Geothermal Heating & Cooling: The most Energy Efficient Cooling & Heating Technology Currently Available Presented By: Derek Whitfield, M.Sc, Pr. Sci. Nat. A.I. www.edrs.co.za

NOT a Hot Rock talk ….

Need a passport to see this …..

Geyser or Gyser ….

Ambient Geothermal Ground Source Heat Pump Technology!

Why is Geothermal Becoming So Popular In the World? (China, USA, Canada, Europe, India, Korea, Israel, Australia)

Costs of Energy on the Rise

Natural Gas Oil /Petrol/Diesel Coal Electricity 24.8% for the 2010/2011 year, 25.8% for the 2011/2012 year and 25.9% for the 2012/2013 year. The average electricity price will thus double in the next 3 years and that’s NOT where the increases end ……….

Alternate Alternate Energy Energy Sources Sources

• Wind Generators –

Wind Farms now 1% – by 2030 30%

• Solar Panels & PV – Solar panel farms or home use

• Hydroelectric – State coops

• Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) – Homes, schools, business’, government – over 1 million GSHP in USA 2008 – Installing over 400,000 per year

Add Add up up Alternate Alternate Energy Energy Savings Savings

Wind+Solar+Others = GSHP • If you added up all the alternative renewable energy sources together including Wind, Solar, and Others the total would not equal the savings in energy by using ground-source heat pumps (GSHP). • Extensive use of GSHP Systems would exceed carbon dioxide savings proposed by the limits set by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997*.

World Energy Resources

How Popular is Geothermal?

While SA market penetration is near 0%, US is about 3%, but Sweden/Others are 50+% -In one generation, many predict this will become common place

What is Geothermal Heat Pump Technology and How Does It Work

•

The Sun Is 100% Energy for 4.6 B.y

100%

Space

19% reflected by clouds. 8% reflected by surface.

Atmosphere

21% absorbed by water vapor, dust 5% absorbed by clouds. 47% absorbed by ground

Earth The earth is like a solar battery absorbing nearly half of the sun’s energy. The ground stays a relatively constant temperature through the seasons, providing a warm source in winter & a cool heat sink in summer.

It’s a Heat Source in Winter…

16°C in winter 23°C Insulating layer of earth 18°C

A Geothermal System cools the ground in winter & transfers the heat into the building…

And It’s A Cool Place to Dump Heat in Summer

Plus 27°C in summer 22°C Insulating layer of earth 18°C

…and cools the building in summer by rejecting heat to the cooler ground

Heat Is Transferred Through an Earth Loop

Plastic pipe is buried in the earth around the building Insulating layer of earth When hot or cold liquid is pumped through the pipe, it warms or cools the earth around it

18°C

Annual Air Temperature Variations

38

ºC

27

28

16

22

27

17

-7

11

-18

6

(15 ºC)

Images from IGSHPA Manual

SA Climate

USA .

South Africa vs. Southeast USA Latitudes

Earth Loops (They are an Investment in Energy – equivalent to transmission lines, poles..)

So.. It’s Like Having Your Own Energy Well, But… • It comes from your own backyard (no transportation cost) • It’s free & renewable • It’s environmentally friendly • It’s available everywhere and • It cools, heat’s & makes FREE hot water

What are the Components of a Geothermal System

Main Components of a Geothermal Heat Pump System Air Loop

Domestic Hot Water Loop (optional) Note: GHP are also configured at water-towater heat pumps where they function as Chillers and/or Boilers

Refrigerant Loop

Earth Loop

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor.

Basic Ground Source Refrigeration Cycle

How does the heat pump work • Heat pump systems move heat energy, which already exists, from one place to the other – does not create heat. • Ground heat exchanger’s use the earth’s stable temperature to help improve heating and cooling efficiency. • Phase changes within the heat pump heat exchangers from liquids to gas and gas to liquids move energy.

Domestic Hot Water Loop Saves up to 80% on hot water costs annually!

Domestic Water Heater Standard electric unit

Desuperheater Generates hot water whenever compressor is in operation to heat or cool the home

Domestic Hot Water Loop -Back Up Electric Water Heater (2) shown in foreground -Geothermal Water heater in Background

Geothermal Domestic Water Heater- COP of 3.2-6.4

Main Components of a Geothermal Heat Pump System Air Loop

Refrigerant Loop

Domestic Hot Water Loop (optional)

Earth Loop

Video Clip

Earth Loop Options •Closed Loop Systems (Re-circulated) •Horizontal loop configurations •Vertical loop configurations •Pond loop configuration •All loops are sized for the same results •Each produces the same annual operating costs •Open Loop System •Pump & Dump or Well Water •Standing Column •Hybrid Systems •For cooling or Heating Dominated Climates

