Biographical Notes On Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890) His life as a marine-officer in the Dutch Navy and lifetime as a trader in Naturalia on Ternate, the Moluccas, Indonesia. With observations from Alfred Russel Wallace and Achille Raffray

Dr. C.J. Heij. Page 1 of 40

In memory of Kris Tindige, founder of Wildlife Watch in 1995 and Papua Bird Club in 1997. (Tabang 04-02-1966, Manokwari 20-08-2007).

And

Ibu Professor Doctor Nawangsari-Sugiri (Raden Ayu*,1933 - 2009) My Indonesian colleague, friend, counterpart and inspiration; during her time as Head of the Laboratorium Biologi Hewan Pau-Ilmu Haya, I.P.B. (Laboratory of Animal Biology of the Life Sciences, Inter-University Centre of Bogor Agricultural Institute). She passed away on the 1st of January 2009 and was unable to complete the translation of this manuscript in the Indonesian language.

*)After the Javanese War (1825-1830) the Nobility lost their power to the Governor-general in Batavia ( Jakarta). They did however keep their titles and part of their privileges. The Regents, were a part of the Javanese official nobility called the Priyayi. These Regents became a part of the hierarchy in the centralized, bureaucratic country administration.

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About the author: Dr C.J. Heij was born on the 19th of February 1940, in Rotterdam. After completing training as a teacher in 1962, fulfilling military service in 1964, he worked as a teacher in Rotterdam and studied Biology in Utrecht. In 1972 Heij received his master’s degree in Biology at the faculty of Math and Science, majoring in Biology, Systematic Botany and Pedagogic, the Didactics of Biology and general Zoology. From 1972 Heij worked at the Lucia Teacher’s Training College in Rotterdam. After several years lecturing in Biology at the Colegio Arubano in Aruba, The West-Indies, he returned as a lecturer at his old Teacher’s Training College in Rotterdam. In 1985 Heij graduated with a Doctorate in Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the Free University of Amsterdam. His thesis was entitled “Comparative Ecology of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus in Rural, Suburban and Urban situations”. From 1988 to 1992, Heij lectured at the Universitas Pattimura (Unpatti) in Ambon, the Moluccas, Indonesia. Since 1994, Heij continues to carry out his research on the Moluccas. He is one of the founders of The Moluccan and Papuan Wildlife Conservation Eco Guide Fund. Training eco guides and conducting research on the Moluccas and Papua (previously known as Irian Jaya) in Indonesia. Heij married in 1963 and has two children.

C.J. Heij Correspondence: C.J. Heij E-mail : C.J. [email protected]

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Map of the Moluccan Islands and Papua ( Atlas Maluku, Utrecht 1998)

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Nothing in biology makes sense if not seen in the light of evolution. Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900 - 1975) Bhinneka Tunggal Ika *1)

Preface Through our work at the University of Ambon (Universitas Pattimura, 1988 - 1992); the research into the Moluccan Megapode (Eulipoa wallacei, 1994 - 1996); the yearly visits to the Moluccas and Papua, our team’s rediscovery of the Monarch Flycatcher (Monarcha boanensis, 1991) and the Bruijn’s Brush-turkey (Aepypodius bruijnii, 2001) we came to the conclusion that The Netherlands have been of more importance to the Dutch East Indies, contrary to what is generally assumed. It is apparent to every tourist that the Indonesian people have no animosity towards the Dutch people. “The notion that The Netherlands colonized Indonesia for 350 years, is a remarkable and stupid myth. It is a fact that the bond between Indonesia and The Netherlands continues to be unique” (Taufik Abdullah, 2008 *2).

Any such problem arises only in the Dutch themselves, their sense of guilt, ambivalent cultural shame and moral attitude with respect to their colonial heritage. In the last few centuries there has been an urge from Europe to gather more scientific evidence, to add to the already existing knowledge about nature and her residents. It is known that missionaries sent out by Rome, were ordered to write reports describing the lives of the people and nature in the remote missions. One of the oldest reports on the Moluccan Megapode was written in 1576 by the Portuguese Priest Nuňes (Jacobs 1974). The urge for knowledge was strong. (Heij, et al 1997, 1999,2011)

The Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (The National Natural History Museum) in Leiden, was founded in 1820 by its Director C.J.Temminck (1778 - 1858) and T.H.van Swinderen (1784 - 1851). It was also The board of Natural Science of the Dutch East Indies. The aim of the board was to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the Dutch East Indies. Many expeditions were organized for specimen collection and any unknown species found were catalogued. There were Dutch, German and French researchers that voyaged throughout the Dutch East Indies through extremely difficult circumstances, many meeting their death too young. The 1951 article: “Ornithologisch onderzoek in de Indische Archipel” (Ornithological research in the Indonesian Archipellago) in Ardea (41:301-336) by G.C.A. Junge (1905 - 1962); presents us with an accurate review of the way adventurers, (ex-)soldiers, civil servants and professional researchers collected and worked their materials. The article also reveals the final destination of the collections.

1

The Pancasila Democracy was expanded by Sukarno in 1945. The Pancasila (“Five Principles”) have remained the philosophical backbone of the Indonesian State. The coat of arms with the five principles has the text Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. (Unity in Diversity). 2 Tafik Abdullah is a member of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia LIPI) and is the main author of the standard work “Indonesia in the flow of history”, published in 2009. Page 5 of 40

