 Actions and resistances .........................................................................................457 Load Gases............................................................................................................458 Ultimate limit state design of sheet pile wall structures ..........................................459 Calculation methods for sheet pile wals .................................................................460 Calculation of a single-anchored sheet pile wall according to Blum .........................461 Special Gases of sheet pile wall calculation ............................................................465 Calculation principles for combined steel sheet pile walk ........................................468 Calculation principles of sheet pile cofferdams .......................................................469 Calculation of a sheet pile wall anchorage and its fittings .......................................474 Verification of stability of an anchorage at a lower failure plane and of safety against failure of the anchoring soil ...................................................474 Calculation and sizing of anchor walls and anchor plates .......................................475 Calculation and sizing of anchors and hinges, walings and capping beams made of steel and reinforced concrete..........................................................477 Calculation and sizing of anchor piles ....................................................................485 Calculation and sizing of hinged and fixed Supports for a quay wall superstructure an steel sheet pile walls .................................................................488 Further structural remarks and recommendations .................................................489 Estimation of sheet pile wall driving depth and selection of its profile and material..........................................................................................................489 Steel sheet pile walls..............................................................................................490 Construction of waterfront structures made of steel sheet piles ..............................494 General .................................................................................................................494 Construction of new waterfront structures .............................................................494 Protection and deepening of existing waterfront structures .....................................501 Corrosion and corrosion protection ........................................................................506 General considerations ..........................................................................................506 Expected corrosion of steel sheet piles ...................................................................506 Corrosion protection of steel sheet piles .................................................................506 References.............................................................................................................509 Books and papers..................................................................................................509 Standards .............................................................................................................510

2.3 2.4 3 3.1 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 10 10.1 10.2 3.7

Gravity retaining walls Ulrich Smoltczyk

1 2 3

Introduction ..........................................................................................................511 General design considerations ...............................................................................513 Gravity wall ...........................................................................................................514 bauingenieur24 Informationsdienste oHG • Nordstrasse 19 • 63505 Langenselbold

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4 5

Cantilever wall.......................................................................................................515 Drainage ...............................................................................................................516 References.............................................................................................................518

3.8

Machine foundations Günter Klein and Dietrich Klein

1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2

Overview ...............................................................................................................519 Classification of machine foundations ....................................................................519 Requirements for machine foundations ..................................................................519 Loads an machine foundations ..............................................................................521 Static loads ...........................................................................................................521 Periodic loads ........................................................................................................522 Transient loads .....................................................................................................525 Random loads .......................................................................................................530 Analysis and design of machine foundations ..........................................................532 Types of Supports..................................................................................................532 Rigid foundations ..................................................................................................536 Elastic foundations................................................................................................539 Spring foundations ................................................................................................545 Design recommendations.......................................................................................546 Examples ..............................................................................................................547 Hammer foundation ..............................................................................................547 Reinforced concrete box foundation for a 100 MW steam turbine-generator set .............................................................................................550 References.............................................................................................................557 Standards .............................................................................................................557 Books and Papers..................................................................................................557

5 5.1 5.2 3.9

Foundations in mining regions Dietmar Placzek

1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1

General remarks an mining-induced effects ...........................................................559 Ground movements ...............................................................................................559 Ground movements above deep mine workings ......................................................559 Ground movements above shallow and near-surface mine workings .......................563 Influence of ground movements an the foundation .................................................564 Influence of equal vertical subsidence ....................................................................564 Influence of tilt - differential vertical subsidence.....................................................564 Influence of curvature............................................................................................566 Influence of strain .................................................................................................566 Influence of ground movements above near-surface mine workings.........................567 Influence of discontinuous ground movements .......................................................568 Preventive measures in areas with Jeep mine workings ..........................................568 Types of preventive measures.................................................................................568 Basic considerations an Layout and design of surface structures............................569 Bearing capacity and functionality of a structure ...................................................570 Provisions for tilt ...................................................................................................570 Provisions for curvature.........................................................................................571 Provisions for extensional strain ............................................................................575 Provisions for compressive strain ...........................................................................577 Provisions for discontinuous ground movements ....................................................579 Preventive measures in areas with near-surface mine workings ..............................579 Types of preventive measures.................................................................................579

