Radiocommunication Study Groups

Received: 14 July 2014

Document 4-5-6-7/681-E 17 July 2014 English only

Al Yah Satellite Communications (YahSat), ASTRIUM SAS, Eutelsat S.A., HISPASAT S.A., Inmarsat Plc, Intelsat, SES WORLD SKIES, THALES (France), Thuraya Telecommunications Company IMPORTANCE OF THE C-BAND FOR THE FIXED-SATELLITE SERVICE

1

Introduction

In Document 4-5-6-7/549 it was indicated that C-band is not uniquely sufficient to provide satellite services as compared to higher frequency bands. The satellite C-band (3 400-4 200 MHz and 4 500-4 800 MHz in the space-to-Earth direction; 5 725-7 025 MHz in the Earth-to-space direction) forms a critical part of the overall satellite delivery eco-system, whereas satellite forms a critical element in the global delivery of data and media. As an example, the recent Football World Cup was made possible only by massive deployment of satellite resources, of which a significant part was delivered by C-band for further distribution into terrestrial fixed, mobile and broadcasting networks. Included in the following paragraphs are specific responses and technical explanations responding to claims made in Document 4-5-6-7/549.

2

Discussion

Claim #1: "Over the last decade, a number of satellite organisations are increasingly offering services in higher bands that are comparable to those offered in C-band, including in areas of significant rain fade, demonstrating that high availability communications links can also be established in other frequency bands using appropriate rain fade mitigation techniques." Response to Claim #1: In order to assess whether it is true that high availability communications links, with comparable availabilities, can be provided in C, Ku and Ka frequency bands, it is useful to make the following considerations. The overall availability of a link is a combination of the availability on the uplink and the availability on the downlink.

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Additionally, the link availability depends on the following parameters: •

The size of the antenna in downlink.

•

The available e.i.r.p in uplink (including Uplink Power Control capability).

•

The modulation scheme used.

•

The satellite performance in terms of G/T and e.i.r.p..

•

The elevation angle to the satellite.

•

The transponder characteristics (i.e. bandwidth, linearity, saturated flux density).

•

The satellite transponder setting (Automatic Level Control or Fixed Gain Mode).

•

The estimated rain rate for the uplink and downlink regions.

In order to simplify the analysis, two link budgets in the three bands (C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band) have been performed for two locations, Yaoundé (Cameroon) and Jakarta (Indonesia). The calculations and the assumptions are described in Annex 1. The link availabilities and the outage time (expressed in hours per year) are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, for both selected locations. FIGURE 1 Availability for Yaoundé Link rain  availability  prediction availability  corresponding  to  assumed  uplink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  downlink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  (uncorrelated)  uplink  and  downlink  rain  fade outage  time  (hours/year)

C-­‐band 99.995% 99.995% 99.990%

Ku-­‐band 99.770% 99.860% 99.630%

Ka-­‐band 99.483% 99.494% 98.980%

1

32

89

C-­‐band 99.989% 99.995% 99.984%

Ku-­‐band 99.573% 99.570% 99.145%

Ka-­‐band 99.301% 99.173% 98.480%

1

75

133

FIGURE 2 Availability for Jakarta Link rain  availability  prediction availability  corresponding  to  assumed  uplink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  downlink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  (uncorrelated)  uplink  and  downlink  rain  fade outage  time  (hours/year)

As the results show, limitations imposed by the propagation environment make it practically not possible to provide Ka-band satellite services at availability levels comparable to those at lower frequency bands. It is important to note that the above analysis was done by assuming the same antenna size for the three different bands considered, whereas, typically, customers want to use smaller antennas when operating in higher frequency bands. If this effect would have been taken into account, the relative availability in the Ku-band and Ka-band would even have been lower. Further, when considering links under rain, the link budget is not only affected by the rain fade itself, but also by a decreased performance of the receive antenna due to the increase in its noise temperature due to that same rain. MACINTOSH HD:USERS:AMAR1978:LIBRARY:CACHES:TEMPORARYITEMS:OUTLOOK TEMP:MSW-E.DOCX ( )