Three freelance collectors: Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 – 1913), Henry Bates (1825 - 1892) and Richard Spuce (1817 - 1893) lived off the profits from the sale of collections to museums, to collectors, for fashion and to individuals. Agents acted as intermediaries during the sale of the collected materials. Wallace is said to have paid 20% of the profits to his agent Samuel Stevens (1817-1899). Darwin and Wallace discovered independent from each other the Evolution Theory on the base of natural selection: Darwin by measuring indigenous finches, he observed on the Galapagos Islands during his voyage with the Beagle. Those Darwin finches have adapted bills dependent on food available on different islands. Wallace by crystallization of the collected specimen, experiences and measuring during travelling for years after years in S. America and S.E.Asia. Wallace’s Malayan period in South East Asia (1854 - 1862) was his most successful time. On the 9th of March 1858, he wrote in only two nights his ideas about Natural Selection, whilst suffering a high fever. This was then sent by a Dutch mail boat to Charles Darwin. (Buskes et al 2009; Hellemans, 2000; Lakmaker, 2000; Leeuwenburgh, 2009; Quammen, 2006). Darwin received the letter on the 18th of June 1858. Wallace later wrote of a zoological dividing line between South- East Asia and Australia. (Wallace, 1859, 1876; Severin, 1997). Some years later Thomas H. Huxley (1825 - 1895) accredited Wallace and introduced the name: “Wallace Line”. Wallace is seen as the founder of the Evolutionary Biography of Islands (Reeuwijk,2011). Darwin and Wallace set the tone for Biological Sciences (Susskind,2006). The Darwinism increases human consciousness for research. This on the contrary to Intelligent Design and Creationism (Dawkins,2006). On the 1st of April 1862 Wallace arrived back in England to sell his collection, with the assistance of Samuel Stevin his commercial agent. Wallace often spoke out in favour of the Dutch colonial system in the Dutch East Indies, in comparison to the British-Indian system. In his opinion, the adopted Dutch system was by far the best where a European nation conquered, or somehow obtained possession of a country with an industrious yet half barbarian indigenous population. Most of the voyages were undertaken for the purpose of gathering knowledge and to introduce new plants and animals. It is apparent in the tales from the travellers in those days, just how much effort and exertion was required in order to collect information. Local inhabitants were often engaged in collecting, however these coworkers were seldom mentioned. There was the difficulty of preserving fleshy specimens, this was solved through hanging the specimens above a fire, like a smoking ham. Specimens were sealed in wooden crates and sent to commercial agents in Europe. Naturalists in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries not only collected plants and animals but were also interested in geology, mineralogy and ethnology. Amongst these naturalists one also encountered adventurers, interested military, preachers and designers. These individuals reconnoitred the world and were an inspiration to university scientists. If these nature-researchers had not explored and undergone neotropical rainforests, ideas such as the origin of life, evolution, competition, selection and species formation, may have never developed. Frederick William Burbidge (1847 - 1905), was a collector of botanical specimens. He wrote about the habits of man, plants and animals. Burbidge’s collections of botanical specimens were deposited in the Herbaria of Kew, the British Museum and Singapore. Visitors to the British Museum can still view 40 plates and 115 original sketches of Borneo prepared by Burbidge, these he presented to the Museum in 1886. (Francis S.P. Ng in: Burbidge, 1989) Albert Stewart Meek, (1871 - 1943) made nine expeditions to British and Dutch New Guinea between 18941911 and made expeditions to the Solomons between 1900 and 1908.During 1890-1920 Meek collected for Lord Walter Rothschild (1868-1937) owner of the biggest zoological collection of the world (Troelstra,2009). In 1913 he wrote the book: “A Naturalist in Cannibal Land.” (Figure 1) Page 6 of 40

1 Places visited by Wallace and Meek

Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) a Swedish naturalist, botanicus, medicus, geologist, zoologist and professor, sent his students out all over the world to gather material. In this way a great deal of the then virgin flora and fauna of the world were put on the map. Many of his students died during the expeditions in the tropics. Mrs Anna Weber - van Bosse (1852 - 1942) accompanied her husband, Prof. Dr. Max Weber (1852 - 1937) on the Siboga expedition (7th March 1899 - 26th February 1900). She was the first woman who became an honorary doctorate with her study of algae. Phillibert de Commersion (1727 – 1773) a French naturalist observed already a kind of evolution in Madagascar, where other patterns developed. In the tropical forest evolution takes place massively. Darwin didn’t read French. The Chamber of the V.O.C. Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (The Dutch East India Company), sponsored Rumphius Georgius Everhardus Rumpf3 to write his famous books. The V.O.C. excused Rumphius from being a merchant, provided him with support, suppled books and designers were recruited. After completion of his book the Amboinsche Kruidboek (Ambonese Herbal) in 1697, Rumphius began writing D’Amboinsche Rariteitenkamer (The Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet). This book was sent to Hendrik d’Acquet, the mayor of Delft in the Netherlands in 1701 and printed in 1705 three years after Rumphius’ death. The Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet became his most important publication and was translated into English by Prof. Dr. E.M.Beekman (1939 - 2008) in 1999. It is a book often consulted by biologists. Dr. Beekman finished the translation of the Ambonese Herbal, before his death in 2008.

The following reasons show some of the situations and challenges I faced with my research, inspiring me to further investigate the mystery of Antonie Augustus Bruijn: - The rediscovery of the Bruijn’s Brush-turkey Aepypodius bruijnii by a team of the Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam (Natural History Museum, Rotterdam, The Netherlands). In co-operation with Kris Tindige, Papua Bird Club at Manokwari and the Institut Pertanian Bogor (Agricultural Institute at Bogor, I.P.B. Indonesia).With financial help of Wilcon Foundation, The Netherlands. - The pertinent remarks of Professor Dr K.H.Voous (1920 - 2002) about the mysterious bird-trader, causing the work of several researchers to come to a dead-end. - Dr.G.F. Mees commenting that A.A. Bruijn had played an important role in ornithological literature and that unfortunately very little is known about it. The primary aim is to provide an insight into the lives behind the scenes in the Dutch colonial times in South East Asia. The impact of travelling in the tropics is huge! C.J.Heij, Rotterdam, 2012 3

Rumphius Georgius Everhardus Rumpf was born in Wölfersheim Germany in 1627. He died in Amboina, Moluccas, Indonesia in 1702. Page 7 of 40

Contents

Chapter one The Plumage industry, the role of Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890) and the start of world-wide birdprotection. Plumage-industry - Traders in naturalia - Native hunters - Fashion-items - Museum-collections - A. A. Bruijn - Maarten Dirksz Van Renesse van Duivenbode - King of Ternate - Moluccas - Ceram - New Guinea/West Papua - Taxidermist - Discovery of new species - A.R.Wallace - Numbers of collected animals - Murder of birds - Bird protection - Dance and ritual - Nature protection in Indonesia.

