1 Chapter title 24 pt bold

1.1 Introduction This extract provides a general model of layout, conventions and style. See the file on ‘front matter’ for a formal listing of conventions. The Chapter title is Palatino Linotype bold 24 pt, right justified. The first level heading above is 11 pt bold, with one space below. The first line of text after the heading is not indented. Other comments on style and layout are inserted before or after the subheadings. The modern village of Karmi is located 330m above sea level on the northern slopes of the Kyrenia range, approximately 6km due west of the Agirdha pass and immediately below the castle of St Hilarion (Figs 1.1–1.2). The ancient sites at Karmi Lapatsa and Palealona thus lie approximately midway between major contemporary settlements at Lapithos (8km to the northwest) and Bellapais Vounous (12km to the east) in one of the most densely populated and dynamic regions of the island during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Although the settlements associated with the cemetery sites reported here were probably relatively small, both the architecture and contents of the tombs are of considerable interest. The value of these assemblages is further increased by the fact that they derive from the northern half of Cyprus, which has been inaccessible to Greek Cypriot and foreign archaeologists since 1974. Excavated 48 years

Figure 1.1. View of the Kyrenia range and St Hilarion from Palealona, 1971

ago, this publication of Karmi Lapatsa and Palealona is long overdue. Despite the absence of a definitive report, there are many references to the Karmi sites in the literature and a number of the excavated objects have been published in one form or another elsewhere. Stewart’s excavations are best known for the discovery of an imported Middle Minoan II Kamares ware cup in Palealona Tomb 11B and a carved anthropomorphic figure in the dromos of Palealona Tomb 6. The significance of the former, both as an indicator of long-distance trade and as evidence for cross-cultural ceramic synchronisms, has been extensively discussed (eg Frankel 1974a: 24–25; Karageorghis 1982: 52; Betancourt and Weinstein 1976: 335–336; Saltz 1977: 53; Merrillees 1977: 36–38, 1979: 19, 23, 2003; Åström 1968: 122, 1979: 58–59; Cadogan 1983: 514; Wiener 1991: 328; Walberg 1992: 387–388, fig. 5; Knapp et al. 1994: 281, fig. 9.4; Buchholz 1999: 390, no. 1462). The latter has been described in detail and illustrated by Åström (1988) and Merrillees (1994b) and incorporated into discussions by many others (eg Nicolaou 1968: 16, pl. V; Frankel and Tamvaki 1973: 40, fig. 2; J. Karageorghis 1977: 44; Keswani 2004: 56–58, 2005: 378). Pottery vessels from Lapatsa and Palealona are listed and, in some cases, illustrated in their relevant shape classes in Stewart’s posthumous Corpus of Cypriot Artefacts of the Early Bronze Age publications

Figure 1.2. View of the north coast from Palealona, 1971

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1.2. Cemeteries and settlements at Karmi

Figure 1.3. Map of Cyprus showing the location of Karmi and other relevant sites

(1988, 1992, 1999) and the great majority of the spindle whorls are published in Crewe 1998: 78–80, figs A2.1– 2.2. Many of the contents of Palealona Tombs 3, 5 and 11 are discussed and illustrated in Kehrberg 1995: 71– 97, pls 8–16 and the finds from Lapatsa Tomb 11 and Palealona Tomb 8 in Washbourne 2000: 336–343. The Black Polished vessels and whorls are catalogued and in some cases illustrated in Brewster 2004 (nos 101– 104, 264–265, 286, 315–316, 431, 477–478, 496–498). Several vessels from Palealona Tomb 12 and Lapatsa Tomb 4, held by the University of Melbourne, were exhibited in 1983 and illustrated in the accompanying catalogue (Culican 1983: 181–182, pls 8–9). Most of the objects from Lapatsa Tomb 4 and Palealona Tombs 4, 10 and 12 are also illustrated in Salter 2008: 170–177, 181–198. In addition to the above, two metal items from Palealona Tomb 2 were sampled by Swiny in 1985 and both compositional and Lead Isotope data published in Webb et al. 2006: nos 12–13. The model sheath from Palealona Tomb 5 is noted (without illustration) in Merrillees 2009 and Lapatsa Tomb 13.3–3b and two vessels from Palealona Tomb 2 are attributed to the socalled Stewart Artist Nos 1 and 2 in Hennessy 1974b. The next Level 1 subheading (Palatino bold 11 pt) has two line spaces above and one below.