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Claim #2: “One company (O3b) bases its unique offering on provision of service to everywhere between 45 degrees latitude north and south of the equator, using Ka transponders only. Their target market has a significant overlap with regions of high rain fall in Africa and Asia Pacific areas.” (Document 4-5-6-7/549, page 1) Response to Claim #2: It is worth noting that O3b in fact offers C-band back-up to its customers who require particularly high availabilities. Furthermore, as was indicated, the O3b service operates within a bound geographical region of between 45 degrees latitude north and south of the equator. One of the unique features of C-band is also that it is possible to service the entire visible globe from the viewpoint of the satellite, even at very low elevations (e.g. there are C-band services on Antarctica). This kind of service is virtually impossible in higher frequency bands as at such low elevations (5 degrees or lower), due to the impact of atmospheric conditions such as rain and snow. Claim #3: “However the importance of this fade margin depends on the required availability of the service and the reaction of consumers to this. For services where availability requirements are lower this advantage of C-band quickly becomes less pronounced. It may be that TVRO or domestic internet access will not require the same availability as some two way satellite services, and a small reduction in required availability from 99.9% to 99.5% will have an important impact on the link budget. In Indonesia for example, this difference in availability translates to a reduction of rain fade margin from 10.2 dB to 4 dB in Ku band1. To put this in perspective, this availability of 99.5% is often higher than the electricity grid reliability in some emerging countries.” (Document 4-5-6-7/549, page 2) Response to Claim #3: Regarding the example reported in Indonesia, the link budget details are not shown in the original slide from Newtec2: therefore the figures reported in Figure 3 may not be safe to draw conclusions from as several parameters are missing and the numbers in the table could be erroneous if considered in a different scenario. Furthermore, the additional effect of degradation in the receive performance of the antenna would need to be taken account in the link budget as well. FIGURE 3

____________________ 1

See Figure 10 of the Annex in Document 4-5-6-7/343.

Beyond Consumer and Ka-Band, The future of traditional VSAT, by Newtec http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/newtec_satcom/the-future-of-traditional-vsat/13 slide 13 2

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However, taking these numbers at face value, one should read the table in a different way from that suggested in Document 4-5-6-7/549. Consider for example a certain service operating in C-band, downlink limited, with 99.9 % availability over Jakarta. If a satellite operator is planning to move the same service on Ku-band, the link budget would require at least 10.2 dB – 0.6 dB = 9.6 dB of additional link margin. Additionally, it’s not clear whether the numbers in Figure 3 already take into account the downlink G/T degradation of the receive antenna due to rain, which also may lead to increased loss of margin with higher frequency. This means that additional power and bandwidth resources are required, which has cost implications. The same service at Ka-band would require at least additional 52.4 dB to have the same availability (without considering G/T degradation due to rain). Furthermore, one cannot simply keep the same dish and change the receive equipment, as Ka-band antennas require “higher grade” quality of the actual dish, and therefore the entire installation would need replacement, adding to the cost. It is true that different services require different kind of availability. One service that is of importance to satellite operators and terrestrial mobile operators alike is providing backhauling for the cell towers over satellite. Voice traffic in particular requires high availability from the part of the mobile operators, and typical requirements for availability of GSM/3G backhaul links are in the range of 99.99%3. C-band in particular is therefore the ideal solution for mobile backhaul in emerging/underdeveloped regions that suffer from significant rain fade. Claim #4: “Also MEASAT in the same region is offering Ku band DTH services with an availability of 99.7%4. Other FSS services are offered with availability levels at or below this level – this can be seen in many reference link budgets, for example those given in Recommendation ITU-R S.1328 and in commercial offerings at all frequency bands.” (Document 4-5-6-7/549, page 2) Response to Claim #4: W.r.t. the availability mentioned for the MEASAT service, it is important to consider the right perspective. The MEASAT satellite system has one of the highest e.i.r.p. in Ku-band (up to 59 dBW). This is basically the highest e.i.r.p. achievable based on design and cost considerations. The climatic conditions for the area served by the MEASAT system are such, that the indicated 99.7% availability is the highest availability achievable. To provide a comparison, the desired availability for DTH services in general is higher, i.e. around 99.9% Claim #5: “The wide coverage of satellites in C-band enables services to be provided to developing countries, to sparsely populated areas and over large distances. However this can also be achieved with other satellite technologies in higher bands. Small steerable spot beams combined with a secure and resilient ground infrastructure allow coverage to be provided anywhere in a satellite’s area of visibility.” (Document 4-5-6-7/549, page 2)

____________________ Ericsson Review 3 2008, “Mobile broadband backhaul: Addressing the challenge”, Table 1 (http://www.ericsson.com/bo/res/thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2008/Backhaul.pd f). 3

4

The Digital Satellite TV Handbook By Mark E. Long.

