DEATH IN ANCIENT EGYPT LECTURE 1 B Heirakonpolis - one of three political zones (abydos is one of them, TOMB Uj 3200, first hieroglyphs) - Dynasty one, 3000, naqada culture (IA, IIA) - HK6 at the end of a river course, burials in dry zone to preserve - Painted tombs were in the south, not in HK6 was tomb 100., white woshed boat procession. 3300. HK6 - TOMB 16. it’s the smaller one. Central tomb, rows of tomb around it that contain domestic and wild animals, and people (zoo keepers, sacrifice, relatives) - 36 humans in total.- no proof of sacrifice. - 121 animals - N1C- 11A period - Found 3 hippo, dogs, 5 adults women in one tomb, 2 elephants (caught kept in captivity) , goats. Lepord, - All we have is the pit - However there was post holes, such as a chapel. - OBJECTS- pottery, 120 ceramic vessels, ceramic masks, possible priests wore masks during cemetries. Only found at HK. Romboied pallets, animal eggs carved from flint. - There was a dwarf,

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TOMB 23 it’s the bigger one. Many pillared halls. Biggest tomb of the period. 5x 3m. dept of 1.20 These were maintained 1m in diameter holes for pillars OBJECTS- pottery, scorpion models, in dynasty 3 scorpians found on simble of fraternity. Cult of scorpion 515 fragments of life size stone statue in limestone. Made of mudbrick, wooden columns flat roof. Votive animals, falcon hippos.

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Tomb smallest one animal burials King is often related to the wild bull. And have the power to control the natural environment where animals live. Wild animals represent chaos that must be controlled.

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HK29A. 49m long. Contempory with HK16. signigicant offereings. Temple. Possibly a signigicant shrine.

LECTURE 2A Dynasty= family of rulers Manetho- he grouped Egyptian kings into these dynasties DYNASTY 1 AND 2 AT ABYDOS Dynasty 1 were the first group of Egypt to govern all Egypt- the first territorial state. Abydos- is a political centre. First kings of Egypt are buried there. Majour religious centre. OSIRIS- god of resurrection cult Grave for every king of dynasty, a queen, and two kings of dynasty two at Ummel0Qa-ab (mother of broken pottery) Shunet el Zebib, andother part Burial place of Osiris himself (yer right) Dried up cliffs was the entrance way to the other world Funerary enclosure not next to tombs. CEMETARY U. earliest graves are at the top. Most famous grave is UJ. Made of mud brick, many pottery, writings, septor. 1880s French men Amelineau excavator. Deliberately destroyed goods. Petre took over it and explored rubbish dumps, and found it was burial place of early kings. Change of architectural style. Square chamber,lined with mud brick. Tomb was covered with a mound, no elaborate structure. There were tomb stones stela. Stelae. Earliest graves are the smallest. Narmer first king of unified Egypt not sure if its his tomb. Aha is the second (possibly first). All double chambered tombs. Possibly for gifts. Clothing and furniture. Possibly for the KA (spirit/lifeforce) Temple dedicated to Khentiamentiu leader of westerners. The land of the dead. TOMB OF AHA- three equal chambers, two smaller pits and 33 subsidary chambers grouped in 3, some had men women, lions, dwarfs. all have been robbed and burnt. And restored in middle kingdom. Several rectangles close to them, there are 3. there are small burials around them, who were all buried at the same time. But no sign of sacrifice. TOMB OF DJER. Main burial chamber, painted red. Objects, jewlery, body, wife of him? Turquoise, gold. 317 subsidery burials. More important at the beginning of the dynasty. TOMB DJET- main tomb, many buried around them some with stelae. Grave stone, associated the king with the falcon. AND horus. TOMB OF DEN- major changes. Floor pink granite. Rest is mudbrick. Foofed in wood. There are stairs. There was the feet of a wooden statue. This is identified with the ka. Min – god of firtlity. TOMB QAA- extended throughout his reign. The entrance was on the North. That is where the ancestors souls go. SCALE CHANGES HEAPS. Funerary palaces- mud brick, subsdery graves. Ler means aggressive catfish .