Chapter two Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890). His family and life as a marine- officer in the Dutch Navy. Antonie Augustus Bruijn - Rotterdam - The Dutch Navy - Brothers and sisters - Toko-keeper - National Guard Sultan Ternate - King Willem III - Promotions - Service records - Ships Bruijn served Decorations - Family tree - Compilation of the family Bruijn.

Chapter three The Retired Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890). His familylife in Ternate, observed and written by Alfred Russel Wallace and Achille Raffray. Ternate - Maarten Dirksz (Van Renesse) van Duivenbode - Coat of arms - Reformed Church - Gerega Ayam - Communion silver - Carolina Jacoba Weintré - King of Ternate - Kim Nio (Antoinette Elisabeth Johanna Van Renesse van Duivenbode) - Researchers and explorers - Ternate as seen by A.R.Wallace and Achille Raffray - Mr van Lansbergen - Governor-General - Dutch Resident Mr Tobias - Fortress Orange - European household - European way of life - Colonial house - Dutch Malay meals - Leon Laglaize - Expedition to the land of the Karons - Life of the Karons - Tachyglossus bruijnii - Wamangan and Ambarbakan tribe - Karon tribe - Soemgrentori - How Karons eat man - Language - Life of Karons - Camera Lucida.

Chapter four History of Ternate and Tidore Portuguese and spice trade - Arabs, Turks, Spaniards - Malacca - Antonio de Abreu - Francisco Serrao Fernao de Magelhaes - Ternate - Tidore - Antonio Galvao - Saint Francis Xavier - Sultan Hairun Portuguese influence in Language - V.O.C. - Cakalele - Fortress Orange - Gerega Batu - The old Bell Fortresses in Ternate and Tidore - Haji Mohammed Usman - Chinese, Dutch and Ambonese cemeteries.

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Chapter One

The Plumage industry, the role of Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890) and the start of world-wide bird protection.

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The past, and particular people of the past, should be described in a personal way. Even the non-scientifically minded reader, when confronted with systematic argumentation and objectivity, should experience a subjective vision, full of curiosity, excitement and wonder when reading the article in which the investigator describes a "discussion with the past".

Chapter One The Plumage-industry - Traders in naturalia - Native hunters - Fashion-items - Museum-collections - A. A. Bruijn - Maarten Dirksz Van Renesse van Duivenbode - King of Ternate - Moluccas - Ceram - New Guinea/West Papua - Taxidermist - Discovery of new species - A.R.Wallace - Numbers of collected animals - Murder of birds - Bird protection - Dance and ritual - Nature protection in Indonesia. In this chapter the following items are mentioned: -

Introduction Birdtrade and birdtraders. Animals discovered by A.A. Bruijn A.R.Wallace about collecting Greater Bird of Paradise on the Aru Islands. Numbers of collected birds and animals exported from the Dutch East Indies. The start of worldwide birdprotection. Recent dances and rituals.

Introduction During the past centuries, South East Asia has taken important steps as far as flora and fauna are concerned. Not only have many expeditions contributed to the knowledge of South East Asia's biology, merchants such as L. D. W. A. Van Renesse van Duivenbode (1828 - 1879) in Manado and A.A. Bruijn (1842 - 1890) in Ternate, have also greatly contributed to increasing the knowledge of biology (Junge, 1953). These traders in naturalia had native hunters collect materials and specimens. This enabled them to satisfy the European demand for fashion items and museum-collections, they traded through a commercial agent. In this way, many animal species including those previously unknown, arrived in our countries. The specimens were documented, catalogued and so became known to us. Junge mentions that the planter come merchant L. D. W. A. Van Renesse van Duivenbode, not only collected bird-skins for fashion purposes, he also supplied collectors such as A. B. Meijer (1840 - 1911), H.Schlegel (1804 - 1884), A.R. Wallace (1823 - 1913), as well as European museums and American merchants with bird skins and feathers. In this way material arrived in various museum collections. Bruijn delivered items to H. Schlegel and T.A. Salvadori (1835 - 1923) the vice-director of the Royal Museum of Turin, who wrote about the birds of Borneo, Papua New Guinea and the Moluccas. Bruijn also delivered materials to museums in Leiden en Paris. (Rothschild et a1 1932; R. Meyer de Schauensee, 1940;; Stresemann, 1951; Rothschild, 1983.) (Figure 2)

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2 Journal of the acquisition of L.W.Rothschild. (A.M.N.H.) New York. Photo C.J. Heij December 1999 One of Bruijn's commercial agents, frenchman L. Laglaize, provided the Leiden and Paris museums with objects from the island Celebes, the Sanghir isles and North-West New Guinea (the present Papua). "A.A. Bruijn presented a large collection of birds from New Guinea and Celebes to the Genoa Museum at the suggestion of the Italian collector Oduardo Beccari (1843 - 1920) whom he had met in New Guinea" (Prestwich, 1963 in: Mearns et al 1998). The Zoological Museum Amsterdam (ZMA) received approx. 100 bird skins collected by L.D.H.A. van Renesse van Duivenbode (Manado) and A.A. Bruijn (Ternate); these skins were used for the International Trade Exhibition in 1883 in Amsterdam (Beolens et al 2003). There are 26 known skins of the Bruijn' s Brush turkey Aepypodius bruijnii in the world, 23 of which were delivered to various museums around the world by A.A. Bruijn and L. Laglaize. (Meyer de Schauensee, 1940; Heij & Post, 2001; Moeliker & Heij, 2002; Moeliker et al, 2003). There are currently 25 skins still in existence. The skin in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milan, Italy was lost during a RAF bombardment in August 1943. This article is an attempt at a biographical sketch of A. A. Bruijn; a seagoing marine-officer, who after retiring, traded in naturalia from his home in Ternate. Genealogy shows that Lodewijk Diederik Willem Alexander (L. D. W. A.)Van Renesse van Duivenbode is not A. A. Bruijn's father-in-law, as referred to by Junge (1953), Götch (1995) and Argeloo (2001). Bruijn was in fact married in Ternate to the daughter of Maarten Dirksz Van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804 - 1878) who att the time was nicknamed 'King of Ternate' (Wallace 1869; Meijer et a1 1898; Mearns et al 1998). L.D.W.A. Van Renesse van Duivenbode was actually Bruijn's brother- in -law. His son-in-law Antonie August Bruijn took over the business in naturalia. S.D. Ripley (1913-2001) mentions in his book, that it was Bruijn’s hunters that discovered the ornithological mysterious bird, Aepypodius bruijnii in 1879 (Ripley 1949). It also appears that A.A. Bruijn died on the 11th of August 1890, in Ternate. Not however in 1885 (Argeloo, 2001) nor in 1895 (Götch, 1995). Götch also states that A.A. Bruijn should be J. Bruijn, a zoologist and Page 11 of 40