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Response to Claim #5: From a physical perspective, a steerable beam does not allow coverage to be provided at different areas of the Earth at the same time. This point is not addressed in Document 4-5-6-7/549. Unlike a small, steerable spot beam in Ka band, the hemispheric spot beams provided on C band satellites can connect and serve two very distance places at the same time. This is particularly important for remote areas with relatively low traffic requirements, which could not justify the use of a dedicated spot beam. In terms of coverage, C-band for satellite use can be compared with the use of bands below 1 GHz for the terrestrial mobile service. Notably, in considering f) of Resolution 232 (WRC-12) it is stated “that where cost considerations warrant the installation of fewer base stations, such as in rural and/or sparsely populated areas, bands below 1 GHz are generally suitable for implementing mobile systems including IMT”, and in considering g) it is stated “that bands below 1 GHz are important, especially for some developing countries and countries with large areas where economic solutions for low population density areas are necessary”. Similar logic applies to the use of C-band for satellite communications. Claim #6: “During natural disasters, emergency services often fall back on satellite communication systems when fixed telecommunication infrastructure fails. However, fixed satellite service is not the only services used in these situations. Satellite phones and BGAN terminals operating in MSS L-band can provide rapid voice and data connections and can be more practical in emergency situations due to their portability. iOS and Android devices equipped with a Thuraya Satsleeve are now available to provide satellite connectivity worldwide in Ka band.” (Document 4-5-6-7/549, page 3) Response to Claim #6: While other satellite options may be available during natural disasters, this in no way impacts the continued need for C band. While MSS L-band systems are certainly used to support relief efforts following a natural disaster, the relatively limited frequency bandwidth available means that they may not be able to provide sufficient bandwidth for some applications, for example for cellular backhaul. Furthermore, it is worth noting that C-band is actually used to provide critical feeder links to the MSS L-band systems (the reference to Ka-band in the above claim is an error, as the mentioned “Satsleeve” product operates only in L-band). The high availability achievable in C-band is particularly important for MSS systems which provide safety related applications (such as AMS(R)S and GMDSS), which require high availability to meet the system performance objectives prescribed by the aviation and maritime regulatory authorities. Claim #7: “To overcome the outages due to weather element, mitigation techniques are building blocks in today’s satellite system design. The effects of fading can be combated by exploiting appropriate mitigation measures to improve the communications availability and the reliability of satellite links in higher bands. Satellite services can employ mechanisms such as adaptive coding and modulation, larger antennas, uplink power control and in some cases site diversity can also be considered, depending on the climatic region and the quality of service required.” The document goes on to describe the potential to use site diversity (multiple earth station antennas at each receive site) and even satellite diversity. (Document 4-5-6-7/549, page 3-4)

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Response to Claim #7: Taking each claim one by one: •

Adaptive transmission techniques are used more and more by satellite systems operating in Ka band, since they allow to increase the throughput when the link is not faded, or is partially faded, converting link margins to an increase in data rate: adaptive coding and modulation is used to increase the spectral efficiency when the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) at the input of the demodulator is higher than the availability threshold. These techniques do not improve availability per se, but take advantage of the extra margin available when the link is not fully faded. Furthermore, these techniques cannot be used with synchronous serial interfaces and applications demanding constant bit rate, since they are unsuitable in a scheme where the throughput changes, such as cellular backhaul, video distribution, Direct-To-Home platforms. These services require, depending on customer needs and specifications, availabilities up to 99.99% at a constant bitrate. Such high availability at constant bitrate cannot be provided in Ka-band, since satellite operators would need to provide worst-case link margins up to 50 dBs, which are not practically achievable. Only non-synchronous data networks (such as Ethernet packed-based networks) can take advantage of a dynamic data throughput rate.

