Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Energy Perspectives for Germany and Europe: A Researcher’s View Laval University, Quebec Canada, December 9, 2014 Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim U. Knebel, Head of Division ‚Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering‘
Quebec
Karlsruhe KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
www.kit.edu
Energy Perspectives for Germany and Europe: A Researcher’s View Laval University, Quebec Canada, December 9, 2014
Reprint and dissemination of this contribution is only permitted with written approval of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and citation of the author. Sending of the reprint to the author is requested. The spoken work is valid only. Picture on Front Page: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Karlsr uher_Schloss_Front_Panorama.jpg 3
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Content Introduction to KIT German Energy Turnaround (‘Deutsche Energiewende’) Research into Storage, Efficiency, Renewables, Fission / Fusion European Energy Perspectives
Germany: Land of Traditions, Land of Progress, Land of Ideas! 4
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Content Introduction to KIT German Energy Turnaround (‘Deutsche Energiewende’) Research into Storage, Efficiency, Renewables, Fission / Fusion European Energy Perspectives Since 1825
Since 1956 5
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
KIT – One Institution, Two Missions, Three Tasks Mission of a state university with research and higher education.
Mission of a national research institution of the Helmholtz Association with program oriented provident research.
Three Tasks: Research - Higher Education - Innovation.
6
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
KIT – Helmholtz Research Centre and State University
KIT Campus South
KIT Campus North KIT Campus East Emergency Housing for Refugies
Helmholtz Institute Ulm KIT Campus Alpine 8
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
KIT in Figures
9,439 24,500 Employees
373 Professors
Students
785
Annual Budget in Million Euros
9
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
KIT is Research, Higher Education and Innovation Research From fundamental questions to specific applications in energy, environment, future technologies and society.
Higher Education Research oriented teaching in a stimulating environment for the elites of tomorrow.
Innovation New products, processes and services to shape the future of our society.
11
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Content Introduction to KIT German Energy Turnaround (‘Deutsche Energiewende’) Research into Storage, Efficiency, Renewables, Fission / Fusion European Energy Perspectives
Quelle: http://http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg /DE/Energiekonzept/energiekonzept.html 14
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Germany’s New Energy Policy The transition to a new energy era demands courage, resolve and perseverance. Five corner tasks: Development of renewable energies must be synchronised with the expansion and upgrading of the power grids. Need of fossil-fired power plants in the future to guarantee a reliable energy supply. Commitment to the cost-effective development of renewables. Increase of energy efficiency primarily through incentives, rather than regulatory law and mandatory measures. Support and advancement of energy research and thereby emerging technologies.
15
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Germany’s New Energy Policy Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. Restructuring of the energy system required to allow the transition to a New Energy Era (‘Energiewende’). Introduction of a long-term Energy Concept (September 2010). 80% cut of green-house gas emissions by 2050 compared to 1990. Renewables to supply the bulk of German energy in the future. 50% reduction of primary energy consumption by 2050. Final energy consumption in the transport sector to be reduced by 40% in 2050 compared to 2005. 2.1% annual increase in energy productivity relative to final energy consumption.
Adoption of a comprehensive legislative package, known as Energy Package (Summer 2011). 16
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Germany’s New Energy Policy Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. Adoption of a comprehensive legislative package, known as Energy Package (Summer 2011). Act to restructure the Legal Framework for the Promotion of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (EEG). Act on Measures to Accelerate the Expansion of the Electricity Grid (NABEG). Act to Restructure Provisions of the Energy Industry Act (EnWGAndG). Act Amending the Act to Establish a Special Energy and Climate Fund (EKFG-ÄndG). Fourth Ordinance amending the Ordinance on the Award of Public-sector Contracts. 13th Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (AtomG). Act Strengthening Climate-Friendly Measures in Towns and Municipalities.
