Consumer Vehicle Use • Average private vehicle travel trip time 1995 20.1 minutes • Average private vehicle trip length 1995 11.8 miles • Average private vehicle trip speed 1995 35.4 mph
A/C System Performance • Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity – Environment
•
Interior Soak Temperatures
Temperature degrees F.
Soak Condition Diffrent Ambients
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
185 175 Clear Glass 165 Truck 155 145 135 125 115 105 95 85 90 F. White 65 F. Black 65 F. Ivory 75 F. Black 75 F. Ivory 90 F. White 65 F. Ivory Ambient - Vehicle Color
Sun Test 5-99
I.P Surface
Breath Level
•
Interior Soak Temperatures
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Soak temp vs Colors 160 150
130 120 110
Light colors have lowest soak temperatures
Exterior Vehicle color
R ed
R ed
B lu B e lu eda rk B lu eda rk B lu eda rk G re G en re en -d ar G k re en -d ar k
ck Bl a
ck B la
ck B la
te i lv r er -d ar k w W hi hi te te -P la tin um
S
P ew
G re y
G ol d
B lu B e lu eli g ht C op pe r
ge -li gh t
100 Be i
Temperature ( F)
140
•
Summary of Vehicle Soak Breath Level Temperature
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Soak temperature vs solar load 160
2
y = -0.0002x + 0.4279x - 145.33 2
R = 0.1249
150
Soak temperature
140
130
120
110
100 1000
1100
1200
1300 Solar load
1400
1500
1600
•
Effect of Panel Outlets/Airflow On Occupant Comfort
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
• Similar Intermediate Vehicles
Ambient 102/112F
– Breath Level City Traffic 78 F and 79 F – Breath Level Road Speed 72 F and 71 F – Panel Temperature City Traffic 56 F and 50 F – Panel Temperature Road Speed 47 F and 48 F
•
Passenger Comfort Two Different Intermediate Vehicles
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Front vs. Rear Seat Comfort 5.5 5 Comfort Rating
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5
City 1
City 4 City 2
40 min 30 min
City 3
45 min 35 min
Front Vehicle 2
Rear Vehicle 2
Front Vehicle 1
Rear Vehicle 1
•
Cooling is Required Above 65 F Ambient
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Panel Outlet Air Temperature @ 170 CFM To Maintain 75 Degree F. Breath
Panel Air Temperature Degrees F.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
65
70
75
Ambient Temperature Sun Test 5-99
With Sun
No Sun
80
•
City Traffic Comfort
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Comfort vs CT capacity reference 6 5.5 5
Comfort y = 6E-05x + 2.8195 2
R = 0.0206
Comfort Rating
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Capacity ref
•
Panel Outlet Temperature City Traffic
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Panel Temperature City Traffic 70
Panel Temperature Degrees F
65
60
55
50
45
40 1000
1100
1200
1300 Solar load
1400
1500
1600
•
Road Speed Comfort
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Comfort vs CT capacity reference y = 6E-05x + 4.1588
6
2
R = 0.0378
5.5 5
Comfort
Comfort Rating
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Capacity ref
•
Panel Outlet Temperature Road Speed
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity
Panel Temperature Road Speed 70
Panel Temperature Degrees F
65
60
55
50
45
40 1000
1100
1200
1300 Solar load
1400
1500
1600