botanist, not a trader in feathers. Junge (1953) says the naturalia was not collected primarily for scientific purposes and that is why the labelling leaves a lot to be desired. The data are useful however, to indicate distribution of the species.It should be noted that from the 18th Century onward universities started to build collections in order to support the lectures. Mid 18th century collections changed from haphazardly gathered curiosities to systematically divided collections as we know them at present. Bird trade and bird traders In those days the world plume trade was big business.4 Dealer H. von Rosenberg5 (1817 - 1888) worked for the French collector/plumassier and natural history dealer Adolphe Boucard (1839 - 1905) (Streseman, 1914; Junge, 1953). W.F.H. Rosenberg (1868-1957) wrote about enormous numbers of birds that passed through Boucard's hands, the best of which he retained for himself. He operated as a dealer and collector in Paris. In 1889 Rosenberg bought the Comte de Boys de Ricour's famous collection of mounted birds and gave the British Museum of Natural History the first offer of its contents (Jobling, 1991). He transferred his business from Paris to London (Figure 3), where Boucard, Poitier & Co advised "directors of museums and private amateurs that they undertake to stuff from a hummingbird to a whale at very reasonable prices" (Mearns et a1 1989). The majority of his collection of 25.000 skins, went to the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in 1895, with a second instalment in 1904. The National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in Washington, received 10.000 duplicates and museums in Madrid and Lisbon received 8000 (Mearns et al 1998).

4

In Britain the plumage-industry was an important part of national economy and it has been estimated that from 1870 to 1920 twenty thousand tons of ornamental plumage entered the country each year. The most popular species were herons and egrets, birds of paradise, cock o’rocks and humming birds. In London, the centre of the trade, one dealer sold two million wild bird skins in just one year (Doughty, 1975). From 1860, the wives of Italian immigrants converted feathers in clothes and hats in the famous workshops in Nogent-sur-Mer, near Paris ( France). 5 Baron Carl Benjamin Hermann von Rosenberg was born in Darmstadt in 1817, he died in The Hague on 15 November 1888. Rosenberg was a soldier, topographer; 1840 - 1856 Sumatra; 1856 - 1859 New Guinea; a civilian administrator between April 1859 December 1861 and collector in Amahei (Ceram); 1868 - 1871 Moluccas and New Guinea. Page 12 of 40

Bird traders in London, nineteenth century.

3 Pricelists of the bird traders W.F.H.Rosenberg and W. Schluter. In 1913 Schluter asked 45 German Mark for an adult male of the Pale-billed Sicklebill, Drepanornis bruijnii.

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Animals discovered by A.A. Bruijn. At the time several new species were collected. Not only the Bruijn's Brush-turkey (Waigeo Brush-turkey) Aepypodius bruijnii (Oustalet, 1881) (Figure 4), but also the following bird species were named after Bruijn (Figure 5 - 7). 5. Red-Breasted Pygmy-parrot, Micropsitta bruijnii (Salvadori, 1875) 6. Pale-billed Sicklebill, Drepanornis bruijnii (Oustalet, 1880) and 7. Torrent Lark, Grallina bruijni (Salvadori, 1875).

4 Bruijn's Brush-turkey left ♂, right ♀. Collection MNHN, Paris Photo: C.J. Heij, 1999

local names: Mangwap; Mantankemtup; Hakal

5 Red-Breasted Pygmy-parrot (Forshaw, 1989) left ♂, right ♀.

local name: Nuri - Kate dada – merah

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7 Torrent Lark (Beehler et al 1986) 6 Pale-billed Sicklebill ♂ (Fadjejev, 2005)

local name: Paruh-sabit paruh-putih

local name: Branjangan - lumpur Sangai

The fact that Bruijn as a plumassier did not solely trade in birds, is apparent from the following animal species named after him (Figure 8 - 11). 8 and 9. Long-beaked Echidna, Zaglossus bruijnii (Peters & Doria, 1876) 10. Lowland Brush mouse, Pogonomelomys bruijnii (Peters & Doria, 1876) and 11. Arfak agame, Hypsilurus bruijni (Peters & Doria, 1878).

9 Long-beaked Echidna or New Guinean Echidna 8 Long-beaked Echidna

local name: Babi Duri Moncong Padjang; Nokdiak. Landak

local name: Babi Duri Moncong Padjang; Nokdiak Landak

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10 Lowland Brush mouse (holotype) Kate Lowe (Flannery, 1990)

Local name: Tikus Hutan Dataran Rendah

11 Arfak agame

Photo: Giuliano Doria , MCSN. (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “G.Doria”,Genova. Italy.Cat.nr. 9562, N.Guinea, Mount Arfak, leg.A.A. Bruijn, 1875). Length of head and body 130 mm; tail 450 mm. (after Peters & Doria *6)

6

Marquis Giacoma Doria (1840 - 1913), the first director of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturelle, was a former student from Jean Pierre Armand David (1826-1900), the discoverer of the Deer Elaphurus davidianus in the gardens from the Emperor of China. Earlier he had collected in Persia with de Filippi ( 1862, 1863), and in Borneo with Odoardo Beccari, ( 1865 , 1866). Page 16 of 40

A.R. Wallace about collecting Greater Bird of Paradise on the Aru Islands. This is what A.R.Wallace wrote in March 1857 when he arrived on the Aru Islands: “One of my first objects was to inquire for the people who are accustomed to shoot the paradise birds. They lived at some distance in the jungle, and a man was sent to call them. When they arrived, we had a talk by means of the" Orang-kaya" as interpreter, and they said they thought they could get some. They explained that they shoot the birds with a bow and arrow, the arrow having a conical wooden cap fitted to the end as large as a teacup, so as to kill the bird by the violence of the blow without making any wound or shedding any blood. The trees frequented by the birds are very lofty; it is therefore necessary to erect a small leafy covering or hut among the branches, to which the hunter mounts before daylight in the morning and remains the whole day, and whenever a bird alights they are almost sure of securing it. (See Illustration Figure 12.) They returned to their homes the same evening, and I never saw anything more of them, owing, as I afterwards found, to its being too early to obtain birds in good plumage.