•

The size of an earth station antenna is often driven by economic considerations by the customer (e.g. larger dishes are more expensive, and due to higher quality requirements in higher band, the same dish size in higher bands is also relatively more expensive), as well as available space and related installation considerations. Larger antennas cost significantly more to purchase and install (for example, require a greater cement pad to maintain stability of the dish). Larger antennas have a narrower beamwidth, which makes the accurate pointing of the antenna a significant issue, requiring more complex tracking mechanisms than what would be the case for smaller (larger beamwidth) antennas. Most VSAT systems do not employ automatically adjustable antennas, which therefore limits those applications to relatively small antennas.

•

Uplink power control is achieved by varying the transmitted power of an earth station in order to keep the flux density at the satellite input constant. It can provide an additional margin for rain fade experienced only in the uplink. However, it can have notable cost implications (for example, 3 dB of UPPC means that the uplink amplifier has to be sized with double power in order to provide enough margin in case of rain fade) and the transmitter needs a loopback. Usually the transmitted power is adjusted based on measurements of recently received power either from a beacon signal or from the wanted signal itself monitored at receiving earth station, and using a correlation algorithm to estimate the path losses. As is shown in the example link budgets in the Annex, uplink power control even where implemented may not be sufficient to overcome the lower availability inherent in use of the higher frequency bands.

•

Site diversity mitigation techniques take advantage of the size of the rain cells by engaging two (or more) earth stations, properly separated, to ensure that the probability of high rain fade occurring simultaneously on both of them is significantly less than the probability occurring on each individual site. Therefore for diversity to be effective, the two earth stations have to be separated by a number of km (roughly the size of a rain storm). Furthermore the signals received at each earth station have to be sent or monitored by a master station in order to be processed on a certain criterion. Therefore these mitigation techniques require two locations to be found and an interconnection provided between the two, which is not practical for many customers. Considering the

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above, site diversity mitigation techniques have significant cost implications, and would not be practicable in most scenarios. •

Satellite diversity mitigation techniques allow earth stations to choose between multiple satellites, selecting the earth-space propagation path with the lowest rain attenuation. This solution demands duplication of earth station equipment and highly sophisticated signal tracking software techniques in order to minimize the interruption during the shift from a satellite to another. Furthermore it demands double resources on the space segment, which are not always available. On top of that, the de-correlation of rain attenuation on the two slant paths from the same earth station is smaller compared to site diversity and so the benefits of satellite diversity are limited.

Demands for Ku-band applications are growing and there is very little capacity to accommodate additional use in this part of the spectrum. Satellite operators have recently investigated and put in operation new solutions to improve the efficiency of the spectrum, using more efficient modulation coding schemes and techniques to optimize the bandwidth and the power utilization, such overlapping carriers in the same frequency bands combined with sophisticated cancellation techniques on the receiver. While Ka-band currently has relatively little use, it is growing rapidly to meet demand within the FSS for broadband services. As indicated above, for technical reasons, in most cases Ka-band cannot be a surrogated for C-band applications.

3

Conclusion

The use of C-band by the FSS forms a critical part of the entire satellite delivery eco-system. This document has pointed out in detail why certain claims that were made about C-band are not valid: •

Comparison of link budgets in C-, Ku- and Ka-band shows that providing equivalent services in higher bands is not feasible without major and impractical impact on equipment replacement or link outage time.

•

Satellite links in C-band need the constant high availability that this band can offer for various applications.

•

C-band is used to provide critical feeder links to the MSS L-band systems which provide emergency communications and safety related services for the land, maritime and aeronautical sectors.

•

Some mitigation techniques used in higher bands serve to improve link availability in those higher bands, but cannot be employed realistically to provide the same kind of availability and coverage for services such as those provided in C-band.

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ANNEX 1 This Annex reports the link budget details, for both the two cities, Yaoundé and Jakarta, using the following assumptions: •

GEO Satellite, at orbital position 25° East for the first link budget (Yaoundé) and GEO Satellite at 143.5 ° East for the second link budget (Jakarta).

•

Uplink-downlink from-to Yaoundé, Cameroon, (Lat. 3.8° North, Long 11.8° East) for the first link budget and uplink-downlink from-to Jakarta, Indonesia (Lat. 6.2° South, Long 106.85° East) for the second link budget.

•

Rain rate exceeded for 0.01% over an average year for the considered locations, according to Recommendation ITU-R P.837: 60.8 mm/h for Yaoundé and 100.5 mm/h for Jakarta.

