Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
Ajay Rajkumar Director, Wireless Chief Technology Office
Copyright © 2011 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.
Agenda
The Mobile Data Growth – the Driver? Evolution From Voice Calls to Traffic Offload Strategies Traffic Offload: Evolving Mobility Solutions Questions?
2 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
Copyright © 2011 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.
Mobile Data Growth – the Driver
3 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
Copyright © 2011 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.
The Game Has Changed
Smartphone Smartphone Growth Growth
Mobile Mobile Internet Internet Access Access
by 2015 32x 32x increase increase per per km km22 by 2015
70% 70% of of mobile mobile data data by by 2014 2014
Source: Bell Labs analysis 4 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
Copyright © 2011 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.
Applications and Devices Drive Bandwidth
Feature Phones One megabyte is roughly equivalent to one digital book, 45 seconds of music, or 20 seconds of medium quality video
Phones such as the Motorola Razr are used primarily to make calls, and they consume little bandwidth even for Web activities because they have stripped down Web browsers Voice Calls: 4-11 MB/Hr Web Browsing: 20 MB
Smartphones Smartphones such as Research In Motion’s popular Blackberry are used for phone calls, email, and light Web browsing Voice Calls: 4 -11 MB/Hr Web Browsing: 30 MB Email: 50 MB
Monthly Total*
Email: 20 MB
* Estimated
Super Phones Advanced smartphones including Apple’s iPhone and Motorola’s Droid, make it easy for people to surf the web and watch online videos, leading much higher bandwidth use
Devices such as Apple’s newly unveiled iPad are likely to send data even higher. The iPad will chew even more bandwidth than the iPhone because of its larger screen
Voice Calls: 4-11MB/Hr
Web Browsing: 350MB
Web Browsing: 100 MB
Net Radio: 140 MB
Net Radio: 70 MB
YouTube Videos: 150 MB
YouTube Videos: 50 MB
80 MB
Tablet Computers
Email: 100 MB
Email: 50 MB
185 MB 800 MB
* high-end netbooks or laptops model about 30% higher
1,900 MB (1.9GB) Source: BusinessWeek (February 2010), Data: Internal Alcatel-Lucent Research
5 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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Exponential Growth - The Game Has Changed
20x
Global Aggregate Data Growth 9,000 8,000 M2M
Growth in Global Aggregate Mobile Traffic
7,000 Netbook
PBs/Month
6,000
28%
5,000 4,000 Smartphone 3,000
SmartPhones YoY Growth 2009
2,000 1,000 Handset 2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: ALU Forecast
41% SmartPhones in 2012
User trend is towards more real time mobile applications: Streaming video, music, social networking, web browsing New mobile internet devices and M2M apps can drive growth higher 6 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
Copyright © 2011 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.
Multimedia Mobile Appliances have Become the Norm From a select urban study on bandwidth consumption
Forecast consumption by device type 7,000
M2M
iPhone
Blackberry
Android
Air Card
Other
80%-85% of packet switched calls are originated from smartphones
40% of 3G devices are smartphones
Petabytes per Month
6,000
Widescreen Devices
5,000
Smartphones 4,000
Feature Phones 3,000
2,000
1,000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Source: Alcatel-Lucent measurements using 9900 WNG within live networks and Bell Labs analysis
7 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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2015
Urban Networks will Not Support the Future Soon approaching the limits of Shannon’s Law
Calculating BTS Requirements
Several elements needed to expand capacity
2,500
More bandwidth; Wider Radio Channels
2,000
Network NodeBs Required
Based on Downlink BW
Advanced Antenna Configurations More Advanced MIMO Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP, a Bell Labs innovation)
Based on Uplink BW Based on Erlangs Based on Signaling
1,500
1,000
500
Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC and eICIC) HetNets - Smaller (Pico and Femto) and more cells More Intelligent and Seamless Offload 8 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Source: Bell Labs analysis based on customer network analysis in Tier 1 city
Copyright © 2011 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.