12 Natives of Aru shooting the Great Bird of Paradise (Wallace, 1869)

The first two or three days of our stay here were very wet, and I obtained but few insects or birds, but at length, when I was beginning to despair, my boy Baderoon returned one day with a specimen which repaid me for months of delay and expectation. It was a small bird, a little less than a thrush. The greater part of its plumage was of an intense cinnabar red, with a gloss as of spun glass. On the head the feathers became short and velvety, and shaded into rich orange. Beneath, from the breast downwards, was pure white, with the softness and gloss of silk, and across the breast a band of deep metallic green separated this colour from the red of the throat. Above each eye was a round spot of the same metallic green ; the bill was yellow, and the feet and legs were of a fine cobalt blue, strikingly contrasting with all the other parts of the body. Merely in arrangement of Page 17 of 40

colours and texture of plumage this little bird was a gem of the first water; yet these comprised only half its strange beauty. Springing from each side of the breast, and ordinarily lying concealed under the wings, were little tufts of greyish feathers about two inches long, and each terminated by a broad band of intense emerald green. These plumes can be raised at the will of the bird, and spread out into a pair of elegant fans when the wings are elevated. But this is not the only ornament. The two middle feathers of the tail are in the form of slender wires about five inches long, and which diverge in a beautiful double curve. About half an inch of the end of this wire is webbed on the outer side only, and coloured of a fine metallic green, and being curled spirally inwards form a pair of elegant glittering buttons, hanging five inches below the body, and the same distance apart. These two ornaments, the breast fans and the spiral tipped tail wires, are altogether unique, not occurring on any other species of the eight thousand different birds that are known to exist upon the earth; and, combined with the most exquisite beauty of plumage, render this one of the most_ perfectly lovely of the many lovely productions of nature. My transports of admiration and delight quite amused my Aru hosts, who saw nothing more in the" Burong raja" than we do in the robin or the goldfinch. Thus one of my objects in coming to the far East was accomplished. I had obtained a specimen of the King Bird of Paradise (Paradisea regia), which had been described by Linnaeus from skins preserved in a mutilated state by the natives. I knew how few Europeans had ever beheld the perfect little organism I now gazed upon, and how very imperfectly it was still known in Europe. The emotions excited in the mind of a naturalist, who has long desired to see the actual thing which he has hitherto known only by description, drawing, or badly preserved external covering - especially when that thing is of surpassing rarity and beauty-require the poetic faculty fully to express them. The remote island in which I found myself situated, in an almost unvisited sea, far from the tracks of merchant fleets and navies; the wild, luxuriant tropical forest~ which stretched far away on every side; the rude, uncultured savages who gathered round me-all had their influence in determining the emotions with which I gazed upon this "thing of beauty." I thought of the long ages of the past, during which the successive generations of this little creature had run their course-year by year being born, and living and dying amid these dark and gloomy woods, with no intelligent eye to gaze upon their loveliness; to all appearance such a wanton waste of beauty. Such ideas excite a feeling of melancholy. It seems sad that on the one hand such exquisite creatures should live out their lives and exhibit their charms only in these wild, inhospitable regions, doomed for ages yet to come to hopeless barbarism; while on the other hand, should civilized man ever reach these distant lands, and bring moral, intellectual, and physical light into the recesses of these virgin forests, we may be sure that he will so disturb the nicely-balanced relations of organic and inorganic nature as to cause the disappearance, and finally the extinction, of these very beings whose wonderful structure and beauty he alone is fitted to appreciate and enjoy. This consideration must surely tell us that all living things were not made for man. Many of them have no relation to him. The cycle of their existence has gone on independently of his, and is disturbed or broken by every advance in man's intellectual development; and their happiness and enjoyments, their loves and hates, their struggles for existence, their vigorous life and early death, would seem to be immediately related to their own well-being and perpetuation alone, limited only by the equal well-being and perpetuation of the numberless other organisms with which each is more or less intimately connected. After the first king-bird was obtained, I went with my men into the forest, and we were not only rewarded with another in equally perfect plumage, but, I was enabled to see a little of the habits 0 both it and the larger species. It frequents the lower trees of the less dense forests, and is very active, flying strongly with a whirring sound, and continually hopping or flying from branch to branch. It eats hard stone-bearing fruits as large as a gooseberry, and often flutters its wings after the manner of the South American manakins, at which time it elevates and expands the beautiful fans with which its breast is adorned. The natives of Aru call it " Goby-goby." . One day I got under a tree where a number of the Great Paradise birds were assembled, but they were high up in the thickest of the foliage, and flying and jumping about so continually that I could get no good view of them. At length I shot one, but it was a young specimen, and was entirely of a rich chocolate-brown colour, without either the metallic green throat or yellow plumes of the full-grown bird. All that I had yet seen resembled this, and the natives told me that it would be about two months before any would be found in full plumage. I still Page 18 of 40

hoped, therefore, to get some. Their voice is most extraordinary. At early morn, before the sun has risen, we hear a loud cry of "Wawk-wawk-wawk, wok-i-wok-c-wok," which resounds through the forest, changing its direction continually. 'This is the Great Bird of Paradise going to seek his breakfast.” (Wallace, 1869)

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Wallace’s final collection amounted to about 126.000 specimens. The majority consisting of Coleoptera (83.200), Lepidoptera (13.100), various other insects (13.400) and birds (8050). A large number of his birds were named by G.R. Gray (1808 - 1872), although Wallace also published a selection of his own recoveries. It is estimated that Wallace had brought back 212 new birds and at least 1250 new insects (Mearns, 1998).