Phoenix Solar Radiation
•
Many Factors Determine Comfort – Vehicle Colors – Location and Amount of Glass – Total System Airflow – Panel Outlets – Refrigeration Capacity – Environment
100F + Ambient
90F + Ambient 80F + Ambient
Vehicle Fuel Consumption • Effect of No A/C vs.. Open Windows • Full A/C Capacity vs.. Comfort Requirements • Maximum Energy Soak and Cooldown – Variation Due To Ambient Temperature
• Road Speed Energy Greatly Reduced
• • •
Vehicle Drag --
•
Effect of No A/C vs.. Open Windows Full A/C Capacity vs.. Comfort Requirements Maximum Energy Soak and Cooldown – Variation Due To Ambient Temperature Road Speed Energy Greatly Reduced
Estimated Fuel Economy Penalty Windows Down Vs CD 12.0%
3.4% Loss
Drag of Three Test Vehicles
10.0%
6.0% 4.0% 2.0%
B H
23 0 SL K
C
or v
et te
SW y
Vehicle Drag
C
el eb rit
o
ra nd Am
Fi er
G
o Fi er
38 0S L
X1 /9
Im pa la
Va na go n
Si de ki ck
T1 00
MPG % HiWay
0.6
MPG % Combined
0.5
Fuel Penalty Windows Down Vs. Drag Ranged from 1.3% -3.4%
0.4 Drag
am ry
0.0% C
MPG %
8.0%
0.3 0.2 0.1 0
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Vehicles
Effect of A/C Operation Vs. No A/C Windows Open
• • •
Effect of No A/C vs.. Open Windows Full A/C Capacity vs.. Comfort Requirements Maximum Energy Soak and Cooldown – Variation Due To Ambient Temperature Road Speed Energy Greatly Reduced
•
Fuel Consumption A/C Operating Rec. Lo Fan --OSA Hi Fan vs. Windows Down No A/C 8
7.5
7
Ambient Ranges: Lexus 90-99 F Cadillac- GMC 90 F
6.2
6
5.2
MPG
5
4.2
4 3
2.7
2.5 2.5
2.1
2.1
2 1
1.3 0.6
1.1
0.6 0.2
0
0 30 MPH
Lexus Rec. Lo Fan Lexus OSA Hi Fan WJA 09-21-01
3.3
3.1
50 MPH
0
70 MPH
Cadillac Rec. Lo Fan Cadillac OSA Hi Fan
80 MPH
GMC Rec. Lo Fan GMC OSA Hi Fan
Fuel Consumption
• • •
•
Effect of No A/C vs.. Open Windows Full A/C Capacity vs.. Comfort Requirements Maximum Energy Soak and Cooldown – Variation Due To Ambient Temperature Road Speed Energy Greatly Reduced
Diffrence in Fuel Use OSA vs. Rec (High Fan) 1.9
2
1.8
Ambient Ranges: Lexus 90-99 F Cadillac- GMC 90 F
1.5 1.1
1.1
MPG
1 0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0 30 MPH
50 MPH
70 MPH
-0.5 WJA 09-21-01
Lexus
Cadillac
GMC
-0.180 MPH
Fuel Consumption (Maximum Cooling)
• • • •
Effect of No A/C vs.. Open Windows Full A/C Capacity vs.. Comfort Requirements Maximum Energy Soak and Cooldown – Variation Due To Ambient Temperature Road Speed Energy Greatly Reduced
Lexus Driver Information Center Fuel Comsumption Hi Fan OSA & Rec vs. No A/C Windows Up 12 10.3
Ambient: 101-104 F R.H. 17%
10 8.8
MPG
8
7.1 6.4
6
4 2.5
2.3
2
0 WJA 09-21-01
30 MPH
50 MPH Hi Fan OSA
80 MPH Hi Fan Rec.
Simulated A/C Fuel Consumption Testing • Vehicle Fuel Testing (Rolls Testing with Simulated Solar) – Not Representative of A/C Energy Use
• Occupant Comfort Vs. MPG Use – Same A/C System For Different Vehicle Body Types
A/C Tunnel Simulation
• Does Not Represent “Real World” Results • Does Not Simulate Occupant Comfort • Difficult For Direct Comparison Between Test Facilities • Good For “A” “B” Test Comparison
A/C Tunnel Simulation Vehicle Testing • System Operation – Cold Panel Outlet Temperature – Energy -COP
• System Controls – Compressor – Refrigerant Flow Device
• System Testing – Single Point Vehicle Test – Multi Point Test
