Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Energy & Environmental Science. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016
Energy efficient transfer of carbon dioxide from flue gases to microalgal systems Qi Zheng,a,b Gregory J. O. Martin,b and Sandra E. Kentish*a a.
Peter Cook Centre for CCS Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. E-mail:
[email protected] b. Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Table S1 Specifications of the PDMS membrane contactors Membrane Material Supplier Membrane type Supporting layer Fibre inside diameter (µm) Fibre outside diameter (µm) Fibre Wall Thickness (µm) Number of fibres per flask (n) Membrane surface area per flask (m2) Membrane Length (m)
din dout l A
PDMS (Silicone) Airrane Composite membrane Polysulfone 300 450 PDMS layer 0.5µm 40 0.0226 0.4
Table S2 Microalgae growth rates reported in the literature. Microalgae species
This study
References
Reactor types
Gas transfer type
Chlorella sp.
500 mL conical flask
CO2 loaded solvent through PDMS membrane
Microalgae species
Reactor types
Gas transfer type
Scenedesmus obliquus SJTU-31
modified Erlenmeyer flask
200 mL min-1, gas distributor
Scenedesmus obliquus2
2L conical flask photobioreactor
540 mL min-1
Scenedesmus sp.3
Bioreactor
flue gas
Chlorella pyrenoidosa SJTU-21
modified Erlenmeyer flask
200 mL min-1, gas distributor
Chlorella kessleri2
2L conical flask photobioreactor
540 mL min-1
Chlorella vulgaris LEB-1044 Chlorella vulgaris3 Chlorella vulgaris5 Botryococcus braunii SAG-30.814 Spirulina platensis LEB-524 Dunaliella tertiolecta SAG-13.864 Botryococcus braunii3
11L BioFlo Fermenter Bioreactor vertical tubular photobioreactor 11L BioFlo Fermenter 11L BioFlo Fermenter 11L BioFlo Fermenter Bioreactor
a ring sparger flue gas porous stone sparger a ring sparger a ring sparger a ring sparger flue gas
CO2 loading
Max. biomass concentration (g L-1)
Maximum dry weight biomass productivity (Pmax) (g L-1·d-1)
0 0.2 0.5 0.7
0.16 0.9 1.63 1.77
0.021±0.01 0.11±0.01 0.38±0.01 0.39±0.02
CO2 concentration (%)
Max. biomass concentration (g L-1)
Maximum dry weight biomass productivity (Pmax) (g L-1·d-1)
0.03 5 10 20 30 50 0.038 6 12 18 10 0.03 5 10 20 30 50 0.038 6 12 18 5 10 6 5 5 5 10
1.05 1.8 1.84 1.65 1.03 0.82 1.11 1.1 1.14 1.12 3.13 0.87 1.44 1.55 1.22 0.95 0.69 1.45 0.98 0.8 0.88 1.94 not reported 1.31 3.11 2.18 2.15 3.13
0.083 0.158 0.155 0.134 0.081 0.056 0.064 0.085 0.076 0.074 0.217 0.065 0.133 0.144 0.121 0.075 0.054 0.090 0.087 0.086 0.061 0.31 0.104 0.14 not reported 0.73 0.42 0.026
Fig. S1 The factors influencing microalgae growth in different loadings (a) control, (b) 0.2 loading, (c) 0.5 loading, (d) 0.7 loading. Different shading indicates different growth phases. Lag phase (grey shadow), ‘unlimited’ (no shading), carbon limited (backslash), nitrogen limited (grey shadow with slash), nitrogen and light limited (diamond line). Results are the mean of duplicate experiments and error bars show the range of the duplicates.
Fig. S2 Images of a hollow fibre membrane (a) unused; (b) after exposure to algal growth for 16 days, with potassium carbonate 0.5 loading on the lumen side; (c) after algal growth and then washing with water
Table S3 Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission in other published studies. Fuel source
Authors
Fossil energy requirement (MJ/MJ diesel)
Fossil energy requirement (GJ/ton diesel)
GHG emission (gCO2e/MJ diesel)
GHG emission (ton CO2-e/ ton diesel )
0.17
6.5
19.3
0.713
Open pond, anaerobic digestion of residual algal biomass
5.4
199.5
320
11.919
Air lift Tubular Bioreactor, anaerobic digestion of residual algal biomass
1.3
48.4
80
2.98
Open ponds, anaerobic digestion of residual algal biomass
0.7
26
33
1.23
Open pond, hydrothermal liquefaction of residual algal biomass
0.37-1.83
13.6-68.2
60.8-129
2.26-4.8
Stephenson et al.6
Algae derived biodiesel
Gao et al.7
Liu et al.8
Notes
Open pond, using virgin CO2 from reforming of hydrocarbons Anaerobic digestion of residual algal biomass
Biodiesel high heat value 37.2MJ/kg6 was used in the table to normalize the functional unit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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