Numbers of collected birds and animals exported from the Dutch East Indies. Mearns (1998) gives a list of 69 museums about the world’s largest study skin museums. Number 1:

The British Museum (Natural History) Tring, England, UK 1.000.000 skins, 8.000 types, 1.000.000 eggs, 13.000 specimens in spirits, 8.000 skeletons, 2.000 nests (1997). Number 16: The Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Leiden, Netherlands: 126.134 skins, 40.409 mounts, 4.000-5.000 types, 1.110 specimens in spirits, 6673 skeletons, 32.500 eggs, 4.000 nests (April 1995). Number 69: The Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand: 20.000 skins, 1.000 mounts, 50 types, 2.000 eggs (Dec 1996)

Mrs Anne Weber-van Bosse noted during her visit to the coral island Geser in South East Seram (Figure 13), that the Dutch hunting laws were not adhered to in remote areas, for instance 20 birds of paradise were sold for 150 Dutch guilders (Weber-van Bosse, 1903). The demand behind the expansion of animal trade, came from European and American fashion industries in which bird- or animal parts were widely used for decoration of ladies’ hats (Cribb, 1977; Lulofs, 1917).

13 Collecting biological items during the Siboga-expedition (Weber-van Bosse, 1903)

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Many birds, bird skins and feathers were exported from the Dutch East Indies (Figure 14)

14 Value of birds, bird skins and feathers exported from the Netherlands Indies, 1904 - 1932 (Boomgaard 1996, in: Cribb, 1997)

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The start of worldwide birdprotection. Collecting in this way was not always accepted. Conservationist’s arguments in the late twentieth century, are marked by a strong sense of urgency for the preservation of nature. However the Colonial establishments (including Europe) wished to keep the hunt going, accepting extinction. Public opinion in developed countries played a role in pressing local authorities into action. (Meckenzie, 1988; Piepers, 1896; Swadling, 1996; Westerman, 1947) In the Scientific supplement magazine "Album der Natuur 1892" page 85, D. Lubach's comments on the work of a plumassier read as follows: "The Murder of Birds With amazement and pain we read in the Nouvelles Scientifiques, supplement of 'La Nature' of 2 July 1892 : We understand that the trade in skins of foreign birds, which are used as ornaments and in particular for the decoration of ladies' hats, is continuously expanding. A plumassier in London recently took delivery of one single consignment of 6000 birds of paradise, 300.000 of various species of bird, originating from the East Indies and a further 400.000 colibris. Another trader received in the course of three months 356 East Indien birds and 404.464 from Brazil and the West Indies. In 1889 yet another trader fashioned more than 2 million selected bird skins. In Paris it is estimated that one single plumassier receives an annual consignment of about 40.000 American and 100.000 African birds. Finally in the small district of Long Island near New York, a commercial union delivers over four months 70.000 birds and a taxidermist stuffs about 30.000 bird skins per year. What can we possibly do about such sad occurrences? Indeed a battle against fashion would be a very difficult one." In the mid 19th century America saw acts of protest against the use of stuffed birds and bird parts, applied to the decoration of ladies’ hats *5). Later, in Germany (Januari,1914) and in England similar protests were manifested (“Plumage Bill”, 09 - III - 1914). At the turn of the century, bourgeoisie ladies in the Netherlands equally resented the use of bird products for decoration. Becoming the foundation of the Society for the Protection of Birds (Vogelbescherming). The Society was formed in the Netherlands in the 1900’s. It was then usual to see entire terns decorating ladies’ hats. (Figure 15)

*5) “In 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt invited to the White House fellow members of the Audubon Society of the District of Columbia, as well as friends and cabinet officials, to watch the first movies taken of wild birds. It has been five years since an executive order established the first federal bird sanctuary in the nation, Pelican Island, in the Indian River near Florida’s east coast. Roosevelt’s action was an important early response by government to the widespread slaughter of birds- in this case, wading birds such as herons and ibises- in service of the millinery trade, which hired people to kill birds that fashionable Victorian woman could wear on their heads”(Rosenthal, 2008) Page 22 of 40

15 Above: Two ladies hats with imported bird feathers before World War II. Below: Recent ladies hat with coloured chicken feathers sold in 2007. Photo’s: C.J. Heij, 2008

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Recent Dance and Rituals When visiting the Kei-islands in 1857, A.R. Wallace noticed that waving plumes of cassowaries and seashells decorated the bows and sterns of the canoes. On several Indonesian islands, the Adat-dancers to this day carry entire Birds of Paradise7 on their heads. (Figure 16 - 20 ) Muller gives the following information: “Dance and ritual The Tanimbar islanders have kept many of their old rituals and dances alive. Dances are still an integral part of planting and harvest celebrations, weddings and funerals. Some of the old inter-village alliances are still strong, and these are celebrated occasionally with ritual dances and gift exchanges. At the end of October in every odd-numbered year, a series of stunning dances conclude the Catholics' retreat and conference at Saumlaki. At the local high school, the Church has organized a dance team, in an effort to ensure that the youth will not neglect their cultural heritage. Indonesian independence day, August 17, is celebrated each year with songs and dances from the past, and the appointment of a new village chief triggers a celebration.“ (Muller, 1990)

16 Dance group of the Indonesian Island Tanimbar. Photo C.J. Heij, 1995

7

The Greater Bird of Paradise, Paradisaea apoda, of the Aru-Islands, is carried as complete, dried specimen on top of the head during traditional dances on the Island Tanimbar. It is said that at the beginning of the era by trade routes the birds were found in Nepal. They were used as adornment by Nepalese Sovereigns. (pers. comm. Mgr. A. Sol, MSC, Ambon, 2008) Page 24 of 40

17 Members of the dance group wearing stuffed Greater Birds of Paradise. Paradisaea apoda. Photo C.J. Heij, 1995

19 Dance group from Tondano (North Sulawesi) wearing bird feathers. Photo C.J. Heij, 2003

18 Woman ready for dance. Photo C.J. Heij, 1993

20 Plumes decorating Papua group Photo: www.Devagroup.nl, 2008

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Even to day the local people in the Arfak mountains in Papua offered us stuffed en live birds of paradise (Figure 21 - 23)