Imperatives for Operators Lowest Cost per Bit Highest Value per Bit Highest QoE
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Evolution From Voice Calls to Traffic Offload Strategies
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Standards Technology Evolution 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
Opt. VoIP
3GPP2 IS-2000 (CDMA 2000 1x)
2004
IS-856 Rev A (Optimized UL & VoIP)
IS-856 Rev 0 (1xEV-DO)
IS-856 Rev B (MC, 64QAM)
2007
2008
2009
OFDM UMB Rev. 0 (FDD) Rev. A (TDD) IS-856 Rev C (MIMO/SDMA, DO Enhancements) 1x-adv (IS-2000)
2010
2011
All SF’s traffic moves together from one access to another
Mobility IS-1006 (BCMCS)
Primarily FDD w/ TDD options
OFDM IS-1006-A (EBCMCS)
R-99 (UMTS)
Rel-6 (E-DCH, MBMS)
Rel-5 (HSDPA)
EPC Opt. VoIP
Init. VoIP
3GPP
eHRPD
MAPCON/ IFOM (HBM)/LIPA /SIPTO
Rel-7 (Enhanced HSDPA)
Rel-8 Rel-9 Rel-10 (LTE (more LTE (LTE-adv) DC HSPA) features)
Mobility OFDM Mobility
IEEE/WiMAX Forum WiMAX 802.16 (WiMAX)
Primarily TDD w/ FDD options
802.16a
OFDM
802.16d
802.16e Wave1&2 Init. VoIP
16e Rev. 2 Rel 1.5 Opt. VoIP
Note: • Dates shown are standards completion dates (or expected completion dates) • “Initial VoIP” not as spectrally efficient as “Optimized VoIP” • “Mobility” indicates when each particular standard supports mobility inter-operability between the terminal and BTS 11 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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802.16m Rel 2.0
What does the industry mean by Traffic Offload and Specifically WLAN Offload? Some high level requirements: Both seamless and non-seamless mobility solutions are important Minimum impact on network and no change to deployed equipment Minimum constraints on dual mode terminals with attention to battery usage “Intelligence” for automatic choice of access network (WiFi or 3GPP) including MNO preferences – aka policies Authentication based on mobile credentials (UICC/xSIM) when using WiFi Secured access when using WiFi Services or family of services needed under WiFi: y Plain Internet access without VAS (Value Added Services): usually free access y MNO services (e.g. IP or Content services): needs authenticated / secured access
Possibility of Service Continuity or Service Consistency: same PS services / capabilities under WiFi as under macro wireless coverage such as 3GPP based networks y For instance, similar charging info available (does not mean billing under WiFi will be the same as under 3GPP)
Evolution to offload with mobility (seamless handover, always on status from UEs) 12 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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Main Characteristcis of Offload Scenarios
Two major families of WLAN selective offload scenarios can be distinguished: Non-seamless Offload
IP address not maintained (enabling only nomadic and non-mobility usage) Selected traffic moved to WLAN (and back to mobile access) with interruption Suits offload of non real-time (non delay/jitter sensitive) applications Access to (secure) MNO services should be possible with WLAN (as when over 3GPP) EPC/PC bypassed (3GPP ‘definition’) but not excluded (e.g. for Security & Service Consistency) y Maintain non-offloaded traffic on 3GPP access (possibility to bring offloaded traffic back to 3GPP) y Policy support for access network discovery and selection (guidance for UE) y y y y y
Seamless Offload
y IP address preserved (enables “Always on” connectivity and Session Continuity) y Selected traffic moved to WLAN (and back to mobile access) without service impact interruption y Suits offload of real-time or near real-time (delay/jitter sensitive) applications y Requires standard mechanisms because of mobility / handover aspects (interoperability ensured) y Traffic via P-GW/GGSN (mobility anchor for seamless handover) y Maintain non-offloaded traffic on 3GPP access (possibility to bring offloaded traffic back to 3GPP) y Enhanced Policy support for access network discovery and selection (guidance for UE)
13 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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Traffic Offload: Evolving Solutions
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What about Seamless Offload using 3GPP Rel8/9? Basically with 3GPP Rel8/9 it is not possible to make selective mobile data offload to WLAN in contrast to 3GPP Rel10/Rel11 With Rel8/9 all the traffic must be moved from one access to another (i.e. there is no simultaneous traffic on both 3GPP and WLAN accesses except during HO)
Consequently currently the following scenarios are possible: S1: Considering a 3G (2G) UE with WiFi support : Offload (all) GPRS traffic to WLAN. Ability to revert back to 3GPP. S2: Considering a 3G(2G) / LTE UE with WiFi support : Move (all) the EPS traffic to WLAN. Ability to revert back to 3GPP.