•

Same size of earth station antenna for the three bands (9m diameter for the uplink, 1.8 m diameter for the downlink).

•

36 MHz transponder operated in multi-carrier and in linear conditions (IBO/OBO at full load conditions 5.5/3.7 dB) for the 3 bands and in Fixed Gain Mode.

•

Different transponder characteristics depending on the band used, typical of each band:

Uplink  Frequency  (GHz) Downlink  Frequency  (GHz) G/T  over  the  considered  l ocation  (dB/K) downlink  saturated  e .i.r.p.  over  the  considered  l ocation  (dBW)

C  Band 6 4 -­‐8 40

Saturated  Flux  Density  at  0  dB/K  contour  (dBW/m 2)

-­‐91

Ku  Band Ka  Band 15 30 12 20 0 10 46 50 -­‐83

-­‐74

•

Modulation scheme: DVB-S2 8PSK 3/4 10 Mbps signal (around 6.5 MHz), transmitted with Power Equivalent Bandwidth = Bandwidth condition.

•

The performed link budget considers only the thermal noise and it does not take into account any interference from adjacent satellites, from intermodulation, from crosspolarization transponders or from adjacent channels.

Figure 4 and Figure 8 show that the margin is higher for higher frequencies, since the assumed downlink power spectral density is higher in Ku-band and Ka-band. Furthermore, the C/N uplink of the Ka-band link is higher compared to the other bands because of the good performance of the uplink beam (+10 dB/K over the considered locations). Figure 5 and Figure 9 show the rain fade analysis and the maximum attenuation due to rain fade that the links could support on both uplink and downlink. It has to be noted that the Uplink Earth Station transmitting in Ka-band has been equipped with 6 dB Uplink Power Control, in order to mitigate the rain fade and increase the link availability. Due to the higher margins available for the higher bands and to the use of uplink power control (UPPC), the maximum attenuations supported by the links are higher for Ku and Ka bands than C-band. Figure 6 and Figure 10 show the attenuation exceeded per different percentages of the year due to rain fade, estimated using the Recommendation ITU-R P.839-3 for the rain height analysis and the Recommendation ITU-R P.618-11 for the calculation of the rain attenuation. It should be noted the high attenuations that can be experienced in Ka-band.

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Finally, Figure 7 and Figure 11, show the availability corresponding to the rain fade assumed in the link budget. It is worth noting that Ka-band, even having higher clear sky margins and UPPC facilities, cannot provide the same availability of the other bands. Furthermore, the uplink site diversity in this case could not provide any further improvement to the availability, since the overall link is limited by the downlink.

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FIGURE 4 Link budget for Yaoundé C-­‐band 25

Ku-­‐band 25

Ka-­‐Band 25

uplink uplink  frequency  (GHz) uplink  site uplink  l atitude  (degree) uplink  l ongitude  (degree) uplink  e levation  to  satellite  (degree) uplink  attenuation  due  to  atmospheric  gases  (dB) uplink  antenna  diameter  (m) uplink  antenna  gain  (dBi) post-­‐PA  l osses  (dB)

6 Yaoundé  -­‐  Cameroon 3.8 11.8 73.9 0.1 9 53.2 4

15 Yaoundé  -­‐  Cameroon 3.8 11.8 73.9 0.3 9 61.1 4

30 Yaoundé  -­‐  Cameroon 3.8 11.8 73.9 1 9 67.2 4

downlink downlink  frequency  (GHz) downlink  site downlink  l atitude  (degree) downlink  l ongitude  (degree) downlink  e levation  to  satellite  (degree) downlink  attenuation  due  to  atmospheric  gases  (dB) downlink  antenna  diameter  (m) downlink  antenna  gain  (dBi) downlink  e /s  system  noise  temperature  (clear  sky,  K) downlink  e /s  G/T  i n  the  direction  of  satellite  (cl ear  sky,  dB/K)

4 Yaoundé  -­‐  Cameroon 3.8 11.6 73.6 0.1 1.8 35.7 80 16.6

12 Yaoundé  -­‐  Cameroon 3.8 11.6 73.6 0.3 1.8 45.2 150 23.5

20 Yaoundé  -­‐  Cameroon 3.8 11.6 73.6 1 1.8 49.7 200 26.6

C-­‐Band/C-­‐Band 36 5.5 3.7

Ku-­‐Band/Ku-­‐Band 36 5.5 3.7

Ka-­‐Band/Ka-­‐Band 36 5.5 3.7

SFD  at  0  dB/K,  (dBW/m2)