17
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
11.3.2011: Fukushima → The German Reaction Block 3
Block 2
Block 1
www.n-tv.de – ap, dpa
Block 4
Immediate shutdown of older NPPs in Germany Performance of stress tests in Germany and Europe ‚Ethic Commission‘ in Germany, nominated by Chancellor A. Merkel Phase-out of nuclear power in Germany until 2022 20
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Main Objectives of the ‘German Energiewende’
(Electricity)
Source: Craig Morris, Martin Pehnt (2012)
28
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Electricity Generation in Germany 2013
Natural Gas Bitumious Coal Nuclear Power Black Coal Other Renewable Energies
Source: www.unendlich-viel-energie.de 30
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Electricity Generation in Germany 2013
Electricity generated by
Canada
Black Coal Lignite Coal
19,7% 21,8%
Gas Nuclear Natural Gas Bitumious Coal Nuclear Power Black Coal Other Renewable Energies
Germany
25,8% 10,5%
14,6%
15,4%
Solar
0%
4,5%
Hydro
61,3%
3,4%
Biomass
0,2%
7,6%
Wind
1,8%
7,9%
Source: www.unendlich-viel-energie.de and Germany Trade and Invest http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/maerkte* 31
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Electricity Capacity and Generation in Germany 2013 Wind Photovoltaics Biomass Oil & Pumped Water Natural Gas Black Coal Lignite Nuclear Energy Running Water Power Capacity 183.647 MW (net)
Power Generation 596,4 TWh (net)
Source: http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/8DFG22-DE_Grafiken 32
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (1/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. Renewable electricity share: Goal 2020 35%, Goal 2050 80%. Last German NPP will shut down at the end of 2022. Transitionally increased electricity from coal and gas to keep electricity secure and affordable. Modernisation of existing plants, fast completion of new plants. Construction of large wind parks. Support of biomass technologies.
Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_OffshoreWindparks 35
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (2/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. To store electricity generated from renewables, there is a need for further pumped-storage hydropower plants. In parallel, research into new storage technologies will be funded. Fast enlargement of the electricity grid in order to distribute electricity from wind parks and to make up for decentralised production. Public hearing of citizens who are concerned due to new power lines. Energetic renovation and modernisation of buildings: Increase of programme funds for CO2-efficient buildings. Source: http://hallo.news352.lu/edito-77382-rieseninvest-in-diestromautobahn.html
36
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Fundamental New Challenges to Our Energy System From point to area From central to decentralised From direct consumption to storage; i.e. consumer attitude follows energy offers Consumer actively controls and provides energy services
Source Fotos: http://www.solar-energie-boden.de and http://www.sonnenfluesterer.de 37
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Selected Electricity Data for Germany (2011) Inhabitants:
80 Mio
35 Mio
Annual peak load electricity:
81 GW
XX GW
Installed electricity capacity:
160 GW
130 GW
Reliably available capacity:
93 GW
125 GW
Thereof based on renewable energies:
12 GW
75 GW
Annual full load hours (GER): Nuclear energy Lignite Biomass Water Wind Photovoltaics
7,330 hours 6,600 hours 6,400 hours 4,600 hours 1,380 hours 900 hours
Source Fotos: http://d1.stern.de/bilder/stern_5/wirtschaft/2011/KW41/energiesparen/erneuerbare_fitwidth_489.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/ArrowLakesPic.JPG 38
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
EEX: Wind Energy in Germany (01/2010-02/2013) Efficiency
Installed power Available power
Quelle: Leipzig Electricity Stock Exchange EEX; Karl Linnenfelser 43
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
EEX: PV Energy in Germany (01/2010-02/2013) Efficiency
Installed power Available power
Quelle: Leipzig Electricity Stock Exchange EEX; Karl Linnenfelser 44
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
EEX: Wind & PV Energy in Germany (01/2010-02/2013) Efficiency
Installed power Available power
Quelle: Leipzig Electricity Stock Exchange EEX; Karl Linnenfelser 45
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Electricity Price Increase due to EEG Law
EEG in EuroCent/kWh
In 2013, about 20 billion Euro had to be paid by end-customers due to Renewable Energies Act (EEG). Electricity cost is about 0,30€ per kWh, thereof 50% are taxes!