Note that: The above scenarios require deployment of EPC with P-GW as mobility anchor node y Use of ePDG /S2b : PMIPv6 based for Rel8/9 (GTP based S2b option for Rel10)
(S1) exists today but only with non-seamless and without policy support y Usage of network based policy to guide UE is a significant difference
15 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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High Level Solution for LTE/WiFi UE Seamless Offload using Rel8/9
HSS/SPR
PCRF
MME eNB
3GPP RAN (E-UTRAN)
ANDSF
S-GW
3GPP AAA
ANDSF Client
P-GW / GGSN
ODG Fixed BB Access/BH IPSec/IKE Access) v2 (SWu(Non-3GPP )
WiFi AP/AC
Mobile Packet Core Network
Mobility Support ePDG SecGW WLAN GW
16 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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S2b
S14
MNO Content Services
MNO IP Services
Policy Considerations for Seamless (& Standard Non-seamless) Offload IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover Services and ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function defined in 3GPP) offer dynamic operation and knowledge of alternate access types available to a UE “Policies” are required to give guidance to UE based on considerations including: Operators policies, users preferences, user subscription, access conditions, … These considerations can be handled statically and/or dynamically
Under the term “Policy” used for ND&S (Network Discovery & Selection) several aspects are included though not all (except ANDSF) are specified “Access Network Discovery & Selection Function (ANDSF)” y Inter-system mobility policies, Access network discovery information, Inter-System Routing Policies
“Static Configuration” y Operator provisioned and/or hard coded parameters in the Dual Mode (3GPP/WiFi) terminal
“Local Operating Environment” (LOE) y Radio environment information, quality of IP connection, application specific requirements, power considerations, ….
“User Preferences” y The end user must have some liberty to configure his/her terminal for WLAN IWK and offload 17 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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Traffic Offload: Issues and Future Solutions Offload from the Access Network and/or Core Network Mobility of Complete Sessions or Specific Flows Only Local Breakout of Traffic Local IP Access (LIPA) Selected IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO)
Simultaneous Multiple Access Connectivity Multi Access PDN Connectivity (MAPCON) over S2x IP Flow Mobility (IFOM) y Host Based Mobility (S2c using Dual Stack) y Network based Mobility (over S2a/S2b)
18 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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Host Based Mobilty (HBM) v/s Network Based Mobility (NBM) Main Characteristics and Pros/Cons
Currently (as per 3GPP Rel10 - TS 23.261) for IFOM, HBM is the standard solution However, a NBM solution has some non-significant benefits with respect to HBM
Some benefits to consider for NBM solution : It avoids use of MIP in the terminal – a more dynamic ecosystem to manage y For instance for WiMAX (CMIP (HBM) and PMIP (NBM) specified) today all deployment uses PMIP to support mobility. The reasons are that CMIP terminals are not (widely) available and operators prefer that mobility control remains in the network.
It avoids, in contrast to S2c/DSMIPv6, the use of an IPSec tunnel between UE and PGW which is on user basis (this could cause a scalability issue in particular for the PGW) y HBM with PMIPv6 requires functionally one tunnel but practically only a few tunnels for all users (according to the capacity of the P-GW and redundancy mechanism / deployment strategy)
For non-trusted access an additional IPSec tunnel per UE with ePDG is required y This means that a “tunnel in tunnel” solution must be supported by S2c based UE The NBM solution is seen as more appropriate for the P-GW and EPC in general
19 | WWSMC July 27, 2011 | Evolution of Mobility in Future Wireless Networks
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Seamless Offload to Small Cells of Same Access Technology The issues for Pico and Femto Cell Offload are similar to WLAN Offload depending on: Is inter-cell handoff with macro network supported? Does the traffic go through the same APN? Is the same authentication infrastructure used for both the macro network and the Pico/Femto cell network?
Finally, multiple disparate access technologies available on the same UE in the same geography are already becoming a reality: Can we design networks and are such networks practical such that individual applications flow over specific optimized disparate access networks simultaneously and adapt service flows seamlessly and dynamically to the available networks?
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Questions?
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