World History | Chapter 24
Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American revolutionaries Haiti = 1st Latin American territory to revolt; 100,000 slaves rise up Toussaint L’Ouverture leads them By 1804 Haiti 1st to gain freedom
15 other nations follow!
Peninsulares- people born in Spain (Iberian peninsula) could hold high office in SP colonial gov’t
Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America No political office, but could be military officers
Mestizos- persons of mixed European and Nat. Americans ancestry—no political power Mulattos- persons of mixed European and African ancestry—no political power Enslaved Africans and Indians were at the bottom.
Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family moves to Brazil (1807) Congress of Vienna: Portuguese royal family returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat Portuguese prince stays behind in Brazil
accepts Brazilians’ request to rule own country officially declares Brazil’s independence
(September 1822)
By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence
SIMON BOLIVAR: GEORGE WASHINGTON OF S. AMERICA FREES: VENEZUELA & ECUADOR JOINS FORCES W/ JOSE SAN MARTIN (WHO FREED ARGENTINA) LEADS TO FREEDOM FOR: CHILE, PERU, COLOMBIA, AND PANAMA
FATHER HIDALGO (CATH. PRIEST) STARTS REVOLT IN 1810; HIS 80,000 MAN ARMY EVENTUALLY LOSES
MEXICO REVOLTS AGAIN & GETS INDEPENDENCE 1820
Problem: How to bring stability & security back to Europe which was destroyed by the French Revolution & Napoleon
Solution: Have a meeting of European countries (dominated by Russia, Prussia, Austria, England, and France) to make a plan
Prince METTERNICH of Austria (very conservative) creates the solution
3 OUTCOMES: 1. Stop French aggression by surrounding it w/ newly made stronger countries 2. Restore all ROYAL families back to their thrones 3. Keep a BALANCE OF POWER in Europe: make sure no single country could grow strong enough to be dangerous to others
THREE DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES SPRUNG UP AS TO HOW EUROPE SHOULD BE GOVERNED: conservative, liberal, radical
EACH HAD DIFFERENT BELIEFS, DIFFERENT FOLLOWERS, & DIFFERENT IDEAS ON HOW TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS: GRADUAL/OVERNIGHT, PEACEFUL/BLOODY
Conservative
• landowners, nobles want traditional monarchies; status quo (ie. keep things the same)
Liberal
• wealthy merchants, business owners want limited democracy; gradual change
Radical
• believe in liberty, equality; want everyone to have a vote; drastic change; workers
Nationalism • A belief that greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people with common culture (esp. language & history), not to a king or empire
Nation-state • A place with an independent government where people with common interests live
Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not
In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up republic with radical government 1848 moderates push for Constitution calls for elected President and Legislature Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—is elected PRESIDENT, later takes the title of emperor People are OK with this as it avoids chaos. Promotes industrialization: France = prosperity
Austrian Empire • Austria includes people from many ethnic groups • Prussia defeats Austria in 1866 beginning the breakup of the Austrian Empire
Russian Empire • Czars force non-Russians to adopt Russian culture (Russification) • Increases nationalism of these ethic groups • Romanov czars begin losing control of empire
I. Ends Serfdom • Czars kept serfdom to retain landowners’ support • 1861—serfs are freed, but debt keeps the them tied to the land (Russia frees slaves before U.S.)
II. Becomes Industrialized • Lack of industrialization leads to defeat in Crimean War • 1860’s—enormous push to industrialize
Led by the strongest power in its “group” Diplomacy: making outside alliances very valuable in unification Nationalism: appeals to ethnic values of Italians and Germans War: both use war to achieve unification Geography: Unite “like areas” of North 1st, then South Political Groups: Moderates don’t lose out to Radicals; also completed at a gradual pace
•Sardinia under King Emmanuel II is strongest Italian State and wants Italy unified •Prime Minister Cavour—Austria had stopped Italian unification so Cavour allies with France and defeats Austria in a war, unifying N. Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi—a freedom fighter who leads nationalists conquers S. Italy • Cavour convinces Garibaldi to step aside, and allow King Emmanuel II to rule • 1870 Papal States are defeated, Rome is taken, and Italy is unified and independent NEXT
“Right Leg in the Boot at Last”
Prussia (strongest German state) under Prime Minister Bismark, takes lead in unifying German states • Begins with the north (Protestant, industrialized) • Starts, and wins, a nationalistic war with France • Southern German states (Catholic, non-industrialized) join Prussia
• 1871—Germany is born
Led by the strongest power in its “group” Diplomacy: making outside alliances very valuable in unification Nationalism: appeals to ethnic values of Italians and Germans War: both use war to achieve unification Geography: Unite “like areas” of North 1st, then South Political Groups: Moderates don’t lose out to Radicals; also completed at a gradual pace
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five equal powers in Europe: Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained significant power, upsetting “balance of power”; will lead to unavoidable future conflicts: Colonies Military strength Political alliances
Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s.
Romanticism (early 1800s) • Focus on nature, feelings, nationalism • Simpler, better times, hearts & souls • Wordsworth, Beethoven
Realism (mid 1800s) • Grim reality of life, protest conditions • Charles Dickens, Great Expectations • Camera invented
Impressionism (late 1800s) • Reaction against realism • Light and colors to capture a moment • Tries to set a mood, more imaginary
Romanticism
Arts become part of middleclass life
Emotion
Power & structure
Nationalism
Patriotism & pride