Source: BMU, EEG /KWK-G, Reuters 49
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Urgent Questions Is the public willing to pay for the ‘Energiewende’? Is the public willing to change its habits? What about security of supply? What about Germany‘s competitiveness? What about our neighbours? Can research provide innovative solutions in time?
http://de.123rf.com/photo_7659991_amsterdam-august-19-2010-crowds-on-the-quay-visit-thetall-ships-at-sail-2010-in-amsterdam-holland-o.html
53
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Content Introduction to KIT Germany’s New Energy Era (‘Deutsche Energiewende’) Research into Storage, Efficiency, Renewables, Fission / Fusion European Energy Perspectives
71
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (1/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. Renewable electricity share: Goal 2020 35%, Goal 2050 80%. Last German NPP will shut down at the end of 2022. Transitionally increased electricity from coal and gas to keep electricity secure and affordable. Modernisation of existing plants, fast completion of new plants. Construction of large wind parks. Support of biomass technologies.
Source: Getty Images http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/bil d-867202-209317.html 77
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Wind Offshore: Strategy & Portfolio of EnBW Erection of wind farms in North Sea and Baltic Sea. Stepwise increase of degree of difficulty, i.e.: Water depth, distance from land, turbine size, turbine number.
Distance from land Water depth Turbine/Park size
But: Connection to the main grid is not easily realised. Source: EnBW November 2011 78
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Average Time Availability of Wind Power in Germany
Time Availability
Wind generators have a time availability between 15% and 25%.
2011
Source: Vahrenholt 2010, Data in 2010 until July, then EEX 79
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
2012
Year
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
German Utility EnBW Invests in Turkey 161MW under operation, 207MW under construction. Erection within one year.
Source: EnBW November 2014 82
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
European Research Project: Suprapower Final Product – SC Generator: Superconducting, reliable, lightweight, and more powerful offshore wind turbine Objectives: Reduction of head mass, size and cost (SC-generator) Reduction of operating, maintenance and transportation cost Increase reliability and efficiency (direct drive) Maximization of power conversion
Source: KIT-ITEP-Neumann 83
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (1/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. Renewable electricity share: Goal 2020 35%, Goal 2050 80%. Last German NPP will shut down at the end of 2022. Transitionally increased electricity from coal and gas to keep electricity secure and affordable. Modernisation of existing plants, fast completion of new plants. Construction of large wind parks. Support of biomass technologies.
Source: bioliq® Pilot Plant KIT http://www.kit.edu/visit/pi_2013_12692.php
88
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
The Bioliq® Process Stepwise build-up biomass conditioning, fast pyrolysis, slurry production
Energy density 1,5 GJ/m3 straw
2009/10
gasification
2011/12
Decentralized energy densification Central substantial grafting
89
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gas conditioning, Fuel production
36 GJ/m3 petrol
2012/13
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
20 GJ/m3 Bioliq® Syncrude
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Bioliq® Pilot Plant at KIT (2011) Step 1: Fast Pyrolysis, Slurry Production
91
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Step 2: Step 3/4: Gasification Gas Conditioning, Fuel Production
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (2/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. To store electricity generated from renewables, there is a need for further pumped-storage hydropower plants. In parallel, research into new storage technologies will be funded. Fast enlargement of the electricity grid in order to distribute electricity from wind parks and to make up for decentralised production. Public hearing of citizens who are concerned due to new power lines. Energetic renovation and modernisation of buildings: Increase of programme funds for CO2-efficient buildings. Source: http://www.badische-zeitung.de/suedwest-1/pumpspeicherwerkatdorf-ueber-die-erste-huerde--38212649.html
92
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Pump Water Reservoirs Germany: if in 2030 some 30% of the electricity is produced by wind, the required storage capacity is about 3.000 GWh to make up for one week free of wind. This is about 70 times of today‘s pump water capacity of 40 GWh in Germany. What about public acceptance?
