ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS The Achievement of 50% Energy Saving: An Environmental Challenge? Proceedings of NORTHSUN 90, an International Conference, University of Reading, UK, 18-21 September 1990 Edited by

A. A. M. SAYIGH University of Reading, UK Organized by

World Renewable Energy Congress Company Limited Sponsored by

Institute of Energy UK Solar Energy Society Building Research Establishment Pergamon Press World Renewable Energy Congress

PERGAMON PRESS Member of Maxwell Macmillan Pergamon Publishing Corporation

OXFORD . NEW YORK . BEIJING • FRANKFURT SAO PAULO • SYDNEY . TOKYO . TORONTO

Contents PART I: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY A Total Energy Design for 92 Houses with Combined Use of Solar Heating and Energy Conservation P.V. Pedersen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

1

Energy, Environment and Human Development in the Arab World D.J. Croome, Reading University, Reading, UK

6

Some Experiments on Improving Thermal Comfort and Increasing Useful Thermal Gains in Sunspaces K. MacGregor, Napier Polytechnic, Edinburgh, UK

24

Haden Court Energy Efficient Estate Improvement D. Clarke and A. Myer, David Clarke Associates, London W1P 9PJ, UK

31

Passive Solar Testing and Performance Prediction H.A.L. van Dijk and A.C. Geus, TNO Institute of Applied Physics, Delft, The Netherlands

37

The Justification of Energy Efficient Multi-Storey Commercial Building Design in More Temperate Climates G. Robertson, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

43

Energy Autonomy for Rural Schools and Health Clinics in the Venezuelan Lands D. Holmes, University of Reading, Reading, UK

48

The Significance of Thermal Thresholds in the Performance of Some Traditional Technologies: The Ice-Houses of Britain and the Windcatchers of the Middle East S. Roaf, Oxford Polytechnic, Oxford, UK

56

The Optimum Selection of the Window Shading Levels and of the Indoor Ventilation Rates as a Design Strategy for Bioclimatic Commercial Buildings G. Cannistraro, G. Franzitta and G. Rizzo, Universita degli Studi di Palermo, Italy

60

The Zero-Energy House: The Ranking of the Sun in the Heat-Requirement-Market S. Knoll and U. Welteke, Hirschhagen GmbH, F.R. Germany

66

Transparent Insulation: Student Residences in Glasgow R. Forrest, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK

72

Passive Solar Design of A Montessori Primary School R.R. Cohen, P.A. Ruyssevelt and M. Abu-Ebid, Harcrow Gilbert Associates Ltd, Swindon, UK

78

Accurate Field Characterisation of Building Envelope Systems D.K. Prasad and J.A. Ballinger, The University of New South Wales, Australia 2033

85

Evaporative Air Cooling in Islamic Architecture A. Zuhairy and A.A.M. Sayigh, University of Reading, Reading, UK

90

Potential of Attached Sunspaces in the South of Argentina and Design Guidelines J.M. Evans, S. de Schiller, M. V. Snoj and J. Reyes, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

101

Passive Solar Building Design in the Hungarian Building Industry J. Pinter, Technical University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary

106

Town Planning for Solar Energy Urban Development for Solar Rights in High Latitudes S. de Schiller, J.M. Evans and G. Casablanca, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

109

The Application of the Double Envelope Structure with Convective Loop in Passive Solar Building Liu Antian, Wu Xiagsheng and Liu Yi, Logistics Engineering College, Chongqing, PR China Super-Insulated Windows with Silica Aerogel N.B. Andersen, Technological Institute, Taastrup, Denmark

115 119

Application of Environmental Engineering to the Design of Mosques in Saudi Arabia D.J. Croome, Reading University, Reading, UK

125

IEA Task XI: Integrated Knowledge Based Solar Design Tool (ISOLDE) O.C. Morck, Cenergia Energy Consultants, DK 2760 Malov, Denmark

130

Fluidized Trombe Wall System M. Tune, Technical University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey

134

Non-Domestic Building Designs Incorporating Passive Energy Systems P. Ruyssevelt, R.R. Cohen, W.B. Gillett and I. McCubbin, Halcrow Gilbert Associates Ltd, Swindon, UK and Harwell Laboratory, Oxon, UK

140

1

A New Interpretation of Olgays Method for the Orientation and Design of a Building of Minimal Energy Consumption A. Elagoz and M. Kocokdogu, Moda Devriya Farit Tek Sokagi, Istanbul, Turkey

