Chapter 4 – Section 1 Elements of Culture

What is culture? Culture: the total knowledge, attitude and behaviors shared by & passed on by the members of a specific group.

Society: a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture. Ethnic Group: is a group that shares a language, customs and a common heritage. – Has an identity as a separate group of people within the region where they live.

• Cultures/Societies are always changing; can be slow or quick

How do they change? Innovation: Taking existing elements of society & creating something new; occurs to meet a new need or accidentally.

Diffusion: Spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior which can be spread quicker through technology.

Acculturation: Occurs when individuals in a society accept or adopt an innovation; such as substituting new ideas from other cultures for traditions.

Cultural Hearth: a site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures. – River civilizations: Indus, Huang He, Nile, Tigris & Euphrates are best known.

Language

• One of the most important aspects of a culture. • Helps establish cultural identity. – Can unite and divide people.

• 6,000+ known languages • They evolve and change over time; diffusion through trade/migration. • Dialect: versions of languages; reflects changes in speech patterns related to class, region or other cultural changes.

Old English The language of the Anglo-Saxons (up to about 1150), a highly inflected language with a largely Germanic vocabulary, very different from modern English.

Why is English so cray cray? • • • • • •

• • • •

• • • • • •

Bot Bought Brought Caught Cot Dot

Go Joe Sew Bow

• • • •

Beau Dough Faux No

Fought Got Hot Knot Lot Not

• • • • • •

Ought Pot Rot Sought Shot Thought

Religion: consists of a belief in a supernatural power/powers that are regarded as the creators/maintainers of the universe. Monotheistic: one god Polytheistic: many gods Animistic: AKA traditional; belief in divine forces of nature.

Religions Around the World

1. Judaism Oldest of the SW Asian religions; concentrated in Israel; oldest monotheistic religion; Torah is the holy book.

2. Christianity Evolved from Judaism; monotheistic; based on teachings of Jesus Christ; largest of all religions; Bible is the holy book.

3. Islam Based on the teachings of Muhammad; followers called Muslims, monotheistic, major divisions – Sunni & Shi’ite; Qur’an is the holy book.

4. Hinduism World’s oldest religion, concentrated in India; polytheistic; multiple holy books – Vedas, Bhagavad-Gita, Puranas & more

5. Buddhism Offshoot of Hinduism; teaches correct way of living in order to reach nirvana; major groups – Theraveda, Mahayana, Lamaism & Zen; based on the teachings of Buddha; The Dharma

6. Other Asian Practices Confucianism, Taoism, Shinto; all in East Asia

• Pale Blue Dot – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PN5JJDh78I

• Greatest Speech – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WibmcsEGLKo

• Crash Course – https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse/videos

Chapter 4 – Section 2 Population Geography

Who is the most average person?

Population Distribution Habitable Lands • About 2/3 of all people live between 20°N & 60°N – Good climate and suitable for vegetation

• Large concentrations in river valleys & coasts Urban-Rural Mix • More than ½ of all people live in rural areas, but that is changing. – People are moving into cities.

Migration • People moving between world regions. • Push-Pull Factors: reasons for migrating. – Push Factor: A reason that is forcing people to leave their homeland. • War, oppression, natural disaster, etc.

– Pull Factor: Draw and attract people to another location. • Good opportunities; education, jobs, etc.

Birthrate: The number of live births per thousand population.

Fertility Rate: Average number of children per woman’s lifetime, assuming she bears children at the current rate for her country.

Mortality Rate: Death rate – number of deaths per thousand

Infant Mortality Rate: Number of deaths under age 1 per thousand live births

Rate of Natural Increase: Birthrate – Mortality Rate = the rate at which the population is growing

Population Pyramid: Graphic device that shows gender and age distribution in a population.

Population Density: Average number of people who live in a measurable area. How heavily populated is a region?

Carrying Capacity: Number of species an area of land can support; varies with fertility of the land; can be improved with technology.