LECTURE 2B SAQUARA -

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used by those at Memphis, its on the west bank of Nile. Walter emery excavated the cemetery and found mud brick tombs. They are 5 times larger than Abydos. He through it was where the first kings were buried. WENGROW, proposed that the kings of Egypt had a burial in the North and the South. And therefore there were two tombs. They would be called cenopaths Now we think its just the elite of Memphis. They are mastaba, bench tombs made of mudbrick. Dynasty two are shaded in. They begin with AHA Nakada tomb, great panelling. Neithhotep wife of Narmer may have been buried there. Niched architecture. TOMB 3357 HOR AHA. Mastaba, heaps of storage, and a double brick wall. No subsidery burials. It did have a boat burial. Similar to abydos. It also had a model estate, made of mudbrick all to do with the provision of food. TOMB 3504 SEKHEMKA (powerful is his life force). bulls heads found, subsidery burials. During Djets reign. There is writing with Djet and Dems name. drinking bowls and cups, imported things from Levant. There is also potmarks on the pots. Flint tools. Wooden coffins, and ceder therefore from lebanon TOMB Anhka, reign of DEN tomb 3036- intro of a stair case. Mound- creation. Falcon landing on the mound – mastaba. Its over the main burial chamber. 3507- Bulls heads. Baboons are great white ones. ANEDJIB3538- second last king. Stair case. End of dynasty one, it simplifies, QAA, there is only a single niche, in the southern end of east wall. Stela of MERKA in 3505, he was of high raking officals. Gaming pieces, stone vessles. DYNASTY 2. Tomb type simplifies. Large numbers of underground rooms. They are making rooms like a house. STELA OF PRINCESS SHEPSESIPET FROM dynasty II.

LECTURE 3A EVOLUTION OF PYRAMIDS DYNASTY III-IV Royal burial form from New kingdom. For king and queen that’s all. - Solar imagery- for royal afterlife - Pyramids mean little cake. The ancient term is MER. DJOSER (holy one) - step pyramid from dynasty 111- TWO FIRST OF DYNASTY 4. (scending into the sky) - at saqqara (south of royal tombs) mad of limestone - 6 step pyramid - Only one entrance. - Huge storage facilities (mimicinking houses) underground - Tomb in in rectangular enclosure. - IMHOTEP- architect - Surrounded by ‘the dry moat’ its symbolic. Due to creation, mound from the water. Pyramid is the mound. - It started out as a normal stone mastaba. – then four step, then 6. - Faience- glassy material inside the structure. - Human remains - Wooden racks filled with stone vessels - Floral motifs - His jubilee took place at the pyramid. There were chapels there. He was ment to be carried around something. Shown in tiles - There are structures relating to unification. - Back of pyramid- sealed room. With a statue in the jubilee robe of Djoser. Offerings made next to the statue. - FIRST KING OF DYNASTY 4 erects 3 pyramids. Built in isolation. Senferu - SNEFERU- 1. the meidum pyramid. Reduced steps. 7 steps. Chapel on the east. Rising and setting sun possibly for his father - Causeway and valley temple. There is a small satellite pyramid close by (possibly for the kinopic jars) - Large mastabas. , ATEP has a elaborate cut in scenes - His pyramid was then cased in stone (no stairs) rays of sun. - DAHSUR- other 2 pyramids. 2. The bent pyramid (fat pyramid) - Valley temple offering to the kings divine power. - 3. THE RED PYRAMID (NORTHERN STONE). One may be associated to his father. - Burial chamber is empty - THE GREAT PYRAMID 486feet high. - KHUFU. Cheops, Architect was heminumu. Most complex pyramid. Two burial chamerb. They made a mistake with the first. Gallery lines with granite surrounded by officials. Boats. Queens pyramids. - THE SECOND IS 6FEET SMALLER- KHAEFRE. More elaborate decorations. The sphinx, protector of horizion. Has its own temple.

- THIRD IS SMALL – MENKAURE - They face east LECTURE 3B PYRAMIDS OF DYNASTIES V-V1 CHANGES OCCURING -size of pyramids shows wealth of the time. -

SHEPSESKAF pyramid goes back to mastaba shape. (end of 4, son of Men…)

QUEEN KHENTKAUES - small mastaba like tomb, near great pyramids (fourth pyramid) - several kings claim her as a mother DYNASTY 5 -dynasty changes cause khufu asks a magician to prophecies about the future he says, he will lose the throne to three siblings whose mother is of ra – therefore their father is son god ra USERKAF TOMB -first king -smaller -emphasise on the size of the temples. - they are located at ABU SIR -valley temple and upper temple are emphasised and decorated -floor is granite -white alabaster SAHURE BURIAL - order, fertility and status for the next world are shown in reliefs. - Gods presenting rows of captors. – foreigners and Egyptians - Syrian bears SOLAR TEMPLE AT ABU GHUROB - huge stone column called ben ben (son god) - venerating sun god. - 6 built, its connected to each kings burial - Full of scenes represnting the fertitily of Egypt UNAS BURIAL - skinny people image possibly famine, economic problems. - Boats - FIRST PYRAMID TEXT IN BURIAL CHAMBER - His body isn’t there. - Spells, allows him to get resurrected with the sun everyday - SUN CULT, ALSO OSIRIS FERLITLTY DYNASTY 6 - smaller tombs - south saquarra - more queen pyramids - smaller pyramids isn’t a mark of economic decline. - Kings marry high ranking officials