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5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8

Preventive measures for structures ........................................................................580 Stabilisation of the ground by injection ..................................................................581 Preventive measures for tunnels ............................................................................584 General remarks....................................................................................................584 Options for preventive measures ............................................................................585 Upgrading of existing structures ............................................................................585 Preliminary remarks ..............................................................................................585 Provisions for equal vertical subsidence .................................................................586 Provisions for differential vertical subsidence .........................................................586 Provisions for horizontal ground movements ..........................................................587 References.............................................................................................................589

3.10

Watertight buildings and structures Alfred Haack and Karl-Friedrich Emig

1 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 6 6.1 6.2 7 8 8.2 8.3

General .................................................................................................................501 General aspects of design ......................................................................................502 Geotechnical and structural influences ..................................................................502 Serviceability provisions ........................................................................................504 Selection and applicability of materials ..................................................................504 Systems ................................................................................................................505 Bonded layers .......................................................................................................505 Polymere modified bitumen compound for bonding ................................................506 Loose plastic sheets ...............................................................................................507 Steel board sealing ................................................................................................508 Watertight concrete structures („white tub”) ...........................................................508 Special design considerations ................................................................................509 Design provisions codified in DIN 18 195 ...............................................................510 General .................................................................................................................510 Structural factors ..................................................................................................513 Watertight Systems according to German Code 18 195...........................................513 Joint seals in watertight concrete...........................................................................539 Supervision ...........................................................................................................544 References.............................................................................................................545 German recommendations and guidelines (examples) .............................................546 References.............................................................................................................546

Subjectindex ......................................................................................................................639

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Preface to Volumes 1 to 3

lt was in the early 1950s that a German consultant in Berlin came to the conclusion that structural engineers needed much more guidance an the special Problems which they faced an a daily basis due to geotechnical difficulties associated with designing structures. He discussed this with his Professional friends in civil engineering companies, administration and science and with a publisher who became quite interested in editing an appropriate "pocket book" about geotechnical matters. This was the birth of the German "Grundbau-Taschenbuch" (ground engineering pocket book). The first edition had already been quite a success for the publisher but some Professionals thought it Gould be improved. The editor at that time was assisting his Professor of soil mechanics and foundation engineering at the Technical University in Berlin, who was also a member of the editorial board. He asked me to consider the concerns that had been raised, and as a result of I was given the job of criticizing authors who were much more experienced and prominent than myself. I hope, however, that those authors who are still alive, will forgive the `youngster' for some of the things he wrote. In subsequent editions we added material that we thought might provide additional Professional help. This, however, made the "pocketbook" expand until today it comprises three volumes of a handbook that was published at the beginning of the 21st century in its sixth edition. There is a general topic to each volume: the first one deals with the fundamentals, the second with geotechnical procedures and the third one with foundation elements and structures. Potential subscribers asked me why I thought they might be persuaded to spend money an a sixth edition when they already had the fifth one? I was glad to point out the fact that firstly, we haue been lucky enough to obtain new and famous authors to bring a fresh viewpoint to many of the Problems, and secondly that the significant harmonisation of design rules in Europe has produced new types of verification procedures due to limit state design which will be new to some practitioners. Recently, globalization has also become an essential topic, both in the field of publishing and in international civil engineering activities. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, a publisher of technical literature for more than 150 years, became associated with Wiley of New York, and the question was asked as to why such a handbook an geotechnics was not available in English. You are now holding the result of this discussion but we should confess that it has not been an easy job. It was realized that for many of the chapters, a one-by-one translation would not haue been appropriate. The authors of the various chapters were therefore asked to review their texts an behalf of the readers outside German speaking countries and to consider the international state of the art to that extent that would, at the very least, allow further concise guidance to be given by appropriate references. As a book devoted to daily practice of experts, it also had to take account of the considerable bulk of technical rules already in place, the contents of which should not be repeated simply to fill pages but should be commented on, controversially if necessary. Volume 1 Starts with an overview of the state of international geotechnical harmonisation, which has been achieved by the civil enineering Eurocode programme in which design is now based an the concept of limit state analysis and the establishment of characteristic values for actions and resistances. Since the editor for more than the last two decades participated in this work, he became well aware of the difficulties raised by the need to find the relationship between conventionally applied geotechnical parameters and characteristic values. Chapter 1.2 is therefore devoted to fmding the characteristic values for geotechnical Parameters. The next two chapters deal with field and laboratory testing whilst emphasising the state of knowledge documented in the pre-Standard versions of Eurocode 7 - Parts 2 and 3. Chapters 1.5 to 1.9 describe the scientific Background and calculation models to be used in geotechnical design, whilst Chapter 1.10 explains how these numerical tools can be used nowadays in design practice.