Source: Schluchsee Plant Gemeinde Schluchsee. http://schluchsee-wolfsgrund.jugendherbergebw.de/lage-und-umgebung-fr-sw.html 93
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Wind Energy and Required Storage Capacity Situation of Transmission Grid Vattenfall Europe February 2008
40 GWh: Capacity of all German pumped water storage plants
540 GWh: Required storage capacity to provide continuous, average power supply 95
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Quelle: IfR, TU Braunschweig, ABB Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (2/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. To store electricity generated from renewables, there is a need for further pumped-storage hydropower plants. In parallel, research into new storage technologies will be funded. Fast enlargement of the electricity grid in order to distribute electricity from wind parks and to make up for decentralised production. Public hearing of citizens who are concerned due to new power lines. Energetic renovation and modernisation of buildings: Increase of programme funds for CO2-efficient buildings. Source: http://hallo.news352.lu/edito-77382-rieseninvest-in-diestromautobahn.html
101
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
From Fundamentals to Prototypes: Complete Development up to Battery Level
energy de ns it
life
re lia bilit y
cycle
Anode Material
Coating Technology ts cos
pow er d
ity ns
y
Characterisation
Cell Assembly
e
Cell Integration
sa fety
gy ecolo
Cathode Material
Electrolyte 103
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
System Competence along the Value Chain Cost-effective product design and production technologies Electrobus presented at Elektro‐ chemistry
Cell Assembling
Materials
International Motor Show (IAA) Frankfurt 2013 Battery
Electrics, Electronics
Systems
High-energy Materials Compact Cell Designs Modular Battery Designs Optimized Manufacturing Methods
250 €/kWh at 250 Wh/kg on battery system level in 2018 104
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Conversion Material with High Cyclic Stability High cyclic stability Specific capacity decreases by only 3-5% between cycles 10 and 300 room temperature
state-of-the-art Li0.5CoO2 : 140 mAh/g (theor.)
R. Prakash, et al., J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 109
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Can Full Electric Vehicles Contribute to Store Excess Electricity from Renewable Energies? Comparison of storage capacities Elektroauto
Pumpspeicherkraftwerk
Assumptions: • 1 Mio. FEV (Goal of 2020 in D) as mobile storages in a smart grid • Each having max 20 kWh battery storage capacity • 70% availability for storage • 50% free capacity in average
Assumptions: • All German pumped storage water power plants considered • Atdorf Plant: plus 12.5 GWh
Quelle: Schluchseewerk AG Quelle: www.think.no
7.000 MWh capacity 110
09.12.2014
40.000 MWh capacity
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (2/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. To store electricity generated from renewables, there is a need for further pumped-storage hydropower plants. In parallel, research into new storage technologies will be funded. Fast enlargement of the electricity grid in order to distribute electricity from wind parks and to make up for decentralised production. Public hearing of citizens who are concerned due to new power lines. Energetic renovation and modernisation of buildings: Increase of programme funds for CO2-efficient buildings. Source: https://uwaterloo.ca/sustainable-energy-policy/sites/ca.sustainable-energypolicy/files/uploads/files/A%20Regional%20Comparison%20of%20Smart%20Grids.pdf
112
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
The German Power Grid Transmission Grid Extra-high voltage: 220kV – 380kV 35,000 km. Distribution Grid High voltage: 60kV – 110 kV; 80,000 km. Medium voltage: 6kV – 30kV; 500,000 km. Low voltage: 230V – 400 V; 1,100,000 km. Today, mainly one-way grid. 114
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Generation Capacity by Energy Source (at 31/12/2010)
Transmission grid operation (77,621 MW)
Distribution grid operation (77,621 MW) Source: Federal Network Agency
115
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
The German Extra-high Voltage Grid (Status: May 7, 2012)
Some 4,500 km of extra-high voltage lines required by 2020. Wind power almost doubles from 2012 to 2020. 1,900 km are prioritised. Just over 200 km have yet been built.