Loop System Materials • Ground loop piping (200+ year life) – Plastic pipe –HDPE which is a higher grade than natural gas pipelines – Heat fusion method of joining pipe & fittings – very reliable method which makes one continuous pipe – Small pumping station-low energy consumption and reliable components – 50 year Manufacturer warranty on pipe

Horizontal Loop Configurations

•Normally they can be less expensive than vertical •Typically requires 100-120 m of trench per 3.5kW •Or 180-250 m of pipe per ton of capacity •Typically 3-5m below the surface

Horizontal Loop Configurations Commercial Building

Domestic Home

Horizontal Loop Configurations

Vertical Loop Configuration

•Requires less area than horizontal •Typically bores are 60-120 m deep – 5 - 6” diameter •One bore per ton installed (3.5 – 7 kW’s) •Sealed with grout to prevent contamination of ground water or aquifers

Vacuum Excavation – Non-destructive Utility Exposure

Hard Rock Drilling

Vertical Loop Installation

Measuring Rest Water Level & Deep Earth Temperature

Loop Separation Clips

180 Loop Bend & Weight

Loop Installation

Loop Grouting & TCT

Pond Loop Configuration

•Least expensive closed loop system •Typically requires 1000–2000m2 pond at least 2.5-4m deep for the majority of the pond •Loop is sunk at the bottom of the pond

Kingsmill Hospital - UK

5.4 MW – Cooling 5 MW – Heating – COP 4-7 Energy savings of R1.6 M / year

Open Loop Configuration

•Least expensive up front install •Utilizes the domestic well for water supply •Needs a sufficient area to get rid of water •Some periodic maintenance required •Uses more pump/motor energy

Single or common loop conditioned by Standing Column Well optional bleed

A

A

soil

sleeve discharge

submersible pump

formation perforated intake

46

Main Components of a Geothermal Heat Pump System Air Loop

Refrigerant Loop

Domestic Hot Water Loop (optional)

Earth Loop

Distribution Systems-Air Loop • Warm or cold air blown through ductwork • Zone Control (optional) • Excellent Comfort

Innovative Controls

Distribution Systems-Hydronic Loop • Hydronic Systems – Heating providing with warm water distributed with in floor tubing • Thermally activated Slabs • Room Zone Control • Outstanding Comfort

Mechanical Room

What are the benefits of a Geothermal system

Energy Savings • Highest efficiency heating and cooling system available – DOE • Lowest operating costs-up to 80% savings • Optional variable speed blower motor can run continuously for CENTS a day • Saves on energy consumption for future generations – fewer power plants

Free & Renewable Energy One acre lot has 2mil Kwh available!

63m.

63m.

63m.

Average home needs around 12,000 Kwh to heat and cool!

There is enough energy in your own back yard to space heat and cool + heat water - multiple homes!

Less Environmental Impact Greenhouse Gas Reduction

= Replacing a gas furnace with a Geothermal System in an average home reduces Green House Gas emissions by about the same amount as removing two cars from the road!

What’s in it for South Africa …. • New Trades – Job Creation • Training & Certification • Reduced Electricity Consumption + Generation = Less GHG’s • Residential Housing Estates require Less Power • Alternative Source of Income for Utility’s?

Best Suited to …. Mines

Hotel’s

Hospital’s Homes

What are the economics of a geothermal system

Electric Resistance

1 unit of purchased electricity

1 unit of heat / cool to the building Ratio

1

:

1

…The Economist 15th January 2011

Electric Resistance

Source 30 kWhThermal

2

hT W 0k

Power Plant

Generating and Transmission Losses

Load 10 kWhElec

Resistance Heat

10 kWhThermal

The required input energy to deliver 10 kWh of heat to a home using an resistance heat would be 30 kWh. About 70% of the input energy is lost during the generation and transmission process of a typical coal fired power plant. The resistance heat will deliver a 1 to 1 ratio of energy supplied to energy delivered.

Standard Generation + GSHP

Source 9 kWh T

3 6.

kW

h

T

Power Plant

Generation and Transmission Losses

2.7 kWh E

Ground Source Heat Pump COP = 3.7

Load 10 kWh T

GSHP require only 9 kWhT from the source to provide 10 kWhT to the building since they can provide a COP of 3.7

Geothermal – Output Energy

1 unit of electrical energy

3-4 units of energy moved from the earth

4-5 units delivered to the space = Very High Efficiency

Energy Delivered to Space Vs. Utility Source Energy: Utilization Efficiency

=

Energy Delivered to Space Energy Consumed by Utility

Electric Resistance Heat Air-Source Heat Pump Gas/Electric HVAC Ground Source Heat Pump

32% 58% 68% 111% 63

Utilities… Can you See your Future Energy Plants?? 50 year guarantee No moving parts COP of 3 – 5

With Geothermal Everybody Wins!

Consumers Utilities Builders Environment