Partner Activity • Use pages 108-112 in your book • Find the following for Nevada + 4 other states: – – – –

Population Infant Mortality Population Density Total Area

STATE NEVADA

POPULATION

INFANT MORT.

POP. DENSITY

TOTAL AREA

Chapter 4 – Section 3 Political Geography

Geographic Characteristics of Nations 1. Size - Small size not always a barrier; large size means more resources & maybe more power.

2. Shape - Can affect ease of governing, movement of goods, & relationships with neighboring countries

3. Location - Relative location, especially to the sea, can be important; being surrounded by hostile or friendly neighbors. A landlocked nation has no coasts.

Natural Boundaries - Can cause arguments between boarding nations, especially if boundaries shift.

Artificial Boundaries - Can cause difficulties when groups of people are divided or put together in artificial ways.

State: Independent political unit that occupies a specific territory & has full control of its internal and external affairs; country.

Nation: Group of people with a common culture living in a territory & having a strong sense of unity.

Nation-State: A territory (state) occupied by a nation (people).

Stateless Nation: A nation (people) without a territory (state). – Ex: Kurds, Basques & Palestinians

Democracy: Type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives.

Monarchy: Type of government in which a ruling family or royalty holds political power & may or may not share power with citizens.

Dictatorship: Type of government in which an individual or group holds complete political power.

Communism: Type of government in which nearly all political power & means of production are held by the government.

Chapter 4 – Section 4 Urban Geography

The First City • Ur – An ancient city in the country Sumer; 6,500+ years ago – 34,000+ population

Growth of Urban Areas • Cities: develop around business & cultural centers. • Suburbs: mostly residential, develop around cities; within commuting distance of central city. • Exurbs: small towns with open land between them and the central city. • Metropolitan Area: The city, its suburbs & exurbs link together economically. • Megalopolis: formed when several metropolitan areas linked together.

Population Est. 2014 - 236,995 Metropolitan Area - 425,417

• Urbanization: the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result.

City Locations • Good transportation (on a river, lake or coast) • Easy access to natural resources • Specialization in economic activities

Land Use Patterns • • • •

Residential: Single-family homes & apartments Commercial: Private businesses; buying/selling of retail products Industrial: Areas of manufacturing goods Central Business District (CBD): the core of a city is almost always based on commercial activity. Business & stores are found here.

Chapter 4 – Section 5 Economic Geography

Economic Systems • Economy: the production and exchange of goods and services. – Local, national and international

• Economic System: The way people produce & exchange goods & services; 4 types.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Traditional Economy: G&S are exchanged without money; barter. Command Economy: Production of G&S is controlled by the government; planned economy. Market Economy: Production of G&S is determined by demand from consumers; demand economy/capitalism. Mixed Economy: A combination of command & market provides G&S so all people benefit.

How does our economy work? LABOR PRODUCTION

WAGES

THE MARKET

CONSUMPTION

Economic Activities Economic behaviors change to reflect people’s needs and are related to different levels.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Primary Activities: collecting raw materials for immediate use or use in making a final product. Secondary Activities: adding value to raw materials by changing their form. Tertiary Activities: providing business or professional services. Quaternary Activities: provide information, management and research by highly skilled persons.

• Natural Resources: materials on/in the Earth (trees, minerals, coal, etc.) that have economic value. – Not distributed equally around the world. – 3 basic types

1.

Renewable: can be replaced naturally. –

2.

Non-renewable: cannot be replaced once they have been used. –

3.

Trees, seafood, etc.

Metals, gemstones, fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, etc.

Inexhaustible energy sources: they are the result of solar or planetary processes & are unlimited in quantity. –

Sunlight, geothermal heat, winds, tides, etc.

• Infrastructure: the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going; including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation & education systems.

Measuring Economic Development

• Per Capita Income: the average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit. • Gross National Product (GNP): the total value of all G&S produced by a country over a year worldwide. • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of all G&S produced by a country over a year within the country itself.

Why do some nations have higher GNPs and GDPs compared to other nations?