-­‐91

-­‐83

-­‐74

coverage  performance satellite  G/T  towards  transmit  station  (uplink  contour) transponder  e .i.r.p.  towards  receive  station  (downlink  contour)

-­‐8 40

0 46

10 50

DVB-­‐S2  8PSK  3/4 2.07 5.3 10000 4826 1.35 6515

DVB-­‐S2  8PSK  3/4 2.07 5.3 10000 4826 1.35 6515

DVB-­‐S2  8PSK  3/4 2.07 5.3 10000 4826 1.35 6515

carrier  resources carrier  IBO  from  transponder  saturation  for  PEB=BW  condition  (dB) carrier  OBO  from  transponder  saturation  for  PEB=BW  condition  (dB) power  consumption  from  transponder  (kHz  e quivalent) uplink  e .i.r.p  (dBW) transponder  i /o  behaviour

12.9 11.1 6515 67.2 linear

12.9 11.1 6515 67.4 linear

12.9 11.1 6515 67.1 linear

uplink  i pfd  (dBW/m2)

-­‐95.0

-­‐95.0

-­‐96.0

C-­‐band 35990 199.2 21.7 35996.4 195.7 11.6 11.2 0 0 2.7

Ku-­‐band 35990 207.4 21.8 35996.4 205.5 14.6 13.9 0 0 5.4

Ka-­‐band 35990 214.1 24.7 35996.4 210.6 16.7 16.1 0 0 7.6

Satellite  orbital  position  (degree)

transponder transponder nominal  bandwidth  (MHz) IBO  at  full  l oad  (multicarrier  operation,  dB) OBO  at  full  l oad  (multicarrier  operation,  dB)

carrier/modulation modcod  scheme number  of  i nfo  bits/symbol targetted  demodulator  Eb/No  at  threshold info  bit  rate  (kbps) symbol  rate  (kBaud) carrier  spacing  factor  relative  to  symbol  rate bandwidth  consumption  from  transponder  (kHz)

link  margin  analysis  (clear  sky) uplink  path  l ength  (km) uplink  path  l oss  clear  sky  (dB) uplink  C/N  clear  sky  (dB) downlink  path  l ength  (km) downlink  path  l osses  clear  sky  (dB) downlink  C/N  clear  sky  (dB) overall  C/N  clear  sky  (dB) provision  for  clear  sky  uplink  degradation  due  to  i nterference  (dB) provision  for  clear  sky  downlink  degradation  due  to  i nterference  (dB) link  margin  clear  sky  (dB)

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FIGURE 5 Rain fade analysis for Yaoundé link rain  fade  analysis UPPC  maximum  rain  fade  compensation  (dB) uplink  rain  fade  assumed  i n  the  l ink  budget  (dB) carrier  IBO  under  assumed  uplink  rain  fade  (dB) carrier  OBO  under  assumed  uplink  rain  fade  (dB) link  margin  under  assumed  uplink  rain  fade downlink  rain  fade  assumed  i n  l ink  budget downlink  G/T  degradation  due  to  rain downlink  C/N  under  assumed  rain  fade provision  for  downlink  degradation  due  to  i nterference,  scaled  to  downlink link  margin  under  assumed  downlink  rain  fade

C-­‐  band 0 2.7 15.6 13.8 0.0 0.9 2.0 8.7 0 0.0

Ku-­‐band 0 5.4 18.3 16.5 0.0 4.1 1.9 8.6 0 0.0

Ka-­‐band 6 13.6 20.5 18.7 0.0 6.1 2.0 8.6 0 0.0

FIGURE 6 Attenuations exceeded for p% of an average year in Yaoundé

Attenuation  exceeded  for  5%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  2%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  1%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.5%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.2%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.1%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.05%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.02%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.01%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.005%  of  an  average  year

4  GHz 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.1  dB 0.1  dB 0.1  dB 0.2  dB 0.3  dB

6  GHz 12  GHz 0.0  dB 0.2  dB 0.0  dB 0.5  dB 0.1  dB 0.8  dB 0.1  dB 1.8  dB 0.3  dB 3.4  dB 0.4  dB 4.8  dB 0.6  dB 6.4  dB 0.9  dB 8.6  dB 1.2  dB 10.4  dB 1.5  dB 12.1  dB