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As surveying has always been a most important method of controlling the Performance of geotechnical structures during constructions and thereafter - especially when observational methods are used - the state of modern geodetic know-how, including satellite positioning, is covered in Chapter 1.11. To supplement %eld-testing, Chapter 1.12 gives details of the recent developments in measurement equipment. The special issues associated with defining the actions caused by ice and ice flows are described in Chapter 1.14. Finally, Chapters 1.13 and 1.15 focus an the engineering geology Problems of mass movements and rock mechanics Problems of dope stability. Volume 2 collects together 14 chapters dealing with the various procedures available for ground improvement (Chapter 2.1), grouting (Chapter 2.2), underpinning (Chapter 2.3), freezing techniques (Chapter 2.4), anchoring (Chapter 2.5), drilling (Chapter 2.6), driving and pulling (Chapter 2.7), offshore processing (Chapter 2.8), ground dewatering (Chapter 2.9), rock excavation (Chapter 2.10), tube jacking (Chapter 2.11), earth works (Chapter 2.12), application of geotextiles (Chapter 2.13), and engineering biology (Chapter 2.14). Each of these chapters has been produced by authors who are experts in their specific Professional %eld. They outline the most recent developments that haue occurred and provide the Information necessary for geotechnical designers to select the proper method to achieve their foundation proposals. The broad variety of techniques used required a very concise treatment of the Information, often leaving the technical details to those who are especially familiar with these. Volume 3 is concerned with the geotechnical design of structures, starting with spread foundations (Chapter 3.1), pile foundations (Chapter 3.2), and caissons (Chapter 3.3). The application of the new limit state concept is illustrated by examples. This also applies to Chapter 3.4 an the stability of excavations, in which German and British practice are compared. Chapters 3.5 and 3.6 are concerned with excavation pits protected by trench retaining walk or sheet pile walk, and in Chapter 3.7 a general outline of gravity retaining walk is presented. The special aspects of machine foundations and foundations in areas of subsidence are dealt with in Chapters 3.8 and 3.9. The important Problems to be solved to protect structures against groundwater inflow are considered in the final Chapter 3.10. Hopefully, the three volumes will enable the practicing engineer to Interpret test results in a more meaningful way, to judge the likely limitations of any Chosen method with more confidence and to therefore find the most appropriate solution to the foundation Problems that he is faced with solving in his daily practice. The object of this handbook is also to close the credibility gap between geotechnical science and practice that is often seen in Bither type of congress and symposium. The editor gratefully acknowledges the involvement of the authors who haue spent a considerable amount of extra time producing the chapters, over and above their daily professional dunes especially as not all of them are sufficiently familiar with the English language. Where such difficulties arose, the authors were asked to focus an providing the correct translation of their technical terms. The linguistic improvement was then provided by Robert W. East, Aylesbury, UK, whose help reviewing the papers is much appreciated.

February 2003

Ulrich Smoltczyk

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