146

Passive Solar Energy As A Fuel 1990-2010 S. Burton and J. Doggart, THE ECD PARTNERSHIP, London, UK

151

PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND RELATED TOPICS Sun, Wind and Energy at High Latitudes G.S. Saluja, University of Ulster, N. Ireland, UK

157

Storage Batteries for Photovoltaic Applications - A Comprehensive Study Kazim Raza and A.A.M. Sayigh, University of Reading, Reading, UK

163

2

A 44 m Low Flow Solar System for Domestic Hot Water T. Esbensen, Fa. Esbensen Consultant Engineers FIDIC, Copenhagen, Denmark

169

Ghana's Renewable Energy Development Programme C.Y. Wereko-Brobby, and I.K. Mintah, National Energy Board, Ministries Post Office, Accra-Ghana

172

Improved Solar Optical Properties of a Nickel-Pigmented Anodized Aluminium Selective Surface E. Wackelgard, T. Chibuye and B. Karlsson, Uppsala University, Sweden Fourier Analysis of Daily Solar Radiation Data in Egypt M.T.Y. Tadros and M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan-Cairo, Egypt

177 183

Models for Estimating Solar Irradiation and Illumination J.A. Olseth and A. Skartveit, University of Bergen, N-5007 Bergen, Norway

193

Dynamic Collector for One-hour Timestep Derived from Measured Outdoor Data B. Perers and H. Walletun, Studsvik Energy, S-61182 Nykoping, Sweden

199

Economical Prospects for Swedish Solar Space Heating Systems with Seasonal Storage J.O. Dalenback and T. Jilar, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden

205

Further R & D Needs for Swedish Solar Heating Technology 1990-1993 T. Jilar and B. Nordell, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden

211

Heliogasification of Vegetal Waste of Agricultural Production N.G. Efendieva, P.F.Rzaev, Sh.D. Shakhazov and S. Ya. Akhundov Azerbaijan Academy of Science, Baku, 370143, USSR

216

Decrease of Hydrogen Contents During the Period of Three Years in a-Si:H Films and Change in Efficiency of ITO/p i n a-Si:H/Al Solar Cell A. Kolodziej and S. Nowak, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland

221

Parametric Steady State Solar Pond Analyses - A Numerical Approach P.T. Tsilingiris, Th Kairi 14, Nea Smirni, Athens, Greece

232

Central Solar Heating Plants with Seasonal Storage - A Site Specific Feasibility Study for 8 Locations in the Federal Republic of Germany R. Kubler, L. Mazzarella, N. Fisch and E. Hahne, Institut fur Thermodynamik und Warmetechnik, 7000 Stuttgart 80, Germany

237

Developments in Wave Energy L.J. Duckers, Coventry Polytechnic, Coventry, UK

243

Presentation of Presim: a User Friendly Preprocessor for TRANSYS S. Nordlander, M. Ronnelid, P. Isakson and L. Broman, University College of Falun/Borlange, Sweden

249

A Solar Heating Plant with Seasonal Storage J.O. Dalenback, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden

254

Solar DHW System Evaluation with F-Chart B. Briheim and J.O. Dalenback, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden

260

Investigation on Solar DHW Systems Combined with Auxiliary Heaters G.A.H. van Amerongen and P.W. Bergmeijer, TNO Institute of Applied Physics, Delft, The Netherlands

266

Obtaining of Metallic Amorphous Materials Using Concentrated Solar Energy Y.M. Litvinenko and V.V. Pasichny, Institute for Materials Science of Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, USSR Prospects of a Solar Community for Reducing Environmental Damage and Saving Possible Fuels A.M. Tayeb, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt

277

PC Programmes for Solar Heating Systems J.E. Nielsen, Technological Institute, Taastrup, Denmark

283

On the Correlations between Diffuse and Global Daily Solar Radiation M.M. Kenisarin, N.P. Tkachenkova and A.I. Shafeev, Uzbek, USSR Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, USSR

287

Design and Application of a Collector Test Facility Based on a Solar Simulator G. Rockendorf, Institut fur Solarenergieforschung GmbH, D-3000 Hannover 1, W. Germany

294

On the Mechanism Behind Overcast Weather - A Mathematical Discussion A. Broman, University College of Falun/Borlange, Bolange, Sweden

301

Heat Transformers for Solar Heating: Performances of Various Mixtures M. Felli and F. Cotana, Universita "La Sapienza" Roma, Roma, Italy

