ENERGY-EFFICIENCY AND REQUIREMENTS IN FUTURE BUILDINGS PER HEISELBERG DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE IN BUILDINGS ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE ACCOUNTS FOR OVER 40% OF PRIMARY ENERGY USE AND 24% OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTS, IEA, PARIS. 2008) SIMPLY INCREASING ENERGY SUPPLY WILL NOT SOLVE THE CURRENT ENERGY SUPPLY AND SECURITY SITUATION AND ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS. GIVEN THE CHALLENGES RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESOURCE SHORTAGES, MAKING RESIDENTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS MORE ENERGY- AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT WHILE MAINTAINING THERMAL COMFORT AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS REPRESENTS AND ENORMOUS OPPORTUNITY TO SAVE MONEY AND REDUCE POLLUTION RADICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND USE OF RENEWABLES IN BUILDINGS ARE REQUIRED

All three imperatives are simultaneously addressed

Source: NREL, 2011

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS THE EUROPEAN UNION HAS TAKEN A STRONG LEADERSHIP ROLE IN PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS IN EUROPE BY APPROVING THE DIRECTIVE ON THE ENERGY P E R F O R M AN C E O F B U I L D I N G S THE DIRECTIVE IS THE MOST POWERFUL INSTRUMENT DEVELOPED TO DATE FOR THE BUILDING SECTOR IN EUROPE THERE IS A HIGH SOCIOECONOMIC POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY SAVINGS USING EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES THE MAIN CHALLENGES IN THE FUTURE IS TO DEVELOP AND OPTIMIZE NEW COMPETITIVE BUILDING SOLUTIONS THAT INTEGRATES RENEWABLE ENERGY TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL OF ENERGY PRODUCING BUILDINGS. INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

THE EU- DIRECTIVE ON ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS 2002 (IMPLEMENTED IN DK IN 2006) THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR A METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATION OF THE INTEGRATED ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS;

• The application of minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings;

• The application of minimum requirements on the

energy performance of large existing buildings that are subject to major renovation;

• Energy certification of buildings • Regular inspection of boilers and of air-conditioning

systems in buildings and in addition an assessment of the heating installation in which the boilers are more than 15 years old.

RECAST OF DIRECTIVE ON ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS 2010 MEMBERS STATES SHALL ENSURE THAT:

• by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings, and • after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zeroenergy buildings. • intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015. • national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings are established

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DANISH COMMISSION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

DANISH GOWERNMENT ENERGY STRATEGY 2050

Objective

2020

2050

Reduce the use of fossil fuels

33%

100%

Increase the use of renewable energy to

30%

100%

Reduce gross energy use

6%

>50%

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

CONCLUSIONS RELATED TO BUILDINGS NECESSARY TO REDUCE BUILDING ENERGY USE

• Heating by 50-60% in average for all buildings • Heating by more than 75% in new buildings • Electricity in households by 50% through development of more efficient products FLEXIBLE DEMAND OF ELECTRICITY AND HEAT

• Intelligent electricity system • Intelligent control of heat pumps in combination with heat storage

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NEW BUILDINGS

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

DEVELOPMENT IN MAXIMUM ENERGY USE IN NEW BUILDINGS IN DENMARK Primary Energy Use (kWh/m2 year)

140 Residence (150 m2)

120

Office (1500 m2)

100 80 60 40 20 0

2005

2006

2010

2015

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

2020

Energy Use

CHANGES IN DESIGN APPROACH

FROM COMPONENT TO CONCEPT LEVEL

2006

2015

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO? REDUCE ENERGY NEEDS TO A MINIMUM (PASSIVE HOUSES ETC.). USE CLEAN, RENEWABLE ENERGY TO COVER THE REMAINING NEED FOR THERMAL ENERGY (FOR HEATING AND COOLING).

USE RENEWABLE ENERGY TO COVER THE NEED FOR ELECTRICITY. CONSIDER EMBODIED ENERGY AS WELL.

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Source: Tor Helge Dokka, NTNU

WHAT DO WE GET ? 1.

BU IL D IN GS W IT H ( VER Y ) L O W EN ER G Y U SE

2.

BU IL D IN GS, W H IC H C O N SU M ES EN ER G Y AN D G EN ER AT ES EN ER G Y F R O M R EN EW ABL E SOU R C ES ( ” PR OSU MING ” BU IL D IN GS )

3.