21 Lesser bird of paradise Paradisaea minor. Manokwari, Arfak mountains Papua. Photo: Frans Advokaat, 2006

22 Papua in traditional outfit . Sorong. Photo C.J. Heij, 2003

23 Red Bird of Paradise (Paradisaea rubra) for sale in Waigeo. Photo: C.J. Heij, 2003

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The Jakarta Post on July 24th 2008, shows that wearing Birds of Paradise and other bird parts in traditional costumes is still practised. (Figure 24)

24 Cultural Forum

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On the 20th of June 2009, the Jakarta Post published an article about about arts and craft at the Sentani Lake Festival. A picture in the paper shows Papua’s in traditional clothes, with bird statues made from wood to preserve the species of Birds of Paradise. (Figure 25) Through young educated Indonesians the notions about preservation of natural beauty and environment begin to penetrate by way of training and by the press. In 2008 in Jakarta, we encountered a subjoined poster of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) propagating protection of the Birds of Paradise (Figure 26). On the 23rd of April 2009, The Jakarta Post published 7 articles about ecological and preservation activities on Earth Day, the 22nd of April 2009.

25 The Sentani Lake Festival, about arts and craft.

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26 Poster protection of Birds of Paradise. Photo: R.J.Vink, 2008

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Chapter Two

Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890)

His family and life as a marine-officer in the Dutch Navy

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Chapter two Antonie Augustus Bruijn - Rotterdam - The Dutch Navy - Brothers and sisters - Toko-keeper - National Guard Sultan Ternate - King Willem III - Promotions - Service records - Ships Bruijn served Decorations - Family tree - Compilation of the family Bruijn. In this chapter the following items are mentioned. - Introduction of A.A.Bruijn. - The maritime family of A.A.Bruijn. - Appointments, service records and promotion of A.A.Bruijn with the Dutch Navy. - Active service and travels undertaken. - Decorations of A.A.Bruijn - Family Tree, death announcements and compilation of the family of A.A.Bruijn.

Introduction of A.A.Bruijn. Antonie Augustus Bruijn was born on the 27th of December 1842 in Rotterdam (Figure 27). He was number six of eight*8 children in the Bruijn family. On the 2nd of March 1850, the family moved from Rotterdam to Vlissingen (Flushing) (Figure 28). From the 24th of April 1854, the family lived in Den Helder. Following his family's tradition, Bruijn entered the service of the Koninklijke Marine (Royal Dutch Navy) at an early age. He married on the 14th of December 1865 to Adolphine Susanna Wilhelmina van Renesse van Duivenbode in Ternate, Moluccas, Indonesia. She was born in Ternate on the 24th of December 1844, the daughter of Maarten Dirksz van Renesse van Duivenbode and Chinese Gim Nio (Genoa) who was baptised Antoinette Elisabeth Johanna. Bruijn was honourably discharged from the Koninklijke Marine on the 2nd of October 1867 (Appendix 1). During his life in Ternate he was captain-commander of the National Guard of the Sultan in Ternate (Figure29). He became a tradesman/toko keeper from the 20th of March 1882, until his death on August 11th 1890.

8

Pieter Alidanus Bruijn, born 01.01.1799 in Amsterdam, was married to Henrietta Gabrielle Maris van Oordt, born 15.03.1804 in Rotterdam. Children: 1. Louise Gerardine - born 04.11.1829 in Rotterdam, died 07.12.1891 in Doetinchem 2. Jan Willem - born 15.05.1830 in Rotterdam 3. Marie-Louise - born 23.06.1833 in Rotterdam 4. Pieter Henri - born 23.06.1835 in Rotterdam 5. Johanna Frederika - born 01.05.1836 in Rotterdam 6. Antonie Augustus - born 24.12.1842 in Rotterdam, died 11.08.1890 in Ternate 7. Jacob Theodoor Frederik - born 15.10.1844 in Rotterdam, died 14.02.1909 in Doetinchem 8. Constantijn Adriaan Jan - born 12.07.1848 in Vlissingen The Bruijn family moved from Vlissingen (Flushing) to Den Helder on 24.4.1854. (source Council archives in Flushing) Page 31 of 40

On the 27th of December 1842, Pieter Alidanus Bruijn9 registered the birth of his son at the town hall in Rotterdam. His wife Henrietta Gabriella Maria van Oordt had given birth on the 24th of December and the child was given the name Antonie Augustus. The registry was witnessed by Jan Willem Louis van Oordt10 and Herman Guillaume Jansen11. The document was signed by P.A. Bruijn’s father, the two witnesses and the civil servant Mr. Tromp.

27 Registration of the birth of A.A. Bruijn

9

Pieter Alidanus Bruijn- sub-constructor, 43 years of age, residing at 45 Maaslaan, Rotterdam Jan Willem Louis van Oordt- sub-constructor, 36 years of age, residing at 16 Hooge Zeedijk 11 Herman Guillaume Jansen- sub-constructor, 26 years of age and residing at 261 Nieuwe Haven. 10

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28 View of the Rotterdam Harbour from the house where A.A. Bruijn was born (Ca. 1863) Gemeente-archief Rotterdam; cat. Nr. 1973-5256

29 Militia guards, trumpeters and flute orchestra of the Sultan of Ternate. The uniforms these men are wearing are early nineteenth-century European models, excepting the men on the right. They are wearing European-style cuirasses and helmets of the sixteenth or seventeenth century. Their shields however are typical of the Moluccas. These men were called albahdir, which is derived from the Portuguese and Dutch equivalents of the word halberdier. (Wachlin, 1994).