116
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:122__Toronto_-_Septembre_2009.jpg
AmpaCity Project: HT Superconducting Cable
Designed for 10 kV, 2.3 kA Superconductor Sumitomo BSCCO-reinforced 118
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Source: KIT-ITEP-Goldacker Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Smart Energy Systems Vision Physical View
Market View
Local Distribution Consumer / Producer Behaviour
Source: KIT-AIFB, FZI, Hartmut Schmeck 119
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Helmholtz Energy Lab 2.0 at KIT Mission in support of the Energiewende: Develop technological solutions for the overall Energy System in 2050 in order to successfully integrate the renewable energies into the power grid, especially by conducting technology-oriented research on a demonstrator scale and complementing it with comprehensive energy systems analysis. Specific Tasks: Demonstration of storage technologies in combination with producers and consumers Investigation of grid stability Flexibilisation of producers concerning load and feed Combination of electricity, heat, gas and fuels with thermal and electro-chemical storages (unidirectional, bidirectional) Coupling of energy and information grids, considering real-time data exchange, data security and privacy 120
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Energy Lab 2.0 – Components Flash Pyrolysis
Biomass
HTHP GasCleaning + Conditioning
HP-Gasifier
Plant HP-Gas Turbine + Generator
Solar Power Storage Park (KIT)
Storage
Electrica l Power Grid
Chemical
Gas Heat
Gas grid
Thermal
Consumers
Geothermal energy plant (Partner)
125
Network
Electrical Electrochemical
Wind Park (Partner)
-
Fuels/Chemicals
Synthesis
Thermal Storage (DLR)
MW Electrolysis Facility (FZJ)
Buildings Experimental Plants
Smart Energy System Simulation and Control Center (SEnSSiCC) Data Analysis Smart Grid Lab and Real-Time Simulation Microgrid with Grid-Control
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Energy Smart Home Lab on KIT Campus
Visualisation of energy usage
Electric heater
CHP
EMP EMP
Discover user preferences
EMP
Energy Management System (EMS)
A/C
Observes and controls electric/thermal consumers & providers EMP
Charging station 4‐quadrant amplifier
128
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Smart Meter
Solar inverter PV power simulator
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Source: KIT-AIFB, FZI, Hartmut Schmeck
Intelligent appliances
Energy Management Panel (EMP)
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
1MW Photovoltaic & Electrochemical Storage Field Largest installation of its kind in Germany Power production adapted to consumption profile Electrochemical sorage of excess electricity Partner: KOSTAL and SolarWatt Covers 2% of KIT‘s yearly power consumption
133
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Price Challenge for Home Storage Applications Difference between private production costs and market prices 35
EuroCent / kWh
30 25
Electricity price for private households
20
permissable storage costs ≈ 20 cent/kWh
Source: BDEW
15
Private production costs via PV
10 5 0 1998
2003
2008
Year
2013
Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT 134
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
PV Electricity Supply System for Private Households
PV
WR
kW Load / Production
Consumption PV Feed to Grid
0
4
Get from Grid
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT 135
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
PV Electricity Supply System for Private Households, including Electrochemical Storage
PV
WR
kW Load / Production
Battery Storage
Consumption PV Loading Feeding
0
4
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT 136
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Calculation of Costs for Battery Storage
PV
WR
Storage Costs =
Spec. Invest. + Repair + Interests Full cycle Equivalent until EoL
Battery Storage
Example (without Repair and Interests): Spec. Investment Costs: 1200 €/kWh Full Cycle Equivalents: 3000 137
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Storage Costs = 0,4 €/kWh
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Storage Costs in €/kWh until EOL
Storage Costs without Influence of EEG Act 0,4 Invest 1200 €/kWh1200 Investment:
Investment: Invest 600 €/kWh
€/kWh 600 €/kWh
7000
8000
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0 4000
5000
6000
Full cycle Equivalents until EOL Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT 140
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Demonstration Project on Greek Island Karpathos
Greece
Karpathos
Power Plant
Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT 142
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
