Exploration and Expansion Chapter 13 Section 1 1-23-2014 Bell Work Notes/Discussion Independent Learning Guided Reading Review/Closure Students will: Identify in the fifteenth century, Europeans began to explore the world. Explain why Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, and England reached new economic heights through worldwide trade.

EQ-What were the political, economic, and religious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Motives and Means 

Europeans had long been attracted to Asia; Increase and expand trade with the east.  Desire  Find

for wealth

precious metals and spices

 Want

to spread the Catholic faith to native people

“



GOD, GLORY, AND GOLD”

By the 15th century, the European monarchies had the power and resources for expansion.

Exploration Technology 

Europeans acquired much of their technology from the Arabs;  Cartography-

map

making  Compass

showed ship’s directions; showed latitude and other information needed for long voyages



Ability to build ships that could sail against the wind.

The Portuguese 

Prince Henry the Navigator- sponsored Portuguese fleets to sail the coast of Western Africa for gold;



Vasco da Gama, made the trip to India in 1498; taken a cargo of spices and returning with a profit of several thousand; his route became well traveled.



Portuguese took control of the spice trade from the Muslims in 1510, and set up ports on Western India;



Made expeditions to China; this area became known as the “ Spice Islands”;



Signed treaties to claim control of the area and the spice trade; however, Portugal had neither the power, people, or desire to colonize the region;

Voyages to the Americas 

Portuguese sailed eastward through the Indian Ocean and Spanish sought by sailing westward

EQ-What were the political, economic, and religious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Voyage to America 

Christopher Columbus believed that he could reach Asia by sailing West;



Financed by Queen Isabella of Spain, in 1492, he reached and explored the coast of Cuba and Hispaniola;



He believed he reached Asia, and on his four voyages explored many of the Caribbean Islands and Honduras;

A Line of Demarcation 

Fearing that other monarchies would claim their new “discoveries”; Portugal and Spain meet



Signed 1494-Treaty of Tordesillas  to

the East Portugal and to the West Spain

EQ-What were the political, economic, and religious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Race to the Americas 

John Cabot-explored the New England coastline



Pedro Cabral-South America



Amerigo Vespucci-went along on several voyages and wrote letters describing the lands he saw

EQ-What were the political, economic, and religious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Spanish Empire 

By 1550, Spain controlled N. Mexico;  Created

a system of colonial administration; making Native Americans subject of the Queen,

 Spanish

forced native American to be laborers, starve, and gave them disease such as smallpox;  Hispaniola

population dropped from 250,000 in 1492 to 500 in 1538; Mexico population dropped from 25 million to 1 million



Catholic missionaries converted and baptized hundred of thousands of native

Economic Impact and Competition 

Spanish loved gold



Colonists raised sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock, and other products introduced to the Americas



Columbian Exchange-transformed economic activity in both worldsNew and Old

EQ-What were the political, economic, and religious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Other Monarchies  Other

countries realized that Columbus had discovered a new frontier, and begun the race to the Americas;  Venetian

John Cabot- explored New

England  Florentine

Amerigo Vespucci gave the new world its name

 By

the end of the 16th century their was competition in the trading scene with the Dutch and English joining in the Expansion;

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism 

Colony-settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control



Mercantilism-dominated economic thought



Balance of Trade- difference in value between what a nation imports and what it expects over time

EQ-What were the political, economic, and religious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

The Dutch 

Arrived in India in 1595 

Formed the East India company to compete with the English and Portuguese; Formed the West India company to trade in the Americas



Colonized the New Netherland

(New York) and came up with names such as (Staten Island and Harlem)

The English 

In the 1660’s ended Dutch control over the Americas;



Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and established the original 13 colonies in the 1700’s;

Economic Impact and Competition 

Balance of Trade: which means that the value of what you export is greater than what you import;



Europeans sought silver and gold in the Americas 

Colonist set up plantations to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, and live stock 

Native good such as cocoa, corn, and tobacco were shipped to Europe;



Portugal expansion to the East created a desire for spices, jewels, silk, and perfumes;



Trade allowed governments to invest in new industries, improve transportation systems, and place high tariffs(taxes) on foreign goods;

Chapter 13 Section 2 Africa in an Age of Transition 1-24-2014 Bell Work Notes/Discussion Independent Learning Guided Reading Review/Closure Students will: Identify European expansion affected Africa with the dramatic increase of the slave trade. Traditional political systems and cultures continued to exist in most of Africa.