BU IL D IN GS, IN W H IC H T H E AN N U AL BAL AN C E BET W EEN C O N SU M PT ION AN D G EN ER AT IO N IS C L O SE T O Z ER O ( N EAR Z ER O , N ET Z ER O O R PL U S )

4.

BU IL D IN GS, W H IC H IS C O N N EC T ED T O EN ER G Y IN F R AST R U C T UR E AN D IN T ER AC T W IT H IT

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS Near ZEB: Means a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should to a very significant extent be covered by energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby;

Net ZEB: Means a building that has a very high energy performance. The very low amount of energy required should be covered by energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby; Net ZEB+: Means a building that has a very high energy performance including embodied energy for construction and energy use for appliances. The very low amount of energy required should be covered by energy from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby; INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

NEAR- OR NETZEBS – A HOLISTIC APPROACH feed-in energy [export: kWh, CO2, etc.]

Building Regulation Cost optimum level

100%-

(% compared to average new construction)

Energy Consumption

net zero balance line

energy supply

starting point delivered energy [import: kWh, CO2, etc.]

67%-

33%-

Current

energy efficiency

load/grid management

Performance

Net Zero Energy

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Source: Karsten Voss, Wuppertal University

TEAM+ appointed winner 28.09.09

Architects ARKITEMA, Leif Hansen Consulting Engineers A/S, Esbensen Consulting Engineers A/S, FAKTOR 3 Aps, DONG Energy, Thornton Thomassetti, Housing Organisation Ringgården, BAU-HOW Denmark.

PRIMARY ENERGY USE LEVELS OF NET ZEB

│L E V E L 0 – B R 2 0

22 kWh / m 2 year │L E V E L 1 – B R 1 5

30

1000 kWh / m2 year A

30.5 kWh / m2 year

│L E V E L 2 – B R 1 0

52.5

1650 kWh / m2 year A INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

52.7 kWh / m2 year

RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY OPTIONS

On-site RES

Off-site RES

1. PV-HP: Photovoltaic installations and a ground source heat pump. 2. PV-MiCHP(biogas): Photovoltaic installations and a micro fuel cell biogas CHP. 3. PV-MiCHP(biomass): Photovoltaic installations and a micro Stirling biomass CHP. 4. PV-MiCHP(H2): Photovoltaic installations and a micro fuel cell CHP fuelled with hydrogen. 5. PV-DH: Photovoltaic installations and connection to the district heating grid.

1. WM-HP: Off-site windmill and a ground source heat pump. 2. SofW-HP: Owning share of a windmill farm and a ground source heat pump. 3. El100%-HP: Building connected to power grid, which in 100% is supplied with renewable energy sources and a ground source heat pump. 4. W-DH: Off-site windmill and connection to the district heating grid. 5. SofW-DH: Owning share of a windmill farm and with connection to the district heating grid.

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

TOTAL ANNUAL COST OF NETZEB 1,10

Million €/year

1,00

on-site RES

off-site RES

0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50

BR2010

BR2015

BR2020

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG UNIVERSITET

Source: Marszal, A., Heiselberg, P., Jensen, R.L., Nørgaard, J.A A L B O R G Renewable Energy 44: p. 154-165, 2012.

THE “PROSUMING” BUILDING Domestic hot water: 18,3 kWh/m2 year Space heating: 15 kWh/m2 year Electricity for operating the house: 6,7 kWh/m2year Electricity for household 13,2 kWh/m2 year PV electricity production: 29,1 kWh/m2 year Solar thermal: 11 kWh/m2 year Heat pump thermal output: 22,4 kWh/m2 year

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Source: Ellen Katrine Hansen, VKR Holding

ENERGY IMPORT/EXPORT

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Source: Henrik Lund, AAU

SUMMARY – NEW BUILDINGS WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE AND WILL BE ABLE TO REACH NEAR ZERO ENERGY USE IN A COST EFFECTIVE WAY

• Especially for housing • More difficult and challenging for commercial buildings

FOR THE BUILDING SECTOR IT IS IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE COMPETITIVE ENERGY SAVING MEASURES COMPARED TO RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION SOLUTIONS FOR THE BUILDING SECTOR IT IS IMPORTANT TO DEVELOP BUILDINGS THAT OFFERS A FLEXIBLE ENERGY USE (IN TIME) AND THAT CAN ADAPT TO AVAILABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ASSIST IN MAINTAINING LOCAL GRID STABILITY