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The maritime family of A.A.Bruijn. Bruijn stems from a maritime family (Appendix 2). His father Pieter Alidanus Bruijn (31-01-1799 – 16-111887) was a Chief Engineer shipbuilder for the Koninklijke Marine. Bruijn’s cousin J.W.C. van Oordt from Delft, his brother in law W.H.F. van Oordt from Medemblik and his brother J.F.T. Bruijn, were all educated and trained in the navel marina Den Helder. Bruijn's father in law Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode, was a naval lieutenant with honorary functions. He was also a well known member of many societies, registered on the inhabitant list of Ternate, as a merchant, captain commander and a honorary major. (Anonymus, 1867)

A.A. Bruijn’s appointments, service records and promotions with the Dutch Navy. 1 October 1857 1 October 1859 2 September 1860 1 March 1864 24 September 1867 2 October 1867

appointed Naval Cadet 3rd class promoted to Naval Cadet 2nd class (Appendix 3) appointed Naval Cadet 1st class promoted to Lieutenant 2nd class (Figure 30) Bruijn submits a request for 'absence without leave' because of health reasons. His medical report mentions stomach and intestinal complaints. (Appendix 4). honourably discharged (Appendix 5)

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30 Portrait of A.A. Bruijn

Portrait of Antonie Augustus Bruijn (1842 - 1890), Lieutenant 2nd class, K. Buwalda (Soerabaja, Java 1864). [Album amicorum, ( Friendship Album) a gift to vice-admiral J. May from all his officers and officials who served him in the Dutch East Indies in the period 1861 - 1864.] Collection: Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum, Amsterdam, ill. S.0576(01)231.

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Active service and travels undertaken. On the 16th of October 1860, 18 year old Bruijn was placed in the Governments dockyard ( Koninklijk Instituut voor marine), in Willemsoord, Den Helder. He sailed in the following ships: 11 March 1861 15 September 1861 From November 1861 16 March 1863 15 October 1863 1 March 1865 7 October 1865 26 January 1866 30 March 1866

employed on the transporter 'Den Helder' on the way to the East Indies. transferred to H M Steamship 2nd Class 'Vice Admiraal Koopman' in the East Indies (Figure 31). Bruijn spent time in Japan*12) transferred to SS 'Reteh' (Figure 32) in the East Indies as Naval Lieutenant 2nd Class. transferred to SS 'Batavia' transferred to SS 'Coehoorn' transferred to SS 'Batavia' signed on the Mail boat in order to repatriate (Appendix 6 - 7)

31 Ship in which A.A. Bruijn served, the H.M. Steamship 2nd Class 'Vice Admiraal Koopman' (15 - XII - 1861)

32 SS “Reteh”on which Naval Lieutenant 2nd Class A.A.Bruijn served in 1863.

12

During the 19e Century the Dutch designed and built in Japan waterworks such as harbours and canals. The Japanese navy ordered Dutch vessels. Probably the Japanese Navy was trained by Dutch navy specialists. Page 36 of 40

Decorations of A.A.Bruijn. A.A.Bruijn' s service records include: Knight 3rd Class in the order of St. Anna of Russia. Bruijn received the decoration of Commander in the Order of Jesus Christ of Portugal as well as Knight 3rd Class in the Order of the Crown of Prussia and Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy. At the time, obtaining a foreign decoration involved extensive correspondence. The Emperor of Russia found pleasure in appointing A.A. Bruijn to be a Knight, second grade, in the Order of Saint Anna. The National Archives states the following. “The last annotation in his record of service concerns the nomination of Bruijn to be a Knight, third grade, in the Order of Saint Anna by the Emperor of all Russians. It is possible that this nomination is connected with the paid visit by the Russian crown prince to The Dutch East Indies. During my research into the documents about the conferring of this order in the archive of the Foreign Office I came across the fact that in 1891 there were at least conferred orders upon several Dutchmen in connection with that visit. Maybe the visit was prepared already in 1890. On 27 th July 1890 the Russian Ambassador addressed a letter to the Ministry of Foreign Office with the announcement of the nomination of Bruijn. The translation of the letter and the insignia of the Order were included with the request to send these to Bruijn. To be allowed to accept foreign nominations the permission of the Head of State is required, which resulted in an Order of Council concerning. Herewith a copy of this Order of Council of 16 th July 1890, number 27. (Kabinet des Konings,( Royal Cabinet) inv.nr.2967 ).To obtain permission from the Foreign Office in this case the diplomatic channels consisted of the Royal Navy to the Ministry of Colonies and the Royal Cabinet and vice versa. The documents showed, that at the time of the granting Bruijn stayed in Ternate. The 16 th. April 1891 the Foreign Office by way of the Ministry of Colonies received the receipt for the nomination and insignia --it says for the late former naval lieutenant - to forward it to the Russian ambassador. In the four archives of the Foreign Office, the Royal Navy, the Ministry of Colonies and the Royal Cabinet no copies are found of the Russian documents or the translation of them. Therefore it is not possible to state any pronouncements about the reasons for the nomination. Maybe there were never made any copies because the meddling of the involved authorities was above all things one of formality and transmitting.”(National archives, department of information)

The service records also show the request from His Majesty Emperor of all Russians, asking to grant A.A. Bruijn the decoration of Knight 3rd Class in the order of St. Anne, was received on the 4th of July 1890 at the Foreign Office. It was approved on the 16th of July 1890 by Willem III (Figure 33), by the Grace of God, King of the Netherlands, Prince of Oranje Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxemburg etc. etc. On the 25th of July 1890 permission was granted to accept the decoration. Bruijn remained in Ternate while the decoration was approved. On the 16th of April 1891 the Foreign Office received by way of the colonies, the receipt-form for the decoration and medals for the former Naval Lieutenant. It came with the request to hand the receipt over to the Russian ambassador, as in the meantime Bruijn had died (Appendix 8 - 12).

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33 King Willem III

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Family Tree of A.A.Bruijn. Family Tree (Figure 34)

34 Family Tree of A.A. Bruijn ( see also Figure 42)

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A.A.Bruijn's obituary shows that he had 2 living brothers and 2 sisters at the time of his death. L.G. Van Prooyen-Bruijn, J.F. Taylor-Bruijn, J.W.Bruijn, J.F.T.Bruijn (Figure 35).

35 Announcement of A.A. Bruijn's death

See Family Tree for compilation of the Bruijn family (Appendix 13 - 22)

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