1.2 Cemeteries and settlements at Karmi Founded in Byzantine times, the modern village of Karmi served as a place of refuge for Greek Cypriots from Kyrenia during the early years of the Ottoman

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Empire and was a centre of Greek nationalism during the Greco-Turkish troubles which followed World War I. It had a population of 653 in 1974 when the village was occupied by the Turkish army (Goodwin 1977: 288). Renamed Karaman, it was declared a special tourist area in the early 1980s and the houses rented to mainly British and German residents to rebuild and renovate. The area is picturesque and productive, supporting carob, olives and almond trees. Raquel Welch starred in the film ‘The Beloved’ made here in 1970. A second level subheading, it would be in Palatino bold 9.5 pt, one space above and below. 1.2.1 Subheading level 2 This material was well known to Stewart, who illustrated a RP I flask and round-based bowl in Volume IV:IA of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition (1962a: figs C.16, CXXXVI.14. See also 1992: pl. VIII.8, 1999: pl. XX.1) and listed five other vessels from the 1938/II1/3 group in Corpus volumes published after his death (1988: 23, nos 98–99, 62, nos 47–48, 1999: 115, no. 166). A small plain Red Polished jar from the same group, not included by Stewart, is illustrated by MacLaurin (1985: 82, fig. 9.8). A RP I jug from Lapatsa which entered the Nicholson Museum prior to 1948 probably also derives from this episode of looting (Stewart 1948: 128, 1962a: fig. LVI.9). The Lapatsa cemetery was relocated by Catling in 1958 (1962: 150, no 58) and an Early Cypriot settlement identified at the same locality (1962: 150, no. 59, CS 839). The cemetery at Karmi Palealona (Catling 1962: 157,

1.2. Cemeteries and settlements at Karmi

Figure 1.4. Map of the central north coast of Cyprus showing the location of Bronze Age sites at Karmi, Lapithos and Bellapais

no. 82a; Georgiou 2007: 214, no. 40) is located at about the 190m contour, approximately 3km west of Lapatsa and 300m northeast of the modern village. It is not clear whether this site was officially known prior to Stewart’s excavations in 1961, although it had certainly been subject to looting. It is dated to the Middle Cypriot period by Catling (1962: 157), Karageorghis (1962: 394) and Georgiou (2007: 241) but was certainly already in use in EC II and possibly earlier. Third level subheading A third level subheading - not numbered, is in italics, with one space above and below. If an additional level is required, this, too, would be un-numbered, but would be in 9.5 regular, with one space above and no spces below. Other structures are possible to take account of the varied and complex nature of archaeological reports Catling collected surface material for the Cyprus

Figure 1.5. Zigzag carving on the facade of a tomb at Lapatsa (Stewart 1939: 462)

Museum at Chorafi tou Meli (1962: 59, no. 82; Georgiou 2007: 214, no. 41), which he identified as a Middle Cypriot cemetery. This comprised sherds of White Painted ware, spindle whorls, beads and metal items. The latter include a riveted knife, awl, pin with knotted head and toggle pin (CM 1941/V-1/1, 3–4, 6), which were briefly published in Catling 1964: 61, 65, 71, 73, fig. 6.5, 7 and listed in Balthazar 1990: 342, 375, 402, 417, Tables 96, 133, 157 and 172. The toponym does not appear on modern field maps and the location is now uncertain. Karmi Alakati (Georgiou 2007: 213, no. 38) is located at the 450m contour. Catling (1962: 150, 157, nos 83, 60, CS 1048) identified a settlement of Early to Middle Cypriot date here but did not note the type of material present. It is attributed by Georgiou, tentatively, to EC III–MC I. The relationship between these four sites is unclear. The Lapatsa and Palealona cemeteries, which were certainly in contemporary or overlapping use, are sufficiently distant from each other to have served separate settlements. Both appear in fact to have been located very close to the settlements with which they were associated. In the case of Lapatsa, as noted above, Catling identified a settlement at the same locality. In 1972 Hennessy located a settlement at Palealona ‘immediately adjacent to the cemetery, just merely across the valley from it, a matter of fifty yards’ (Hennessy 1974a: 2 and p. 61 of the same volume). The cemetery at Chorafi tou Meli, judging by the absence of Red Polished ware among recorded surface finds, is of later date than both Lapatsa and Palealona. Karmi Alakati may have been associated with a contemporary site at Kyrenia Kapa Kaya only 500m to the east (Georgiou 2007: 214, no. 42). A Middle Chalcolithic site was located at Karmi Fountzi by Peltenburg in 1973 (1985: 101–102, fig. 9).