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

EXISTING BUILDINGS

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

ENERGY USE IN DANISH SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES – BY YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Kilde SBI/Erhvervs- og Byggestyrelsen

THE EU DIRECTIVE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY – OCTOBER 2012 M E M B E R S T A T E S S H O U L D E S T AB L I S H A L O N G - T E R M S T R AT E G Y B E Y O N D 2 0 2 0 F O R M O B I L I S I N G I N V E S T M E N T I N T H E R E N O V AT I O N OF RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING STOCK. THAT STRATEGY SHOULD ADDRESS COST-EFFECTIVE DEEP R E N O V AT I O N S W H I C H L E A D T O A R E F U R B I S H M E N T T H A T R E D U C E S BOTH THE DELIVERED AND THE FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF A BUILDING BY A SIGNIFICANT PERCENTAGE COMPARED WITH THE PRE-RENOVATION LEVELS LEADING TO A VERY HIGH ENERGY PERFORMANCE. SUCH DEEP RENOVATIONS COULD ALSO BE CARRIED OUT IN STAGES.

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

THE EU DIRECTIVE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY THIS STRATEGY SHALL ENCOMPASS:

a) an overview of the national building stock based, as appropriate, on statistical sampling; b) identification of cost-effective approaches to renovations relevant to the building type and climatic zone; c) policies and measures to stimulate cost-effective deep renovations of buildings, including staged deep renovations;

d) a forward-looking perspective to guide investment decisions of individuals, the construction industry and financial institutions; e) an evidence-based estimate of expected energy savings and wider benefits. A FIRST VERSION OF THE STRATEGY SHALL BE PUBLISHED BY 30 APRIL 2014 AND UPDATED EVERY THREE YEARS THEREAFTER.

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL “COST EFFECTIVE” RENOVATION MEASURES ACCORDING TO BR10

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Kilde SBI2013-08

COST EFFECTIVE (BR10) A ENERGY REDUCING MEASURE CAN BE CONSIDERED COST EFFFECTIVE WHEN:

THIS CORRESPONDS TO A PAY BACK TIME OF ABOUT 75% OF THE LIFETIME

Building owners have in average a house in 8 years

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

CALCULATED HEAT SAVINGS AND TOTAL INVESTMENT IN 2050 COMPARED TO 2011 AND IN RELATION TO SCENARIE A (80% OF BR10)

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Kilde SBI2013-08

EXAMPLE OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENCE TECHNICAL MEASURES MULTIFAMILY RESIDENCE FROM 1930 – ENERGY LABEL F

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Reference: SBi 2013:03

EXAMPLE OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENCE TECHNICAL MEASURES (ONE-AT-A-TIME) Technical Measure

Saving Potential (%)

Insulation envelope (150 mm)

37

Insulation roof/ceiling (300 mm)

13

Airtightness (BR 10 demands)

9

Windows (U= 0,8) + airtightness

17

Ventilation (85% VGV, SEL 0,6 kJ/m3

14

Solar thermal (50 m2, 2m2/appartment)

4

Exchange of pumps

2

Insulation of pipes (75mm)

2

Reference: SBi-AAU 2013:03

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

CALCULATED TOTAL SAVING OBTAINABLE BY TECHNICAL MEASURES (TECHNOLOGY TODAY)

Reference: SBi 2013:03

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

RENOVATION OF MULTIFAMILY RESIDENCE E N E R G Y O P T I M I Z AT I O N O F M U L T I S T O R Y B U I L D I N G I N L AN G K Æ R P AR K E N , T I L S T , Å R H U S

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

CONCEPT PROPOSAL, BR2010, BR2015, BR2020

Boligforeningen AL2 Bolig, Esbensen Rådgivende ingeniører A/S, NOVA 5 arkitekter as

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

RENOVATION COST (LOWEST BID OBTAINED) I forhold til BR08

Totalt

Rentabilitet

Merinvestering

Merbesparelse

Investering1

Besparelse

22 Boliger i 3 opgange

Kr./m2/år

dkr.

dkr/m2

dkr./m2

dkr./m2

Simpel år

7 %2 og 4%2 år

BR08 (55%)

50

24.803.246

8.568

BR2010 (70%)

65

26.341.046

9.099

15

531

35

33

BR2015 (77%)