15  GHz 0.5  dB 0.9  dB 1.5  dB 3.2  dB 5.9  dB 8.2  dB 10.7  dB 14.2  dB 16.9  dB 19.4  dB

20  Ghz 0.9  dB 1.8  dB 2.9  dB 6.2  dB 11.2  dB 15.3  dB 19.7  dB 25.5  dB 29.7  dB 33.5  dB

30  GHz 2.3  dB 4.4  dB 6.8  dB 14.0  dB 24.7  dB 33.1  dB 41.5  dB 52.2  dB 59.6  dB 65.8  dB

FIGURE 7 Availability for Yaoundé Link rain  availability  prediction availability  corresponding  to  assumed  uplink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  downlink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  (uncorrelated)  uplink  and  downlink  rain  fade outage  time  (hours/year)

C-­‐band 99.995% 99.995% 99.990%

Ku-­‐band 99.770% 99.860% 99.630%

Ka-­‐band 99.483% 99.494% 98.980%

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FIGURE 8 Link budget for Jakarta C-­‐band 143.5

Ku-­‐band 143.5

Ka-­‐Band 143.5

uplink uplink  frequency  (GHz) uplink  site uplink  l atitude  (degree) uplink  l ongitude  (degree) uplink  e levation  to  satellite  (degree) uplink  attenuation  due  to  atmospheric  gases  (dB) uplink  antenna  diameter  (m) uplink  antenna  gain  (dBi) post-­‐PA  l osses  (dB)

6 Jakarta  -­‐  Indonesia -­‐6.2 106.85 47.0 0.1 9 53.2 4

15 Jakarta  -­‐  Indonesia -­‐6.2 106.85 47.0 0.3 9 61.1 4

30 Jakarta  -­‐  Indonesia -­‐6.2 106.85 47.0 1 9 67.2 4

downlink downlink  frequency  (GHz) downlink  site downlink  l atitude  (degree) downlink  l ongitude  (degree) downlink  e levation  to  satellite  (degree) downlink  attenuation  due  to  atmospheric  gases  (dB) downlink  antenna  diameter  (m) downlink  antenna  gain  (dBi) downlink  e /s  system  noise  temperature  (clear  sky,  K) downlink  e /s  G/T  i n  the  direction  of  satellite  (clear  sky,  dB/K)

4 Jakarta  -­‐  Indonesia -­‐6.2 106.9 47.0 0.1 1.8 35.7 80 16.6

12 Jakarta  -­‐  Indonesia -­‐6.2 106.9 47.0 0.3 1.8 45.2 150 23.5

20 Jakarta  -­‐  Indonesia -­‐6.2 106.9 47.0 1 1.8 49.7 200 26.6

C-­‐Band/C-­‐Band 36 5.5 3.7

Ku-­‐Band/Ku-­‐Band 36 5.5 3.7

Ka-­‐Band/Ka-­‐Band 36 5.5 3.7

SFD  at  0  dB/K,  (dBW/m2)

-­‐91

-­‐83

-­‐74

coverage  performance satellite  G/T  towards  transmit  station  (uplink  contour) transponder  e .i.r.p.  towards  receive  station  (downlink  contour)

-­‐8 40

0 46

10 50

DVB-­‐S2  8PSK  3/4 2.07 5.3 10000 4826 1.35 6515

DVB-­‐S2  8PSK  3/4 2.07 5.3 10000 4826 1.35 6515

DVB-­‐S2  8PSK  3/4 2.07 5.3 10000 4826 1.35 6515

carrier  resources carrier  IBO  from  transponder  saturation  for  PEB=BW  condition  (dB) carrier  OBO  from  transponder  saturation  for  PEB=BW  condition  (dB) power  consumption  from  transponder  (kHz  e quivalent) uplink  e .i.r.p  (dBW) transponder  i /o  behaviour

12.9 11.1 6515 67.2 linear

12.9 11.1 6515 67.4 linear

12.9 11.1 6515 67.1 linear

uplink  i pfd  (dBW/m2)

