Critical Race Theory in Education: Introduction and Selected Works Prepared by Deanna Hill, J.D., Ph.D. September 2009

Critical Race Theory (CRT) emerged in the legal academy in response to growing dissatisfaction with Critical Legal Studies (CLS) and its inability to adequately address race and racism in its critique of U.S. jurisprudence. Many trace the framework back to the work of Derrick Bell in the 1960s and Alan Freeman and Richard Delgado in the 1970s and 1980s. The first CRT workshop was held at a monastery in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1989. The University of Iowa College of Law hosted the “CRT 20: Honoring Our Past, Charting Our Future” workshop in April, 2009. CRT places race at the center of analysis. At the same time, CRT recognizes the complex ways that race intersects with ethnicity, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other systems of power. CRT has an activist agenda to transform and redeem, not just to critique and deconstruct. Further, CRT works toward the elimination of racial oppression as part of the larger goal of eliminating all forms of oppression. CRT produced several offshoots, including Critical Race Feminism, Queer-Crit, Lat-Crit, Asian Crit, TribalCrit, and Critical White Studies. Additionally, CRT crossed over into other disciplines. CRT was formally introduced into education in 1995 when Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate published in Teachers College Record the now seminal article “Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education.” The books and journal articles listed here are not intended to represent a comprehensive collection of CRT writings. Rather, the books and articles listed below were selected to provide entry into CRT and, specifically, into CRT in education.

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Selected Foundational CRT Works Bell, D. (1987). And we are not saved: The elusive quest for racial justice. New York, Basic Books. Bell, D. (1992). Faces at the bottom of the well: The permanence of racism. New York: Basic Books. Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., and Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical Race Theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York: New Press. Delgado, R. (Ed.). (1995a). Critical Race Theory: The cutting edge. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Delgado, R. (1995b). The Rodrigo chronicles: conversations about America and race. New York: New York University Press. Delgado, R. & Stefancic, J. (1993, March). Critical Race Theory: An annotated bibliography. Virginia Law Review, 79(2), 461–516. Delgado, R. & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical Race Theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press. Harris, C.I. (1993). Whiteness as property. Harvard Law Review, 106(8), 1709–1795, 1710– 1712. Matsuda, M., Lawrence, C., Delgado, R. & Crenshaw, K. (1993). Words that wound: Critical Race Theory, assaultive speech, and the first amendment. Boulder, CO, Westview Press. Stefancic, J. (1998). Latino and Latina critical theory: an annotated bibliography. La Raza Law Journal, 10, 423–498. Valdes, F., McCristal Culp, J., & Harris, A. (Eds.). (2002). Crossroads, directions and a new Critical Race Theory. Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press. Wing, A. (Ed.). (1997). Critical Race Feminism: A reader. New York: New York University Press.

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Selected CRT in Education Works Alemán, Jr., E. (2006, January/February). Is Robin Hood the "Prince of Thieves" or a pathway to equity? Applying Critical Race Theory to school finance political discourse. Educational Policy, 20(1), 113–142. Bell, D. (1980a). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93, 518–533. Bell, D. (1980b). Shades of Brown: New perspectives on school desegregation. New York: Teachers College Press. Bell, D. (1983). Time for teachers: putting educators back into the Brown remedy. The Journal of Negro Education, 52(3), 290–301. Bell, D. (2005). Silent covenants: Brown v. Board of Education and the unfulfilled hopes for racial reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bell, D. (2008). Race, racism, and American law (6th ed). New York: Little, Brown & Company. Bernal, D. D. (1998). Using a Chicana Feminist epistemology in educational research. Harvard Educational Review, 68, 555–579. Bernal, D. D. (2002) Critical Race Theory, Latino Critical Theory, and Critical Raced-gendered Epistemologies: Recognizing students of color as holders and creators of knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 8, 105–125. Brayboy, C. (2005, December). Toward a tribal Critical Race Theory in education. The Urban Review, 37(5). Chapman, T.K. (2007, April). Interrogating classroom relationships and events: Using portraiture and Critical Race Theory in education research. Educational Researcher, 36(3), 156–162. DeCuir, J.T. & Dixson, A.D. (2004). So when it comes out, they aren’t that surprised that it is there: Using Critical Race Theory as a tool of analysis of race and racism in education. Educational Researcher, 33(5), 26–31. Dixson, A.D. & Rousseau, C.K. (2005). And we are still not saved: Critical Race Theory in education ten years later. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 8(1), 7–27. Dixson, A.D. & Rousseau, C.K. (Eds.). (2006). Critical Race Theory in education: All God's children got a song. New York: Routledge. Gillborn, D. (2005, July). Education policy as an act of white supremacy: Whiteness, Critical Race Theory and education reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485–505.