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The sample of entries below should be used as a model for bibliographic style and layout. Palatino regular and italic 9.5 pt. Line spacing standard (11.4 pt). Hanging paragraphs with 5mm indent. 5mm space between entries. Right justified, no hyphenation. Acsadi, G.Y. and J. Nemeskeri 1970: History of Human Life Span and Mortality, Budapest Anonymous 1962: An Exhibition of Archaeological Material from the 1961 excavations in Cyprus and the Nicholson Museum collections in memory of the late Professor J.R.B. Stewart. War Memorial Gallery, University of Sydney, Monday April 9th to Thursday April 19th, 1962 (no author) Åström, P. 1966: Excavations at Kalopsidha and Ayios Iakovos (SIMA 2), Lund Åström, P. 1968: New evidence for Middle Minoan chronology, Pepragmena tou B Diethnous Kretologikou Sinedriou I, 120–127, Athens Åström, P. 1972: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition Volume IV. Part IB. The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age, Lund Åström, P. 1979: The find contexts of some Minoan objects in Cyprus, in Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium “The Relations between Cyprus and Crete, ca. 2000–500 B.C.”, 56–62, Nicosia Åström, P. 1988: A Cypriote cult scene, JPR 2, 5–11 Åström, P. 1996: Triads in the Cypriote pantheon?, JPR 10, 4–6 Åström, P. 1997: Incised and painted human figures in the Neolithic and Bronze Age, in V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur and F. Vandenabeele (eds), Four Thousand Years of Images on Cypriote Pottery, 7–13, Brussels, Liège, Nicosia Åström, P. and R.S. Merrillees 2003: Corpus of Cypriote Antiquities 24. The Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (SIMA 20:24), Jonsered Åström, P. and G.R.H. Wright 1962: Two Bronze Age tombs at Dhenia in Cyprus, OpAth 4, 227–276

Åström, P., J.C. Biers and others 1979: Corpus of Cypriote Antiquities 2. The Cypriote Collection of the Museum of Art and Archaeology University of Missouri-Columbia (SIMA 20.2), Gothenburg Balthazar, J.W. 1990: Copper and Bronze Working in Early Through Middle Bronze Age Cyprus (SIMA Pocket-book 84), Jonsered Barber, E.W. 1991: Prehistoric Textiles. The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton Barlow, J.A. 1996: Pottery, in J.E. Coleman, J.A. Barlow, M.K. Mogelonsky and K.W. Schaar, Alambra. A Middle Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus. Archaeological Investigations by Cornell University 1974–1985 (SIMA 118), 237–323, Jonsered Betancourt, P. 1998: Middle Minoan objects in the Near East, in E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds), The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Proceedings of the 5th Anniversary Symposium, 5–12, Liège Betancourt, P. and G.A. Weinstein 1976: Carbon 14 and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean, AJA 80, 329–348 Bolger, D. 2003: Gender in Ancient Cyprus. Narratives of Social Change on a Mediterranean Island, Walnut Creek Borgna, E. 2004: Social meanings of food and drink consumption at LM III Phaistos, in P. Halstead and J.C. Barrett (eds), Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5), 178–180 Brewster, D. 2004: Early and Middle Cypriot Bronze Age Black Polished Ware. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, La Trobe University, Melbourne Brewster, D. 2007: Black Polished ware, in D. Frankel and J.M. Webb, The Bronze Age Cemeteries at Deneia in Cyprus (SIMA 125), 64–67, Sävedalen Bright, L. 1995: Approaches to the archaeological study of death with particular reference to ancient Cyprus, in S. Campbell and A. Green (eds), The

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