308

272

Cooling of Commercial Buildings by means of Large Cold Radiant Ceilings S. Alessandro, F. Butera, G. Rizzo and G. Silvestrini, Universita Degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy 318 An Estimation Method of Monthly Average Daily Global Solar Radiation on the Ambient Air Temperature M.M. Kenisarin and N.P. Tkachenkova, Academy of Sciences, 700135 Tashkent, USSR A Method of Determination of the Flat Plate Solar Energy Collector Output M.M. Kenisarin and N.P. Tkachenkova, Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, USSR Some Results and Prospects of the Use of Solar Energy in Material Study and Production Processes V.V. Pasichny, Institute for Materials Science, Kiev-252180, USSR

323

330 336

Optimal Temperature Control of the Solar Heating Systems M. Uysal, Technical University of Istanbul, 80626 Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey

341

Low Cost Solar Collector - Storage Systems Y. Tripanagnostopoulos and P. Yianoulis, University of Patras, Greece

346

Attractive Small Marketed Hot Water Solar Heating Systems Using Low Flow Operation S. Furbo, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

351

Calculation of the Thermal Performance of Small Hot Water Solar Heating Systems Using Low Flow Operation P. Berg and S. Furbo, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

357

A Vapour-Lift Pump for Solar Systems P. Kjaerboe, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

363

The Effects of Supercooling of Steam on Uniflow Steam Engine Thermal Efficiency in Solar Thermal Power Stations B. Ghassemi, No 11 Kh - Khajehnasir, Ave Ferdousi Isfahan, Iran

369

Optimum Matching of Collectors in CPC Solar Medium Temperature Water Heating System Yang Xiao-Feng and Liu Qi-Xian, Logistics Engineering College, Chongqing, P R China

374

A Study of Soil Temperature When Mulched by Transparent Plastic Film Sun Xiao-ren, Science and Technology Information Institute of Shanxi Province, Taiwan, China

381

About a Concept on Microcomputer Measuring System and Its Application in the Field of Solar Energy Conversion A.M. Marinoff, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria

386

Solar Energy Accumulation Into Combustible Gases R.M. Mustafayeva, S.Ya. Akhundov, I.I. Mustafayev, P.F. Rzayev and I.M. Aliyev, Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences, USSR

392

Taking an Integrated View of Energy Alternatives: The Hotel Industry of Cyprus C.Y. Konis, Nicosia, Cyprus

395

Utilization of Low Grade Energy Sources for Air-Conditioning Using Solid-Desiccant Material Y. Carmi, E. Korin and I. Borde, Ben Gurion University of Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

401

Liquid Desiccants for Low Energy Regeneration M. Al-Zuhair and A.A.M. Sayign, University of Reading, Reading, UK

406

Auger Electron Spectroscopy as a Tool of Electronic and Chemical Information Nuredin S. Bashena, University of 7th April, Zawia, Libya

413

The Use of Solar Cells Under lOx Concentration A.J. Chianumba, R.W. Bentley and G.R. Whitfield, University of Reading, Reading , UK

420

Efficiency of Heat Pump Application of Renewable Energy Sources R.A. Zakhidov, R.S. Mukhamedov, B.A. Inogamov, M.V. Savochkin and P.N. Abdurakhmanov, Institute of Power Engineering and Automation Tashkent, USSR

426

Refrigerant Flow Controls for Heat Pumps Robert W. Cochran, EVR Technologies Inc., Lakeland, Florida, USA

431

Investigations of Solar Water Systems V.F. Bogachkov, Z.R. Zakariyev and A.G. Mozgovoi, Institute of High Temperature of the USSR Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR

440

Solar Greenhouse of Agro-Energy Application with Controlled Sailness G.P. Kurochkin, G.M. Vorobjev, and L.V. Potouraeva, State Universsity, USSR

445

xiii

An Annual Utilizability Method for Solar Collectors in the Swedish Climate B. Perers and B. Karlsson, Alvkarleby Lab, Alvkarleby, Sweden Solar Heated Buildings for Extreme Environment Regions of High Latitudes E.E. Shpilrain and A.S. Sheinstein, Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR Solar Programme of the Federal Republic of Germany V. Lottner, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Projekttrager, FRG

450

456 460

Performance of Collectors with the Flat Films or Honeycombs B. Hellstrom, Uppsala University, Box 534 S-751 21 Uppsala; B. Karlsson & L. Svensson, Swedish State Power Board, S-81071 Alvkarleby, Sweden

466

Reducing Out-Gassing in Solar Collectors by Using Air Columns P. Kjaerboe, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

472

Author Index

477