New Energy for Germany (10/2011) www.bundesregierung.de (2/2) Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide. To store electricity generated from renewables, there is a need for further pumped-storage hydropower plants. In parallel, research into new storage technologies will be funded. Fast enlargement of the electricity grid in order to distribute electricity from wind parks and to make up for decentralised production. Public hearing of citizens who are concerned due to new power lines. Energetic renovation and modernisation of buildings: Increase of programme funds for CO2-efficient buildings. Source: http://hallo.news352.lu/edito-77382-rieseninvest-in-diestromautobahn.html
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Source: Wikipedia/Google Earth
Reduction of energy costs by closing existing diesel generators and introduction of a combined PV-storage system Island: 300 km², ca. 6.500 inhabitants Licence agreement with Start of operation: 1st Q 2015
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
saves energy and CO2
Quelle: Der Spiegel, 02.08.10 144
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
saves energy and CO2
Quelle: Der Spiegel, 02.08.10 145
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Nuclear Energy and Safety Safety of Nuclear Reactors Partitioning & Transmutation Nuclear Waste Disposal Radiation Protection Nuclear Decommissioning Technologies
154
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Annual Nuclear Power Generation – International Top Ten Germany
France
Great Britain
Japan
Lithuania
Bold: world record
2012
12,97 TWh
2013
12,04 TWh Isar 2
155
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Brokdorf Emsland
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Switzerland
Sweden
USA
Source: DAtF, atw Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Long Term Safety Research at KIT Scientific basis to realise a final repository in deep underground formations Geochemically based long-term safety assessment
158
Fundamental Investigations
Application Oriented Investigations
Development and Adaptation of Speciation Methods
Molecular Processes Understanding
Radionuclide Retention in Multibarrier System
Molecular Structure of Trace Actinides
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Fusion Technology Tritium Technology Breeder Blanket Structural Materials Divertor Technology Fusion Magnets Gyrotrons National / International Fusion Projects: ITER, DEMO, IFMIF, W7X, JT60
162
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
KIT‘s Contributions to ITER Safety research
Test blanket module & systems Tritium fuel cycle Vacuum systems 165
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Plasma heating & operation Gyrotrons ECRH upper launcher
Magnet development from cable to test Current leads Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Public Opinion in Germany: Survey October 2014 92% of all Germans are in favour of an increased use of renewable energies (TNS Emnid) Important: 22%
Very or extremely important: 70%
Less or not at all important: 7%
Do not know: 1% Source: http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/themen/akzeptanz2/akzeptanzumfrage/akzeptanzumfrage-2014 171
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Public Opinion in Germany: Survey October 2014 High or very high approval of power plants in one‘s neighbourhoud (TNS Emnid) RE-Plants in general PV Park Wind Park Biogas Plant Gas fired PP Coal fired PP Nuclear Power Plant
* Personal experience existing
Source: http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/themen/akzeptanz2/akzeptanzumfrage/akzeptanzumfrage-2014 173
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Conclusions
174
09.12.2014
Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division
Conclusions The ‘Energiewende’ is a long and expensive journey. No option is for free, but many (in combination) are feasible. The ‘smart’ grid option is the foundation for the implementation of renewable energies. Public acceptance and change is a corner stone. R&D in international cooperation is mandatory. The ‘Energiewende’ is a national / European / global challenge. Political decisions cannot bend physics and market laws.
http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/ 176
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Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Université Laval Canada
Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3
Thank you very much for listening. www.kit.edu/b3/index.php
[email protected] & colleagues Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim U. Knebel, Head of Division ‚Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering‘
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
www.kit.edu
