Computer Organization I Lecture 2: Computer Evolution

Vacuum tubes

Transistors

Integrated Circuits

Very Large Scale Integration

Overview






A Short Video about Computer History Evolution of Computers from Vacuum Tubes to Integrated Circuits Moore’s Law

Objectives




Understand how computers evolved from the original vacuum tubes based to very large-scale integration based




Moore’s Law

Short Video about Computer History

Historical Development of Computer The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1942 - 1953) - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) Inventors: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert University of Pennsylvania, 1946 ENIAC was the FIRST general-purpose computer - ENIAC details Decimal (not binary) 20 accumulators, each store 10 digits Programmed manually by switches 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 15,000 square feet 140 kW power consumption 5,000 additions per second

Historical Development of Computer The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1942 - 1953) - The real implementation of ENIAC

Historical Development of Computer The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1942 - 1953) - Limitations of ENIAC (1) On the ENIAC, all programming was done at the digital logic level. (2) Programming the computer involved moving plugs and wires. (3) A different hardware configuration was needed to solve every unique problem type. Configuring the ENIAC to solve a “simple” problem required many days labor by skilled technicians.

Historical Development of Computer The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1942 - 1953) - von Neumann Machine address the limitations of ENIAC by storing instructions in memory. Any computer with the stored program concept is considered as a von Neumann system with von Neumann architecture, in which:

(1) data and program can be stored in the same memory space, thus, the machine itself can alter either its programs or its internal data. (2) program instructions are executed sequentially

Historical Development of Computer The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1942 - 1953) - Real implementation of von Neumann Machine

Historical Development of Computer The Second Generation: Transistorized Computer (1954 – 1965) - Transistors • Invented 1947 at Bell Labs by William Shockley et al. made from Silicon (Sand) and Solid State device,

made from wires, metal plates, a glass capsule, a vacuum tube

• Smaller, Cheaper, and Less heat dissipation

Historical Development of Computer The Second Generation: Transistorized Computer (1954 – 1965) - Typical examples: IBM 7000 series independent I/O module with its own processor and its own instruction set central termination point for data channels, CPU & memory

Historical Development of Computer The Second Generation: Transistorized Computer (1954 – 1965) - Real implementation of IBM 7094

Historical Development of Computer The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit (1965 – 1980) - Limitations of the second generation computers • Composed by discrete components, including a single self contained transistor, resistor, capacitor, and manufactured separately • It is OK to manufacture it if the computer includes 10,000 transistors, but when the number increases to hundreds of thousands, very difficult to manufacture As a result… integrated circuits or microelectronics techniques are invented to reduce the size of devices

Historical Development of Computer The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit (1965 – 1980) - Smallest components of the third generation computers • Discrete Gate: device that implements a simple Boolean or logical function • Memory cell: device that stores one bit of data

Historical Development of Computer The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit (1965 – 1980) - Microelectronics By interconnecting large number of these smallest fundamentals to construct a computer

Historical Development of Computer The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit (1965 – 1980) - Two typical examples of IC based computers IBM 360 series - first planned family of computers: (1) Similar or identical instruction set (2) Similar or identical operating system (3) Increasing number of I/O ports (4) Increasing memory size (5) Increasing speed (6) Increasing cost

Historical Development of Computer The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit (1965 – 1980) - Two typical examples of IC based computers Architecture of DEC PDP 8: FIRST minicomputer Console Controller

CPU

Main Memory

I/O Module

I/O Module

OMNIBUS

The PDP-8 bus called omnibus, including 96 separate signal paths, used to (1) carry control signals, address signals and data signals, and (2) connect major computer components, e.g. processor, memory, I/O

Historical Development of Computer The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (1980 – now) Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have more than 10,000 components per chip. • SSI: small scale integration: ≤ 100 comp/chip • MSI: medium scale integration: ≤ 1000 comp/chip • LSI: large scale integration: ≤ 10,000 comp/chip Enabled the creation of microprocessors because: as time went on, more and more elements were placed on each chip, so that fewer chips were needed to construct a single computer processor. The first was the 4-bit Intel 4004. Later versions, such as the 8080, 8086, and 8088 spawned the idea of “personal computing.”

Moore’s Law (1965) “The number of transistors that could be put into a single chip was doubling every year”; As time passed, this dropped to doubling at every 18 months in 1970s. e.g. 1971: 2,300 transistors, Intel 4004 1985: 275,000 transistors, Intel 386

Pentium Evolution

PowerPC Evolution Moore’s Law

Consequences of Moore’s Law 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

The cost of a chip has reminded virtually unchanged during this period of rapid growth in density. This means that the cost of computer logic and memory circuitry has fallen at a dramatic rate Because logic and memory elements are placed closer together on more densely packed chips, the electrical path length is shortened, increasing operating speed. The computer becomes smaller, making it more convenient to place in a variety of environments. There is a reduction in power and cooling requirements The interconnections on the integrated circuit are much more reliable than solder connections. With more circuitry on each chip, there are fewer interchip connections.

Summary & Next Topics

• Computer History: Four Gen. • von Neumann Machine • Computer Performance

Thank you Q&A