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Possible weakening in power of king Statues of bound captives

LECTURE 4/A PROSERVING THE DEAD -

Preserve it whole Naturally preserved, shallow grave sand, dried out Dynasty one they were wrapping bodies in linen Mummy- mummia (bitcherman) body that has been artificially preserved Mummification –removed liver, lungs, intestines, stomach, from a cut in the left side, they are preserved and dried and buried with the body. Heart was left in the body, or removed dried and left in the body. Cleanse it bury it in natron, salt to desiccate the body. Majority were not mummified. Wrap it in a way to make it look realistic. It should take 70 days. Khafre- his wifes tomb 272 days for her burial. In tomb chapels there is statues of the dead person for offerings for the KA Eg Mereukas tomb (vizer) Den is the first example of sculpture in tombs Also Zozer, whose name is written n his statue Dynasty 3have a harder face than 4 (where they try to appear more realistic, more like a portrait.) Sometimes statues of a triad. The king and two gods. King is taller Dynast 5 its changes and 6 In middle of tomb and sealed in a ‘Serdab’

LECTURE 4/B ROYAL PRACTISES IN MIDDLE KINDGOM Dynasties XI-XIII DYNASTY 11 - MENTUHOTEP II rules for 50 years - He is a southerner. - His tomb is the west bank of thebes (modern luxor) - Set against the Theban cliffs. - His tomb represents the unification of Egypt, economic wealth. - Saff tombs cut into the walls (his ancestors) - Montu (war god venerated) and Amun (Hidden one) - His queens tombs were cut into the cliffs behing - Don’t know what topped the tomb - No valley temple - He had a mock burial, with a statue of him inside. Wearing the north king crown. - There was also the burial of 60 young men, seemed to die on battlefield. - Long limbed figures - DYNASTY 12 - Peak period - Returns centre of admin to the north. Near LISHT (she who seizes the two lands) - AMEHEMHAT 1 at Lisht - Amun - Pyramid form - First two rulers AMEHEMHAT. Copy the layout of early pyramid. Political and religious statement. 55m high. (3rd pyramid of giza) complex temples, and internal compartments, 22 subsidary burials for royal women. They recycled, Khufus temples. - and senwosiet little larger. He builds a frame of stone on the outside. Pyramids for queens. - It copies Pepi II pyramid. - Senwosret II at Illahun. Muddy brick, stone framework, contain burials of royal women. Don’t survive intact. - Emulate Osiris burial (resurrection) - Inspired by old kindom. Temples become Mansions of millions of years - AMWNWMHAT III in Dahsher. He also built at Hawara and is surrounded by a labyrinth. - Statues start to show ages, and the burden of kingship. - SENEOSRET III pyramid was built elaborate completely finished. But no evidence that it was ever used. No objects nothing. Queens were there, and boat burials. At Abydos, seneosoret III might be where he is actually buried.

LECTURE 5/B ORGANISING THE WORKFORCE - it was firstly and urban community. - Workmans village of Giza - Gangs – left and right groups. Divided by east west and south. There is sometimes graffiti in pyramids. It takes a bout 20 years. - Divided from wall of crow. Movement is monitored - Grid layout of streets. - They ate lots of fish - Small scale mud brick houses - They build little pyramids for themselves. - Settment next to queen Khentkawes - They used granite; they need boats to transport it. - Granite needs to be spit using fire and water - They used stone tools and mallets, so they used dolerite - Wadi al jarf (they found the oldest papyrus ever- khufu, shows the work force was sent to the red sea, and kept a diary of what they did each day and returned it to the admin) - Pyramids made by ramps, with leavers and wedges. - KAHUN/LAHUN built close to senwosret II tomb. Largest one known - Became admin centre. It’s divided into two sections. One has 10 large units; the other has very small identical houses. Grain stores - tool Settlement was controlled by a mayor who reported to the vizier. Trials also place there, and there was a prison. - Abydos settlement.- Senwosret complex. Area could be 60 000 m2 - High and low status people. - All mud bricks are the same size. 39*19*12cm - Well established hierarchy of admin, and control.