74

27.432.626

9.476

24

908

38

36

”BR2020” (89%)

86

29.968.750

10.352

36

1.784

49

43

Ialt 2741m2

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Kilde: Boligforeningen AL2Bolig

SUMMARY – EXISTING BUILDINGS THERE IS A LARGE GAB BETWEEN ACHIEVABLE ENERGY SAVINGS THROUGH “REASONABLE” TECHNICAL MEASURES (70 -80%) AND COST EFFECTIVE MEASURES (30-40%) EVEN IF RENOVATION IS COST EFFECTIVE (AS DEFINED BY BR10) THE PAY BACK TIME IS OFTEN TOO LONG AND A MAJOR BARRIER THERE IS A OPPORTUNITY FOR THE BUILDING SECTOR IF RENOVATION COST CAN BE REDUCED • More industrial production (lower cost and higher quality) •

Development of larger buildings part (faster construction time)

•

Integration of technical systems (avoid rehousing)

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REAL ENERGY USE COMPARED TO EXPECTED – EXPERIENCES FROM THE NETHERLANDS ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATES AND ACTUAL ENERGY USE

• Data: National E-label data base (2010) + actual yearly energy use (2006, 2007, 2009) – 200.000 cases

Reference: Henk Visscher, TU Delft

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REAL ENERGY USE COMPARED TO EXPECTED – EXPERIENCES FROM THE DENMARK HYLDESPJÆLDET – CONCRETE BUILDING CONSTRUCTED 1974 – 1976

• Calculated energy use heat/DHW • Real energy use district heating

Reference: DTU-BYG 2012

198,1 kWh/m2 år 133,0 kWh/m2 år

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SIMILAR HOUSES – DIFFERENT ENERGY USE 37 33

MWh pr. 100m2

29 25 21 17 13 9 5 1 0

10

20

30

40

50

Antal huse

1050

kWh

8500 6500 4500 2500 500 0

50

100

Antal husstande Kilde: Kirsten Gram Hansen, SBi, AAU

150

NEW CHALLINGES – INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

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“KOMFORTHOUSE ”, VEJLE, DENMARK

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OVERHEATING

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HOME FOR LIFE, LYSTRUP, DENMARK

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Source: Ellen Katrine Hansen, VKR

OVERHEATING – LIVING ROOM

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Kilde: Esbensen

ENERGIPARCEL, TILST, DENMARK

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ENERGIPARCEL – RENOVATION EXAMPLES

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Kilde: Tine Steen Larsen, Jørgen Søndermark

ENERGIPARCEL – THERMAL COMFORT 2010

Temperatur Living Room Mejløvænget 9

Langøvænget 1

Farøvænget 4

Langøvænget 8

> 26 C (hours)

181

578

180

99

> 27 C (hours)

54

370

60

28

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Kilde: Tine Steen Larsen, Jørgen Søndermark

WHY DO WE HAVE A OVERHEATING PROBLEM? A ”NEW AND INCREASING PROBLEM” FOR RESIDENCES IN COOL AND MODERATE CLIMA

• Is underestimated and are not given enough focus in the design process USE OF TOO SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHODS

• Averaging heat loads in time and space • Uncertain correlation between cooling need and overheating risk NO (VERY FEW) AVAILABLE STANDARD SOLUTIONS – ESPECIALLY FOR RESIDENCES

• Users have no (very limited) experience in handling overheating • “One-of-a-kind” solutions are often not ”adapted to practical use”

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

SUMMARY – INDOOR ENVIRONMENT MORE FOCUS IS NEEDED ON DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING SOLUTIONS THAT FULFILL THE NEEDS OF THE OCCUPANTS, ARE UNDERSTOOD BY THE OCCUPANTS, CAN BE CONTROLLED BY THE OCCUPANTS IT IS NECESSARY TO ANALYSE AND IDENTIFY RELATIONS BETWEEN USER PRACTICE, THEIR WISHES AND EXPECTATIONS TO INDOOR

ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDING ENERGY USE IT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE THIS KNOWLEDGE USABLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES, SOLUTIONS AND SERVICES, WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF INFLUENCING USER

PRACTICES AND ASSISTING THEM IN BEING MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT

INSTITUT FOR BYGGERI OG ANLÆG AALBORG UNIVERSITET

Per Heiselberg Aalborg University E-mail: [email protected] www.aau.dk www.zeb.aau.dk

Thanks for your attention