EQ-What were the political, economic and cultural effects of European exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas? MWH-1

The Slave Trade 

In the 15th century the demand for slaves rose dramatically ;  Increase

in sugar cane production led to Plantations

 Demand

increase in S. America and Caribbean because of dying Native population

 In

1518, African Slaves begun being imported to meet the need;

 TRIANGULAR

TRADE: connected Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas ; European merchants brought tobacco, sugar, and cotton to Europe

Growth of the Slave Trade 

Spanish ship-carried first boatload of African slaves directly from Africa to Americas



Triangular Trade-marked the emergence of a new world economy



Europe, Africa and Asia, and the American Continents



Europeans to Africa to America-Guns and Cloth=Slaves(Trade)



275,000 Estimated 16th Century



17th Century-Over a Million



18th Century-6 Million



High Death Rate



Buy a new slave was better than raising a child from birth to working age

Sources of Enslaved Africans 

Most slaves were African war captives, and were exchanged for guns, gold, and other European goods; 

Some African leaders were concerned about slave trade on their societies;



Depopulated areas of Africa of youngest and strongest men and women , and caused local warfare to increase tribes slaves;

Effects of the Slave Trade 

Benin; was destroyed as a result of population decline and increased warfare; 

S. Africa and Mozambique had permanent European presence;



European influence did not extend beyond slave trade region;



European caused political changes in Africa , and influenced African religious life; Islam influenced N. Africa and southward W. Africa; Christianity dominated S. Africa and Ethiopia

Traditional Political Systems 

Monarchy became common throughout much of the continent



Benin-King was the ruler



Ashanti-Coast- Kingdom consisted of a number of previously independent small states linked together by kinship ties and subordinated to the King

EQ-What were the political, economic and cultural effects of European exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas? MWH-1

Foreign Influences 

Europeans were causing changes, sometimes indirectly



Morocco-seize control in Sahara over the trade in gold and salt



Timbuktu-Morocco took control



North Africa-Islam expanded



Europeans had less impact than Islamic culture



Christianity wanted to be spread also

EQ-What were the political, economic and cultural effects of European exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas? MWH-1

Chapter 13 Section 3 Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade MWH-2.2 1-31-2014 Bell Work Notes/Closure Independent Learning Guided Reading Review/Closure Students will: Identify the Portuguese occupied the Moluccas in search of spices but were pushed out by the Dutch. Identify and explain the arrival of the Europeans greatly impacted the Malay Peninsula.

EQ-What were the political, economic, and relgious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Arrival of Europeans 

Portuguese seized Melaka and soon occupied the Moluccas



Portuguese did not have the authority to impose over broad areas



English and Dutch Traders-better financed than the Portuguese



Dutch seized Moluccas from the Portuguese



Dutch occupied most of Portuguese/Drove English out



English-single port of Sumatra



Dominate-Clove trade-by limiting cultivation of the crop to one island and forcing other to stop growing and trading the spice EQ-What were the political, economic, and relgious causes of European exploration? MWH-1



Java-fort at Batavia

Impact on the Mainland 

Vietnam-Civil war temporarily divided the country into two separate states



European Powers-Takes sides



Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam had begun to define themselves as political regimes



Monarchies that resisted foreign intrusion



Non-mainland-Less political unity



European merchants and rulers were determined to gain control of the sources of the spices

EQ-What were the political, economic, and relgious causes of European exploration? MWH-1

Religious and Political Systems 

Non-mainland states and the Philippines, Islam and Christianity were beginning to attract converts



Buddhism was advancing on the mainland, became dominant from Burma to Vietnam



4 styles of monarchy



1. Buddhist Kings-Mainland States-Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia-Superior-Link between Human Society and the Universe



2. Javanese Kings-Sacred Quality-Royal Palace center of the Universe



3. Islamic sultans-Malay Peninsula-Viewed as mortal, although he still possessed some special qualities(Bureaucracy-body of nonselective government officials)

EQ-What were the political, economic, and relgious causes of European exploration? MWH-1



4. Vietnamese Emperors-Confucius-Mortal-Middle man between heaven and earth