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Gillborn, D. (2006). Critical Race Theory and education: Racism and anti-racism in educational theory and practice. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 27(1), 11–32. Guinier, L. (2004). From racial liberalism to racial literacy: Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-divergence dilemma. Journal of American History, 91(1), 92–118. Howard, T.C. (2001). Telling their side of the story: African American students’ perceptions of culturally relevant pedagogy. Urban Review, 33(2), 131–149. Howard, T.C. (2008). Who really cares? The disenfranchisement of African American males in PreK–12 schools: A Critical Race Theory perspective. Teachers College Record, 110(5). Jennings, M. & Lynn, M. (2006). The house that race built: Critical pedagogy, African-American education, and the re-conceptualization of a critical race pedagogy. Educational Foundations, 19(3–4), 15–32. Ladson-Billings, G.J. (1998a). Just what is Critical Race Theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7– 24. Ladson-Billings, G.J. (1998b). Preparing teachers for diverse student populations: a Critical Race Theory perspective. Review of Research in Education, 24, 211–247. Ladson-Billings, G.J. (2005, March). The evolving role of Critical Race Theory in educational scholarship. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 8(1), 115–119. Ladson-Billings, G.J. (2006, October). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in U.S. schools. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 3–12. Ladson-Billings, G.J., (Ed.). (2003). Critical Race Theory perspectives on the social studies: The profession, policies, and curriculum. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. Ladson-Billings, G.J. and Tate, W.F. (1994). Toward a theory of Critical Race Theory in education. Teachers College Record, 97, 47–68. Lintner, T. (2004, Spring). The savage and the slave: Critical Race Theory, racial stereotyping, and the teaching of American History. Journal of Social Studies Research, 28(1), 27–32. Love, B. (2004). Brown plus 50 counter-storytelling: A Critical Race Theory analysis of the “majoritarian achievement gap” story. Equity & Excellence in Education, 37, 227–246. Lo´pez, G. (2003). The (racially neutral) politics of education: A Critical Race Theory perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(1), 68–94. Lynn, M. (1999). Toward a critical race pedagogy: A research note. Urban Education, 33, 606– 627.

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Lynn, M. & Adams, M. (Eds.). (2002). Special issue of Critical Race Theory in education. Equity and Excellence in Education, 35(2), 87–199. Lynn, M., Yosso, T.J., Solórzano, D.G. & L. Parker. (2002). Critical Race Theory and education: Qualitative research in the new millennium. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 3–6. Parker, L. & Villalpando, O. (2007, December). A race(cialized) perspective on education leadership: Critical Race Theory in educational administration. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(5), 519–524. Parker, L., Deyhle, D., & Villenas, S. (Eds.). (1999). Race is, race ain't: Critical Race Theory and qualitative studies in education. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Parker, L. Deyhle, D., Villenas, S. & Crossland, K. (1998). Special issue: Critical Race Theory and education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11, 1–184. Solórzano, D.G. (1997). Images and words that wound: Critical Race Theory, racial stereotyping, and teacher education. Teacher Education Quarterly, 24, 5–19. Solórzano, D.G. & Delgado Bernal, D. (2001). Examining transformational resistance through a critical race and Latcrit theory framework: Chicana and Chicano students in an urban context. Urban Education, 36(3), 308–342. Solórzano, D.G., & Yosso, T.J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counterstorytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23–44. Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2001). From racial stereotyping and deficit discourse toward a Critical Race Theory in teacher education. Multicultural Education, 9(1), 2–8. Solórzano, D.G. & Yosso, T.J. (2000). Toward a Critical Race Theory of Chicana and Chicano education. In C. Tejeda, C. Martinez, Z. Leonardo & P. McLaren (Eds.), Charting new terrains of Chicana(o)/Latina(o) education (pp. 35–65). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Stovall, D. (2005). A challenge to traditional theory: Critical Race Theory, African-American community organizers, and education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26, 95–108. Stovall, D. (2006, September). Forging community in race and class: Critical Race Theory and the quest for social justice in education. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 9(3), 243–259. Su, C. (2007, December). Cracking Silent Codes: Critical Race Theory and education organizing Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 28(4), 531–548. Tate, W.F. (1997). Critical Race Theory and education: History, theory, and implications. Review of Research in Education, 22, 195–247.

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Taylor, E., Gillborn, D., & Ladson-Billings, G.J. (2009). Foundations of Critical Race Theory in education. New York: Routledge. Teranishi, R.T. (2002, May). Asian Pacific Americans and Critical Race Theory: An examination of school racial climate. Equity & Excellence in Education, 35(2), 144. Vaught, S.E. & Castagno, A.E. (2008, July). “I don’t think I’m a racist”: Critical Race Theory, teacher attitudes, and structural racism. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 11(2), 95–113. Villenas, S. & Deyhle, D. (1999). Critical Race Theory and ethnographies challenging the stereotypes: Latino families, schooling, resilience and resistance. Curriculum Inquiry, 29(4), 413–445. Velez, V., Perez Huber, L., Benavides, C., de la Luz, A. & Solórzano, D.G. (2008). Battling for human rights and social justice: A Latina/o Critical Race analysis of Latina/o student youth activism in the wake of 2006 anti-immigrant sentiment. Social Justice, 35, 7–27. Writer, J.H. (2008). Unmasking, exposing, and confronting: Critical Race Theory, tribal Critical Race Theory and multicultural education. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 10(2). Yosso, T. J. (2002). Toward a critical race curriculum. Equity and Excellence in Education, 35(2), 93–107. Yosso, T.J. (2005, March). Whose culture has capital? A Critical Race Theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 8(1), 69–91. Yosso, T.J. (2006). Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/Chicano educational pipeline. New York: Routledge.

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