-­‐95.3

-­‐95.3

-­‐96.3

C-­‐band 37284 199.5 21.4 37280.0 196.0 11.3 10.9 0 0 2.4

Ku-­‐band 37284 207.7 21.4 37280.0 205.8 14.3 13.6 0 0 5.1

Ka-­‐band 37284 214.4 24.4 37280.0 210.9 16.4 15.8 0 0 7.3

Satellite  orbital  position  (degree)

transponder transponder nominal  bandwidth  (MHz) IBO  at  full  l oad  (multicarrier  operation,  dB) OBO  at  full  l oad  (multicarrier  operation,  dB)

carrier/modulation modcod  scheme number  of  i nfo  bits/symbol targetted  demodulator  Eb/No  at  threshold info  bit  rate  (kbps) symbol  rate  (kBaud) carrier  spacing  factor  relative  to  symbol  rate bandwidth  consumption  from  transponder  (kHz)

link  margin  analysis  (clear  sky) uplink  path  l ength  (km) uplink  path  l oss  clear  sky  (dB) uplink  C/N  clear  sky  (dB) downlink  path  l ength  (km) downlink  path  l osses  clear  sky  (dB) downlink  C/N  clear  sky  (dB) overall  C/N  clear  sky  (dB) provision  for  clear  sky  uplink  degradation  due  to  i nterference  (dB) provision  for  clear  sky  downlink  degradation  due  to  i nterference  (dB) link  margin  clear  sky  (dB)

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FIGURE 9 Rain fade analysis for Jakarta link rain  fade  analysis UPPC  maximum  rain  fade  compensation  (dB) uplink  rain  fade  assumed  i n  the  l ink  budget  (dB) carrier  IBO  under  assumed  uplink  rain  fade  (dB) carrier  OBO  under  assumed  uplink  rain  fade  (dB) link  margin  under  assumed  uplink  rain  fade downlink  rain  fade  assumed  i n  l ink  budget downlink  G/T  degradation  due  to  rain downlink  C/N  under  assumed  rain  fade provision  for  downlink  degradation  due  to  i nterference,  scaled  to  downlink link  margin  under  assumed  downlink  rain  fade

C-­‐  band 0 2.4 15.3 13.5 0.0 0.7 1.9 8.7 0 0.0

Ku-­‐band 0 5.1 18.0 16.2 0.0 3.0 2.7 8.6 0 0.0

Ka-­‐band 6 13.3 20.2 18.4 0.0 5.3 2.5 8.6 0 0.0

FIGURE 10 Attenuations exceeded for p% of an average year in Jakarta

Attenuation  exceeded  for  5%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  2%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  1%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.5%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.2%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.1%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.05%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.02%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.01%  of  an  average  year Attenuation  exceeded  for  0.005%  of  an  average  year

4  GHz 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.0  dB 0.1  dB 0.1  dB 0.2  dB 0.3  dB 0.4  dB 0.5  dB

6  GHz 0.0  dB 0.1  dB 0.1  dB 0.2  dB 0.6  dB 0.9  dB 1.3  dB 1.9  dB 2.5  dB 3.1  dB

12  GHz 0.4  dB 0.8  dB 1.3  dB 2.7  dB 4.9  dB 6.9  dB 9.2  dB 12.7  dB 15.5  dB 18.3  dB

15  GHz 0.7  dB 1.4  dB 2.3  dB 4.5  dB 8.2  dB 11.4  dB 15.0  dB 20.2  dB 24.3  dB 28.3  dB

20  Ghz 1.4  dB 2.7  dB 4.3  dB 8.3  dB 14.7  dB 20.1  dB 26.0  dB 34.4  dB 40.7  dB 46.6  dB

30  GHz 3.2  dB 5.9  dB 9.2  dB 17.5  dB 30.1  dB 40.5  dB 51.4  dB 66.1  dB 76.7  dB 86.2  dB

FIGURE 11 Availability for Jakarta Link rain  availability  prediction availability  corresponding  to  assumed  uplink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  downlink  rain  fade availability  corresponding  to  assumed  (uncorrelated)  uplink  and  downlink  rain  fade outage  time  (hours/year)

C-­‐band 99.989% 99.995% 99.984%

Ku-­‐band 99.573% 99.570% 99.145%

Ka-­‐band 99.301% 99.173% 98.480%

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